英文原文
Modern construction machinery industry of technical progress Large-size mechanical mining excavator is used widely in international and domestic engineering construction and mining performance, and its property defines the efficiency much.Now because the international market is opened step step, how to promote the quality of excavator is the key that a factory reinforces its competing force.
In our country，the designing elevation and production quality on excavator can not keep up with international advanced technology applying on excavator.Now the advanced technology has already applied advanced designing method on excavator designing，such as electronic simulating theory，dynamic design，reliability design and so on.But in our country ,the most excavator design has still applied the traditional design method ,the modern design method has not began to be actually applied .The prime display is that the capability of self-design is not enough and the basic work has not done perfectly especially the excavator kinetics .
The construct of excavator is very complex and the multiple movers often work simultaneously.at the same time its working environment is very bad and the eternal load varies randomly.As a result ,when designing the new product of excavator ,in order to ensure the performance safety，the designer not only has the basic theory analysis on static load computing ,but also do necessary work about the kinetics of mechanism to qualify the dynamic reliability in the period of designing .Trough the kinetic analysis ,the load property of all the elements in excavator can be decided so as to design reliable product .
From the 1980s of the 20th century to the beginning of this century. Chinese and foreign engineering machinery technology products come from a maturity period of modernization along with a new technological revolution, Mechanical engineering products integrated technology to a new level. Electronic technology, micro-computer, sensors, electro-hydraulic servo control system integration and transformation of the traditional mechanical engineering products, Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing and computer-aided management of construction machinery and equipment manufacturing, IT network technology equipment, construction machinery sales and information transfer systems, thus enabling people to see a brand new construction machinery industry. New construction machinery products in the efficiency and operational quality, environmental protection, performance and automation are many areas due to the past. and toward the further robotic and intelligent direction.
1、operating principles of Innovation : groundbreaking new law with the high-frequency vibration
With scientific and technological research in the development, engineering machinery operating theory is constantly innovating. Operating mechanical engineering principles, including the cutting of earth, broken ground on the screen geotextile material, mixed with heating, right mixture of paving, leveling and compaction, etc.. These operations Jimmy initially bionics and Newtonian mechanics-based, Modern science and the development of engineering machinery
operating principle of laying the foundation for innovation. For example, mechanical vibration and pulse jet, the photoelectric effect and thermal physics, the application of mechanical engineering to save resources and improve the quality of construction improve production efficiency, reliability and driving comfort and a degree of automation to create conditions.
Excavators, bulldozers, loaders, and other earthmoving machinery cutting groundbreaking project, we had no struggle milling, high-frequency vibration, Liquid gas jet method and porous ground breaking law. Groundbreaking use of the new operating principle of transformation to a bucket, can loosen the soil excavation for the high-intensity rock, Under normal circumstances can reduce the unit cost of earthwork and improve production efficiency, and the soil near the building when substitute bored-blasting method.
Vibratory Roller is a mechanical vibration and have reached a "sluggish vibration to" operational effectiveness of the most powerful note. High-frequency vibration compaction technology is the application of modern dynamics in the mechanical engineering important research results, In vibratory roller simultaneously with the application of vibration isolation theory. 90s of the 20th century, there have been a level of vibration (vibration) and vertical vibration directional vibration compaction method, and an AM-vibration and different from the harmonic vibration of chaotic vibration vibratory compaction operating principle, and the formation of the corresponding series of vibratory roller. Impact Roller broke the existing traditional cylindrical roller structure, Use 3-5 edge with the pressure roller polygon dragged by a tractor, 2-3 times per second in order to impact on the ground. This has dramatic impact on the seismic wave propagation characteristics, the depth of compaction several times with the RCC and incremental, 5m in the depths of the degree of compaction of up 90%-92%. Impact Roller is static shock, vibration and rub it smashes the comprehensive role for large fill, Collapse dry sand and soil filling the compaction.
Asphalt paver Weiping equipment is operating principles of mechanical engineering innovation typical example. Fung plate diesel, liquefied petroleum gas or electric heating and 60 Hz frequency of vibration, and using infrared, ultrasonic or laser leveling, is a multidisciplinary high-tech applications. This leveling the technology can be applied to the ground plane, as amlodipine or fine leveling the slope.
Transfer frequency mechanical vibration is also commonly used for drilling, stone crushing and sieving and Shen pulling piling works. The stone drying can use diesel, fuel oil and coal combustion of various fuels on the asphalt from the barrel, heating and asphalt mixture, stirring and insulation process is the full use of thermal theory of physics. Asphalt emulsion and some are modified chemical reaction physical specific application.
2、drive innovation : universal hydraulic and electric drive
Hydraulic drive in the 20th century, the 1960s applied to the roller, only 10 years on the time has been spread and popularize. Now roller travel, vibration, steering and braking systems has achieved the full hydraulic drive. Hydraulic drive greatly simplified the roller drive and control system design, hydraulic drive a smooth, convenient manipulation effort, easy to achieve variable
speed and automation, in general, improve the production efficiency of roller compaction and quality. Now foreign markets have seen very little mechanical transmission of the roller.
