中医英语课后答案5-6课李照国第五课
一.术语翻译
1. 藏象学说doctrine of visceral manifestations
2. 五脏六腑five zang-organs and six fu-organs
3. 奇恒之腑extraordinary fu-organs
水谷精微nutrients of water and food
传化水谷transmitting and transforming water and food 贮藏精气storing essence
表里关系internal and external relationship
治疗效应therapeutic effects
临床实践clinical practice
藏而不泻storage without discharge
泻而不藏discharge without storage
形体诸窍physical build and various orifices
开窍(of five zang-organs) open into
精神情志spirit and emotions
心藏神the heart storing spirit
肺藏魄the lung storing corporeal soul
肝藏魂the liver storing ethereal soul
脾藏意the spleen storing consciousness
肾藏志the kidney storing will
其华在面the luster manifesting upon the face
二.句子翻译
1. 藏象学说是研究人体各个脏腑的生理功能、病理变化及相互关系的学说。The theory of visceral manifestation studies the physiological functions and pathological changes of viscera and their relations.
2. 藏象学说在中医学理论体系中占有极其重要的地位。The theory of visceral manifestation plays an important role in the theoretical system of TCM.
3. 五脏的共同生理特点是化生和贮藏精气。The common physiological function of the five zang-organs is to transform and store essence.
4. 六腑的共同生理特点是受盛和传化水谷。The common physiological function of the six fu-organs is to receive, transport and transform water and food.
5. 脏病多虚，腑病多实。Diseases of the zang-organs are often of deficiency in nature while diseases of the fu-organs are frequently of excess in nature.
6. 脏实者可泻其腑，腑虚者可补其脏。Excess of zang-organs can be treated by purging the corresponding fu-organs while deficiency of fu-organs can be treated by reinforcing the related zang-organs.
7. 皮肤受凉而感冒，会出现鼻塞、流涕、咳嗽等症状。Common cold due to invasion of cold into the skin is often characterized by stuffy nose, running nose and cough.
8. 肾的精气有促进骨骼生长的作用。Kidney essence is helpful for promoting the growth of skeleton.
Unit 2 Jobs and Careers Summary: Since most students will choose to work after graduation, jo b-hunting is of great importance to them, they will write plenty of r esumes about their education and send them to the companies they want to work for. It takes both time and energy to do so. Now, thanks to the development of the Internet, job-hunting has become much easier. Job-hunting can find a job just by clicking a mouse on the computer. Many of them make their dream come true through the Internet. This article describes the experiences of five people who used on line sources to look for new jobs. Theresa Smith used the Career Buil der website to find a marketing management position. Madeline Gragg u sed Yahoo! to find a job teaching English in Japan. Nedzad Dozlic use d a newspaper website to find a driver’s job with a car dealership. Wendy Mello used Career Builder to find a position in human resources for a media-information-services company. Mello also used another we bsite to calculate the cost of living in her new location and to deci de what salary to request. All these are typical examples of online j ob searches, since many different types of jobs can now be found this way. 1.The policemen are busy filling out forms about the accident. 2.I want to fill up the fuel tank before returning the car. 3.If you want to make a complaint, you’d better follow the corr ect procedure. 4.We couldn’t have finished the experiment so soon without John’ s help. 5.After the storm , the people on the shore anxiously scanned th e lake for any sign o f the boat. Unit 3 Advertising
中医英语课后答案3-4课李照国 一.术语翻译 1. philosophical concept 2. mutual transformation 3. balance of yin and yang 4. transformation between yin and yang 5. extreme cold turning into heat 6. pathological changes 7. absolute predominance 8. general rule of pathogenesis 9. supplementing what it lacks of 10. eliminating wind and dispersing cold 11. mutually inhibiting and promoting 12. mutually inhibiting and restraining 13. interdependence 14. excess of yin leading to decline of yang 15. contrary and supplementary to each other 16. organic whole 17. impairment of yang involving yin 18. deficiency of both yin and yang 19. deficiency cold syndrome 20. suppressing yang and eliminating wind 一.句子翻译 1. Yin and yang are two concepts in classical Chinese philosophy. 2. Yin and yang are the summarization of the attributes of two opposite aspects of interrelated things or phenomena in nature. 3. The formation, development and changes of all things in the universe are the result of the movement of yin and yang that oppose to each other and unite with each other. 4. The celestial qi pertains to yang because it is light and lucid, while the terrestrial qi pertains to yin because it is heavy and turbid. 5. The course of mutual restraint and inhibition between yin and yang signifies their progress in mutual reduction and promotion.
