ac: Alternating current; an electric current that reverses its direction at regularly recurring intervals.
Accuracy: The closeness of an indication or reading of a measurement device to the actual value of the quantity being measured. Usually expressed as ± percent of full scale output or reading.
Acoustics: The degree of sound. The nature, cause, and phenomena of the vibrations of elastic bodies; which vibrations create compressional waves or wave fronts which are transmitted through various media, such as air, water, wood, steel, etc.
Adapter: A mechanism or device for attaching non-mating parts.
ADC: Analog-to-Digital Converter: an electronic device which converts analog signals to an equivalent digital form, in either a binary code or a binary-coded-decimal code. When used for dynamic waveforms, the sampling rate must be high to prevent aliasing errors from occurring. Ambient Compensation: The design of an instrument such that changes in ambient temperature do not affect the readings of the instrument.
Ambient Conditions: The conditions around the transducer (pressure, temperature, etc.).
Ambient Pressure: Pressure of the air surrounding a transducer.
Ambient Temperature: The average or mean temperature of the surrounding air which comes in contact with the equipment and instruments under test.
Ampere (amp): A unit used to define the rate of flow of electricity (current) in a circuit; units are one coulomb (6.28 x 1018 electronics) per second.
Amplitude: A measurement of the distance from the highest to the lowest excursion of motion, as in the case of mechanical body in oscillation or the peak-to-peak swing of an electrical waveform. Analog Output: A voltage or current signal that is a continuous function of the measured parameter.
Analog-to-Digital Converter (A/D or ADC): A device or circuit that outputs a binary number corresponding to an analog signal level at the input.
ATC: Automatic temperature compensation.
Background Noise: The total noise floor from all sources of interference in a measurement system, independent of the presence of a data signal.
Bandwidth: A symmetrical region around the set point in which proportional control occurs.
Baud: A unit of data transmission speed equal to the number of bits (or signal events) per second; 300 baud = 300 bits per second.
Bearing: A part which supports a journal and in which a journal revolves.
Beta Ratio: The ratio of the diameter of a pipeline constriction to the unconstricted pipe diameter. BNC: A quick disconnect electrical connector used to inter-connect and/or terminate coaxial cables. BTU: British thermal units. The quantity of thermal energy required to raise one pound of water at its maximum density, 1 degree F. One BTU is equivalent to .293 watt hours, or 252 calories. One kilowatt hour is equivalent to 3412 BTU.
Bus: Parallel lines used to transfer signals between devices or components. Computers are often described by their bus structure (i.e., S-100, IBM PC).
Calibration: The process of adjusting an instrument so that its reading can be correlated to the actual value being measured.
Cavitation: The boiling of a liquid caused by a decrease in pressure rather than an increase in temperature.
CE approval: CE marking is a declaration by the manufacturer that the product meets all the appropriate provisions of the relevant legislation implementing certain European Directives. The initials "CE" do not stand for any specific words but are a declaration by the manufacturer that his product meets the requirements of the applicable European Directive(s). Portaflow 330, 220A, 220B models manufactured in accordance with the following Directives and Standards: Directive
2004/108/EC, Directive 2006/95/EC. BS EN 61010-1:2001, BS EN61326-1:2006, BS EN613626-2:2006.
Centre of Gravity (Mass Centre): The centre of gravity of a body is that point in the body through which passes the resultant of weights of its component particles for all orientations of the body with respect to a uniform gravitational field.
CFM: The volumetric flow rate of a liquid or gas in cubic feet per minute.
Closeness of Control: Total temperature variation from a desired set point of system. Expressed as "closeness of control" is ±2°C or a system bandwidth with 4°C, also referred to as amplitude of deviation.
Colour Code: The ANSI established colour code for thermocouple wires in the negative lead is always red. Colour Code for base metal thermocouples is yellow for Type K, black for Type J, purple for Type E and blue for Type T.
Communication: Transmission and reception of data among data processing equipment and related peripherals.
Compensated Connector: A connector made of thermocouple alloys used to connect thermocouple probes and wires.
Compensation: An addition of specific materials or devices to counteract a known error.
Confidence Level: The range (with a specified value of uncertainty, usually expressed in percent) within which the true value of a measured quantity exists.
Connection Head: An enclosure attached to the end of a thermocouple which can be cast iron, aluminium or plastic within which the electrical connections are made.
Convection: 1. The circulatory motion that occurs in a fluid at a non-uniform temperature owing to the variation of its density and the action of gravity. 2. The transfer of heat by this automatic circulation of fluid.
CPS: Cycles per second; the rate or number of periodic events in one second, expressed in Hertz (Hz).
Critical Damping: Critical damping is the smallest amount of damping at which a given system is able to respond to a step function without overshoot.
Critical Speed: The rotational speed of the rotor or rotating element at which resonance occurs in the system.
Damping: The reduction of vibratory movement through dissipation of energy. Types include viscous, coulomb, and solid.
dB (Decibel): 20 times the log to the base 10 of the ratio of two voltages. Every 20 dBs correspond to a voltage ratio of 10, every 10 dBs to a voltage ratio of 3.162. For instance, a CMR of 120 dB provides voltage noise rejection of 1,000,000/1. An NMR of 70 dB provides voltage noise rejection of 3,162/1.
DC: Direct current; an electric current flowing in one direction only and substantially constant in value.
Dead Volume: The volume of the pressure port of a transducer at room temperature and ambient barometric pressure.
Default: The value(s) or option(s) that are assumed during operation when not specified.
Degree: An incremental value in the temperature scale, i.e., there are 100 degrees between the ice point and the boiling point of water in the Celsius scale and 180°F between the same two points in the Fahrenheit scale.
Density: Mass per unit of volume of a substance. I.E.: grams/cu.cm. or pounds/cu.ft.
Deviation: The difference between the value of the controlled variable and the value at which it is being controlled.
Differential: For an on/off controller, it refers to the temperature difference between the temperature at which the controller turns heat off and the temperature at which the heat is turned back on. It is expressed in degrees.
Digital Output: An output signal which represents the size of an input in the form of a series of discrete quantities.
Digital-to-Analog Converter (D/A or DAC): A device or circuit to convert a digital value to an analog signal level.