Hydrostatic drive technology in the 1970s began to use bulldozers, and will soon be extended to a number of small and medium bulldozers and loaders, the United States John Deere, Caterpillar, Germany Bohai benefit companies and Dole produced by Komatsu of Japan has production and sales pushed Temple hydraulic machines and loaders. Hydrostatic drive not to use hydraulic torque converter, which dispense with the left lane and brake parts and mechanical drive, use of a safety valve on mechanical and hydraulic systems overload protection, and the index of smaller power play biggest index, its remaining power available in the auxiliary machinery operation.
German company Deutsche mark and Lee Bohai Fall of other public companies in 1954 and in 1955 took the lead in developing a hydraulic excavator , but the hydrostatic transmission in large excavator is the popularization and application of the 1970s. Since the early 1980s, excavators and subdivided, is gradually realized - powered, rotary and the hydraulic excavator of. In the international market excavators, were all eliminated various mechanical drive.
Late history of the birth of the road is more mechanical hydraulic drive-based, such as paver, soil stabilizer, Pavement milling machine, hydraulic transmission smoothness help improve the quality of the roads paved. Drilling in the car and drilling machines, hydraulic transmission has replaced the previous aerodynamic, Wheeled modern cranes and machinery also piling work to the whole in the direction of hydraulic development.
Electricity in industrial production while the application has a long history, but in mobile machinery is seldom used. This is because, firstly, to the motor capacity of, a motor with the same power as compared to the hydraulic motor, its weight and bulk to good times, to the machinery space layout brought great difficulties. In addition, the efficiency of electrical transmission over low efficiency and consumption of a large volume of non-ferrous metals. But electric drive can be well realized variable speed, braking and electrical power streaming -- Drive more convenient and easy to large tub, large excavator and large loaders, engine-generator-electric wheels will transfer power. Germany V ogele also been developed for electric power will transfer wheel. Germany V ogele also been developed electric drive an asphalt paver, the aircraft's systems are all rotary motor driven electricity, Only Hopper CDCC and comfort slab leveling tank still use hydraulic transmission. The other is the regional mobile operations in the smaller mining site, the use of electric drive large excavator loaders, Such use of electric drive power transmission cables without the engine installed on the machines.
3、ergonomic innovations : a people-oriented and simplified operation
1980s of the 20th century, Many of the world's largest engineering machinery manufacturing company has invested considerable human and financial resources for modern design methodology of the research and used. Ergonomics is a "people-oriented" design, with emphasis on the machines mutual coordination and crew safety, driving comfort, convenience in the driver's operation and maintenance technologies, such drivers both improved working conditions, and
increased production efficiency, and some of the engineering machinery vibration, noise, emissions and the prevention of roller drop from the development of the new standard, and even those laws.
Now all kinds of projects are mechanical design roller defense and falling-object protective devices to protect the personal safety of the drivers, with the cab and are designed and installed. Indoor driving sufficient human space and broad vision, and to take the necessary seals, vibration, noise and temperature control measures. Indoor chairs, pieces of the stick, gauges and the monitor according to ergonomics and design and minimize the manipulation and control of parts. To reduce driver fatigue, to choose the suspension damping chairs, and to develop a gas-liquid system hanging with the cab floor.
Electronic technology, mechanical engineering applications, which greatly simplifies the driver's operational procedures and to the machine's technical performance. The use of electronic control machine can automatically choose the mode of operation, such as excavators to the three operating modes -- boom priority, Rotary priorities and micro-adjustment tandem wheels all vibration and vibration. Electronic monitoring can detect and remove machines system failures, such as engine oil pressure loss. Fan fracture belt drive, hydraulic oil contamination or overheating and oil filter blockage, can promptly lights or audible alarm, by the use of electronic sensor device can handle automatic detection machines quality of the work, If random vibration testing of the degree of compaction roller, automatic detection and adjustment of the asphalt mixture ratio and size distribution outlet temperature.
American muffler technology company developed an electronic silencer, electronic equipment engine exhaust noise analysis of the wave structure, and produce a phase difference of 180 ° with the acoustic interference, This "anti-noise" and the engine exhaust noise offset, which over the purpose of the muffler. Such a muffler -- can be used to eliminate the basic engine noise and the noise indoor driving. Muffler and isolation through the engineering machinery driving indoor noise can be reduced to 70dB (A) below.
In addition, by concentrating on lubrication, automatic lubrication and fault alarm, greatly reducing the engineering and mechanical maintenance workload. Dreiser companies axis articulated loader lubrication cycle extended to 2000h. oil and filter replacement cycle extended to 250h; Caterpillar loader routine maintenance to shorten the time 3.45min. 100 hours use of the technical maintenance for only 6-7min.
4、Creative : industrial design with the environment
Modern science and technology of high-speed development, promoting social progress, for humanity to a high degree of material civilization and spiritual civilization. Industrial design is the product of industrial product design, product also known as the art form. Mechanical Products art forms should be able to demonstrate its function in a rational and external quality of uniformity, the product should reflect the advanced technology and meet the aesthetic requirements of modernity.