中医翻译研究：回顾、现状与思考 （上海中医药大学外语教学中心周恩） 摘要：本文对过去几个世纪关于中医翻译的研究状况进行了全面总结。分三个阶段回顾了其发展历程，并从学科与研究队伍建设、学术成就以及研究内容等几方面概述了中医翻译研究的现状，同时指出了研究中存在的不足。 关键词：中医；回顾；成就；不足 Research on the Translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Survey Abstract: This article provides a general survey of the research on TCM translation in the past several centuries. It reviews the three-staged developments of the research, presents the status quo by highlighting the researcher cultivation and subject construction, achievements, contents as well as weaknesses in the research of TCM translation. Key Words: traditional Chinese medicine; review; achievements; weaknesses 1．引言 中医翻译早已有之，早在秦汉时期，中国的医药学就已传入东南亚诸国。然而，在我国同那些国家那时所进行的医药交流中，却鲜有翻译活动的记载。直到17 世纪中叶，我国开始与欧洲诸国进行医药交流，才为我们今天研究中医翻译历史提供了比较详尽资料（李照国1997）。从那时起到现在，我国中医翻译经历从无到有，从小到大的一系列的发展过程。在此，我们将对中医翻译的历史做一个大致的回顾，对其研究现状进行大致的介绍，并提出中医翻译研究的一些思考。 2．中医翻译研究的历史回顾 中医翻译从17世纪至今，其发展大致可以分文三个阶段：早期萌芽阶段、逐步深入阶段和逐步成熟阶段。下面我们对每个阶段的特点进行简要的回顾。 2.1 早期萌芽阶段 17 世纪中叶到18世纪末，为中医向欧洲传播的始发阶段，进展比较缓慢。在欧洲仅出版了19 部有关中医的译著。而在18 世纪末到19 世纪末的这一百年间，中医学在欧洲的传播有了一定的发展，研究范围有了一定得拓展，先后出版了137 部有关中医的书籍。
中医翻译参考 一、阴阳学说： 阴阳（Yin and Yang）；阴中之阳（Yang within Yin）：对立（opposition）；互根（interdependence）；消长（waning and waxing）；转化（transformation） 二、五行学说： 五行（five elements）；木（Wood）；火（Fire）；土（Earth）；金（Metal）；水（Water）；相生（promotion 或generation）；相克（restriction）；相乘（over-restriction或subjugation）；相恶（counter-restriction） 三、精、气、神等： 精（essence）；气（Qi）；神（spirit或mind）；魂（ethereal soul）；魄（corporeal soul）；命门（life-gate）；正气（healthy-Qi，vital Qi）；元（原）气（primordial-Qi）；真气（genuine-Qi）；宗气（pectoral-Qi）；卫气（defensive-Qi）；营气（nutrient-Qi）；心气（heart-Qi）；中气（middle-Qi）；气化（Qi-transformation）；卫分（defensive-phase）；气分（Qi-phase）；津（thin fluid）；液（thick fluid）；津液（body fluid）；汗（sweat）；涎（drool）；涕（snivel） 四、脏腑： 脏（Zang-organs）；腑（Fu-organs）；脏腑（Zang-Fu organs或viscera）；三焦（triple energizer，Sanjiao）；奇恒之腑（extraordinary Fu-organs）；运化（transportation and transformation）；生化（generation and transformation）；肃降（purify and descend）；水道（water passage）；天癸（Tiangui）；先天（innateness, Congenital Constitution）；后天（Acquired Constitution）；纳气（reception of Qi） 五、经络（十四经名称及穴位名称按WHO所颁布之标准翻译）： 经（meridian或channel）；络（collateral）；正经（regular meridians或regular channels）;经气(meridian-Qi或channel-Qi)；孙络（minute collateral）；浮络（superficial collateral）；穴位（acupoint） 六、病因： 病因（cause of disease）；邪（pathogenic factor）；六淫（six exogenous pathogenic factors）；风（pathogenic wind）；寒（pathogenic cold）；暑（pathogenic summer-heat）；湿（pathogenic dampness）；燥（pathogenic dryness）；火（pathogenic fire）；内风（endogenous wind）；毒（toxin）；五志（five emotions）；七情（seven emotions）；（有形之）痰（sputum）；（无行之）痰（phlegm）；饮（retained fluid） 七、病机： 病机（pathogenesis）；偏盛（relative predominance）；偏衰（relative decline）；虚（deficiency）；
第一课 一．术语翻译 1.traditional Chinese medicine; TCM 2.basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine 3.clinical experience 4.treatment based on syndrome differentiation 5.miscellaneous diseases 6.Chinese pharmacy 7.four properties and five tastes 8.acupuncture and moxibustion; acumox 9.classical Chinese philosophy 10.sweating therapy; diaphoresis 11.purgation 12.vomiting therapy; emetic therapy 13.the School of Reinforcing the Earth 14.etiology 15.prescription; formula 16.medical practice 17.therapeutic principles 18.herbs cold and cool in nature 19.nourishing yin and reducing fire 20.diseases caused by blood stagnation 二．