常见的八种逻辑关系
1，并列关系:
and, and also, or, neither…nor, either…or, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that
is to say, as well as, same…as
2，递进关系:
then, also, besides, additionally, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more 3，因果关系:
because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so(such) …that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, as a result, because of, in that, in response to, with, for this reason, lead to, too…to
4，转折关系:
but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately, while,
whereas, unlike, rather than, instead of
5，让步关系:
although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of
6，列举关系:
first—second—last of all, first—then, to begin with—to continue/next, on one hand—on
the other hand, for one thing—for another thing, one—another, some—others—still others
7，举例关系:
such as, for example, for instance, of these/those/them, among these/those/them, to
illustrate, as an illustration, to take an example, more specifically speaking, namely
8，总结关系:
in all, in brief, in short, in a word, in conclusion, altogether, to sum up, to summarize, to
conclude, to generalize, to put it in one word
翻译技巧
技巧之一：“定语从句”的翻译
总的原则: ”长后短前” (和主句比)
类定语从句:1)、限定性 (没逗号);2)、非限定性 (有逗号).
1)、限定性定语从句:A. 较短 --- 直译为前置定语, 并加”的”;
e.g. It is the book which interets me.这是一本我感兴趣(的)书.
B. 较长 --- 译为另一个分句, 重复先行词;
e.g. They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.
他们正在为实现一个理想而努力, 这个理想是每个中国人所珍惜的, 在过去, 许多中国人曾为这个理想牺牲了自己的生命.
(重复先行词”理想”)
2) 非限定性定语从句:
A. 较短 --- 直译为前置定语, 加”的”;
e.g. But Miggle's laugh, which was very infectious, broke the silence.
但是米格尔富有感染力的笑声打破了静默.
B. 较长 --- 译为并列分句, 重复先行词或用代词替代.
e.g. I told the story to John, who told it to his brother.
我把这件事告诉了约翰, 约翰(他)又告诉了他的弟弟.
(重复先行词约翰或用代词”他”替代)
技巧之二：“同位语从句”的翻译
四种翻译方法:
1)、译为独立的句子;
2)、“名转动, 从变宾”;
3)、“这、那复指”;
4)、主谓词组作定语.
1)、译为独立的句子:
适用条件: 同位语较长, 或以插入语形式出现,或同时满足以上两者.
解决办法: 把同位语从句译为独立的句子, 用”认为……”, “就是……”, “即……”, 冒号, 破折号或括号等引出.
e.g. My grandfather was obviously wrong in his opinion that a woman`s place was in the home.
我祖父的观点, 即所谓女人的位置应该在家里, 很明显是错误的.
2)、“名转动, 从变宾”:
适用条件: 先行词在主句中作宾语.
解决办法: 把同位语从句修饰的名词转译为动词, 而把同位语从句译成宾语.
e.g. He expressed the hope that he could visit our city again.
他希望他能再次访问我们的城市.
3)、“这、那复指”:
适用条件: 先行词在主句中作主语.
解决办法: 先把同位语从句的内容翻译出来,在后面用”这”或”那”等代词复指同位语从句的内容, 使其与句子主体连接起来.
e.g. The dictum that the style is the man is known to most of us.
文如其人, 这句名言为我们大多数人所熟悉.
4)、主谓词组作定语:
适用条件: 先行词在主句中作主语.
解决办法: 把同位语从句翻译成主谓词组, 放在先行词前面充当定语.
e.g. Yet, from the beginning, the fact that I was alive was ignored.
然而, 从一开始, 我仍然活着的事实就被忽略了.
技巧之三“定语转译”
1) 定语转译为谓语(动词):
e.g. Neutron has a mass slightly larger than that of proton.
中子的质量(是)略大于质子的质量.
2) 定语转译为状语:
适用条件: 定语所修饰的名词或名词性词组在主句中作为动词或介词的宾语出现.
