Chapter 4
Business Ethics and Social Responsibility Chapter Objectives: After completing this chapter, you will be able to: Section 4.1 Business Ethics
?Define ethics and business ethics.
?Describe why ethical behavior is good for business.
?List the steps for dealing with an ethical dilemma.
Section 4.2 Social Responsibility
?Define what is meant by the social responsibility of business.
Duty-Bound
Businesses and
customers both have
ethical
responsibilities.
What are some of
your ethical
responsibilities?
Section 4.1
Business Ethics
Before you read
Think about an example of an ethical business you have read or heard about and the reasons you consider it to be ethical.
Read to Learn
?Define ethics and business ethics.
?Describe why ethical behavior is good for business.
?List the steps for dealing with an ethical dilemma.
The Main Idea
Ethics are moral principles by which people conduct themselves personally, socially,
and professionally. Business ethics are rules that guide the behavior of a business and its employees. Business ethics are generally based on moral principles. In business, good ethics is beneficial for long-term profitability and success.
Key Concepts
?The Nature of Ethics
?Ethics as Good Business
?Ethical Questions
Vocabulary
Key Terms
ethics sweatshop
business ethics conflict of interest
code of ethics
Academic Vocabulary
You will find these words in your reading and on your tests. Make sure you know their meanings.
principles encounter
conduct alternative
The Nature of Ethics
Ethics are moral principles by which people conduct themselves personally, socially, or professionally. For example, you do not cheat on a test or lie to friends or your family because of your personal honor and integrity. For the good of society, you may recycle to take care of the environment. Business ethics are rules based on moral principles about how businesses and employees ought to conduct themselves. Most businesses are committed to providing safe products, creating jobs, treating their employees fairly, protecting the environment, and being truthful about their financial situation.
The effects of unethical behavior by customers are not always obvious. However, to make up for problems caused by unethical behavior, businesses have to charge more for their products. As a result, customers have to pay more.
Different cultures, businesses, and industries have different ethical standards. For example, in some cultures, including the United States, excessive gift giving is considered bribery, which is unethical. Bribery occurs when gifts, money, or favors are offered to encourage a business deal. In other cultures, excessive gift giving is overlooked or considered ethical.
Identify What are three kinds of ethics?
Business Ethics Businesses have a set of moral principles that they follow.
In what ways can a business behave ethically toward its employees?
Law and Ethics
Ethics involve a system of moral principles that govern the appropriate conduct for a person or group. Laws involve rules for conduct that may be used to punish violators. In business, people follow rules as well as a code of ethics. A code of ethics is a set of guidelines for maintaining ethics in the workplace. Most businesses follow their own code of ethics. Figure 4.1 includes some findings about how employees feel about ethical behavior in their workplace.
Many unethical behaviors lead to the passage of legislation that makes those behaviors illegal. In the United States, bad working conditions are not only unethical, they are also illegal. On March 25, 1911, a fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Company in New York City killed 146 workers—mostly young female immigrants. The business’s inadequate exit doors and fire escapes along with overcrowded conditions led to the deaths of the workers. This industrial tragedy brought about changes in laws governing conditions in sweatshops. A sweatshop is a shop or factory in which workers are employed for long hours at low wages and under unhealthy conditions.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is a division of the U.S. Department of Labor. OSHA sets and enforces work-related health and safety rules. Other agencies protect consumers, address discrimination in the workplace, and promote truthfulness in financial reporting.
A National Survey of Employees These are some of the key findings of a recent National Business Ethics Survey. Does American business seem to be becoming more or less concerned about ethical behavior?
Ethics as Good Business
Most businesses police themselves with codes of ethics. Professionals such as doctors, lawyers, journalists, and teachers have their own codes of ethics. A code of ethics can cover issues such as employee behavior and environmental safety. Unethical business practices include lying, offering merchandise known to be substandard, or treating customers or employees unfairly. If a business violates government regulations, the owner can be fined or go to jail. If an employee violates a company or professional code of ethics, the employee might be fired or lose his or her license. Not all unethical practices are covered by the law. Unethical business practices affect businesses indirectly.
Suppose you own an auto-body paint shop. To increase your profits, you charge top price and use the cheapest paint. One of your customers complains about the quality of the paint, but you do not care because she has already paid. What is one customer, right? The fact is that most businesses (especially small businesses) rely on repeat customers and word of mouth to get new customers. The amount you make in profits from one unhappy customer may not be worth the lost business. Treating employees unethically can also backfire. Suppose you manage a small film distribution company. You hire Jaime fresh out of business school to run the office. You teach him how to use the computer system, how to deal with customers, and how the business works. You also pay him very little, make him do all your work, and treat him poorly. The first chance Jaime gets, he quits and ends up being hired by one of your competitors. You now have to retrain a new employee to take his place. Meanwhile, your competition now has a well trained employee, who is much more efficient.
Conflicts of Interest
Another major ethical question that is generally not illegal relates to conflict of interest. A conflict of interest is a conflict between self-interest and professional obligation. Suppose that a manager of a small business hires his sister to do some work in the firm, but she is clearly unqualified to do the work. Giving the position to the sister will help out the family but will create morale problems with the other employees. It may also damage the business if her work does not get done. When making business decisions, employees have an ethical obligation to act in the best interest of the company.
Ethical Questions
When you encounter an ethical decision and must choose a course of action, ask yourself these important questions:
?Is it against the law? Does it violate company or professional policies?
?Even if everyone is doing it, how would I feel if someone did this to me?
?Am I sacrificing long-term benefits for short-term gains?
The Ethical Decision-Making Process
Here are some steps to take if you find yourself in an ethical dilemma:
1. Identify the ethical dilemma.
2. Discover alternative actions.
3. Decide who might be affected.
4. List the probable effects of the alternatives.
5. Select the best alternative.
Using this process will enable you to make a more informed ethical choice. Making an ethical decision involves more people than just you.
Review Key Concepts
1. What is the difference between personal and business ethics?
2. Describe some of the ways that unethical business practices can affect a business.
3. What is the relationship between illegal behaviors of business and unethical behaviors of business?
Academic Skills
4. Mathematics A large company decided it would give 1/8 of its profits to charity. If
the amount given was spread equally among five different charities, what fraction of the company’s profits was given to each? What percent of the company’s profits is this?
Number and Operations: Dividing Fractions To divide a fraction, invert the divisor and multiply.
Section 4.2
Social Responsibility
Before you read
Think about some things a business can do to be socially responsible.
Read to Learn
?Define what is meant by the social responsibility of business.
The Main Idea
Social responsibility is the duty to do what is best for the good of society. Producing goods and services that are beneficial to society and providing jobs for people are not sufficient for a business to be considered socially responsible. They are expected to do more. Many businesses provide money for projects that benefi t society.