句子翻译 1.TCM has a history of thousands of years and is a summary of the Chinese people’s experience in their struggle against diseases. 2.TCM has a unique and integrated theoretical system. 3.TCM is a science that studies the rules of life as well as the occurrence, progress, prevention and treatment of diseases. 4.Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Medicine has laid a solid foundation for the formation of theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine. 5.Classic of Difficulties has supplemented what was unaddressed in the Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Medicine in many respects, especially in pulse lore. 6.Discussion on the Causes and Symptoms of Various Diseases is the earliest extant monograph on the causes and symptoms of diseases in China. 7.Yang is usually excessive while yin is frequently deficient. 8.Internal impairment of the spleen and stomach causes various diseases. https://www.doczj.com/doc/426474070.html,pendium of Materia Medica is recognized as a monumental work in the history of Chinese materia medica and a great contribution to the development of pharmacology in the world. 10.Traditional Chinese materia medica includes not only medicinal herbs, but also minerals and animal parts. 11.In the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, there appeared the so-called four great medical schools. 12.Zhang Congzheng believed that all diseases were caused by exogenous pathogenic factors and advocated that pathogenic factors should be driven out by means of diaphoresis, emesis and purgation.
KevinLee. 第一课 一．术语翻译 1.traditional Chinese medicine; TCM 2.basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine 3.clinical experience 4.treatment based on syndrome differentiation 5.miscellaneous diseases 6.Chinese pharmacy 7.four properties and five tastes 8.acupuncture and moxibustion; acumox 9.classical Chinese philosophy 10.sweating therapy; diaphoresis 11.purgation 12.vomiting therapy; emetic therapy 13.the School of Reinforcing the Earth 14.etiology 15.prescription; formula 16.medical practice 17.therapeutic principles 18.herbs cold and cool in nature 19.nourishing yin and reducing fire
20.diseases caused by blood stagnation 二．句子翻译 1.TCM has a history of thousands of years and is a summary of the Chinese people’s experience in their struggle against diseases. 2.TCM has a unique and integrated theoretical system. 3.TCM is a science that studies the rules of life as well as the occurrence, progress, prevention and treatment of diseases. 4.Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Medicine has laid a solid foundation for the formation of theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine. 5.Classic of Difficulties has supplemented what was unaddressed in the Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Medicine in many respects, especially in pulse lore. 6.Discussion on the Causes and Symptoms of Various Diseases is the earliest extant monograph on the causes and symptoms of diseases in China. 7.Yang is usually excessive while yin is frequently deficient.