DIN (Deutsche Industrial Norm): A set of German standards recognized throughout the world. The 1/8 DIN standard for panel meters specifies an outer bezel dimension of 96 x 48 mm and a panel cutout of 92 x 45 mm.
Doppler Technology: An acoustic pulse is reflected back to the sensor from particles or gases in the flowing liquid. The flow rate of any fluid can be measured as long as it contains air bubbles or solids. It is ideal for wastewater, slurries, sludge and most chemicals, acids, caustics and lubrication fluids.
Drift: A change of a reading or a set point value over long periods due to several factors including change in ambient temperature, time, and line voltage.
Duplex: Pertaining to simultaneous two-way independent data communication transmission in both direction. Same as "full duplex".
Echo: To reflect received data to the sender. For example, keys depressed on a keyboard are usually echoed as characters displayed on the screen.
Electrical Interference: Electrical noise induced upon the signal wires that obscures the wanted information signal.
EMI: Electromagnetic interference.
Emissivity: The ratio of energy emitted by an object to the energy emitted by a blackbody at the same temperature. The emissivity of an object depends upon its material and surface texture; a polished metal surface can have an emissivity around 0.2 and a piece of wood can have an emissivity around 0.95.
End Point (Potentiometric): The apparent equivalence point of a titration at which a relatively large potential change is observed.
Environmental Conditions: All conditions in which a transducer may be exposed during shipping, storage, handling, and operation.
Error: The difference between the value indicated by the transducer and the true value of the measurand being sensed.
Explosion-proof Enclosure: An enclosure that can withstand an explosion of gases within it and prevent the explosion of gases surrounding it due to sparks, flashes or the explosion of the container itself, and maintain an external temperature which will not ignite the surrounding gases.
Exposed Junction: A form of construction of a thermocouple probe where the hot or measuring junction protrudes beyond the sheath material so as to be fully exposed to the medium being measured. This form of construction usually gives the fastest response time.
Fahrenheit: A temperature scale defined by 32° at the ice point and 212° at the boiling point of
water at sea level.
Ferrule: A compressible tubular fitting that is compressed onto a probe inside a compression fitting to form a gas-tight seal.
Field Balancing Equipment: An assembly of measuring instruments for performing balancing operations on assembled machinery which is not mounted in a balancing machine.
Field of View: A volume in space defined by an angular cone extending from the focal plane of an instrument.
File: A set of related records or data treated as a unit.
Flow Rate: Actual speed or velocity of fluid movement.
Flow: Travel of liquids in response to a force (i.e. pressure or gravity).
FPM: Flow velocity in feet per minute.
FPS: Flow velocity in feet per second.
Freezing Point: The temperature at which the substance goes from the liquid phase to the solid phase.
Frequency Output: An output in the form of frequency which varies as a function of the applied input.
Frequency, Natural: The frequency of free (not forced) oscillations of the sensing element of a fully assembled transducer.
Frequency: The number of cycles over a specified time period over which an event occurs. The reciprocal is called the period.
Full Scale Output: The algebraic difference between the minimum output and maximum output. GPH: Volumetric flow rate in gallons per hour.
GPM: Volumetric flow rate in gallons per minute.
Ground: 1. The electrical neutral line having the same potential as the surrounding earth. 2. The negative side of DC power supply. 3. Reference point for an electrical system.
Grounded Junction: A form of construction of a thermocouple probe where the hot or measuring junction is in electrical contact with the sheath material so that the sheath and thermocouple will have the same electrical potential.
Handshake: An interface procedure that is based on status/data signals that assure orderly data transfer as opposed to asynchronous exchange.
Hardware: The electrical, mechanical and electromechanical equipment and parts associated with a
computing system,
Heat Sink: 1. Thermodynamic. A body which can absorb thermal energy. 2. Practical. A finned piece of metal used to dissipate the heat of solid state components mounted on it.
Heat Transfer: The process of thermal energy flowing from a body of high energy to a body of low energy. Means of transfer are: conduction; the two bodies contact. Convection; a form of conduction where the two bodies in contact are of different phases, i.e. solid and gas. Radiation: all bodies emit infrared radiation.
Heat Treating: A process for treating metals where heating to a specific temperature and cooling at a specific rate changes the properties of the metal.
Heat: Thermal energy. Heat is expressed in units of calories or BTU's.
Hertz (Hz): Units in which frequency is expressed. Synonymous with cycles per second.
ID: Inside diameter
Infrared: An area in the electromagnetic spectrum extending beyond red light from 760 nanometers to 1000 microns (106 nm). It is the form of radiation used for making non-contact temperature measurements.
Insulated Junction: See Ungrounded Junction
Insulation Resistance: The resistance measured between two insulated points on a transducer when a specific dc voltage is applied at room temperature.
Interchangeability Error: A measurement error that can occur if two or more probes are used to make the same measurement. It is caused by a slight variation in characteristics of different probes. Interface: The means by which two systems or devices are connected and interact with each other. Intrinsically Safe: An instrument which will not produce any spark or thermal effects under normal or abnormal.
IP Rating: (or "Ingress Protection") ratings are defined in international standard EN 60529 (British BS EN 60529:1992, European IEC 60509:1989). They are used to define levels of sealing effectiveness of electrical enclosures against intrusion from foreign bodies (tools, dirt etc) and moisture.
IP66: First digit is the intrusion protection, in this case 6 is totally dust tight. Second digit is moisture protection, in this instance protection against string water jets and waves.
IP67: Total dust ingress protection and protected against temporary immersion between 15cm and 1m depth.
Isolation: The reduction of the capacity of a system to respond to an external force by use of resilient isolating materials.
Joule: The basic unit of thermal energy.
Junction: The point in a thermocouple where the two dissimilar metals are joined.
Kelvin: Symbol K. The unit of absolute or thermodynamic temperature scale based upon the Celsius scale with 100 units between the ice point and boiling point of water. 0°C = 273.15K (there is no degree (°) symbol used with the Kelvin scale).
Kilowatt (kw): Equivalent to 1000 watts.
Kilowatt Hour (kwh): 1000 watthours. Kilovolt amperes (kva): 1000 volt amps.
