英国皇室英文介绍共38页

诺曼王朝House of Norman威廉一世King William I the Conqueror "征服王"威廉二世King William II Rufus "红毛王"亨利一世King Henry I Well-Educated, Beauclerc "儒雅王"斯蒂芬(King Stephen) (布洛瓦王朝)安茹王朝House of Anjou亨利二世King Henry II Curtmantle "短斗篷王"理查一世King Richard I Coeur de Lion "狮心王"约翰King John Lackland "无地王"金雀花王朝House of Plantagenet亨利三世King Henry III)爱德华一世King Edward I Long Shank) "长脚王"爱德华二世King Edward II爱德华三世King Edward III理查二世King Richard II兰开斯特王朝House of Lancaster亨利四世King Henry IV亨利五世King Henry V亨利六世King Henry VI约克王朝House of York爱德华四世King Edward IV爱德华五世King Edward V理查三世King Richard III都铎王朝House of Tudor亨利七世King Henry VII亨利八世King Henry VIII爱德华六世King Edward VI简•格雷Lady Jane Grey玛丽一世Queen Mary I the Bloody "血腥玛丽"伊丽莎白一世Queen Elizabeth I斯图亚特王朝House of Stewart詹姆斯一世King James I查理一世King Charles I共和政府奥利弗•克伦威尔，护国公理查•克伦威尔，护国公斯图亚特王朝复辟House of Stewart詹姆斯二世King James II查理二世King Charles II威廉三世和玛丽二世King William III and Queen Mary II)安妮女王Queen Ann汉诺威王朝House of Hannover乔治一世King George I乔治二世King George II乔治三世King George III乔治四世King George IV威廉四世King William IV维多利亚女王Queen Victoria萨克森—科堡-哥达王朝House of Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha爱德华七世King Edward VII乔治五世King George V温莎王朝The House of Windsor乔治五世King George V爱德华八世King Edward VIII乔治六世King George VI伊丽莎白二世Queen Elizabeth IIEarly Settlers （史前时期）Iberians, 3000 BC Stonehenge before 2000 BC]Beaker Folk, 2000 BCCelts, 700 BCRoman Britain (55BC-AD 410) （罗马人统治时期）J. Caesar invaded for the fist time in 55 BC.The successful invasion by Claudius, AD 43.Queen Boadicea rebelled in AD 61.The Roman built the Hadrian’s Wall and the Antonine Wall, and they also brought Christianity to Britain.The Anglo-Saxons （盎格鲁-撒克逊时期）Heptarchy, 449-828Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury in 597.Egbert Egbert became the first king of England in 829.Viking and Dane attacked England from the 8th century. Canute, the Danish leader, became king of England in 1016.House of Normandy （诺曼底时期）William, 1066-1087Norman Conquest, 1066Domesday Book was completed in 1086.William II, 1087-1100Henry I, 1100-1135Stephen, 1135-1154Henry II married Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1152, thus acquiring all western France from Normandy to the Spanish border.House of Plantagenet （金雀花王朝，又称House of Anjou,安茹王朝）Henry II, 1154-1189Thomas Becket was murdered in 1170.Richard I, 1189-1199John, 1199-1216John was forced to accept Magna Carta in 1215.Henry III, 1216-1272Simon de Montfort summoned the Great Council to meetat Westminster in 1265, which is seen as the earliest parliament.Edward I, 1272-1307Wales came under the English Crown in 1284.Edward II, 1307-1327Edward III, 1327-1377Black Death swept through England in 1348.Hundred Years’ War, 1337-1453Richard II, 1377-1399The Peasant Uprising of 1381House of Lancaster （兰开斯特王朝）Henry IV, 1399-1413Henry V, 1413-1422Henry VI, 1422-1461England was defeated in the Hundred Years’ War in 1453. (Wars of Roses, 1455-1485)House of York （约克王朝）Edward IV, 1461-1483Edward V, 1413-1483Richard III, 1483-1485Richard III was defeated by Henry Tudor in the last battle of the Wars of Roses in 1485.House of Tudor （都铎王朝）Henry VII, 1485-1509The end of Wars of Roses in 1485 & the beginning of English RenaissanceHenry VIII, 1509-1547Henry VIII established Church of England in 1534 and became its Supreme Head in 1535.Mary I, 1553-1558Calais, the last British possession on the Continent was lost to France in 1558.Elizabeth I, 1558-1603The destruction the Spanish Fleet “Armada”House of Stuart （斯图亚特王朝）James I, 1603-1625Gunpowder Plot, 1605The Authorized Version of the Bible in 1611Pilgrim Fathers founded New Plymouth in America in 1620.Charles I, 1625-1649English Civil War, 1642-1649The Commonwealth （共和制王朝）Council of State, 1649-1653Oliver Cromwell, 1653-1658Cromwell became Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England in 1653Richard Cromwell, 1658-1660House of Stuart (continued) （斯图亚特王朝续）Charles II, 1660-1685Restoration in 1660James II, 1685-1688Glorious Revolution, 1688William III and Mary II, 1689-1702They jointly accepted the Bill of Rights in 1689. Thus the age of constitutional monarchy began.Anne, 1702-1714The name Great Britain came into being when in 1707 the Act of Union united England and Scotland.House of Hanover （汉诺威王朝）George I, 