Key Concept
?Business and Social Responsibility
Vocabulary
Key Term
social responsibility
Academic Vocabulary
You will find these words in your reading and on your tests. Make sure you know their meanings.
integrity benefit
integral sufficient
Business and Social Responsibility
Business ethics focus on decisions considered good or bad, correct or incorrect. The social responsibility of business takes into consideration all that business does or does not do to solve the problems of society. Social responsibility is the duty to do what is best for the good of society. Businesses that follow ethical standards value integrity and honesty in employees. Ethics are an integral part of their business practices. Some people believe that if a company produces goods that benefit society, it is fulfilling its social responsibility. However, many people and businesses do not think that is sufficient. They consider social responsibility to be more than that. Some firms are very concerned about limiting the damage that they do to the environment. The Los Angeles Times, a daily newspaper with more than 1
million readers, uses recyclable paper and environmentally friendly soy-based ink. Automakers such as Honda and Toyota offer eco-cars, which reduce air pollution. Explain What ways can a business fulfill its social responsibilities?
Responsibility to Customers
Customers are a business’s first responsibility. Businesses should offer a good, safe product or service at a reasonable price. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is a federal government agency that protects consumers from dangerous or falsely advertised products. Most companies obey the government’s rules.
Some companies do not act responsibly in the marketplace, especially when it comes to fair competition. Fair competition between businesses is necessary for the marketplace to operate effectively. It is a major component of a market economy. The market economy relies chiefly on market forces to allocate goods, services, and other resources, and to determine prices. Some companies use unethical tactics to eliminate competition. One of the most common means is to conspire with other companies to control the market for a product. Together, the companies can control the supply of a product and the prices they charge.
When companies restrict competition, consumers are affected. Consumers have fewer choices in what they can buy and how much they have to pay. When a company does not have to compete, its productivity decreases. This can backfire on a business. When the market changes or new markets open up, a company can find itself unprepared to compete. For example, in the 1940s, a handful of entertainment studios controlled the film industry. They kept control by owning most of the theaters. Smaller studios could make movies, but they could not get them shown anywhere. The government sued the big studios and forced them to sell their theaters. As a result, small studios were able to compete in the marketplace.
A Community Concert People enjoy going to community concerts. How could a business demonstrate social responsibility by participating in an event like this?
Responsibility to Employees
Some businesses provide work experience for people with limited job skills. Many of these people are public assistance recipients. The purpose of such programs is to develop the skills and confidence levels necessary for success.
Volunteerism is another way businesses tackle societal problems. Some companies allow employees to take one or more paid days off during the year to work on community projects.
Businesses have a social responsibility to provide employees with safe working conditions, equal treatment, and fair pay. Less than 100 years ago, however, workers had few rights. Over the years the government has passed laws to protect workers from a range of issues, from child labor abuses to the rights of workers to organize. As the workplace has changed, the government has passed new laws. The Equal Pay Act (passed in 1964) requires that men and women be paid the same wages for doing equal work. More than 40 years later, however, the gap still exists. Another law, the Americans with Disabilities Act, bans discrimination against people with physical or mental disability. More than 50 million workers are likely to be covered by this law.
It is in a company’s best interest to treat its workers fairly. Otherwise, it may suffer from low morale, poor production, and a high turnover rate.
Responsibility to Society
Businesses have responsibilities not only to customers and employees but also to society. One of the biggest social issues facing businesses today is environmental responsibility. In 1970, the U.S. government created the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which enforces rules that protect the environment and control pollution.
Identify What is one of the biggest social issues facing businesses today?
Responsibility to Creditors and Owners
In the late l990s and the early part of the 21st century, a number of major corporations reportedly kept inaccurate accounting records. Records showed that the firms had higher profits than they reported. Their behaviors were unethical and unlawful. Such behaviors are harmful to creditors (those who loan money) and outside shareholders (those who are owners but do not work in the business). Because of these behaviors, the federal government passed additional legislation. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act mandates truthful reporting and makes the CEO more accountable for the actions of the financial managers of a firm.
Section 4.2
Review Key Concepts
1. How is producing a good or service a way of being socially responsible?
2. What is the mission of the Food and Drug Administration?
3. What is one of the biggest social issues that businesses face today?
Academic Skills
4. English Language Arts Situations involving ethics and social responsibility are not found only in the business world. They come up in everyone’s dayto- day life. Write a paragraph explaining an ethical decision made by you or someone you know. Explain what made it an ethical decision and the steps that were taken to make the final decision.
5. English Language Arts The terms below all relate to business ethics. Imagine that you are asked to explain these terms to a group of sixth-grade students who are just beginning to study how businesses work. Plan a talk designed to define each term. Give examples that might help a sixth grader understand the ideas. code of ethics conflict of interest social responsibility volunteerism
Vocabulary Review
1. On a sheet of paper, use each of these key terms and academic vocabulary terms in a sentence.
Key Terms
ethics
business ethics
sweatshop
code of ethics
conflict of interest
social responsibility
Academic Vocabulary
principles
conduct
encounter
alternative
integrity
integral
benefit
sufficient
Review Key Concepts
2. Define ethics and business ethics.
3. Describe why ethical behavior is good behavior for business.
4. Using the ethical decision-making process, list the steps for dealing with an ethical dilemma.
5. Define what is meant by the social responsibility of business.
Critical Thinking Write About It
6. Give an example of an unethical decision that is not illegal. Can a legal decision also be an unethical one?
7. Do you think the United States should trade with countries that have a poor human rights record? Why or why not?
8. Why do you think businesses with written codes of ethics and ethics programs for their employees have fewer ethical problems than other companies?
9. One study showed that young, inexperienced managers are twice as likely to feel pressured to compromise ethical standards as their older counterparts. Why do you think that is true?
10. Why do you think that some employees tell their managers about unethical behaviors of other workers? Do you think this is a good development?
11. Imagine that your manager says she cannot give you a raise but will allow some personal items in your travel expense report. What impression does that give you of her professional ethics?
12. Is ethical behavior always easy? Why or why not? What can a person do to make the best decision regarding an ethical dilemma?
13. Some people believe that to solve social problems, money should come from government, not businesses. Write a letter to the editor of your local newspaper about your opinion of this stance.
14. Imagine that you discover your company is cheating the government out of thousands of dollars each year. Write a short essay about your options in this case.
15. In a paragraph or two, describe a situation in which you showed ethical behavior that resulted in some positive reactions from others.
16. Think of a business that you believe shows ethical behavior. Write a letter to the business owner about your observations.
17. Write an e-mail to your teacher discussing whether the drive to maximize profits is the reason some businesses are ethical and others are unethical.
18. Businesses have an ethical responsibility to their employees. Describe the type
of ethics you would look for in an employer.