Kinetic Energy: Energy associated with mass in motion, i.e., 1/2 rV2 where r is the density of the moving mass and V is its velocity.
Laminar Flow: Streamlined flow of a fluid where viscous forces are more significant than inertial forces, generally below a Reynolds number of 2000.
Leakage Rate: The maximum rate at which a fluid is permitted or determined to leak through a seal. The type of fluid, the differential Limits of Error: A tolerance band for the thermal electric response of thermocouple wire expressed in degrees or percentage defined by ANSI specification MC-96.1 (1975).
Life Cycle: The minimum number of pressure cycles the transducer can endure and still remain within a specified tolerance.
Linearity: The closeness of a calibration curve to a specified straight line. Linearity is expressed as the maximum deviation of any calibration point on a specified straight line during any one calibration cycle.
Load Impedance: The impedance presented to the output terminals of a transducer by the associated external circuitry.
Load: The electrical demand of a process expressed as power (watts), current (amps) or resistance (ohms).
M: Mega; one million. When referring to memory capacity, two to the twentieth power (1,048,576 in decimal notation).
Mass Flow Rate: Volumetric flowrate times density, i.e. pounds per hour or kilograms per minute. Maximum Operating Temperature: The maximum temperature at which an instrument or sensor can be safely operated.
Maximum Power Rating: The maximum power in watts that a device can safely handle.
Mean Temperature: The average of the maximum and minimum temperature of a process equilibrium.
Method of Correction: A procedure whereby the mass distribution of a rotor is adjusted to reduce unbalance, or vibration due to unbalance, to an acceptable value. Corrections are usually made by
adding material to, or removing it from, the rotor.
Mica: A transparent mineral used as window material in high-temperature ovens.
Microamp: One millionth of an ampere, 10-6 amps, μA.
Micron: One millionth of a meter, 10-6 meters.
Mil: One thousandth of an inch (.001").
Millimeter: One thousandth of a meter, symbol mm.
NB: Nominal Bore.
NEMA-4: A standard from the National Electrical Manufacturers Association, which defines enclosures intended for indoor or outdoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against windblown dust and rain, splashing water, and hose-directed water.
NEMA-7: A standard from the National Electrical Manufacturers Association, which defines explosion-proof enclosures for use in locations classified as Class I, Groups A, B, C or D, as specified in the National Electrical Code.
NEMA-12: A standard from the National Electrical Manufacturers Association, which defines enclosures with protection against dirt, dust, splashes by non-corrosive liquids, and salt spray. Noise: An unwanted electrical interference on the signal wires.
O.D.: Outside diameter.
Offset: The difference in temperature between the set point and the actual process temperature. Also, referred to as droop.
Output Impedance: The resistance as measured on the output terminals of a pressure transducer. Output Noise: The RMS, peak-to-peak (as specified) ac component of a transducer's dc output in the absence of a measurand variation.
Output: The electrical signal which is produced by an applied input to the transducer.
Parity: A technique for testing transmitting data. Typically, a binary digit is added to the data to make the sum of all the digits of the binary data either always even (even parity) or always odd (odd parity).
Phase: A time based relationship between a periodic function and a reference. In electricity, it is expressed in angular degrees to describe the voltage or current relationship of two alternating waveforms.
Polypropylene: A polymer of propylene used as a thermoplastic moulding material. Doesn't soak up water, making it ideal for uses where it will be constantly subject to moisture.
PortaGraph Software: Portagraph II is a software application specifically written for use with Micronics flowmeters which simplifies the downloading and viewing of the instum ent’s logged data. Data may also be viewed in text format or exported to Excel for more detailed analysis. Also allows real time monitoring, where measured data is automatically captured sample by sample and displayed in either graph or data table format. Data logged in one set of units can quickly be converted to another set if required.
Positive Temperature Coefficient: An increase in resistance due to an increase in temperature.
Potential Energy: Energy related to the position or height above a place to which fluid could possibly flow.
Power Supply: A separate unit or part of a circuit that supplies power to the rest of the circuit or to a system.
PPM: Abbreviation for "parts per million," sometimes used to express temperature coefficients. For instance, 100 ppm is identical to 0.01%.
Primary Device: Part of a flowmeter which is mounted internally or externally to the fluid conduit and produces a signal corresponding to the flowrate and from which the flow may be determined.
Probe: A generic term that is used to describe many types of temperature sensors.
Process Meter: A panel meter with sizeable zero and span adjustment capabilities, which can be scaled for readout in engineering units for signals such as 4-20 mA, 10-50 mA and 1-5 V.
Range: Those values over which a transducer is intended to measure, specified by its upper and lower limits.
Rangeability: The ratio of the maximum flowrate to the minimum flowrate of a meter.
Rankine (°R): An absolute temperature scale based upon the Fahrenheit scale with 180° between the ice point and boiling point of water. 459.67°R = 0°F.
Real Time: The time interval over which the system temperature is sampled for the derivative function.
Reference Mark: Any diagnostic point or mark which can be used to relate a position during rotation of a part to its location when stopped.
Relay (Mechanical): An electromechanical device that completes or interrupts a circuit by physically moving electrical contacts into contact with each other.
Relay (Solid State): A solid state switching device which completes or interrupts a circuit electrically with no moving parts.
Remote: Not hard-wired; communicating via switched lines, such as telephone lines. Usually refers to peripheral devices that are located a site away from the CPU.
Repeatability: The ability of a transducer to reproduce output readings when the same measured value is applied to it consecutively, under the same conditions, and in the same direction.
Repeatability is expressed as the maximum difference between output readings.
Residual (Final) Unbalance: Residual unbalance is that unbalance of any kind that remains after balancing.
Resistance: The resistance to the flow of electric current measured in ohms (1/2) for a conductor. Resistance is function of diameter, resistivity (an intrinsic property of the material) and length.
Reynolds Number: The ratio of inertial and viscous forces in a fluid defined by the formula Re = rVD/μ, where: r = Density of fluid, μ = Viscosity in centipoise (CP), V = Velocity, and D = Inside diameter of pipe.
RFI: Radio frequency interference.