1714-1727George II, 1727-1760John Kay’s flying shuttle in 1733George III, 1760-1820Industrial Revolution, 1836-1848James Watt improved the steam engine in 1765.George IV, 1820-1830William IV, 1830-1837Chartist Movement, 1836-1848Victoria, 1837-1901William Booth founded the Salvation Army in 1865. Queen Victoria became Empress of India in 1877. House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha （萨克森-科堡-哥达王朝）Edward VII, 1901-1910Labour Party became a major party after the election in 1906.House of Windsor （温莎王朝）George V, 1910-1936The Parliament Act was passed in 1911, establishing the Commons as the supreme legislative body. The First World War, 1914-1918Edwards VIII, 1936-1936George VI, 1936-1952The Second World War, 1939-1945National Health Service was established in the U.K. in 1948.Elizabeth II, 1952-A full member of the EEC in 1973.Mrs. Thatcher became the first woman P.M. in 1979.诺曼底王朝1威廉一世（1028年9月-1087年9月9日）（诺曼底公爵1035-1087，英格兰国王1066-1087）(忏悔者爱德华表弟，黑斯廷斯战役击败哈罗德成为英格兰国王) 2威廉二世（1060-1100）（英格兰国王1087-1100 ）（威廉一世之次子。

英国七国时代君主列表艾塞克斯王国（东撒克逊王国）Aescwine，527年－587年Sledda，587年－604年前萨伯赫特，604年前－616年或617年Sexred，616年或617年－617年，同为Saeward国王;在对抗西撒克逊时丧生Saeward，616年或617年－617年，同为Saeward国王;在对抗西撒克逊时丧生西吉伯特一世，617年－约653年前西吉伯特二世，约653年－660年Swithelm ，660年－664年Sighere，664年－683年，同为Sebbi国王斯沃弗雷德，664年－约694年，同为Sighere国王，退位给儿子Sigeheard Sigeheard，约694年－约709年，与儿子Swaefred共治Swaefred，约695年－约709年前，与父亲Sigeheard共治Offa，709年，退位Saelred，约709年－746年，大概同为Swaefbert国王Swaefbert，约715年－738年，大概同为Saelred国王Svvithred，746年－758年Sigeric，758年－798年，退位Sigered，798年－812年，812年－825年（此期间麦西亚人减少其权力）约825年，麦西亚打败埃格伯的艾塞克斯，并入韦塞克斯。

盎格鲁-撒克逊王朝君主列表韦塞克斯王朝爱格伯特，829年-839年埃塞尔沃夫，839年-856年埃塞尔巴德，856年-860年埃塞尔伯特，860年-866年埃塞尔雷德一世，866年-871年阿佛列大帝，871年-899年长者爱德华，899年-924年光荣者艾塞斯坦，924年-940年雄者爱德蒙，940年-946年爱德瑞德，946年-955年爱德威，955年-959年和平者爱德加，959年-975年爱德华二世，975年-978年埃塞尔雷德二世，978年-1016年埃德蒙二世，1016年丹麦王朝克努特一世大帝，1016年-1035年哈罗德一世（哈拉尔），1035年-1040年克努特二世（哈迪克努特），1040年-1042年威塞克斯王朝复辟忏悔者爱德华，1042年-1066年哈罗德二世，1066年英格兰君主列表诺曼王朝威廉一世，1066年-1087年威廉二世，1087年-1100年亨利一世，1100年-1135年布卢瓦王朝斯蒂芬，1135年-1154年金雀花王朝亨利二世，1154年-1189年理查一世，1189年-1199年约翰，1199年-1216年亨利三世，1216年-1272年爱德华四世，1272年-1307年爱德华五世，1307年-1327年爱德华六世，1327年-1377年理查二世，1377年-1399年兰开斯特王朝亨利四世，1399年-1413年亨利五世，1413年-1422年亨利六世，1422年-1461年，1470年-1471年约克王朝爱德华七世，1461年-1483年爱德华八世，1483年理查三世，1483年-1485年都铎王朝亨利七世，1485年-1509年亨利八世，1509年-1547年爱德华九世，1547年-1553年珍·格雷，1553年玛丽一世，1553年-1558年伊丽莎白一世，1558年-1603年苏格兰君主列表亚尔宾王朝肯尼思一世，843年-858年唐纳德一世，858年-862年君士坦丁一世，862年-877年艾德王，877年-878年奥凯德王，878年-889年唐纳德二世，889年-900年君士坦丁二世，900年-943年马尔科姆一世，943年-954年英多尔夫王，954年-962年杜夫王，962年-966年科林王，966年-971年肯尼思二世，971年-？安拿比王，？-977年肯尼思二世，977年-995年，第二次执政君士坦丁三世，995年-997年肯尼思三世，997年-1005年马尔科姆二世，1005年-1034年邓肯一世，1034年-1040年麦克白，1040年-1057年卢拉赫王，1057年-1058年邓凯尔德王朝马尔科姆三世，1058年-1093年唐纳德·班，1093年-1094年邓肯二世，1094年唐纳德·班和埃德蒙(共同执政)，1094年-1097年埃德加，1097年-1107年亚历山大一世，1107年-1124年大卫一世，1124年-1153年马尔科姆四世，1153年-1165年威廉，1165年-1214年亚历山大二世，1214年-1249年亚历山大三世，1249年-1286年玛格丽特女王，1286年-1290年巴里奥王朝约翰·巴里奥，1292年-1296年布鲁斯王朝罗伯特一世(罗伯特·布鲁斯)，1306年-1329年大卫二世，1329年-1371年巴里奥王朝爱德华·巴里奥，1332年-1336年，一般不被认可斯图亚特王朝苏格兰国王罗伯特二世，1371年2月22日到1390年4月14日苏格兰国王罗伯特三世，1390年4月19日到1406年4月4日苏格兰国王詹姆士一世，1406年4月4日到1437年2月21日苏格兰国王詹姆士二世，1437年2月21日到1460年8月3日苏格兰国王詹姆士三世，1460年8月3日到1488年6月11日苏格兰国王詹姆士四世，1488年6月11日到1513年9月9日苏格兰国王詹姆士五世，1513年9月9日到1542年12月14日苏格兰女王玛丽一世，1542年12月14日到1567年7月24日苏格兰国王詹姆士六世，1567年7月29日到1603年3月24日1603年3月24日詹姆斯六世入继英格兰王位，苏格兰王国与英格兰王国自此成为共主邦联，直至1707年5月1日，两国合并为大不列颠王国。

英国女王Queen Elizabeth II◆Real name: ElizabethAlexandra Mary Windsor◆Birth: 21 April 1926 inLondon◆Children: 3 sons, 1daughterThe Role of the MonarchBefore the English Bourgeois Revolution:(1) He personally exercised supreme executive, legislativeand judicial power.(2) He manipulated the election of the Archbishop.(3) He could grant lands and wealth to his favorites.(4) He could appoint his followers to important positions.(5) He conferred noble titles.(6) He could have anyone arrested, put into prison or todeath.What powers does the Queen have?Superficially, she is:1) official head of state2) head of the legal system of Britain3) head of the judiciary3) commander-in-chief of the armed forces4) head of the Church of EnglandShe appoints the Prime Minister, ministers, and important officials and officers.----- She presides the great state functions----- She gives many important honors and awards.