For mechanical engineering, said it was "a Paper goods sold," That is an exaggeration, but
not to modeling design is certainly not desirable. Modeling the mechanical engineering design of the machine can shape their structure, function and use requirements, paying and with the psychological and physical coordination. This modeling design should include ministries of proper body fluid, color coordination, Instrumentation layout beautiful and easy to operate and intuitive sign in the trademark symbol. Now the world's major companies have attached great importance to the products of industrial design, and a specialized research and design.
A world leader left the compactor manufacturers -- BMW, his third of the mechanical compaction machine modeling experts from the industrial design Louis.L.lepoix design, have a good overall result. The series dismounting replacement filter, transmission pieces, hoses and routine maintenance is very convenient. Adopt modern arc-shaped dip in the cab and the engine hood broadminded, fluent lines, with the flavor of the times. Driving the steering wheel height and angle adjustable, choose a comfortable high back seats adjustable damping. Drivers prepare for a good operating environment. Instrumentation site design, easier to observe and control, tilt hood of the driver to provide a good perspective. Hydraulic steering gear shifted to the cab, driving to reduce indoor heat and noise. Arc-shaped windscreen of the cab and four SUPPORT able to isolate noise and vibration. indoor noise below 70d
B (A).
Many other engineering machinery are also different degrees of emphasis on industrial design, layout components such as depression, to reduce the center of gravity of the aircraft; Supporting appropriate to expand the area to increase the machine's stability; about as symmetrical layout, to meet the aesthetic; Appearance removed some of the corner, the edge, to show the fluency, and other lines. Construction Machinery paint more of its industrial design is an important part of the unit should be interesting colors, increase the safety of the working environment, and with the field construction site is pure green fields, coordination, Topping the use of the waist line and increase the level to get off the color machines can increase the concentration of visual stability.
5、artificial intelligence Innovation : intelligent robotic machines
Mechanical engineering in the construction field instead of the manual to expand the functions of the hands and feet, traditional machinery can be resolved in good physical and physiological burden, not to mention the relief of spiritual and psychological burden. Modern engineering machinery should be given its soulful, intelligent engineering machinery is a thinking mind (microcomputer) sensorium (sensors), neural network (electronic transmission). Derrnatopathy (power and transmission), and hand, foot bones (work with devices running) for telecommunications systems integration.