Secondary Device: A part of the flowmeter which receives a signal proportional to the flowrate, from the primary device, and displays, records and/or transmits the signal.
Sensing Element: That part of the transducer which reacts directly in response to the input.
Sensitivity Shift: A change in slope of the calibration curve due to a change in sensitivity.
Sensitivity: The minimum change in input signal to which an instrument can respond.
SI: System Internationale. The name given to the standard metric system of units.
Signal: An electrical transmittance (either input or output) that conveys information.
Spectrum: The resolving of overall vibration into amplitude components as a function of frequency.
Stability: The quality of an instrument or sensor to maintain a consistent output when a constant input is applied.
Temperature Error: The maximum change in output, at any measure and value within the specified range, when the transducer temperature is changed from room temperature to specified temperature extremes.
Temperature Range, Compensated: The range of ambient temperatures within which all tolerances specified for Thermal Zero Shift and Thermal Sensitivity Shift are applicable (temperature error).
Thermal Coefficient of Resistance: The change in resistance of a semiconductor per unit change in temperature over a specific range of temperature.
Thermal Conductivity: The property of a material to conduct heat in the form of thermal energy.
Thermocouple: The junction of two dissimilar metals which has a voltage output proportional to the difference in temperature between the hot junction and the lead wires (cold junction) Thomson Effect: When current flows through a conductor within a thermal gradient, a reversible absorption or evolution of heat will occur in the conductor at the gradient boundaries.
Time of Flight (TOF): describes a variety of methods that measure the time that it takes for an object, particle or acoustic, electromagnetic or other wave to travel a distance through a medium. This measurement can be used for a time standard as a way to measure velocity or path length through a given medium, or as a way to learn about the particle or medium (such as composition or flow rate).
Transducer Vibration: Generally, any device which converts movement, either shock or steady state vibration, into an electrical signal proportional to the movement; a sensor.
Transducer: A device (or medium) that converts energy from one form to another. The term is generally applied to devices that take physical phenomenon (pressure, temperature, humidity, flow, etc.) and convert it to an electrical signal.
Transient Vibration: A temporary vibration or movement of a mechanical system.
Transit Time: A typical transit-time flow measurement system utilizes two ultrasonic transducers that function as both ultrasonic transmitter and receiver. The flow meter operates by alternately transmitting and receiving a burst of sound energy between the two transducers and measuring the transit time that it takes for sound to travel between the two transducers. The difference in the transit time measured is directly and exactly related to the velocity of the liquid in the pipe.
Transitional Flow: Flow between laminar and turbulent flow, usually between a pipe Reynolds number of 2000 and 4000.
Transmitter (Two-Wire): 1. A device which is used to transmit data from a sensor via a two-wire current loop. The loop has an external power supply and the transmitter acts as a variable resistor with respect to its input signal. 2. A device which translates the low level output of a sensor or transducer to a higher level signal suitable for transmission to a site where it can be further processed.
Turbulent Flow: When forces due to inertia are more significant than forces due to viscosity. This typically occurs with a Reynolds number in excess of 4000.
Union: A form of pipe fitting where two extension pipes are joined at a separable coupling.
Vacuum: Any pressure less than atmospheric pressure.
Velocity: The time rate of change of displacement; dx/dt.
Vibration Error Band: The error recorded in output of a transducer when subjected to a given set of amplitudes and frequencies.
Vibration Error: The maximum change in output of a transducer when a specific amplitude and range of frequencies are applied to a specific axis at room temperature.
Viscosity: The inherent resistance of a substance to flow.
Volt: The (electrical) potential difference between two points in a circuit. The fundamental unit is derived as work per unit charge-(V = W/Q). One volt is the potential difference required to move
one coulomb of charge between two points in a circuit while using one joule of energy.
Voltage: An electrical potential which can be measured in volts.
Volume Flow Rate: Calculated using the area of the full closed conduit and the average fluid velocity in the form, Q = V x A, to arrive at the total volume quantity of flow. Q = volumetric flowrate, V = average fluid velocity, and A = cross sectional area of the pipe.
Watt Density: The watts emanating from each square inch of heated surface area of a heater. Expressed in units of watts per square inch.
Working Standard: A standard of unit measurement calibrated from either a primary or secondary standard which is used to calibrate other devices or make comparison measurements.
Zero Offset: 1. The difference expressed in degrees between true zero and an indication given by a measuring instrument. 2. See Zero Suppression
1.Accounting(会计) The process of indentifying, recording, summarizing and reporting economic information to decision makers. 2.Financial accounting(财务会计) The field of accounting that serves external decision makers, such as stockholders, suppliers, banks and government agencies. 3.Management accounting(管理会计) The field of accounting that serves internal decision makers, such as top executives, department heads and people at other management levels within an organization. 4.Annual report(年报) A combination of financial statements, management discussion and analysis and graphs and charts that is provided annually to investors.
5.Balance sheet (statement of financial position, statement of financial condition)(资产负债表) A financial statement that shows the financial status of a business entity at a particular instant in time. 6.Balance sheet equation(资产负债方程式) Assets = Liabilities + Owners' equity. 7.Assets(资产) Economic resources that are expected to help generate future cash inflows or help reduce future cash outflows. 8.Liabilities (负债) Economic obligations of the organization to outsiders ,or claims against its assets by outsiders.