----- She concludes treaties and declares war.----- She remits all or part of the sentence passed on a criminal by granting a ‘royal pardon赦免令’.A less well known role of the Queen, which is nevertheless very important to British politics, is that of a confidante to the Prime Minister. Her long experience and her politically neutrality make her a good source of informed observation on the day to day problems of governanceThe culture of the United Kingdom is rich and varied, and has been influential on culture on a worldwide scale.It is a European state, and has many cultural links with its former colonies, particularly those that use the English language (the Anglosphere). Considerable contributions to British culture have been made over the last half-century by immigrants from the Indian Subcontinent and the West Indies.The origins of the UK as a political union of formerly independent states has resulted in the preservation of distinctive cultures in each of the home nations.LanguageMain article: Languages in the United KingdomThe United Kingdom has no official language. English is the main language and the de facto official language, spoken monolingually by an estimated 95% of the UK population.However, some nations and regions of the UK have frameworks for the promotion of their autochthonous languages. In Wales, English and Welsh are both widely used by officialdom, and Irish and Ulster Scots enjoy limited use alongside English in Northern Ireland, mainly in publicly commissioned translations. Additionally, the Western Isles council area of Scotland has a policy to promote Scottish Gaelic.Under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, which is not legally enforceable, the UK Government has committed itself to the promotion of certain linguistic traditions. Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Cornish are to be developed in Wales, Scotland and Cornwall respectively. Other native languages afforded such protection include Irish in Northern Ireland, Scots in Scotland and Northern Ireland, where it is known in official parlance as "Ulster Scots" or "Ullans" but in the speech of users simply as "Scotch", and British Sign Language.The ArtsLiteratureSherlock Holmes, played here by Jeremy Brett, was created by British author Arthur Conan Doyle.Main article: British literatureThe earliest native literature of the territory of the modern United Kingdom was written in the Celtic languages of the isles. The Welsh literary tradition stretches from the 6th century. Irish poetry also represents a more or less unbroken tradition from the 6th century to the present day, with the Ulster Cycle being of particular relevance to Northern Ireland.Anglo-Saxon literature includes Beowulf, a national epic, but literature in Latin predominated among educated elites. After the Norman ConquestAnglo-Norman literature brought continental influences to the isles.English literature emerged as a recognisable entity in the late 14th century, with the rise and spread of the London dialect of Middle English. Geoffrey Chaucer is the first great identifiable individual in English literature: his Canterbury Tales remains a popular 14th-century work which readers still enjoy today.Following the introduction of the printing press into England by William Caxton in 1476, the Elizabethan era saw a great flourishing of literature, especially in the fields of poetry and drama. From this period, poet and playwright William Shakespeare stands out as arguably the most famous writer in the world.The English novel became a popular form in the 18th century, with Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719), Samuel Richardson's Pamela (1740) and Henry Fielding's Tom Jones (1745).After a period of decline, the poetry of Robert Burns revived interest in vernacular literature, the rhyming weavers of Ulster being especially influenced by literature in Scots from Scotland.The following two centuries continued a huge outpouring of literary production. In the early 19th century, the Romantic period showed a flowering of poetry comparable with the Renaissance two hundred years earlier, with such poets as William Blake, William Wordsworth, John Keats, and Lord Byro n. The Victorian period was the golden age of the