19. Write at least two paragraphs detailing ways that the government has helped
working people.
Technology Applications
Internet
20. Using the Internet, select three codes of ethics from various professions (such as the medical, legal, educational, and accounting fields) or businesses. Compare and contrast the codes of ethics. Report your findings to the class.
Business Ethics
Making Ethical Decisions
21. What would you do if a friend at work was making about $100 worth of personal phone calls each month? Would your answer be different if the cost were $10 a month? Use the ethical decision-making process to determine what you should do.
Chapter 4 Review and Activities Applying Academics to Business
English Language Arts
22. Each of the following sentences contains a grammatical mistake. Identify the errors, and rewrite the sentences to make them correct.
A. Businesses must concerned with environmental issues.
B. Most nonprofit organizations are social responsible.
Mathematics
23. Jimmy’s company had a code of ethics that only allowed its sales representatives to accept gifts from clients if they cost less than 1/8 of the employee’s yearly bonus. The bonuses were equal to 1/36of the employee’s total sales for the year. If Jimmy’s total sales equaled $58,000, could he ethically accept a $250 TV from a client?
Number and Operations:
Multiplying Fractions Multiply fractions by multiplying the numerators and then multiply the denominators. To find how much Jimmy’s bonus will be, multiply $58,000 by 1/36 . Then multiply that product by 1/8 .
English Language Arts
24. Read the following phrases and note the underlined words. Write a sentence describing what they have in common and naming their part of speech.
decision-making process short-term goals
Mathematics
25. A manufacturing company with 8 million shareholders normally pays a $2 dividend per share at year-end. Because of an unexpected $20 million windfall in profits, one member of the board of directors proposes raising the dividend by 40 percent and reserving $15 million for future environmental cleanup operations. Is there enough extra money to do both?
Problem Solving Solving word problems sometimes requires several mathematical steps. Read the situation described carefully in order to figure out what the steps should be. To better understand the problem, you might try restating the question: Is $20 million greater than the additional dividend paid to shareholders plus the $15 million reserve?
Active Learning
Dealing with a Dilemma
26. Ask a family member if he or she has ever been faced with an ethical issue at work. If so, find out what happened and how it was resolved. Ask that person to explain the steps in making an ethical decision. Write two paragraphs listing what you learned from your conversation.
Business in the Real World
Interview a Businessperson
27. Interview a manager of a business in the local community. Ask the manager if the business has a code of ethics and how it is enforced. What are some common violations of the code? Ask for at least three experiences in which ethical behavior was beneficial to the firm. Then prepare a report based on your findings.
Real Life Skills
D EVELOP
E THICAL S KILLS
28. As a class, create a formal code of ethics for the classroom. Be sure to include the purpose of the code, the rules for classroom behavior, the steps for making ethical decisions, and the consequences of breaking the code. Use the code of ethics in the class for the remainder of the year. Revise as needed.
Role Play
B UILDING ON A H ISTORI
C S ITE
30. Situation Your firm wants to put up an apartment building on a site where the oldest building in town currently rests. The people in the area are very interested in historical preservation.
Activity When the initial planning for the apartment building was made, there was no idea that this property was historically significant. Prepare a report to the president of your firm with recommendations for the project.
Evaluation Your report will be evaluated on how well you meet the following performance indicators:
?Explain alternate courses of action.
?Explain the ethical implications of proceeding with the project.
?Describe the community’s reaction to the project.
?Demonstrate an understanding of the ethical decision-making process.
Unit 1 Thematic Project
Trends in the World of Business
The business world is constantly changing. To meet the challenges of the dynamic business environment, businesses and workers need to understand and react to trends.
Thematic Project Assignment
In this project, you will research trends that are affecting businesses and careers and write a report about them. These trends include the rise of globalization, the evolution of technology, and the increasing importance of cultural diversity.
Step 1 Brainstorm Skills You Need to Complete This Activity
Your success in business will depend on your skills. Preview the activity, then brainstorm a list of the skills you will need to use to complete the activity and describe how you will use them. Skills you might use include:
Academic Skills reading, writing, math, and science skills
Basic Skills speaking, listening, thinking, problem-solving, and interpersonal skills Technology Skills word processing, keyboarding, database, spreadsheet, presentation, telecommunications, and Internet skills
Step 2 Choose a Business and a Career That Interest You
Think of a business that you find interesting. Then think of a career that interests you. As you investigate trends in business, you will research the effects of globalization, technology, and cultural diversity on the business and career of your choice.
Step 3 Build Background Knowledge
Preview the business trends you will research.
Step 4 Connect with Your Community
Interview an adult family member about how the business world has changed. Find out what the workplace was like when he or she first entered the workforce.
Step 5 Research Business Trends
Use library and Internet resources to research business trends. Use the Preview Project checklist as a guide to your research. Keep records of your sources of information.
Step 6 Develop a Report
Use word processing and other software to develop a two-page report that includes all of the information described in this checklist.
Business Trends
?Describe globalization and the factors that have promoted globalization.
?Describe the effect of globalization on businesses and the job market.
?Create a time line showing the technological innovations that have promoted globalization.
?Describe how technology has changed the global business environment.
?Explain how technological change has created new businesses and affected existing businesses and jobs.
?Describe how diversity creates an advantage for businesses.
?Use information from the U.S. Census Bureau to create a chart that compares the U.S. population today with projections for the population in 2050.
Self Connections
?Describe the results of your interview with an adult family member.
?Describe how technology, globalization, and diversity have affected the business and career in which you are interested.
?Explain what the investigation and its results mean to you.