建筑专业英语词汇(A) a block 空心块 a frame a 型框架 a line 支座反力影响线abaciscus 嵌饰 abacus 栏杆小柱顶 abamurus 扶壁 abat jour 灯罩 abat vent 遮阳帘 abbrasive wheel 磨盘 aberration 偏差 ability 能力 ablation 磨蚀酌 abode 住宅 above ground structure 地面建筑物abrasion 磨耗 abrasion concrete 磨蚀性混凝土abrasion hardness 耐磨硬度abrasion proof 耐磨的 abrasion resistance 耐磨性abrasion test 磨耗试验 abrasion tester 磨耗试验机abrasion value 磨耗值 abrasive 磨料 abrasive aggregates 耐磨骨料abrasive disk 磨盘 abrasive paper 研磨纸 abrasive tile 粗面瓷砖 abridged notation 简化符号 abs plastic abs塑料 absolute deformation 绝对变形absolute displacement 绝对位移absolute error 绝对误差 absolute humidity 绝对湿度absolute pressure 绝对压力absolute temperature 绝对温度absolute value 绝对值 absolute viscosity 绝对粘度absolute weight 绝对重量absorbed water 吸附水absorbent 吸收剂 absorbent filter 吸收剂滤器absorber 吸收器 absorbing ability 吸收能力
城市规划与建筑设计术语中英文对照
城市和城市化 2.0.1 居民点 settlement 人类按照生产和生活需要而形成的集聚定居地点。按性质和人口规模，居民点分为城市和乡村两大类。 2.0.2 城市（城镇）city 以非农不业和非农业人口聚集为主要特征的居民点。包括按国家行政建制设立的市和镇。 2.0.3 市 municipality; city 经国家批准设市建制的行政地域。 2.0.4 镇 town. 经国家批准设市建制的行政地域。 2.0.5 市域 administrative region of a city 城市行政管辖的全部地域。 2.0.6 城市化 urbanization 人类生产和生活方式由乡村型向城市型转化的历史过程，表现为乡村人口向城市人口转化以及城市不断发展和完善的过程。又称城镇化、都市化。 2.0.7 城市化水平 urbanization level 衡量城市化发展程度的数量指标，一般用一定地域内城市人口占总人口的比例来表示。 2.0.8 城市群 agglomeration 一定地域内城市分布较为密集的地区。 2.0.9 城镇体系 urban system 一定区域内在经济、社会和空间发展上具有有机联系的城市群体。 2.0.10 卫星城（卫星城镇）satellite town 在大城市市区外围兴建的、与市区既有一定距离又相互间密切联系的城市。 城市规划概述 3.0.1 城镇体系规划 urban system planning
在城市总体规划的基础上，对局部地区的土地利用、人口分布、公共设施、城市基础设施的配置等方面所作的进一步安排。 3.0.12 近期建设规划 immediate plan 在城市总体规划中，对短期内建设目标、发展布局和主要建设项目的实施所作的安排。 3.0.13 城市详细规划 detailed plan 以城市总体规划或分区规划为依据，对一定时期内城市局部地区的土地利用、空间环境和各项建设用地所作的具体安排。 3.0.14 控制性详细规划 regulatory plan 以城市总体规划或分区规划为依据，确定建设地区的土地使用性质和使用强度的控制指标、道路和工程管线控制性位置以及空间环境控制的规划要求。 3.0.15 修建性详细规划 site plan 以城市总体规划、分区规划或控制性详细规划为依据，制订用以指导各项建筑和工程设施的设计和施工的规划设计。 3.0.16 城市规划管理 urban planning administration 城市规划编制、审批和实施等管理工作的统称。 城市规划编制 4.1 发展战略 4.1.1 城市发展战略 strategy for urban development 对城市经济、社会、环境的发展所作的全局性、长远性和纲领性的谋划。 4.1.2 城市职能 urban function 城市在一定地域内的经济、社会发展中所发挥的作用和承担的分工。 4.1.3 城市性质 designated function of city 城市在一定地区、国家以至更大范围内的政治、经济与社会发展中所处的地位和所担负的主要职能。 4.1.4 城市规模 city size 以城市人口和城市用地总量所表示的城市的大小。
1、图纸 drawing 2、蓝图 blueprint 3、平面图 plan 4、基地平面，建筑设计总平面 site plan 5、规划总平面 master plan 6、首层平面ground level floor plan （英） first level floor plan （美） ground floor plan （英） first floor plan （美） 7、公共建筑 public building 8、办公楼 office building 9、教学楼 teaching building 10、低层建筑 low-rise building 11、多层建筑 mid-rise building 12、高层建筑 high-rise building 13、塔楼tower building 14、裙楼skirt building 15、景观分析与评估 landscape analysis and assessment 16、交通体系分析图circulation analysis 17、占总用地比例 Percentage of land use(%) 18、人均用地面积 land area per capita average land area per person
19、居住用地 Residential 20、公共设施用地 Commercial and Public Facilities 21、工业用地 Industrial / Manufacturing 22、建筑占地面积building coverage area 23、建筑密度building coverage ratio building density 24、绿化面积 green area 25、绿地率 green ratio 26、总建筑面积 (GFA） total / overall / gross floor area 27、容积率 ( FAR ）floor area ratio/plot ratio 28、实用面积 usable area 29、地下层 Basement level/ floor 30、地下一层 Basement level/ floor 1 Basement 1 level/ floor 31、地下二层 Basement level/ floor 2 Basement 2 level/ floor 32、城市规划 Urban planning 33、景观规划 landscape planning 34、城市总体规划纲要 master planning outline
常见会计英语词汇
会计常用词汇（一） 一、资产类Assets 流动资产Current assets 货币资金Cash and cash equivalents 现金Cash 银行存款Cash in bank 其他货币资金Other cash and cash equivalents 外埠存款Other city Cash in bank 银行本票Cashier''s cheque 银行汇票Bank draft 信用卡Credit card 信用证保证金L/C Guarantee deposits 存出投资款Refundable deposits 短期投资Short-term investments 股票Short-term investments - stock 债券Short-term investments - corporate bonds 基金Short-term investments - corporate funds 其他other 短期投资跌价准备Short-term investments falling price reserves 应收款Account receivable 应收票据Note receivable 银行承兑汇票Bank acceptance
商业承兑汇票Trade acceptance 应收股利Dividend receivable 应收利息Interest receivable 应收账款Account receivable 其他应收款Other notes receivable 坏账准备Bad debt reserves 预付账款Advance money 应收补贴款Cover deficit by state subsidies of receivable 库存资产Inventories 物资采购Supplies purchasing 原材料Raw materials 包装物Wrappage 低值易耗品Low-value consumption goods 材料成本差异Materials cost variance 自制半成品Semi-Finished goods 库存商品Finished goods 商品进销差价Differences between purchasing and selling price 委托加工物资Work in process - outsourced 委托代销商品Trust to and sell the goods on a commission basis 受托代销商品Commissioned and sell the goods on a commission basis 存货跌价准备Inventory falling price reserves