中医术语翻译的诀窍 由于中医术语高度概括，抽象深奥，且多采用古汉语表达，故给中医翻译带来了很大的难度。翻译不是简单的语际语码的转换，而是一种真正意义上的跨语言，跨文化交际… 中医英语翻译乃是一种双重的跨语言，跨文化交际。因为在翻译过程中首先要实现古汉语，古代文化与现代汉语，现代文化之间的转换，然后再实现从现代汉语向英语，东方文化向西方文化的跨越。这要求译者在具备翻译功底的同时，还须熟知中医学理论和扎实的古汉语知识。本文就中医术语的翻译方法及相关问题进行讨论。 一、科技英语常用构词法科技英语构词中，普遍运用复合法，缀合法，缩合法，首字母缩略等。在中医术语翻译时可借鉴之。 1、复合法这类术语在中医术语翻译中占了很大的比例，其含义大多是各个词含义的叠加。采用这种译法的优点是容易找到对应词，结构明了，易于理解缺点是译文往往不够简洁，例如活血化瘀。 2、缀合法此类术语的含义为词缀与词干意义的相加，特点是简洁，专业性强，与西医术语的可比性强，便于学术交流。但在目前中医术语翻译中，这类词的使用比例并不高，如针灸。 3、缩合法其含义通常是构成该词的两个部分的词语意义相加，其特点类似缀合法。例如针压。 4、首字母缩略这种方法在科技英语(包括医学英语)中使用得非常广泛，但在中医英语中却很少使用。目前被本人系天天论文网就职11年的资深论文编辑；工作中与各大医学期刊杂志社进行学术交流过程中建立了稳定的编辑朋友圈，系多家医学杂志社的特约编辑，常年为医学期刊杂志供稿，负责天天论文网医学论文·分检·编校·推送·指导等工作！工作企鹅1:1550116010工作企鹅2：766085044普遍接受的只有”中医”一词。当然，也有学者在这方面做了有益的尝试，如将温病缩略为。 首字母缩略是一种非常便捷的构词方式，可提高单位词汇的信息量。但是，如何运用这一方法使中医术语趋于简洁，规范，还有待进行深入的研究。 二、其他翻译方法 1、词性的转换由于中文和英文的语言结构，表达方式不同，在翻译时要将中医术语的结构进行转换。较常用的方法是将中文的主谓结构，动宾结构转换成英文中的名词性词组或非限定动词词组。例如: 止痛等。对症状的描述也多采用类似的方法。由于症状表示的是一种状态，而非具体动作，其中文可采用主谓或动宾等词组来描述，而在英语中则常采用名词(词组)或动名词(词组)的形式。如盗汗等。 2、结构调整中医术语大多形成于中国古代，故语言形式上保留了古汉语的特点，讲究工整对仗。但在译成英语时，往往需要对这类结构进行调整，采用符合目的语语言习惯的结构，实现意义上的忠实。如神疲肢倦，心悸怔忡等2.3音译法由于东西方文化和中西医理论之间存在很大的差异，所以有不少中医术语很难在西医(英语)中找到对应的词用意译的方法则译文过于冗长，不符合术语简洁精练的要求。在这种情况下，采用音译不失为一种可取的选择，必要时可加以注释，以弥补音译的不足。例气一，气功一，阴阳一。气是中医理论中的一个重要概念，它既可以指人体的生命物质，也可以指人体的生理功能。用音译法来翻译，则最直接，最简洁地反映出了”气”的真实内涵。 三、翻译中须注意的问题 1、求同存异对于在英语中有完全或部分对应词汇的术语，应尽量采用对应语，以与国际通用术语接轨，符合术语标准化的要求，又便于目的语读者的理解。如腰，胃痛，头晕耳鸣等。尽管象”腰”，”胃”等术语在中医中的含义与西医并不完全一致，但如果采用其他
中医英语翻译句子翻译重点 1.由于证包括了病变的部位、原因、性质以及邪正关系，反映出疾病发展过程中某一阶段的病理变化的本质，因而它比症状更全面、更深刻、更正确地揭示了疾病的本质。 Since syndrome, covering the location, cause and nature of disease and conditions of healthy and pathogenic qi, indicates the nature of pathological changes in a phase during the disease progress, it more comprehensively, profoundly and correctly uncovers the nature of disease than symptom does. 2.所谓辨证，就是将四诊（望、闻、问、切）所收集的资料、症状和体征，通过分析、综合、辨清疾病的原因、性质、部位以及邪正之间的关系，概括、判断为某种性质的证。 The so-called syndrome differentiation refers to the process of figuring out the location, cause and nature of disease and conditions of healthy and pathogenic qi by analyzing the information, symptoms and signs of the patients collected by four examinations including inspection, listening and smelling examination, inquiry and palpation, and finally identifying the disease as a certain syndrome. 3.辨证和论治，是诊治疾病过程中相互关系不可分割的两个方面，是理论和实践相结合的体现，是理法方药在临床上的具体体现，是指导中医临床工作的基本原则。 Syndrome differentiation and treatment, correlated and inseparable in diagnosing and treating disease, show the combination of theory and practice, and application of principles, methods, formulas and medicinals to clinical practice, and serve as the fundamental principle to guide clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine. 4.阴阳学说认为，世界是物质性的整体，世界本身是阴阳二气对立统一的结果。