Step 7 Evaluate Your Report
【国际经济学】英文题库 Chapter 1: Introduction Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Which of the following products are not produced at all in the United States? *A. Coffee, tea, cocoa B. steel, copper, aluminum C. petroleum, coal, natural gas D. typewriters, computers, airplanes 2. International trade is most important to the standard of living of: A. the United States *B. Switzerland C. Germany D. England 3. Over time, the economic interdependence of nations has: *A. grown B. diminished C. remained unchanged D. cannot say 4. A rough measure of the degree of economic interdependence of a nation is given by: A. the size of the nations' population B. the percentage of its population to its GDP *C. the percentage of a nation's imports and exports to its GDP D. all of the above 5. Economic interdependence is greater for: *A. small nations
二年级语文上册基础知识专项练习题 一、我会选。 做作棵颗圆园块快优尤青清到倒苹坪 （）业一（）树校（）（）慢（）其（）凉（）车（）果（）事一（）枣（）形石（）（）秀（）山迟（）草（） 二、我能给下列带点宇选择正确的读音，并打上“√”。 1．昨天，我们全班同学都（dū dōu）去首都（dū dōu）北京参观。 2．中（zhōng zhòng）间的小鸟被猎人打中（zhōng zhòng）了。 3．你别干（gān gàn）了，小鱼都会干（gān gàn）死的。 4．你能把那本书还（huán hái ）给我吗？我还（huán hái ）没看完a 5．她很好（hǎo hào）学，不是看书就是问问题，真是好学的好（hǎo hào）姑娘。 6.他觉（juã jiào）得没什么意思，还不如去睡觉（juã jiào） 7.老师在教（jiào jiāo）室里教（jiào jiāo）同学们画画。 8.漂（piāo piào）亮的纸船飘（piāo piào）呀飘，飘到小熊的家门口。 9.为（wãi wâi）什么这件事让我感到很为（wãi wâi）难呢？ 三、我会给下面的字加上不同的偏旁变成新字。 包（）（）（）令（）（）（）兆（）（）（）良（）（）（）皮（）（）（）青（）（）（） 四、古诗训练。 背诵《赠刘景文》、《山行》。赠刘景文（）代诗人（）（）（）（）（）擎（）盖，菊残犹（）傲（）（）。（）（）（）（）君（）（），（）（）橙（）橘（）（）。 1、这首诗写的是（）的景色。 2、这首诗表示颜色的词有：（）、（）《》（）代诗人（）（）（）寒（）（）径斜，（）（）（）（）有人家。停（）（）（）（）（）晚，（）（）（）（）（）（）（）。1、这首诗的题目是《》。 2、这首诗写的是（）的景色。 3、这首诗主要描写了：（）、（）、（）、（）、（）等景物。
第一章 1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要? 答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要 2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。 答：参见教材第一章第二节内容，将图1－6a中，以横坐标表示y商品的供给，以纵坐标表示x商品供给，得出相应生产可能性边界线，然后将图1－6b中，以横坐标表示y商品供给，以纵坐标表示y的相对价格，通过类似推导可得出国民供给曲线，国民需求曲线作类似推导可得。 3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡? 答：两种商品同时达到均衡。一种商品均衡时，由其相对价格，机会成本，需求可知另一种商品得相对价格，机会成本和需求。 4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。 答案提示：略，参见书上 5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致? 答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。 6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。 答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。 7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平?
国际经济学 名词： 1、国际经济学：是经济的一般理论在国际经济范围中的延伸和应用，是以经济学的一般理论为基础来研究国际经济活动与国际经济关系的经济学分支学科，是整个经济学体系的有机组成部分。主要研究对象有国际贸易理论与政策、国际收支、外汇理论、生产要素的国际流动、跨国公司、经济发展、经济一体化、开放经济的宏观调节、经济全球化与国际经济秩序研究等。 2、绝对利益:在某一种商品上，一个经济在劳动生产率上占有绝对优势，或其生产所耗费的劳动成本绝对低于另一经济，若各个经济都从事自己占有绝对优势商品的生产，继而进行交换，那么双方都可以通过交换得到绝对的利益，从而整个世界也可以获得分工的好处。 3、比较利益:甲国在生产任何产品时成本均低于乙国，劳动生产率均高于乙国，处于绝对优势，两个国家间进行贸易的可能性依然存在，因为两国劳动生产率之间的差距，并不是在任何产品上都一样。这样，处于绝对优势的国家集中生产本国国内具有最大优势的产品，处于绝对劣势的国家停止生产在本国国内处于最大劣势的产品，通过自由交换，双方都可节约社会劳动，增加产品的消费。世界也因而增加产量，提高劳动生产率。 4、国际分工:即各国之间的劳动分工,生产的国际专业化。它是国际贸易的基础,是社会分工从国内向国外延伸的结果。各国对于分工方式的选择以及分工的变化,反映了彼此之间经济发展水平的差异及各国经济联系的程度。主要有产业间、产业内、垂直、水平以及不同要素密集度之间的分工等类型。 5、贸易乘数:在开放的条件下，对外贸易的增长可以使国民经济成倍增加，对外贸易乘数研究一国对外贸易与国民收入、就业之间的互相影响，描述了在开放经济体系内部出口促进经济增长的动态过程。公式为： dY＝[l/(dM/dY)] dX。（2003） 6、一价定律:在完全竞争的市场上，相同的交易产品或金融资产经过汇率调整后，在世界范围内其交易成本一定是相等的。这个定律在经济中是通过诸如购买力平价、利息平价、远期汇率等经济关系表现出来的。 7、贸易创造与贸易转移:关税同盟成员国产品从生产成本较高的国内生产转向成本较低的关税同盟中贸易对象国生产，本国从贸易对象国进口的一种过程和现象。的部分进口产品从过去进口自较低生产成本国(非成员国)转向从较高生产成本国(成员国)进口的过程和现象。 8、流动借贷:国际金融中决定汇率的理论——国际借贷说中的重要概念，指国际借贷中形成了借贷关系并且进入了实际支付的那种债权、债务关系，它对国际收支的平衡从而对汇率的走向有着重要的决定性影响。 9、固定借贷:国际金融中决定汇率的理论——国际借贷说中的重要概念，指国际借贷中形成了借贷关系但尚未进入实际支付的那种债权债务关系。它对国际收支从而对汇率的走向无实质决定性作用，有时甚至会产生相反的现象，即债务存在时汇率反而走高。 10、边际进口倾向：国际贸易理论中的一个重要概念，指每一单位增量国民收入中，用于进行进口的比重。