1DESIGN BASIS 设计依据 计划建议书planning proposals 设计任务书design order 标准规范standards and codes 条件图information drawing 设计基础资料basic data for design 工艺流程图process flowchart 工程地质资料engineering geological data 原始资料original data 设计进度schedule of design 2STAGE OF DESIGN 设计阶段 方案scheme, draft 草图sketch 会谈纪要summary of discussion 谈判negotiation 可行性研究feasibility study 初步设计preliminary design 基础设计basic design 详细设计detail design 询价图enquiry drawing 施工图working drawing, construction drawing 竣工图as built drawing 3CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件 日照sunshine 风玫瑰wind rose 主导风向prevailing wind direction 最大(平均)风速maximum (mean) wind velocity 风荷载wind load 最大(平均)降雨量maximum (mean) rainfall 雷击及闪电thunder and lightning 飓风hurricane 台风typhoon 旋风cyclone 降雨强度rainfall intensity 年降雨量annual rainfall 湿球温度wet bulb temperature 干球温度dry bulb temperature 冰冻期frost period
外立面：facade 跨度：Span 坡道：ramp 砍墙：Hom wall 墙面：Metope 铝合金：aluminium alloy 透明中空玻璃：transparent insulating glass 隔墙：partition 檩条；purlin 库板：panel, board 加气砼砌块: aerated concrete block 矿棉：mineral wool 水泥砂浆：cement mortar 抹灰/粉刷：plastering 轻钢龙骨：lightgage steel joist 石膏板：Plasterboard 托盘架: pallet rack 台阶坡道散水工程Steps ramp apron work 零星工程：Piecemetal works Drumming line 灌装站 Isotainer yard 标准槽灌堆场 Eurotint building 胶衣配色间 防火分区：fire compartment 石砌块墙体：masonry wall 内外：interior exterior 液压卸货平台：hydraulic dock leveler 地勘报告：geology survey 土层分布：soil layer distribution 预应力砼管桩：pre-stressed concrete tubular pile 岩土：geotechnical/rock soil 荷载：load 电缆桥架：Cable tray 沉降：sedimentation 密度：density 防爆荧光灯：anti-blast fluorescent lamp 插座：outlet 探测器：detector/sensor 配电盘，开关板; switch board 管架：pipe bridge 开工：commencement 开办费：Preliminary cost 维护：maintenance 建立：setup 主体：main body
建筑专业常用英语词汇 A design basis 设计依据 计划建议书planning proposals 设计任务书design order 标准规范standards and codes 、 条件图information drawing 设计基础资料basic data for design 工艺流程图process flowchart 工程地质资料engineering geological data 原始资料original data 设计进度schedule of design B … stage of design 设计阶段 方案scheme, draft 草图sketch 会谈纪要summary of discussion 谈判negotiation 可行性研究feasibility study [ 初步设计preliminary design 基础设计basic design 详细设计detail design 询价图enquiry drawing 施工图working drawing, construction drawing 竣工图as built drawing C # climate condition 气象条件 日照sunshine 风玫瑰wind rose 主导风向prevailing wind direction 最大(平均)风速maximum (mean) wind velocity
风荷载wind load % 最大(平均)降雨量maximum (mean) rainfall 雷击及闪电thunder and lightning 飓风hurricane 台风typhoon 旋风cyclone 降雨强度rainfall intensity 年降雨量annual rainfall 湿球温度wet bulb temperature # 干球温度dry bulb temperature 冰冻期frost period 冰冻线frost line 冰冻区frost zone 室外计算温度calculating outdoor temperature 采暖地区region with heating provision 不采暖地区region without heating provision 绝对大气压absolute atmospheric pressure ! 相对湿度relative humidity D general room name 常用房间名称 办公室office 服务用房service room ` 换班室shift room 休息室rest room (break room) 起居室living room 浴室bathroom 淋浴间shower 更衣室locker room 厕所lavatory 门厅lobby | 诊室clinic 工作间workshop 电气开关室switchroom 走廊corridor 档案室archive 电梯机房lift motor room
会计英语词汇大汇总，要背熟哦！2018-01-06会计说 会计说汇集财会行业的最新政策，实操干货>> 作为一名合格的财务工作人员，除了专业技能，英语也是大家要注意提升的方面哦~kavin老师为大家整理汇总了会计英语词汇，赶快收藏对照查看哦~ accountantgenaral 会计主任 account balancde 结平的帐户 account bill 帐单 account books 帐 account classification 帐户分类 account current 往来帐 account form of balance sheet 帐户式资产负债表 account form of profit and loss statement 帐户式损益表 account payable 应付帐款 account receivable 应收帐款 account of payments 支出表 account of receipts 收入表 account title 帐户名称，会计科目 accounting year 或financial year 会计年度 accounts payable ledger 应付款分类帐 Accounting period（会计期间）are related tospecific time periods ,typically one year（通常是一年) 资产负债表：balance sheet 可以不大写b 利润表：income statements (or statements of income) 利润分配表：retained earnings 现金流量表：cash flows 市场部Marketing 销售部Sales Department （也有其它讲法，如宝洁公司销售部叫客户生意发展部CBD） 客户服务Customer Service ，例如客服员叫CSR，R for representative 人事部Human Resource 行政部Admin.
