句式句型专题（五）：简单句、并列句、复合句
句子按其结构可以分为以下三类：
1）简单句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句，例如：She is fond of collecting stamps.她喜欢集邮。
2）并列句（Compound Sentences）：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接，例如：The food was good, but he had little appetite.食物很精美，但他却没什么胃口。
一.概念
(一)简单句 由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)所构成的句子叫简单句，其结构是主语+ 谓语。She is fond of collecting stamps.她喜欢集邮。五种基本句型（Basic Sentence Patterns）：英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的：
1）主+ 动（SV）例如：I work.我工作。
2）主+ 动+ 表（SVP）例如：John is busy.约翰忙。
3）主+ 动+ 宾（SVO）例如：She studies English.她学英语。
4）主+ 动+ 宾+ 补（SVOC）例如：Time would prove me right. 时间会证明我是对的。
5）主+ 动+ 间宾+ 直宾My mother made me a new dress.我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。
(二)并列句 由并列连词把两个或两个以上的互相关连而又互相独立的独句(即简单句)连在一起而构成的句子叫并列句。其结构是：简单句+并列连词+简单句常用的连词有and, but, or not only...but also, neither...nor, either...or
并列句分为:联合并列句, 转折并列句, 选择并列句和因果并列句
联合并列句常由并列词and, not only…but also…..等连接
如: Use your hand, and you’ll find a way.
转折并列句常由并列连词but, while, yet, whereas, nevertheless等连接
如:I would love to have gone to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
选择疑问句常由并列连词or, otherwise, either…or…, 等连接
如:Either you leave this house or I’ll call the police
因果并列句由并列连词so, for, therefore 等连接.
如: it was late, so we went home.
在”祈使句+and/or+陈述句”结构中, 当前后两部分间为承接关系时, 用and;前后意思为相反关系时, 用or.可将前面的祈使句转换成由if引导的条件状语从句, 但必须将and 或or 去掉.
如: Hurry up, and we’ll be there in time.= If we hurry up, we’ll be there in time. because和so; although, though和but 不能连用
3）复合句（Complex Sentences）：包含一个主句从句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词或关系代词引导，从句分为定语从句、名词性从句和状语从句.例如：
The news that our women volleyball team had won the championship encouraged us all greatly. 我们女排赢得冠军的消息大大地鼓舞了我们所有人。（名词性从句）A man who doesn't learn from others can't achieve much.一个不向别人学习的人是
不能有多少成就的。（定语从句）
The film had begun when we got to the cinema.（状语从句）
主句从句
我们到达电影院的时候，电影已经开演了。
定语从句
概念:1.在句子中修饰名词或代词,定语从句在句中充当定语.
2.定语从句必须有先行词,并尽量靠近先行词.
3.在定语从句中,关系代词在从句中充当主干成分.
关系代词与关系副词
关系代词:指人:who(主/宾),whom(宾),whose(定语,所有格)
指物:which(主格,宾格),whose(定语,所有格)
指人或物:that
关系副词: when, where, why
一、关系代词的用法
1．that和which的用法
(1)限制性定语从句中，必须用关系代词that的情况：
①当先行词是不定代词all，much，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none，the one时。
You should hand in all that you have.
②当先行词前面被the only，the very，any，few，little，no，all等词修饰时。
This is the only thing that has been tried.
③当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。
This is the best that has been used against pollution.
④当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时。
This train is the last that will go to Suzhou.
⑤当先行词既有人又有物时。
Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?
⑥当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。
Which is the bike that you lost?
⑦有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用which，另外一个宜用that。
They secretly built up a small factory，which produced things that could cause pollution.
(2)定语从句中必须用which的情况：
①在非限制性定语从句中，只用which，不用that。
Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others，which，of course，made the others envy him.
②当动词短语中的介词提前时，只用which，不用that。
This is a house in which Lu Xun once lived.
2．“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句时，关系代词只能用which(指物)或whom(指人)，即：介词＋which/whom。
They may start as a group of high-school students，for whom practising their music in someone’s house is the first step to fame.