通常在公式中用m来表示。边际进口倾向大,则每一单位增量国民收入中用于进口的比重大，乘数效应对于经济的刺激作用就会较小,反之则较大。 11、外汇倾销:利用本国货币对外贬值的机会,向外倾销商品和争夺市场的行为称外汇倾销。这是因为本国货币贬值后，出口商品用外国货币表示价格降低，提高了该国商品在国际市场上的竞争力，有利于扩大出口；而因本国货币贬值，进口商品的价格上涨，削弱了进口商品的竞争力，限制了进口。外汇倾销需要一定的条件，主要是本国货币对外贬值速度要快于对内贬值以及对方不进行报复等。 12、幼稚产业:具有比较利益的产业处于幼稚状态，经过保护使之发展，具有现实的比较利益。（1）穆勒标准：某种产业由于技术不足、生产率低下，成本高于国际市场，无法竞争，在保护下，能够在自由贸易下获利，自我投资发展，即为幼稚产业。（2）巴斯塔布尔标准：保护、扶植幼稚产业所需的社会成本不能超过该产业将来利润的现值总和，符合条件即为幼稚产业。（3）肯普标准：除了穆—巴标准的内容外，应考虑产业在被保护时期内的外部效应，如某种技术可为其他产业所获得，因而使得本产业利润无法增加，将来利润无法补偿投资成本，国家应该予以保护。 13、外汇：是货币行政当局以银行存款、财政部库券、长短期政府证券等形式保有的在国际收支逆差时可以用作支付使用的国际支付手段或债权。 14、汇率：是本国货币与其他货币之间的比价关系，是外汇在市场中的价格。从不同角度出发，汇率有多种表
计算题及答案 1. 在古典贸易模型中，假设A国有120名劳动力，B国有50名劳动力，如果生产棉花的话，A国的人均产量是2吨，B国也是2吨；要是生产大米的话，A国的人均产量是10吨，B国则是16吨。画出两国的生产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势？哪一国拥有生产大米的比较优势？ 思路：B国由于每人能生产16吨大米，而A国每人仅生产10吨大米，所以B国具有生产大米的绝对优势。 从两国生产可能性曲线看出A国生产大米的机会成本为，而B国为，所以B国生产大米的机会成本或相对成本低于A国，B国生产大米具有比较优势。 2.下表列出了加拿大和中国生产1单位计算机和1单位小麦所需的劳动时间。假定生 600小时，中国总劳动为800小时。 时各国生产计算机和Array 小麦的产量。 （2）哪个国家具有生产计算机的比较优势？哪个国家具有生产小麦的比较优势？ （3）如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换22单位的小麦，加拿大参与贸易可以从每单位的进口中节省多少劳动时间？中国可以从每单位进口中节省多少劳动时间？如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，加拿大和中国分别可以从进口每单位的货物中节省多少劳动时间？ （4）在自由贸易的情况下，各国应生产什么产品，数量是多少？整个世界的福利水平是提高还是降低了？试用图分析。（以效用水平来衡量福利水平） 思路： （1）中国生产计算机的机会成本为100/4=25，加拿大为60/3=20 （2）因为加拿大生产计算机的机会成本比中国低，所以加拿大具有生产者计算机的比较优势，中国就具有生产小麦的比较优势。 （3）如果各国按照比较优势生产和出口，加拿大进口小麦出口计算机，中国进口计算机出口小麦。 加拿大进口一单位小麦需要出口1/22单位计算机，折合成劳动时间来算，生产一单位小 麦本国要用3小时，但生产1/22单位计算机本国要用60/22小时劳动，所以加拿大进口 一单位小麦相当于用60/22小时的劳动换回本国3小时生产的产品，节省了 3-60/22=3/11小时的劳动时间。中国进口一单位计算机需要出口22单位小麦，相当于 用22*4=88小时的劳动换回本国需用100小时生产的产品，节省了100-88=12小时的劳 动时间。 如果世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，则相当于用60/24小时的劳动换回本 国3小时生产的产品，节省了3-60/24=1/2小时的劳动时间。中国进口一单位计算机需 要出口24单位小麦，相当于用24*4=96小时的劳动换回本国需用100小时生产的产品， 节省了100-96=4小时的劳动时间。 （4）在自由贸易的情况下，加拿大应专业生产计算机，数量为600/60=10单位；中国应专业 生产小麦，数量为800/4=200单位。
基础知识强化训练（十一） 1．下列词语中加点的字，读音全部正确的一组是 A．蓓蕾(bèi)毗邻(bǐ)讥诮(qiào)应酬(chóu) B．蛮横(hèng)强劲(jìng)症结(zhēng)连累(lèi) C．忏悔(chàn)谛听(dì)莠草(yòu)谙熟(ān) D．撰稿(zhuǎn)玷辱(diàn)悖逆(bèi)曲解(qǔ) 2．下列各组词语中，没有错别字的一组是 A．缄默戎马倥偬得龙望蜀刻鹄类骛B。遐迩瑕不掩瑜应接不暇焚膏继晷 C．锱铢矫柔造作殒身不恤万里平筹D．饿殍追本朔源畏葸不前腾挪叠宕 3．依次填人下列各句横线处的词语，恰当的一组是： ①从学校毕业走上工作岗位，并不意味着学习的。 ②由于劳资双方不断的经济纠纷，原来签署的合同协议终于被了。 ③在日常生活中，人们的耳朵对环境的，和眼睛不同，完全没有休息的时候。 ④在阶级社会里，上层建筑一般都是经济基础的。 A．中止终止反应反映B．终止中止反映反应 C．中止终止反映反应D.终止中止反应反映 4．下列各句中，加点的成语使用恰当的一句是： A．山水诗经过长期酝酿，最终能够在诗坛上独占鳌头，开宗立派，千秋之功当属南宋诗人谢灵运。 B．我们对入校新生进行了一次摸底测试，结果成绩悬殊，良莠不齐。 C．在茫茫沙漠中，缺粮少水，我们大家只有休戚与共才能共渡难关。 D．过分的循规蹈矩的人就缺少了创新精神，这并不是新时代所欢迎的人。 5．下列各句中，没有语病的一句是： A．他用铁一般的事实和确凿的证据，剥下了这个正人君子的真面目。 B．保护和建设好草原，需要采取建立责任制和加强法制双管齐下，否则，将愧对子孙后代。 C．由服装专家组成的评委会，根据饭店特点和时装特色相结合的原则，对服务员着装进行了评判。 D．要搞好法律监督，检察人员就必须具有熟练的业务知识和不畏权势、敢于斗争的精神。 6．为下面这段文字的画线处，填入恰当的语句： 有些少年朋友说：“我想学好作文，就是太难了，没有信心。其实甲你想不费吹灰之力，轻易地就学会学好作文，那当然是不行的；但你只要乙，那就一定能学会学好。 (1)填入甲处最恰当的一项是（）： A．锲而不舍，金石可镂。千里之行，始于足下。 B．千里之行，始于足下。锲而不舍，金石可镂。 C．铁杵磨成针，功到自然成。天下无难事，只怕有心人。 D．天下无难事，只怕有心人。铁杵磨成针，功到自然成。 (2)填入乙处最恰当的一项是（） A．愿意学，有恒心地学，认真学，讲究方法地学 B．愿意学，认真学，讲究方法地学，有恒心地学 C．认真学，愿意学，讲究方法地学，有恒心地学
《国际经济学》选择题汇总版（附答案） Ch1-Ch3 1.The United States is less dependent on trade than most other countries because A) the United States is a relatively large country with diverse resources. B) the United States is a “Superpower.” C)the military power of the United States makes it less dependent on anything. D) the United States invests in many other countries. E) many countries invest in the United States. 