Machine is not electromechanical integration of telecommunications and information technology with a simple, it poses the system must have five functions : ①detection and identification with the objects of their work and working conditions of the function; ② goal with under their own decision-making function; ③have to respond to the decision-making, implementation support movement functions; ④with automated monitoring and self-revision
process functions; ⑤z own self-protection and security troubleshooting functions. This is the Intelligent Engineering Machinery some specific goals.
In mechanical engineering intelligent process, from beginning to end, filled with self-learning technology and the use of adaptive technology. Now for the integration of telecommunications technology for the engine and hydraulic system and electrical system of full control machines are being given various feelings and wisdom. In the process with the state of real-time monitoring on the basis of mechanical engineering from the partial automation of the transition to full automation, and toward unmanned remote control and the trend of development. With the intervention of artificial intelligence, engineering machinery will accelerate its modern fast process, Gradual transition to a fully operational wisdom of the target robot. At that time, some new robotic operating procedures will come into being.
中文译文
现代工程机械行业的技术进步
大型机械式挖掘机在目前国际国内在矿山开采及工程施工中有着广泛的应用，其性能的优劣对生产率有很大的影响.在国际市场竟争日趋激烈的今天，如何提高产品的质量是提高其市场竞争力的关键。
目前，我国的大型机械式挖掘机在设计水平，设计手段及产品质量上与国外同类产品相比尚有较大差距.国外已经将人一机一环境作为一个系统统一考虑，提倡低振动、低噪音的绿色设计，将现代设计方法(电子模拟理论、动态设计、可靠性设计等)普遍地应用于挖掘机设计，使产品设计现代化，性能可靠。而我国仍然主要采用传统的仿型设计，而近年来才将现代设计方法逐步应用到挖掘机的设计上，但在这方面工作开展的不得力，主要表现在自行设计开发能力不够，基础工作做得不完善，尤其在挖掘机动力学方面。
挖掘机结构非常复杂，往往是多发动机同时驱动，同时工作环境恶劣，外载荷成随机性变化，因此在设计大型矿用挖掘机的新产品时，为了使其作业安全，工作顺畅，除必要的理论分析和静强度计算外，还必须要进行动力学分析和计算，以在设计之初保证机械的动强度和可靠性。在进行这种分析时，土壤的力学特性必须考虑，而且是重要因素。通过进行动力学研究，才能确定挖掘机各部件的载荷特性，设计出质量可靠的产品。
从20世纪80年代到本世纪初，中外工程机械产品技术已从一个成熟期走到了现代化时期伴随着一场新的技术革命，工程机械产品的综合技术水平跃上了一个新的台阶。电子技术、微电脑、传感器、电液伺服与控制系统集成化改造了传统的工程机械产品，计算机辅助设计、辅助制造及辅助管理装备了工程机械制造业，IT网络技术也装备了工程机械的销售与信息传递系统，从而让人们看到了一个全新的工程机械行业。新的工程机械产品在工作效率、作业质量、环境保护、操作性能及自动化程度诸多方面都是以往所不可比拟的，并且在向着进一步的智能化和机器人化方向迈进。
1、作业原理创新：新法破土与高频振动
随着科学技术研究水平的不断发展，工程机械的作业理论也在不断地创新。工程机械的作业原理包括对土石方的切割、破碎、回填，对土工材料的筛分、混合与加热，对混合料的摊铺、找平与压实等。这些作业理原先是以仿生学与牛顿力学为基础的，而近现代科学的发展为工程机械作业原理的创新奠定了基础。例如机械振动、脉冲、射流、光电效应及热物理
学的应用，为工程机械节省资源，改善施工质量、提高生产效率、工作可靠性、驾驶舒适性与自动化程度创造了条件。
挖掘机、推土机、装载机等土方工程机械切割破土，现在有了无斗铣切法、高频振动法、液气射流法及微孔破土法。使用新的破土作业原理改造的铲斗、松土器可以开挖高强度的岩土，在一般情况下都可以降低单位土方费用与提高生产效率，并且在靠近建筑物挖土时可代替钻孔—爆破法施工。
振动压路机是利用机械振动而又要达成“振地不振人”作业效果的最有力说明。高频振动压实技术的应用是近代动力学在工程机械上的重要科研成果，在振动压路机上同时应用了振动与隔振理论。20世纪90年代以来，出现了水平振动（振荡）与垂直振动的定向振动压实方法，以及无级调幅振动和不同于简谐振动的混沌振动等振动压实作业原理，并且形成了相应系列的振动压路机。冲击式压路机打破了原有传统的圆柱形滚轮结构，使用具有3-5个边的多边形压滚由牵引车拖行，以每秒2-3次顺序地冲击地面。这种剧烈冲击具有地震波的传播特性，其压实深度随碾压遍数而递增，在5m深处的压实度可达90%-92%。冲击压路机具有静压冲击、振动捣实与揉搓的综合作用，适合大型填方、塌陷土壤和干砂填筑工程的压实。
沥青混凝土摊铺机慰平工作装置更是工程机械作业原理创新的典型例子。慰平板使用柴油、液化气或电加热和72Hz的调频振动，并采用红外线、激光或超声波找平，是多学科高新技术的应用。这其中的找平技术也可以应用到平地机上，作为地平或坡面的精细找平。
调频率机械振动还通常用于凿岩、石料破碎与筛分及沉拔桩等工程施工。石料的烘干可以使用柴油、重油和煤粉多种燃料的燃烧器，沥青的脱桶、加热及沥青混合料的搅拌与保温过程中都充分运用了热物理学原理。沥青的乳化与改性都是一些化学物理反应的具体应用。
2、传动方式创新：普及液压与电气传动