realistic English novel, represented by Jane Austen, the Brontë sisters (Charlotte, Emily and Anne), Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, George Eliot, and Thomas Hardy.World War One gave rise to British war poets and writers such as Wilfred Owen, Siegfried Sassoon, Robert Graves and Rupert Brooke who wrote (often paradoxically), of their expectations of war, and/or their experiences in the trench.The Celtic Revival stimulated new appreciation of traditional Irish literature, however, with the independence of the Irish Free State, Irish literature came to be seen as more clearly separate from the strains of British literature. The Scottish Renaissance of the early 20th century brought modernism to Scottish literature as well as an interest in new forms in the literatures of Scottish Gaelic and Scots.The English novel developed in the 20th century into much greater variety and was greatly enriched by immigrant writers. It remains today the dominant English literary form.Other well-known novelists include Arthur Conan Doyle, D. H. Lawrence, George Orwell, Salman Rushdie, Mary Shelley, Zadie Smith, J. R. R. Tolkien, Virginia Woolf and J.K. Rowling.Important poets include Elizabeth Barrett Browning, T. S. Eliot, Ted Hughes, John Milton, Alfred Tennyson, Rudyard Kipling, Alexander Pope, and Dylan Thomas.ReligionMain article: Religion in the United KingdomAlthough today one of the most 'secularised' states in the world, the United Kingdom is traditionally a Christian country, with two of the Home nations having official faiths:Anglicanism, in the form of the Church of England, is the Established Church in England. The Queen is Supreme Governor of the Church of England. Presbyterianism (Church of Scotland) is the official faith in Scotland.The Anglican Church in Wales was disestablished in 1920.The Anglican Church of Ireland was disestablished in 1871.Other religions followed in the UK include Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Judaism, and Buddhism. While 2001 census information [2] suggests that over 75 percent of UK citizens consider themselves to belong to a religion, Gallup International reports that only 10 percent of UK citizens regularly attend religious services, compared to 15 percent of French citizens and 57 percent of American citizens. A 2004 YouGov poll found that 44 percent of UK citizens believe in God, while 35 percent do not [3]. The disparity between the census data and the YouGov data has been put down to a phenomenon described as "cultural Christianity", whereby many who do not believe in God still identify with the religion they were bought up as, or the religion of their parents.[edit]FoodMain article: British cuisineAlthough there is ample evidence of a rich and varied approach to cuisine during earlier historical periods (particularly so amongst wealthy citizens), during much of the 19th and 20th century Britain had a reputation for somewhat conservative cuisine. The stereotype of the native cuisine was of a diet progressing little beyond stodgy meals consisting of "meat and two veg".Even today, in more conservative areas of the country, "meat and two veg" cuisine is still the favoured choice at the dinner table.Traditional British fare usually includes dishes such as fish and chips, roast dishes of beef, lamb, chicken and pork, as well as regional dishes such as the Cornish pasty and Lancashire Hotpot.On 8 January 1940, four months after the outbreak of World War II, a system of food Rationing was introduced to conserve stocks and feed the nation during the critical war years. Rationing persisted until July 4, 1954 [4] when a fourteen year period of relative privation (which profoundly affected a generation of people attitude to 'a culture of food') finally came to an end. With the end of rationing, Britain's diet began to change, slowly at first during the 1950s and 1960s, but immeasurably by the closing decades of the 20th century.During the transitional period of the 1970s, a number of influential figures s uch as Delia Smith (perhaps Britain's most famous homegrown exponent of good food), began the drive to encourage greater experimentation with the new ingredients (e.g. pasta) increasingly being offered by the supermarkets. The evolution