2. Because the Constitution forbids restraints on interstate trade, A) the U.S. may not impose tariffs on imports from NAFTA countries. B) the U.S. may not affect the international value of the $ U.S. C) the U.S. may not put restraints on foreign investments in California if it involves a financial intermediary in New York State. D) the U.S. may not impose export duties. E) the U.S. may not disrupt commerce between Florida and Hawaii. 3. International economics can be divided into two broad sub-fields A) macro and micro. B) developed and less developed. C) monetary and barter. D) international trade and international money. E) static and dynamic. 4. International monetary analysis focuses on A) the real side of the international economy. B) the international trade side of the international economy. C) the international investment side of the international economy. D) the issues of international cooperation between Central Banks. E) the monetary side of the international economy, such as currency exchange. 5. The gravity model offers a logical explanation for the fact that A)trade between Asia and the U.S. has grown faster than NAFTA trade. B) trade in services has grown faster than trade in goods. C) trade in manufactures has grown faster than in agricultural products. D) Intra-European Union trade exceeds international trade by the European Union. E) the U.S. trades more with Western Europe than it does with Canada. 6. The gravity model explains why A)trade between Sweden and Germany exceeds that between Sweden and Spain. B)countries with oil reserves tend to export oil. C)capital rich countries export capital intensive products. D) intra-industry trade is relatively more important than other forms of trade between neighboring
长方体和正方体的表面积 我们已经学习过了长方体和正方体的表面积计算公式 长方体的表面积： 若长方体的长、宽、高分别用字母a、b、c表示，则长方体的表面积可表示为： 正方体的表面积： 若正方体的棱长用字母a表示，则正方体的表面积可表示为： 我们必须熟悉长方体和正方体的特点 1、长方体有（）个顶点，有（）条棱，有（）个面。 2、相交于长方体一个顶点的三条棱分别叫做长方体的（）、（）和（），它们各有（）条。那么长方体的棱长和可表示为（） 3、长方体的相对的两个面都（）；若长方体有一个面是正方形，则长方体有（）个面是一样的长方形。把一个长方体平均分开，正好成为两个相等的正方体（长比宽长），想一想这样的长方体的长是宽的（）倍，长是高的（）倍。 1、正方体有（）顶点，有（）条棱，有（）面；（）都相等的长方体叫正方体，正方体是（）长方体，6个面都是（），6个面的面积（），12条棱的长度都（）。 （1）长方体的体积=（），用字母表示为（）正方体的体积=（），用字母表示为 （） 思考下列问题 ①若已知长方体的体积为V，长为a，宽为b，则如何表示高c：（） ②若已知长方体的体积为V，长为a，高为c，则如何表示宽b：（） ③若已知长方体的体积为V，宽为b，高为c，则如何表示长a：（）
④若已知正方体的棱长和为L，则正方体棱长为（），则体积表示为： （2）单位换算 54厘米=（）分米 3.6平方米=（）平方分米 3.083dm=（）3 cm 4600平方厘米=（）平方分米 2.5L=（）3cm36003cm=（）mL （3）判断正误 ①体积单位比面积单位要大（） ②体积单位之间的进率都是1000 （） ③一个长方体底面积不变，高越大，体积越大（） ④油箱的体积就是油箱的容积；（） ⑤计算容积，只能用升和毫升作单位。（） 例1、做一种横截面是边长为4分米的正方形，高是2.5米的长方体烟囱管，20节这样的烟囱管至少要用铁皮多少平方米？ 例2、一个长方体的表面积是40平方厘米，把它平均分开，正好成为两个相等的正方体，每个正方体的表面积是多少平方厘米？ 例3、用一根长84厘米的铁丝做成一个长为9厘米、宽为6厘米的长方体框架，然后糊上一层彩纸，彩纸的面积至少有多大？ 例4、一个正方体木块，表面积是50平方米，如果把它截成8个体积
第1章国际贸易理论的微观基础 1.1 课后习题详解 1．为什么说生产和消费只取决于相对价格？ 答：相对价格是两种或多种商品之间的价格对比关系。生产和消费只取决于相对价格，这是因为： 当生产处于生产可能性边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会成本（或社会成本）的，也就是以另一种产品的产量为机会成本。生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。所以，生产和消费只取决于相对价格。 2．仿效（教材中）图1-6和图1-7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。 答：在图1-1（a）中，横坐标表示Y商品的供给，纵坐标表示X商品的供给，得出相应的生产可能性边界线；在图1-1（b）中，横坐标表示Y商品的供给，纵坐标表示Y商品的相对价格P Y/P X。Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线的推导如下： 首先，推导Y商品的国民供给曲线NS Y。任意选取Y商品的三个不同的相对价格：1/2、1和2。这三条相对价格线与生产可能性边界线的切点分别决定了三个生产均衡点D、E、F，对应于这三点的Y商品的产出分别为：S1、S2、S3。在图1-1（b）中，横坐标表示Y商品的供给，纵坐标表示Y商品的相对价格，根据图1-1（a），在图1-1（b）中画出对应于各
个相对价格的Y商品的供给量，最后得出一条曲线NS Y，即Y商品的国民供给曲线。该曲线斜率为正，表示随着Y商品的相对价格的提高，其供给水平也随之提高。 采用同样的方法，可得出国民需求曲线ND Y，如图1-2所示。 3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一种商品达到均衡时，另一种商品是否也同时达到均衡？试解释原因。 答：在只有两种商品的情况下，当一种商品达到均衡时，另一种商品也同时达到均衡。理由如下： 在只有两种商品的情况下，生产要素只能在两者间分配，两种商品间的相对价格是唯一的世界市场价格。当其中一种商品达到均衡时，该商品的相对价格得以确定，其供给与需求