液压传动在20世纪60年代开始应用到了压路机上，只十多年的时间就得到了推广和普及。现在压路机的行走、振动、转向及制动等系统已实现了全液压传动。液压传动大大简化了压路机传动与操纵系统的设计，液压传动平稳、操纵方便省力、容易实现无级调速和自动控制、从总体上提高了压路机的生产效率与压实质量。现在国外市场上已经很少见到机械传动的压路机了。
静液压传动技术于70年代开始应用到了推土机上，并且很快推广到了一些中小型推土机和装载机上，美国约翰·迪尔公司、卡特彼勒公司、德国利渤海尔公司及日本小松制作所都生产和销售全液压推寺机与装载机。静液压传动不使用液力变矩器，还省去了离且器与行车制动器及部分机械传动机构，能利用安全阀对机械和液压系统实现过载保护，并以较小的索引功率发挥最大的索引力，其剩余的功率可用在机器的辅助操作上。
德国的德马克公司和利渤海尔公司公别于1954年和1955年率先开发了全液压挖掘机，但静液压传动在挖掘机上大量的推广应用也是在70年代。自80年代初以来，挖掘机从大到小正逐步实现了驱动行走、回转与挖掘机的全液压化。在国际市场上的挖掘机，已全部淘汰了各种机械传动机构。
诞生历史比较晚的路面机械更是以全液压传动为主，如摊铺机、稳定土拌和机、路面铣刨机等，液压传动的平稳性有助于提高路面的铺筑质量。在凿岩台车和凿岩机上，液压传
动已取代了以往的气动，现代轮式起重机和桩工机械也工向全液压化的方向发展。
电力在工业生产中的应用虽然已有很长的历史了，但在移动式机械上使用尚不多见。这首先是因为电动机的能容量小，一台电动机与同功率的液压马达相比，其重量和体积要大好多倍，这给机器的空间布置带来了很大困难。另外，电气传动的效率比效低，而消耗有色金属量大。但电气传动能很好地实现无级调速、电气制动和功率分流，电传动更方便和易于大型矿车、大型挖掘机和大型装载机上，以发动机—发电机—电动车轮传递行驶动力。德国福格勒公司还试制了电动车轮传递行驶动力。德国福格勒公司还试制了电传动的沥青摊铺机，该机的所有回转系统都用电马达带动，只有料斗开合与慰平板找平油缸仍使用液压传动。另外就是在作业区域移动较小的采矿工地上，使用了电力拖动的大型挖掘机的装载机，这种电力拖动使用电缆传输动力而不必在机器上安装发动机。
3、人机工程创新：以人为本与简化操作
20世纪80年代以来，世界上许多大的工程机械制造公司都投入很大的人力和资金促进现代设计方法学的研究和应用。人机工程学是“以人为本”的设计思想，注重机器与人的相互协调，提高人机安全性、驾驶舒适性，方便于司机操作和技术保养，这样既改善了司机的工作条件，又提高了生产效率，有的国家对工程机械的振动、噪声、废气排放和防翻滚与落物制定了新的标准，甚至付诸法律。现在各类工程机械都是设计有防翻滚和落物保护装置，以保护司机的人身安全，并且都是与驾驶室分别设计和安装。驾驶室内有足够的人体空间和开阔的视野，并采取必要的密封、减振、降噪和控温措施。室内的座椅、操纵杆件、仪表与监视器都按人机工程学布置，并且尽量减少操纵部位与操纵力。为了减轻司机的疲劳，选用悬浮式减振座椅，并研制了气—液悬持系统的驾驶室底板。
电子技术在工程机械上的应用，大大简化了司机的操作程序和提高了机器的技术性能。利用电子控制可以自动选择机器的作业模式，例如挖掘机的3种作业模式——动臂优先、回转优先和微调整，串联振动和双轮全振动等。利用电子监测可以及时发现和排除机器系统的故障，例如发动机润滑油失压、风扇传动带断裂、液压油污染或过热和滤油器堵塞等，均能及时发出声响或灯光报警，利用电子传感器经微电脑处理可以自动检测机器的工作质量，如随机检测振动压路机的压实度，自动检测与调整沥青混合料的级配比例与出料温度等。
美国消音技术公司研制了一种电子消音器，通过电子仪器分析发动机排气噪声的波形结构，并产生一种与之相位差180°的干扰声波，这种“抗噪声”与发动机排气的噪声相抵消，从而过到消声的目的。这种电了消音器还可用于消除发动机的基本噪声和驾驶室内的噪声。通过消音和隔离的工程机械驾驶室内噪声可以降低到70dB（A）以下。
另外，通过集中润滑、自动润滑及故障自动报警，大大减少了工程机械的维修工作量。德莱赛公司装载机铰接轴的润滑周期可延长到2000h，更换机油和滤清器的周期延长到
250h；卡特彼勒公司装载机的日常检修时间缩短到3.45min，使用100h的技术保养时间也仅有6-7min。
4、外观造型创新：工业设计与环境协调
现代科学技术的高速发展，推动着社会的进步，给人类带来了高度的物质文明与精神文明。工业设计即是工业产品的造型设计，也称其为产品的艺术造型。机械产品的艺术造型应能体现其功能的合理性及外在质量的统一性，还应体现出产品的技术先进性和符合时代感的
审美要求。
对于工程机械，有人说“货卖一张皮”那是言过其实，但不重视造型设计肯定是不可取的。工程机械的造型设计可以使机器的形态与其结构、功能及使用要求相统一，并与人的生理及心理相协调。这种造型设计应包括各部的比例得当，形体流畅、色彩协调、仪表布置美观以及便于直观操作和有醒目的商标符号。现在世界各大公司都非常重视产品的工业设计，并且出现了专门的研究和设计机构。
居世界领先地位的压实机左制造商——宝马公司，其第三化压实机械的机器造型由工业设计专家Louis.L.lepoix设计，产生了良好的综合效果。该系列拆装更换滤清器、传动件、软管及日常保养都是很方便。采用圆弧形的现代驾驶室和在倾角的发动机罩视野开阔、线条流畅，具有时代气息。驾驶方向盘的高度与倾角可调，选用舒适的高靠背可调减振座椅，给驾驶员准备了良好的操作环境。仪器仪表盘设计合理，易于观察和控制，发动机罩的倾斜给驾驶员提供了良好的视角。液压转向器转移到了驾驶室外，以减少驾驶室内的发热与噪声。圆弧形的挡风玻璃和驾驶室的四个外支承可隔离噪声与振动，使室内的噪声低于70dB(A)。
其它的许多工程机械也都是不同程度地注重了工业设计，例如零部件布置尽量下移，以降低整机重心；适当地扩大支承面积，以增加机器的稳定度；左右布置尽量对称，以符合人的美感；去掉一些外观造型的尖角、棱边，以显示线条的流畅等。工程机械的油漆更是其工业设计的重要内容，整机的色调应能引人注意，增加作业环境的安全，并与野外施工现场的绿树田野相映衬、协调，使用套色的水平腰线和增加下车的色彩浓度可以增加机器的视觉稳定性等。
5、人工智能创新：灵性机器与机器人化
工程机械在工程建设领域代替了人的体力劳动，扩展了人的手脚功能，但传统机械还未能解决好人的体力和生理负担问题，更不要说解脱人的精神和心理负担了。现代化工程机械应该是赋予了其灵性，有灵性的工程机械是有思维头脑（微电脑）、感觉器官（传感器）、神经网络（电子传输）、五脏六腑（动力与传动）及手足骨骼（工作机构与行走装置）的机电信一体化系统。
机电信一体化并非机电与信息技术的简单结合，它所构成的系统必须具备5项功能：①具有检测和识别工作对象与工作条件的功能；②具有根据工作目标自行作出决策的功能；
③具有响应决策、执行支动作的功能；④具有自动监测工作过程与自我修正的功能；⑤具有自身安全保护和故障排除功能。这也就是工程机械智能化的一些具体目标。
在工程机械的智能化过程中，自始至终充满着自学习技术和自适应技术的运用。现在机电信一体化技术实现了对发动机、液压系统和电气系统的全面控制，机器正在被赋予各种感觉与智慧。在工艺过程与工作状态实时监测的基础上，工程机械将从局部自动化过渡到全面自动化，并且向着远距离操纵和无人驾驶的趋势发展。随着人工智能的介入，工程机械将加快快其现代进程，使逐步过渡到完全智慧化的作业机器人目标。到那时，一些新的机器人化作业程序就会应运而生。
毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日
Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system
电子商务 电子商务（Electronic Commerce）是在Internet开放的网络环境下，基于浏览器/服务器应用方式，实现消费者的网上购物、商户之间的网上交易和在线电子支付的一种新型的商业运营模式 Internet上的电子商务可以分为三个方面：信息服务、交易和支付。主要内容包括：电子商情广告；电子选购和交易、电子交易凭证的交换；电子支付与结算以及售后的网上服务等。主要交易类型有企业与个人的交易(BtoC方式)和企业之间的交易(BtoB方式)两种。参与电子商务的实体有四类：顾客(个人消费者或企业集团)、商户(包括销售商、制造商、储运商)、银行(包括发卡行、收单行)及认证中心。 电子商务是Internet爆炸式发展的直接产物，是网络技术应用的全新发展方向。Internet本身所具有的开放性、全球性、低成本、高效率的特点，也成为电子商务的内在特征，并使得电子商务大大超越了作为一种新的贸易形式所具有的价值，它不仅会改变企业本身的生产、经营、管理活动，而且将影响到整个社会的经济运行与结构。 1．电子商务将传统的商务流程电子化、数字化，一方面以电子流代替了实物流，可以大量减少人力、物力，降低了成本；另一方面突破了时间和空间的限制，使得交易活动可以在任何时间、任何地点进行，从而大大提高了效率。 2．电子商务所具有的开放性和全球性的特点，为企业创造了更多的贸易机会。 3．电子商务使企业可以以相近的成本进入全球电子化市场，使得中小企业有可能拥有和大企业一样的信息资源，提高了中小企业的竞争能力。 4．电子商务重新定义了传统的流通模式，减少了中间环节，使得生产者和消费者的直接交易成为可能，从而在一定程度上改变了整个社会经济运行的方式。 5．电子商务一方面破除了时空的壁垒，另一方面又提供了丰富的信息资源，
forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/5717199157.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
On the vehicle sideslip angle estimation through neural networks: Numerical and experimental results. S. Melzi,E. Sabbioni Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 25 (2011)：14~28 电脑估计车辆侧滑角的数值和实验结果 S.梅尔兹,E.赛博毕宁 机械系统和信号处理2011年第25期：14~28
摘要 将稳定控制系统应用于差动制动内/外轮胎是现在对客车车辆的标准（电子稳定系统ESP、直接偏航力矩控制DYC）。这些系统假设将两个偏航率(通常是衡量板)和侧滑角作为控制变量。不幸的是后者的具体数值只有通过非常昂贵却不适合用于普通车辆的设备才可以实现直接被测量,因此只能估计其数值。几个州的观察家最终将适应参数的参考车辆模型作为开发的目的。然而侧滑角的估计还是一个悬而未决的问题。为了避免有关参考模型参数识别/适应的问题,本文提出了分层神经网络方法估算侧滑角。横向加速度、偏航角速率、速度和引导角,都可以作为普通传感器的输入值。人脑中的神经网络的设计和定义的策略构成训练集通过数值模拟与七分布式光纤传感器的车辆模型都已经获得了。在各种路面上神经网络性能和稳定已经通过处理实验数据获得和相应的车辆和提到几个处理演习(一步引导、电源、双车道变化等)得以证实。结果通常显示估计和测量的侧滑角之间有良好的一致性。 1 介绍 稳定控制系统可以防止车辆的旋转和漂移。实际上，在轮胎和道路之间的物理极限的附着力下驾驶汽车是一个极其困难的任务。通常大部分司机不能处理这种情况和失去控制的车辆。最近,为了提高车辆安全，稳定控制系统(ESP[1,2]; DYC[3,4])介绍了通过将差动制动/驱动扭矩应用到内/外轮胎来试图控制偏航力矩的方法。 横摆力矩控制系统（DYC）是基于偏航角速率反馈进行控制的。在这种情况下,控制系统使车辆处于由司机转向输入和车辆速度控制的期望的偏航率[3,4]。然而为了确保稳定，防止特别是在低摩擦路面上的车辆侧滑角变得太大是必要的[1,2]。事实上由于非线性回旋力和轮胎滑移角之间的关系，转向角的变化几乎不改变偏航力矩。因此两个偏航率和侧滑角的实现需要一个有效的稳定控制系统[1,2]。不幸的是,能直接测量的侧滑角只能用特殊设备(光学传感器或GPS惯性传感器的组合)，现在这种设备非常昂贵,不适合在普通汽车上实现。因此, 必须在实时测量的基础上进行侧滑角估计，具体是测量横向/纵向加速度、角速度、引导角度和车轮角速度来估计车辆速度。 在主要是基于状态观测器/卡尔曼滤波器(5、6)的文学资料里, 提出了几个侧滑角估计策略。因为国家观察员都基于一个参考车辆模型,他们只有准确已知模型参数的情况下，才可以提供一个令人满意的估计。根据这种观点,轮胎特性尤其关键取决于附着条件、温度、磨损等特点。 轮胎转弯刚度的提出就是为了克服这些困难,适应观察员能够提供一个同步估计的侧滑角和附着条件[7,8]。这种方法的弊端是一个更复杂的布局的估计量导致需要很高的计算工作量。 另一种方法可由代表神经网络由于其承受能力模型非线性系统，这样不需要一个参
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
中英文对照外文翻译文 电子商务时代企业文化的再造 随着网络时代电子商务大规模发展，电子商务企业文化随之产生，它在一个企业在产生的一种新的价值观，使企业内部资源得到从新整合，在为企业带来降低交易成本，提高效率，缩短生产周期等诸多好处的同时，也对已有的企业文化发起了挑战。电子商务的兴起是一场由技术手段飞速发展而引发的商业运作模式的变革，传统经济活动的生存基础、运作方式和管理机制均发生了彻底改变，传统的企业文化也面临着巨大的冲击。 一、企业文化对企业价值的贡献 文化现象是一个国家和民族文明的主要见证。广义的文化，包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗和任何人作为一名社会成员而获得的能力和习惯在内的复杂整体。作为“亚文化”的企业文化，对企业的生存与发展亦起着举足轻重的作用。企业文化是商品经济和市场经济的产物，符合市场经济的客观规律，体现企业的竞争实务、竞争精神和整体形象。所谓企业文化就是企业的经营管理哲学，企业面对所处的社会和商业环境，在长期的生产经营活动中，形成全体员工所接受和认同信守的、为争取事业成功的一套非正式规则。它表明企业奉行何种管理哲学，以及企业通过管理要达到一个什么样的目标。是经济管理的重要内容之一。企业文化意味着一个公司的价值观，而这些价值观成为公司员工活动和行为的规范。 企业文化的本源问题是如何增加企业利润，降低企业的成本和费用。它的要义就是怎么使企业能够有效的整合资源，以达到对外部的适应性，使公司在竞争中生存，进而实现持续发展。企业文化建设为企业开展文化管理指出一个明确的方向。企业文化建设的根本目的是建设能够对外竞争环境具有高度适应性，并能根据环境变换做出迅速反应的行为方式能力，这种能力其实就是企业所拥有的根据外部竞争的环境需要而对内部资源进行整合运用的能力。企业文化建设应促进这一能力系统的形成，并维持好这一能力系统。中国的许多企业例如海尔、联想等企业成功的秘诀之一就是发展了一整套公司理念、经营哲学，形成了自己独特的企业文化。 1、企业文化体现企业的形象和精神。树立良好的企业形象，需要企业文化的支撑。现