English Translation of TCM Medical Terms Unit 1 A brief introduction to traditional Chinese medicine 1. traditional Chinese medicine 2 .syndrome differentiation and treatment 3. holism 4. correspondence between man and nature 5. returning to the original purity and simplicity/ returning to nature 6. symptoms and signs 7. syndrome 8. dialectical materialism and historical materialism 9. side-effect/ adverse-effect 10. therapeutic effect/ efficacy/curative effect 11. diagnosis and treatment 12. symptomatology 13. integrated/ combined traditional Chinese and Western medicine 14.Miraculous Pivot 15. Plain Questions 16. Huangdi’s Internal Classic 17. Treatise on Cold-damage and Miscellaneous diseases 18. Compendium of Materia Medica 19. A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion 20.Essential Prescriptions for Emergencies 21 Supplement to Essential Prescriptions for Emergencies 22 Classic on Difficult Issues of Medicine Unit Two Yin-yang Theory Unit 2 Yin-yang Theory 1. the opposition and unity of yin and yang 2. restriction and transformation of yin and yang 3. excess/ predominance of yin leading to/ causing disorder of yang and excess /predominance of yang causing disorder of yin 4. interdependence of yin and yang 5. There would be impossible survival with solitary yin and vice versa. 6. waning and waxing of yin and yang 7. dynamic change 8. quantitative change 9. qualitative change 10. yin-yang figure/ Taiji figure 11. Excess of yin leading to deficiency of yang, or excess of yang leading to deficiency of yin. 12. yin within yang, and yang within yin 13. materialism 14. dynamic balance 15. inter-transformation between yin and yang/mutual transformation of yin and yang 16. infinite divisibility of yin and yang
【原文】 故张氏云：“《内经》谓肝主疏泄，故元气之上脱，即由肝之疏泄也。惟可重用萸肉以酸敛直趋肝脏，防其疏泄，藉以杜塞元气上脱之路，则元气可不上脱。《内经》谓肝行肾之气，故元气之下脱亦由于肝，因肝能为肾行其气，即能泻元气自下而出，所以元气下脱亦可重用山萸肉”。张氏在来复汤方解中又云：“故人虚极者，其肝风必先动，肝风动，即元气欲脱之兆也。又肝与胆脏腑相依，胆为少阳，有病主寒热往来；肝为厥阴，虚极亦为寒热往来，为有寒热，故多出汗”。 【译文】 So MR．Zhang （refers to Zhang Xichun）said：＂Huangdi＇s Canon of Medicine holds that the liver governs the free flow of qi，so the depletion of primordial qi from the upper is caused by the liver＇s dysfunction．Shanzhuyu is sour in taste and astringent in nature，therefore，to treat this syndrome，you can use lots of shanzhuyu to stop the liver qi＇s dispersion，and block the pathway of depletion of the primordial qi． Huangdi＇s Canon of Medicine also told that the liver regulates the activity of the kidney qi．（The mechanism is that
中医英语术语翻译重 点
中医英语术语翻译重点 天人相应Correspondence of human body and natural environment 辨证论治treatment based onsyndrome differentiation 针灸acupuncture and moxibustion 寒凉药物herbs cold and cool in nature 滋阴降火nourishing yin and reducing fire 整体观念concept of holism 开窍(of the five zang-organs) open into 生长化收藏sprout, grow, transform, ripen and store 同病异治different therapeutic methods used to treat the same disease 异病同治same therapeutic method used to treating different diseases 从阴引阳drawing yang from yin 阴平阳秘balance of yin and yang 寒极生热extreme cold generating heat 热极生寒 extreme heat gernerating cold 病机总纲general rule of pathogenesis 祛风散寒eliminating wind and dispersing cold 实则泻之treating excess syndromes with reduction 虚寒证deficiency cold syndrome 实热症 excess heat syndrome 潜阳熄风suppressing yang and eliminating wind 补其不足 supplement insufficiency 泻其有余 reduce excess 五行学说the theory of five elements 木曰曲直wood characterized by bending and straightening 火曰炎上fire characterized by flaring up 土爰稼穑earth characterized