I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s,8e(K r u g m a n) Chapter 4 Resources, Comparative Advantage, and Income Distribution 1) In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, an influx of workers from across the border would A) m ove the point of production along the production possibility curve. B) s hift the production possibility curve outward, and increase the production of both goods. C) s hift the production possibility curve outward and decrease the production of the labor-intensive product. D) s hift the production possibility curve outward and decrease the production of the capital-intensive product. E) N one of the above. Answer: D 2) In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, the two countries differ in A) t astes. B) m ilitary capabilities. C) s ize. D) r elative availabilities of factors of production. E) l abor productivities. Answer: D 3) The Heckscher-Ohlin model differs from the Ricardian model of Comparative Advantage in that the former A) h as only two countries. B) h as only two products. C) h as two factors of production. D) h as two production possibility frontiers (one for each country). E) N one of the above. Answer: C 4) "A good cannot be both land- and labor-intensive." Discuss. Answer: In a two good, two factor model, such as the original Heckscher-Ohlin framework, the factor intensities are relative intensities. Hence, the relevant statistic is either workers per acre (or acres per worker); or wage per rental unit (or rental per wage). In order to illustrate the logic of the statement above, let us assume that the production of a broom requires 4 workers and 1 acre. Also, let us assume that the production of one bushel of wheat requires 40 workers and 80 acres. In this case the acres per person required to produce a broom is one quarter, whereas to produce a bushel of wheat requires 2 acres per person. The wheat is therefore (relatively) land intensive, and the broom is (relatively) labor intensive. 5) "No country is abundant in everything." Discuss. Answer: The concept of relative (country) factor abundance is (like factor intensities) a relative concept. When we identify a country as being capital intensive, we mean that it has more capital per worker than does the other country. If one country has more capital worker than
《国际经济学》复习题及参考答案 K135班 一、名词解释 1、国际经济学：是研究经济资源或稀缺资源在世界范围内的最优分配，以及在此过程中发生的经济活动和经济关系的科学。 2、倾销：海外的货物以低于同样货物的销售价格在同一时候在国内市场类似条件下的出售。 3、国际收支（广义）：在特定的时期（一般为一年）内，一个经济体与世界其他地方的各项经济交易。 4、提供曲线：就是相互需求曲线，表明一个国家为了进口一定量的商品，必须向其他国家出口一定量的商品的交换比率。 5、关税同盟：它是指两个或两个以上的国家通过签订条约或协定取消区域内关税或其他进口限制，并对非同盟国家实行统一的关税率而缔结的同盟。 6、贸易条件：即商品的国际交换比率。也就是单位出口能够换回的进口，用出口价格指数比进口价格指数。 7、外汇管制：一国政府通过法令对本国对外的国际结算和外汇买卖实行管制，用以实现国际收支平衡与本国货币汇率稳定的一种制度。 8、汇率：又称为汇价。是不同货币在外汇买卖过程中形成的交换比率。 9、开放经济：一个经济与其外部存在着经济往来关系，如对外贸易、资金流动、劳动力流动等对外经济关系。 10、资本国际流动：指资本从一个国家、地区或经济体，转移到另一个国家、地区和经济体的过程。 二、判断题 1、如果小国对进口商征收关税，那么关税造成的消费者损失小于国内生产商收益与政府关税收入之和。× 如果小国对进口商征收关税，那么关税造成的消费者损失大于国内生产商收益与政府关税收入之和。 2、李嘉图的比较优势理论指出，即使其中一个国家在所有产品上郡具有绝对成本优势，各国也可以根据比较优势进行专业化生产，然后通过贸易获益。√ 3、贫穷化增长适用于长期以来人口增长快于国内生产总值增长的国家。× 贫穷化增长适用于经济是典型的单一经济，离开单一产品的的生产和出口，该国就会陷入困境的发展中国家。 4、社会无差异曲线用来表示能够为社会成员提供相同满意感的商品消费组合。√ 5、产品生命周期理论认为，若任何国家首先成功推广了一种新产品，则这种新产品将在该国经历整个生命周期。× 产品生命周期理论认为，若任何国家首先成功推广了一种新产品，则这种新产品不会在该国经历整个生命周期。 6、幼稚产业是指那些处于成长阶段尚未成熟，但具有潜在优势的产业。√ 7、跨国企业是指向六个以上不同国家出口的企业。× 跨国企业是指在数个国家设有生产工厂的企业。 8、在实施布雷顿森林体系时期，美元是关键货币。√ 9、区分发展中国家和发达国家的最常用但并不完善的指标是人均GDP。√ 10、若美国经济增长速度高于英国，美元相对于英磅升值。× 若美国的通货膨胀速度低于英国，则美元相对于英磅升值。 11、斯密的绝对优势理论指出在贸易中两个国家均能通过出口其比另一国劳动生产率更高的产品获益。√ 12、共同市场是经济一体化的最高阶段。× 完全的经济一体化是经济一体化的最高阶段。 13、战略性贸易政策常常用来支持处于竞争激烈产业中的企业。× 战略性贸易政策常常包括对高技术企业的补贴和其他支持。 14、布雷顿森林体系要求成员国采取浮动汇率制度。× 布雷顿森林体系要求成员国采取以美元为中心的固定汇率制度。 15、货币分析法认为，国际收支赤字的根本原因是国内货币供给大于国内货币需求。√ 16、在金本位制下，一国的高利率和资本流入将有助于该国自动调整国际收支赤字。√ 17、一价定律认为关税不能影响进口产品价格。× 一价定律认为关税能影响进口产品价格。 18、如果德国的利率高于美国，则马克将在远期市场上贴水卖出。√ 19、从日本进口汽车应记入美国国际收支经常账户的贷方。× 从日本进口汽车应记入美国国际收支经常账户的借方。 20、若美国通货膨胀高于英国，美元相对于英磅贬值。√ 三、选择题 1、设一年前美元对人民币的汇率是1美元等于8.2345元人民币，假设美国的物价比前一年上升8%，而中国的物价水平上升10%，则美元与人民币之间理论上的汇率为( A ) A.8.3870 B.8.085 C.10.2931 D.6.5876 2、列昂惕夫反论包括以下解释，除了( B )。 A美国对劳动密集型进口产品征收高额关税 B美国实际上比其贸易伙伴拥有更多的劳动力 C美国的出口产品密集使用了熟练劳动力 D美国倾向于出口需要大量科学和工程技术投入的高技术产品 3．根据相对购买力平价理论，如果英国的通货膨胀率为10％，美国为4%，那么（ C ） A 美元相对于英镑升值4％ B美元相对于英镑贬值4％ C美元相对于英镑升值6％ D美元相对于英镑贬值6％ 4、不能解释产业内贸易现象的理论有（ C ） A. 垄断竞争理论 B. 规模经济理论