专业资料 学院： 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 抗侧向荷载的结构体系 常用的结构体系 若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重，那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。确实，较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点。 这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地。实际上，正是因为有了这种宏观的构思，新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展，可能更重要的是：几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了。 如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈，高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类： 1.抗弯矩框架。 2.支撑框架，包括偏心支撑框架。 3.剪力墙，包括钢板剪力墙。 4.筒中框架。 5.筒中筒结构。 6.核心交互结构。 7. 框格体系或束筒体系。 特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式，同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力，大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系。而且，就较高的建筑物而言，大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列。 将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质。其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展，以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构。这并
不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反，有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了，然而，如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导，那么，得以发展的就只能是好的结构，并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何，要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计，两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论，但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低，中高度的建筑中常用的体系，它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系，或者和其他体系结合起来使用，以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑，可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系，这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS，STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地，由于柱梁节点固有柔性，并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点，所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然，在设计的后期阶段，实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强，在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色，它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑，并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。
外文翻译 通常，应变计应用在两个方面：在机械和结构的实验力分析中和应用力，扭矩，压力,流量以及加速度传感器结构中。非粘贴丝式应变计通常是当作专门的转换器来使用，其结构是使用一些有预载荷的电阻丝连接成惠斯登电桥，如图4.11： 在最初的预载荷中，四根金属丝的应变和电阻在理论上是相等的，它们组成一个平衡电桥，并且e0 = 0 （参考第10章电桥电路特性）。输入端一个小的位移（满量程≈0.04 mm）将会使两根金属丝的拉力增大而使另外两根的拉力减小（假设金属丝不会变松弛），引起电阻阻值的变化，电桥失衡，输出电压与输入位移成比例。金属丝可以由砷镍、镍铬和铁镍等多种合金制造，直径约为0.03 mm，可以承受的最大应力仅为0.002 N，灵敏系数为2到4，每个桥臂的电阻为120Ω到1000Ω, 最大激励电压5到10V，满量程输出典型值为20到50mV。 粘结丝式应变计（现在主要被粘贴箔式结构的应变计取代）应用于应力分析和作为转换器。具有很细丝式敏感栅粘贴在待测试件表面，来感受应变。金属丝被埋入矩形的粘合剂中，不能弯曲从而如实地反映待测试件的压缩和拉伸应力。因为金属丝的材料和尺寸与那些非粘贴应变计相似，所以灵敏度和电阻具有了可比性。 粘贴箔式应变计采用与丝式应变计相同或类似的材料，现在主要用于多用途力分析任务及多种传感器中。 其感应元件是利用光腐蚀工艺加工成厚度小于0.0002的薄片，当其形状改变时，它具有很大的灵活性。如图4.12： 例如，这三个线形敏感栅应变计被设计成端部宽大的形状。这种局部的增大将会减小横向灵敏度，以及在测量应变沿敏感栅单元的长度方向的分量时产生的干扰输入信号。在丝式应变计中，这种端部形状也应用在纵向单元的连接处，以便增加横向抗干扰能力。并且在制造过程中也非常方便在图4.12上的全部四个应变计上焊接焊盘。