of the British diet was further accelerated with the increasing tendency of the British to travel to continental Europe (and sometimes beyond) for their annual holidays, experiencing new and unfamiliar dishes as they travelled to countries such as France, Italy, and Spain.Towards the mid to late 1990s and onwards an explosion of talented new 'TV chefs' began to come to prominence, (with figures as diverse as Jamie Oliver, Ainsley Harriott, Ken Hom, Nigella Lawson, Madhur Jaffrey, Nigel Slater, and Keith Floyd) this brought about a noticeable acceleration in the diversity of cuisine the general public were prepared to try and their general confidence in preparing food that had would once have been considered pure staples of foreign cultures, particularly the Mediterranean European, South and East Asian diets. As a result, a new style of cooking called Modern British emerged.This process of increased variety and experimentation in food inevitably dovetailed with the very profound impact that the post-war influx of immigrants to the UK (many from Britain's former colonies in the Caribbean and Indian sub-continent) had on the national cuisine. The new communities propelled new and exciting dishes and ingredients onto restaurant tables and into the national consciousness. In many instances, British tastes fused with the new dishes to produce entirely new dishes such as the Balti, an English invention based on Indian cuisine that has since gained popularity across the world.Many of these new dishes have since become deeply embedded in the native culture, culminating in a speech in 2001 by Foreign Secretary, Robin Cook, in which he described Chicken Tikka Masala as 'a true British national dish' [5].With the rich diversity of its peoples and its (arguably) relatively successful attempts at creating a true multicultural society, married to a reputation as an experimental and forward thinking nation, the future of British cuisine looks positive.[edit]EducationUniversity College, Oxford was founded in the 13th centuryMain a rticle: Education in the United KingdomThe education system in the United Kingdom varies in important respects between England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Education is devolved to the Scottish Parliament and the assemblies in Wales and Northern Ireland.Education is compulsory for all children between the ages of five and sixteen. Most children in the UK are educated in state funded schools financed through the tax system and so parents do not pay directly for the cost of education.Less than ten percent of the UK school age population attend independentfee-paying schools. Many prominent independent schools, often founded hundreds of years ago, are known as public schools of which Eton, Harrow and Rugby are three of the better known.Most primary and secondary schools in both the private and state sectors have compulsory school uniforms. This is a contentious point with generations of school children who would like to see them abolished, only to support their retention once they become parents, this is due to people wanting to have a 'uniform' appearance in schools and it reduces the brand logo culture from coming out in educational establishments. Due to the multicultural nature of England, some allowances have had to be made in the uniform regulations to accommodate the needs of some children's religious beliefs.[edit]EnglandMain article Education in EnglandMost schools came under state control in the Victorian era, a formal state school system was instituted after the Second World War. Initially schools were separated into infant schools (normally up to age 4 or 5), primary schools and secondary schools (split into more academic grammar schools and more vocational secondary modern schools). Under the Labour governments of the 1960s and 1970s most secondary modern and grammar schools were combined to become comprehensive schools.Although the Minister of Education is responsible to Parliament for education, the day to day administration and funding of state schools is the responsibility of Local Education Authorities.