by sowing and reaping 金曰从革metal characterized by clearing and changing 水曰润下water characterized by moistening and descending 母病及子illness of mother viscera affecting the child one 子病及母illness of child viscera affecting the mother one 相乘相侮over restriction and counter-restriction 心火亢盛exuberant fire in the heart 肾阳式微declination of kidney yang 平肝和胃soothing the liver and harmonizing the stomach 水火不济between water and fire 奇恒之腑extraordinary fu-organs 藏象学说the theory of visceral manifestation 藏而不泻storage without discharge 泻而不藏discharge without storage 形体诸窍physical build and various orifices
《中医英语翻译》课程教学大纲 一、基本信息 课程编号：10601100590 课程名称：中医英语翻译 英文名称：TCM English Translation 课程性质：必修 总学时：48 学分：3 理论学时：48 实验学时：0 实践学时： 0 指导自学学时：0 适用专业：英语适用层次：本科 先修课程：中医英语词汇 承担院部：人文学院学科组：英语专业学科组 二、课程介绍 （一）课程目标及地位 课程概述包括如下内容： 1．该课程设置的主要目的（依据就业岗位需要阐述）； 旨在培养学生从事中医对外交流传播能力 2．该课程在整个专业课程体系中的地位； 本课程是连接学生所学中医知识与所掌握英语能力的桥梁，是对学生所学中医与英 语两大知识体系的高度综合和强化，担负着完成专业设置目标的重任，因而在整个 专业课程体系中占据至关重要的地位。 3．该课程在专业学习目标中的作用以及该课程与前后课程的联系。 该课程是在学生积累了一定的中医知识和英语语言技能基础上设立，是对前面课程 所培养能力的高度应用，直接影响着专业学习目标的实现。 （二）教学基本要求 1.思想道德与职业素质目标 通过该课程的学习，学生应该树立优良的翻译道德，既要做到忠于原文，又要对译文读者负责。 2.知识目标 通过该课程的学习，学生应该了解中医英译史，掌握中医英译的一般原则和方法。 3.技能目标 1）专业能力：通过该课程的学习，学生能够掌握常见中医术语的英译，并能胜任一般的中医翻译工作。 2）方法能力：通过该课程的学习，学生能够较自如地应用中医英译的一般原则和方法完成一般的中医翻译任务，进行简单的中医对外交流活动。
（三）课程的重点和难点 本课程的讲授一般安排在第5个学期，本课程重点是中医英译的一般原则和方法；掌握中医英译的一般原则和方法, 培养学生从事中医英译工作的能力；难点是如何培养学生应用中医英译的一般原则和方法从事中医英译的能力。重点章节是第1章、第2章、第3章、第5章、第8章、第9章、第10章、第11章。难点章节是第1章、第4章。 （四）课程教学方法与手段 《中医英语翻译》教学以讲授法为主，以学生翻译实践为基础，讲解中医英译的原则和方法与讲评学生翻译相结合，真正做到翻译理论与实践相统一，实现学生中医英译能力的不断提高。 （五）教学时数分配表 《中医英语翻译》教学时数分配表 教学内容 各教学环节学时分配 采用何种多媒体教学手段 章节 主要内容 讲授 实验 实践 指导 自学 小计 1 总论 2 2 PPT 2 辨证论治 2 3 PPT 3 阴阳学说 2 3 PPT 4 五行学说 2 3 PPT 5 脏象学说 2 3 PPT 6 气血精津液 2 3 PPT 7 经络学说 2 3 PPT 8 望诊 2 3 PPT 9 闻诊 2 3 PPT 10 问诊 2 3 PPT 11 切诊 2 3 PPT 12 八纲辨证 2 3 PPT 13 脏腑辨证 2 3 PPT 14 卫气营血辨证 2 2 PPT 15 三焦辨证 2 2 PPT 16 六经辨证 2 2 PPT 17 中药 2 2 PPT 18 方剂 2 2 PPT 合计 48 （六）教材与主要参考书 教材：《WHO 西太平洋地区传统医学名词术语国际标准》（1册），世界卫生组织（西太平
Unit 1 在历史的长河中，中国古代社会形成了“早、多、男”的生育观（child-bearing outlook ）。而新型生育文化的核心是“男女平等，少生优生”。但是，在现阶段，代孕仍然有市场。有些富人想要更多的儿子来继承家族企业；有些女人因为年龄问题生不了孩子，或者因为要保持身材而不生孩子；有些妇产医院（maternity hospital）的医生为了挣外快而参与代孕。代孕成为某些人建立完整家庭的一种选择。这些复杂的社会因素相互作用，影响着中国的代孕市场。 Over the Chinese history, since the ancient times, a child-bearing outlook had been developed and adopted by the society: giving birth at an early age, giving birth to as many children as possible, and the male-bearing preference. But at the core of the new child-bearing value, “Men and women are equal, and having fewer and better children is preferred.” In today’s world, surrogacy is still proliferating in that some rich people want to have more sons to inherit the family’s fortune, or some women have lost the ability to bear children at an elder age, or some women simply don’t want to bear children in or order to keep a slim figure, or some doctors in maternity hospitals take part in the surrogacy dealing to make profits. Surrogacy is an option for those people to have a complete family. These social factors interact with each other so much so that they have affected the underground surrogate market in China.