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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（ 二 〇 一 二 年 六 月 外文文献及翻译 题 目： About Buiding on the Structure Design 学生姓名： 学 院：土木工程学院 系 别：建筑工程系 专 业：土木工程(建筑工程方向) 班 级：土木08-4班 指导教师：
英文原文： Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing Abstract The crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing Foreword Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the
Dashboard From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about a control panel placed in the front of the car. For other uses, see Dashboard (disambiguation). The dashboard of a Bentley Continental GTC car A dashboard (also called dash, instrument panel (IP), or fascia) is a control panel located directly ahead of a vehicle's driver, displaying instrumentation and controls for the vehicle's operation. Contents 1.Etymology 2.Dashboard features 3.Padding and safety 4.Fashion in instrumentation 5.See also 6.References Etymology Horse-drawn carriage dashboard Originally, the word dashboard applied to a barrier of wood or leather fixed at the front of a horse-drawn carriage or sleigh to protect the driver from mud or other debris "dashed up" (thrown up) by the horses' hooves.[1] Commonly these boards did not perform any additional function other than providing a convenient handhold for ascending into the driver's seat, or a small clip with which to secure the reins when not in use. When the first "horseless carriages" were constructed in the late 19th century, with engines mounted beneath the driver such as the Daimler Stahlradwagen, the simple dashboard was retained to protect occupants from debris thrown up by the cars' front wheels. However, as car design evolved to position the motor in front of the driver, the dashboard became a panel that protected vehicle occupants from the heat and oil of the engine. With gradually increasing mechanical complexity, this panel formed a convenient location for the placement of gauges and minor controls, and from this evolved the modern instrument panel,
高精度稳压直流电源 文摘:目前对于可调式直流电源的设计和应用现在有很多微妙的,多种多样的,有趣的问题。探讨这些问题(特别是和中发电机组有关),重点是在电路的经济适用性上,而不是要达到最好的性能。当然，对那些精密程度要求很高的除外。讨论的问题包括温度系数，短期漂移，热漂移，瞬态响应变性遥感和开关preregualtor型机组及和它的性能特点有关的的一些科目。 介绍 从商业的角度来看供电领域可以得到这样一个事实，在相对较低的成本下就可以可以获得标准类型的0.01%供电调节。大部分的供电用户并不需要这么高的规格，但是供应商不会为了减少客户这么一点的费用而把0.1%改成0.01%。并且电力供应的性能还包括其他一些因素，比如说线路和负载调解率。本文将讨论关于温度系数、短期漂移、热漂移,和瞬态的一些内容。 目前中等功率直流电源通常采用预稳压来提高功率/体积比和成本，但是只有某些电力供应采用这样的做法。这种技术的优缺点还有待观察。 温度系数 十年以前，大多数的商业电力供应为规定的0.25%到1%。这里将气体二极管的温度系数定位百分之0.01[1]。因此，人们往往会忽视TC（温度系数）是比规定的要小的。现在参考的TC往往比规定的要大的多。为了费用的减少，后者会有很大的提高，但是这并不是真正的TC。因此，如果成本要保持在一个低的水平，可以采用TC非常低的齐纳二极管，安装上差动放大电路，还要仔细的分析低TC绕线电阻器。 如图1所示，一个典型的放大器的第一阶段，其中CR1是参考齐纳二极管，R是输出电位调节器。
图1 电源输入级 图2 等效的齐纳参考电路 假设该阶段的输出是e3，提供额外的差分放大器，在稳定状态下e3为零，任何参数的变化都会引起输出的漂移；对于其他阶段来说也是一样的，其影响是减少了以前所有阶段的增益。因此，其他阶段的影响将被忽略。以下讨论的内容涵盖了对于TC整体的无论是主要的还是次要的影响。 R3的影响 CR1-R3分支的等效的电路如图2所示，将齐纳替换成了它的等效电压源E'和内部阻抗R2。对于高增益调节器，其中R3的变化对差分放大器的输入来说可以忽略不计，所以前后的变化由R3决定。 如果进一步假定IB << Iz;从（1）可以得到 同时，