[edit]Northern IrelandMain article Education in Northern Ireland[edit]ScotlandMain article Education in Scotland[edit]WalesMain article Education in Wales[edit]Higher educationThe United Kingdom includes many historic universities. These include theso-called Oxbridge universities (Oxford University and Cambridge University) which are amongst the world's oldest universities and are generally ranked at or near the top of all British universities. Other universities include the University of St Andrews, the oldest university in Scotland. Academic degrees are usually split into classes: first class (I), upper second class (II:1), lower second class (II:2) and third (III), and unclassified (below third class).[SportMain article: Sport in the United KingdomThe national sport of the UK is football, and the UK has the oldest football clubs in the world. The home nations all have separate national teams and domestic competitions, most notably the Scottish Premier League, the FA Cup and the FA Premier League. The first ever international football match was between Scotland and England in 1872. The match ended goalless.Other famous British sporting events include the Wimbledon tennis championships, the Grand National, the London Marathon, the ashes series ofcricket matches and the boat race between Oxford and Cambridge universities.A great number of major sports originated in the United Kingdom, including: Football (soccer), squash, golf, boxing, rugby (rugby union and rugby league), cricket, snooker, billiards, badminton and curling.[edit]National costumeThe kilt is a traditional Scottish garmentThere is no specifically British national costume. Even individually, England, Wales and Northern Ireland have only vestiges of a national costume; Scotland has the kilt and Tam o'shanter. In England certain military uniforms such as the Beefeater or the Queen's Guard are considered by tourists to be symbolic of Englishness, however they are not official national costumes. Morris dancers or the costumes for the traditional English may dance are cited by some as examples of traditional English costume.[edit]Naming conventionThe naming convention in most of the United Kingdom is for everyone to have a given name, usually (but not always) indicating the child's sex, followed by a parent's family name. This naming convention has remained much the same since the 15th century in England although patronymic naming remained in some of the further reaches of the other home nations until much later. Since the 19th century middle names have become very common and are often taken from the family name of an ancestor.Traditionally given names were largely taken from the Bible however in the Gothic Revival of the Victorian era Anglo Saxon and mythical names became commonplace. Since the middle of the 20th century however given names have been influenced by a much wider cultural base./wiki/British_cultureThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) was created by the Act of Union 1800 and constitutes the greater part of the British Isles, a group of islands lying off the northwest coast of Europe. The largest of the islands is Great Britain, which comprises England, Wales and Scotland. Nextlargest is Ireland, comprising Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom, and, in the south, the Republic of Ireland.Culture in the United Kingdom is rich and diverse, with a strong tradition of literature, theatre, popular and orchestral music and the performing arts. These, together with collections in UK museums and galleries, act as a magnet for overseas visitors and make a substantial contribution to the economy. According to economic estimates made by the Department for Culture,Media and Sport (DCMS), the creative industries accounted for nearly 8 per cent of UK gross domestic product in 2000, and provided nearly 2 million jobs in December 2001. Colour brochures are available here on various aspects of UK culture, including the arts, architecture, dance, the visual arts, and literature and poetry.AcknowledgementsMy deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Professor aaa , my supervisor, for her constant encouragement and guidance. She has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not havereached its present form.Second, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Professor aaa, who led me into the world of