二年级语文基础知识强化训练（2） 1.下列词语中加点字的读音完全正确的一组是（） A．鏖（áo）战跛（bǒ）脚鞭笞（chī）三年五载（zǎi） B．缉(jī)拿标识（shí）呜咽（ya）觥（gōng）筹交错 C．答应（dá）皈（guī）依枕藉（jí）装模作样（mú） D．桎梏（kù）船舷（xián）星宿（xiù）同仇敌忾（kài） 2.下列词语中没有错别字的一组是（） A．斡旋蝇营狗苟不容置喙遗笑大方 B．剽窃未雨绸缪故技重演常年累月 C．贸然向隅而泣炙手可热源远流长 D．联袂毋用置疑摩肩接踵弱不经风 3.依次填入下面各句横线上的词语，最恰当的一组是（） （1）近年来，由于各级政府加大了治理中小学乱收费现象的工作力度，多数地区乱收费的发展势头得到了有效______。 （2）小说中的典型形象虽然有生活的____，但仍属于虚构的形象。 （3）出了差错，要多从自己身上找原因，不要老是埋怨别人,_____责任。 （4）正确与错误之间的_____，有时并不是一下子就能分清的。 A．遏止原形推脱界限 B．遏制原型推脱界限 C．遏止原形推托界线 D．遏制原型推托界线 4.下列各句中没有语病的一句是（） A．对于这种侵害顾客利益的行为，商场负责人拒不认错，于是几位顾客只好状告法院，以求公正。 B．有时候示弱不是一种软弱的表现，相反却可称作是一种人生的智慧和清醒令人感慨的。 C．越来越多的下岗职工凭着再就业的优惠政策走上了创业之路，他们把国家贴息贷款的将近一半以上作为创业的启动资金。 D．据报道，北京将投资167亿元扩建首都机场，备受关注的首都机场新航站区建筑方案中标方案为具备世界一流机场的建筑功能和特色的B方案。 5.下列加点的成语使用恰当的一项是（） A．经北京宣武医院精心治疗，香港凤凰卫视女主播刘海若在昏迷三个月后竟然起死回生，苏醒过来并能开口说话了。 B．再过几个月就要高中毕业了，三年时光，一千多个日日夜夜，好像漫长得长，可现在回头一想，却如白驹过隙一般。 C．人非圣贤，孰能无过？犯点小错误是在所难免的，也是不足为训的，关键是要吸取教训。 D．有的人真心地宣传科学启蒙民众，也有的人利用科学以售其奸，一时间，令人真假难辨,莫衷一是。 6．下列各句中标点符号使用正确的一项是（） A．这件事是让你去做好呢？还是让我去做好呢？ B．你要不断进步、识字、生产。
李坤望国际经济学第四版课后习题答案(自 整理)
第一章 1.封闭条件下，中国和美国的小麦与布的交换比率分别为1:4和2:5,那么在两国之间展开贸易后，小麦与布之间的交换比率可能为. A.1:6 B.2:6 C.3:6 D.4:6 2.在机会成本递增条件下，只要各国在生产同样产品时存在着价格差异，那么比较利益理论就仍然有效。这种说法是否正确? A.正确 B.不正确 3.作为新贸易理论的核心基础之一，规模经济意味着随着产量增加，() A.平均成本与边际成本都下降 B. 平均成本变化不确定,边际成本下降 C. 平均成本下降 D.平均成本与边际成本都上升 4.以下说法中，()是错误的。 A.绝对优势理论是以机会成本不变为前提的，而相对优势理论则是以机会成本递增为前提的 B.相对优势理论可以部分地解释经济技术发展水平和层次不同的国家之间进行贸易的基础 C.生产要素禀赋理论用生产要素禀赋的差异解释国际贸易产生的动因 D.无论是生产技术差异还是生产要素禀赋差异导致国际贸易产生,都是以两国之间同一产品的价格存在差异为前提
第二章 1.下列() 属于李嘉图模型的假定前提条件。 A.生产过程中使用资本和劳动力两种要素 B.没有运输成本和其他交易成本 C.生产要素可以在两国间自由流动 D.生产要素非充分利用因此机会成本不变 2.下列()不属于重商主义的观点。 A.货币是财富的唯一表现形式 B.通过国际贸易可以提高所有贸易参与国的福利水平 C.出口意味着贵金属的流入 D.进口意味着贵金属的流出 3.下列关于技术差异论的表述哪一项是不正确的() A.分为绝对技术差异论与相对技术差异论 B.劳动力在国内两个部门之间自由流动，而且机会成本保持不变 C.参与贸易的两个国家福利水平都可以得到提高 D.一国比另一国家的技术优势越大，则通过国际贸易获得的福利增加越大 4.下列哪一条不是重商主义的理论主张() A.贸易不是“零和”的 B.多卖少买，保持贸易顺差，是获得财富的基本原则 C.国家应干预经济，鼓励出口，限制进口 D.金银货币是财富的唯一形态
国际经济学作业 一、名词解释 幼稚产业：所谓幼稚产业是指某一产业处于发展初期，基础和竞争力薄弱但经过适度保护能够发展成为具有潜在比较优势的新兴产业。 倾销：是指一国（地区）的生产商或出口商以低于其国内市场价格或低于成本价格将其商品抛售到另一国（地区）市场的行为。 提供曲线：也称相互需求曲线，是由马歇尔和艾奇沃斯提出的，它表明一个国家为了进口一定量的商品，必须向其他国家出口一定量的商品，因此提供曲线即对应某一进口量愿意提供的出口量的轨迹。两个国家的提供曲线的交汇点所决定的价格，就是国际商品交换价格（交换比率）。 国际收支：国际收支分为狭义的国际收支和广义的国际收支。狭义的国际收支指一个国家或地区与世界其他国家或地区之间由于贸易、非贸易和资本往来而引起的国际间资金收支流动的行为。包括两种具体形式:直接的货币收支和以货币表示的资产的转移。反映了以货币为媒介的国际间的债权、债务关系。广义的国际收支为系统记载的、在特定时期内(通常为一年)一个国家或经济体的居民与世界其他地方居民的全部各项经济交易，不仅包括外汇收支的国际借贷关系，还包括一定时期全部经济交易与往来。 二、简答题 试画出出口贫困化增长的图形并作出分析 答：出口贫困化增长，是指某国的传统出口产品的出口规模极大地增长，但结果不仅使该国的贸易条件严重恶化，而且该国的国民福利水平也出现下降，这种现象一般出现在发展中国家。
贸易条件变化前，该国生产均衡点为A，消费点为C；由于该国传统出口产品X 的出口规模极大增长，使得该国贸易条件恶化，此时，生产点变为A’，消费点变为C’。由图中的无差异曲线可以看出，该国贸易条件的变化使得它的福利水平低于增长前。这种情形就成为“出口贫困化增长”。 产生出口贫困化增长的原因主要有：（1）该国在该种出口产品的出口量中占到相当大的比重，这样，当其出口大幅度增加时，会导致世界市场上出现供大于求的情况，导致价格大幅下跌。（2）该种产品的需求国的需求弹性很低，当产品价格降低时，需求是并不会相应大幅增长。（3）该国经济结构十分单一，依赖该种产品的出口来促进经济的发展，因此在贸易条件恶化的时候也不能压缩出口，而是进一步扩大出口量从而保持一定的出口收入。 试说明国际贸易中要素密集度逆转的情况 答：这是解释列昂惕夫反论的观点之一，它认为，某种商品在资本丰富的国家属于资本密集型产品，而在劳动力相对丰富的国家则属于劳动密集型产品，如小麦在非洲是劳动密集生产过程的产品，而在美国则是资本密集型的产品，也就是大机器和高效化肥生产的产品。所以，同一种产品是劳动密集型产品还是资本密集型产品并没有绝对的界限。在国外属于劳动密集型的产品，也有可能在国内属于资本密集型的产品。 即如果两种要素在行业间的替代弹性差异很大，以至于两种等产量曲线相交两次，那么，可能产生生产要素密集度逆转的现象。即一种产品在A国是劳动密集型产品在B国是资本密集型产品。可能就无法根据H-O的模式预测贸易模式了。