英语建筑专业词汇 a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据 b. DESIGN STAGE 设计阶段 c. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件 d. GENERAL ROOM NAME 常用房间名称 e. ROOFING & CEILING 屋面及天棚 f. WALL(CLADDING) 墙体(外墙板) g. FLOOR & TRENCH 地面及地沟 h. DOORS 、GLASS、WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY(HARDW ARE)门、玻璃、窗及五金件 I. STAIRCASE、LANDING & LIFT(ELEVATOR)楼梯、休息平台及电梯j. BUILDING MATERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES 建筑材料词汇及短语 【Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦】 【Lime, Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石】【Cement, Mortar and Concrete 水泥、砂浆和混凝土】 【Facing And Plastering Materials 饰面及粉刷材料】 【Asphalt (Bitumen) and Asbestos 沥青和石棉】 【Timber 木材】 【Metallic Materials 金属材料】 【Non-Ferrous Metal 有色金属】 【Anti-Corrosion Materials 防腐蚀材料】【Building Hardware 建筑五金】 【Paint 油漆】 k. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语 【Discipline 专业】 【Conventional Terms 一般通用名词】【Architectural Physics 建筑物理】【Name Of Professional role 职务名称】【Drafting 制图】 a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据 计划建议书planning proposals 设计任务书design order 标准规范standards and codes 条件图information drawing 设计基础资料basic data for design 工艺流程图process flowchart 工程地质资料engineering geological data 原始资料original data 设计进度schedule of design b. STAGE OF DESIGN 设计阶段 方案scheme, draft 草图sketch 会谈纪要summary of discussion 谈判negotiation 可行性研究feasibility study 初步设计preliminary design 基础设计basic design 详细设计detail design 询价图enquiry drawing 施工图working drawing, construction drawing 竣工图as built drawing c. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件 日照sunshine 风玫瑰wind rose 主导风向prevailing wind direction 最大(平均)风速maximum (mean) wind velocity 风荷载wind load 最大(平均)降雨量maximum (mean) rainfall 雷击及闪电thunder and lightning 飓风hurricane 台风typhoon 旋风cyclone 降雨强度rainfall intensity 年降雨量annual rainfall 湿球温度wet bulb temperature 干球温度dry bulb temperature 冰冻期frost period 冰冻线frost line 冰冻区frost zone 室外计算温度calculating outdoor temperature 采暖地区region with heating provision 不采暖地区region without heating provision 绝对大气压absolute atmospheric pressure 相对湿度relative humidity d. GENERAL ROOM NAME 常用房间名称办公室office
中国注册会计师考试英文测试词汇整理 现金 Cash in hand 银行存款 Cash in bank 其他货币资金-外埠存款Other monetary assets - cash in other cities 其他货币资金-银行本票 Other monetary assets - cashier's check 其他货币资金-银行汇票 Other monetary assets - bank draft 其他货币资金-信用卡 Other monetary assets - credit cards 其他货币资金-信用证保证金 Other monetary assets - L/C deposit 其他货币资金-存出投资款 Other monetary assets - cash for investment 短期投资-股票投资 Investments - Short term - stocks 短期投资-债券投资 Investments - Short term - bonds 短期投资-基金投资 Investments - Short term - funds 短期投资-其他投资 Investments - Short term - others 短期投资跌价准备 Provision for short-term investment 长期股权投资-股票投资 Long term equity investment - stocks 长期股权投资-其他股权投资 Long term equity investment - others 长期债券投资-债券投资 Long term securities investemnt - bonds 长期债券投资-其他债权投资 Long term securities investment - others 长期投资减值准备 Provision for long-term investment 应收票据 Notes receivable 应收股利 Dividends receivable 应收利息 Interest receivable 应收帐款 Trade debtors 坏帐准备- 应收帐款 Provision for doubtful debts - trade debtors 预付帐款 Prepayment 应收补贴款 Allowance receivable 其他应收款 Other debtors 坏帐准备- 其他应收款 Provision for doubtful debts - other debtors 其他流动资产 Other current assets 物资采购 Purchase 原材料 Raw materials 包装物 Packing materials 低值易耗品 Low value consumbles 材料成本差异 Material cost difference
建筑build; architecture; construct; architectural; architectural & industrial ceramics 建筑安装工程量construction work quantity 建筑板材building board 建筑材料表list of building materials 建筑材料检验building material testing 建筑材料行building material dealer 建筑材料运输列车construction train 建筑草图architectural sketch 建筑朝向building orientation 建筑成本预算construction cost estimate 建筑承包商building contractor 建筑尺度architectural scale 建筑处理architectural treatment 建筑创作architectural creation 建筑大五金architectural metalwork 建筑大样architectural detail 建筑单元building unit 建筑费construction cost 建筑风格architectural style 建筑辅助系统building subsystem 建筑钢construction(al) steel 建筑钢板building sheet 建筑高度building height; height of building 建筑高度分区building height zoning; height zoning 建筑工程升降机builder's lift 建筑工地选择siting 建筑工羊角锤头builder's claw hammer head 建筑工业building industry; construction industry 建筑工种building trades 建筑构思architectural conception 建筑构图composition on architecture; architectural composition 建筑构造building construction 建筑估价building cost estimate 建筑管理architectural control 建筑规程building regulations 建筑规范building code 建筑机械construction machinery; building machinery 建筑及维护规则recommendation 建筑结构building structure 建筑结构分析语言structural engineering system solver (STRESS) 建筑立面elevation of building; building elevation 建筑沥青bitumen for building; building asphalt No. 10 建筑力学architectural mechanics 建筑铝型材生产线architectural aluminum profile production line 建筑毛面积gross floor area 建筑毛造价gross building cost 建筑面积area of structure; covered area 建筑面积比floor-area ratio (F.A.R.) 建筑面积指标floor-space index (F.S.I.) 建筑模数building module