translation. I am also greatly indebted to the professors and teachers at the Department of English: Professor dddd, Professor ssss, who have instructed and helped me a lot in the past two years.Last my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Professor aaa , my supervisor, for her constant encouragement and guidance. She has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not havereached its present form.Second, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Professor aaa, who led me into the world of translation. I am also greatly indebted to the professors and teachers at the Department of English: Professor dddd, Professor ssss, who have instructed and helped me a lot in the past two years.Last my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gaveme their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.。

Buckingham Palace is the official London residence and principal workplace of the British Monarch. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is a setting for state occasion and royal hospitality. It has been a rallying point for the British people at times of national rejoicing and crisis. Buckingham Palace finally became the official royal palace of the British monarch on the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837.This is the principle façade, the East Front of Buckingham palace. It contains the well-known balcony on which the royal family traditionally congregates to greet crowds outside.The Royal Family on the balcony of Buckingham Palace after the annual Trooping the Colour in 2012The British Royal Family is the group of close relatives of the monarch of the United Kingdom.Members of the Royal Family belong to, either by birth or marriage, the House of Windsor since 1917, when George V changed the name of the royal house.The House of Windsor has four sovereigns for now.Next, his son, Edward VIII became the King. But after 11 months, he abdicated. Some people think that he abdicated because he was in lovewith a married American woman, Mrs. Simpson. Obviously, the royal family didn’t want an American woman who got married twice to be the Queen. So Edward chose the woman he loved instead of the throne. Another way of saying is that Edward is pro-Nazi and he called Hitler the Great. Under great pressure, King Edward abdicated.The Queen and The Duke of EdinburghThe Prince of Wales and Camilla The Duchess of CornwallThe Duke and Duchess of Cambridge Kate MiddletonPrince Harry of WalesThe Princess Royal (The Queen's daughter)The Duke of York (The Queen's second son)The Earl and Countess of WessexViscount Severn The Lady Louise WindsorActually, he should be a Duke. But he is very low-key. He liked the title Earl of Wessex, so he asked his mother to give him the title instead of the Duke and the Queen permitted. What’s more, he didn’t want his children to be prince and princess. So his son is Viscount Severn and his daughter is The Lady Louise Windsor.And there are some other main members of the royal family. They are Queen’s four cousins and her late sister Princess Margaret.The royal family members have several hundred thousand pounds as their annual salary. With the increasing income of royal family, the Queen’s salary has reached up to 36 million pounds a year.Prince Philip of the Greece and Denmark was born on a Greek island in 1921. His father was the son of the King of Greece. His great-grandfather was the King of Denmark. His mother was British Queen Victoria’s maternal great-granddaughter. Actually he and Elizabeth are distant cousins.In 1922, the war went badly for Greece. Prince Philip and his family were exiled from Greece.In 1939, King George VI and his family toured the Royal Naval College where Philip studied in. During the visit, Philip was asked to escort the King's two daughters, Elizabeth and Margaret. Elizabeth fell in love with Philip and they began to exchange letters, when she was thirteen. Eventually, in the summer of 1946, Philip asked the King for his daughter's hand in marriage. The King granted his request. So Philip abandoned his Greek and Danish royal titles and married Elizabeth in 1947. Then Philip was made the Duke of Edinburgh.After 65 years of good marriage, they are still the apple of each other’s eyes.。