建筑专业词汇《中英文对照》~~ 建筑专业词汇 建设,建筑，修建to build, to con struct 建筑学architecture 修筑,建筑物building 房子house 摩天大楼skyscraper 公寓楼block of flats ( 美作:apartment block) 纪念碑monument 宫殿palace 庙宇temple 皇宫,教堂basilica 大教堂cathedral 教堂church 塔,塔楼tower 十层办公大楼ten-storey office block 柱colum n 柱列colonn ade 拱arch 市政town planning ( 美作:city planning) 营建许可证，建筑开工许可证building permission 绿地gree nbelt
建筑物的三面图elevati on 设计图plan 比例尺scale 预制to prefabricate 挖土,掘土excavation 基foun dati ons, base, subgrade 打地基to lay the foundations 砌好的砖歹U course of bricks 脚手架scaffold, scaffolding 质量合格证书certificatio n of fitn ess 原材料raw material 底板bottom plate 垫层cushi on 侧壁sidewall 中心线center line 条形基础strip footing 附件accessories 型辛钢profile steel 钢板steel plate 熔渣slag 飞溅weldi ng spatter 定位焊tacking 弓I弧gen erati ng of arc 熄弧que nching of arc 焊道weldi ng bead 坡口beveled edges 夕卜观检查visual inspection 重皮double-sk in 水平方向弧度radia n in horiz on tai direct ion 成型moldi ng 直线度straightness accuracy 焊缝角变形welding line angular distortion 水平度levelness 铅垂度verticality
土建专业常用英文词汇回填；回填土 backfill 回填物料 backfill material 逆火back-fire 本底噪声；背景噪声 background noise 垫板；背板 backing plate 后勤地区；辅助埸地 back-up area 隔板；挡板 baffle 遮挡板 baffle plate 遮挡墙 baffle wall 调节池；均衡槽 balance tank 平衡锤 balance weight 平衡载重 balanced load 平冲器 balancer 平衡水管 balancing pipeline 露台 balcony 滚珠轴承 ball bearing 浮球阀；球形阀；波阀 ball valve 球窝接头 ball-and-socket joint 道碴ballast 竹枝棚架 bamboo scaffolding 带式制动器 band brake 带夹 band clamp 尖啸警报 banshee alarm
钢筋 bar tendon 驳运地点 barging area 营房barrack 管筒；芯管 barrel 方形桩barrette 路障；障碍物 barricade 栏栅；护栏；障碍物；屏障 barrier 路障 barrier block 路闸 barrier gate 阻挡板 barrier plate 基座 base 路面下层；承重层；路基层 base course 基架 base frame 基架绝缘器 base insulator 底板；垫板 base plate 底部密封胶 base sealing 平底板base slab 底座支架 base support 基线；底线；基准线 baseline 基线计划 baseline programme 地库；地窖；地下室 basement 混凝土混和机；配料厂 batching plant 斜桩 batter pile 蓄电池battery
●房屋各部分 Parts of house 屋面 roof 屋脊 ridge 坡屋顶 pitched roof 单坡屋顶 pent roof, lean-to roof 人字屋顶 gable roof 四坡顶 hipped roof 屋面排水沟 valley 卷材防水屋面 membrane roof 找平层 screed-coat 防水层 damp-proof course 泛水 flashing 屋顶层 garret 阁楼 penthouse, loft, attic 天台 roof-deck 晒台 drying stage 组合烟囱 chimney stack 屋檐 eave 屋面排水 roofing drainage 檐沟，明沟 gutter 水落管 down-pipe, downspout 雨棚 canopy, awning 柱廊 colonnade 走廊 corridor 中庭 atrium 山墙 gable 女儿墙 parapet 山花 pediment 隅石砌 quoins 阳台 balcony, veranda 阳台栏杆 balustrade 阳台栏杆柱baluster, banister 平台 terrace 台阶 steps 梯子 ladder 梯级 step 楼梯 staircase(＝step)楼梯踏步平板 tread 楼梯踏步竖板 riser 楼梯休息平台 landing 直角转弯平台quarter-space landing 梯宽 run of stair 梯高 rise of stair 楼梯扶手 rail, railing 回转梯corkscrew staircase，caracole 踏步突沿 nosing 窗子 window 百叶窗 blinds, louvers 旋转窗 balance window 平开窗，窗叶 casement 窗扇 sash 中旋窗 awning window 上下推拉窗 double-hung window 屋顶通气窗 clerestory 门窗亮子 transom 窗框 window frame 窗台 sill，cill 采光顶 sunroof 天窗 sunlight 老虎窗 dormer-window 通风窗 ventlight 落地窗 French window 墙壁 wall 承重墙 bearing wall 隔间 partition 空心墙 cavity wall 防火隔断(分区) compartmentation 剪力墙 shear panel 墙裙 wainscot 窗间墙 pier 幕墙 curtain wall 电梯 elevator, lift 自动扶梯 escalator 地板，楼面 floor 夹层楼面 entresol，mezzanine 楼座 balcony 楼板 slab 天花板 ceiling 壁炉andiron，fireplace， grate 地下室 basement 防火 fire-cut 防火门 fire door 耐热涂料heat-resisting paints 绝热 heat insulation 门槛 head-rail, sill 柱子 column，post，pillar 柱头 column cap, head 斜撑 knee brace 悬索 catenary 梁 beam 基础梁 grade beam 钢板梁 plate girder 工字梁 I-beam 过梁 lintel, lintol, head 椽子 purlin 基础 foundation 碎石垫层 hard core 混凝土地基concrete foundation 基座、柱础 pedestal 独立基础 isolated footing 放大基础 spreading footing 条形基础 strip footing 筏式基础 mat foundation 浮筏基础floating foundation 沉箱基础 caisson 化粪池 cesspool, septic tank 伸缩缝 expansion joint 冷桥 thermal bridge 散水 wash, apron 披水板 weathering-board 桁架 truss 组合桁架 composite truss 框架 framework 模板 formwork 拱券 arch 穹顶 dome 平拱 flat arch 筒拱 vault, vaulted roof 半圆穹顶 concha 瓦 shingle, tile 砖 brick 瓷砖 ceramic tile 玻璃砖 glass blocks 大理石 marble 花岗岩 granite 水磨石 terrazzo 砌块 masonry 混凝土 concrete 预制混凝土 pre-cast concrete 钢筋混凝土 reinforced concrete 钢筋 steel reinforcement 水泥 cement 抹灰，灰泥 plaster, stucco 熟石灰hydrate of lime, slaked-lime 砂浆 mortar 抹灰层 floated coat 饰面 finish 木砖grounds, timber brick 石膏 gypsum 石膏板 plaster slab 夹胶玻璃 plyglass 胶合板 plywood, clip-board 脚手架 scaffolding 悬臂 cantilever 叠涩，牛腿 corbel 遮阳 sun shading ●制图与构图用语 草图 sketch, draft 图纸 drawing 施工图 working drawings 工程 project 方案 plan 总图 grid 总平面 site 平面 floor 立面 elevation 正立面 facade 剖面 section 详图 detail 门厅上部 upper foyer 比例尺 scale= 透视图，表现图 rendering 透视 perspective 轴测isometric perspective Axonometric projection 轴线 axis 建筑面积floor area, architecture area 相对标高relative elevation/level 层高，净空 headroom, headway