《论白居易的感伤诗》

论白居易的感伤诗

（西北师范大学知行学院，甘肃，兰州 730070）

[摘要]唐代伟大诗人白居易诗作颇多，其中以其二百多首感伤诗最为出色。感伤诗的分类尚存争议，但就其感伤诗而言，其实概括起来可以分为“事物牵于外”和“情理动于内”两类，作为“随感遇而形于叹咏者”的感伤诗,白居易的真实感触和心态多是通过这类诗歌来展现给读者的。其主题有的写仕宦生涯的拘束和失落感，有的写人生经历的孤独和无常感，有的写孤苦多病的深刻体会,有的则写对自然人事规律的清醒认识和矛盾心态，体现出以儒、释、道三者一体著称的白居易真实的心路历程。作为白居易诗歌中较有诗味诗意的感伤诗,其艺术特色无论是内容的选择,语言的表达,情感的流露上,都切近他的人生经历和内心世界。白居易的感伤诗中始终贯注着他的真情实感,所以大多是“以我观物”的“有我之境”,不是理智、客观、冷静的俯视自己,而是感性的、情绪化的融入了自己的身心。正因为此,他的诗歌才具有一种感染人的力量。

[关键词]白居易；感伤诗；明白晓畅；情景交融；淡雅清婉

On BAI Ju-yi's sentimental Poems

（College of Literature Northwest Normal university,lanzhou,Ganwu,730070）

[Abstract] a great poet of the Tang Dynasty poems by Bai Ju-yi quite a lot, which with its more than 200 sentimental poem best, sentimental poetry classification is controversial, but the sentimental poetry, in fact, can be summed up as " things hold outside" and " reason to " two categories, as " of encounter in shape with chants of " sentimental poems, Bai Ju-yi's true feelings and the attitude of many by this kind of poetry to show readers. The theme of writing and some official career management and sense of loss, some write life experience of loneliness and sense of impermanence, some write alone sickly profound experience, some writing on natural personnel law awareness and contradictory mentality, reflect the Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, the three one is Bai Ju-yi true journey. As in Bai

Ju-yi's poems are more poetic flavor poetic sentimental poetry, artistic characteristics of both the content selection, language expression, emotions, are close to his life experience and inner world. The Bai Ju-yi's theory of poetry in his sentimental poetry always give his one's real feelings, so most is " I view things " "me state ", is not rational, objective, calm

down myself, but perceptual, emotional into my body and mind. Because of this, his poetry has an infection of human strength.

[Key words]：Bai Ju-yi；sentimental poetry；lucid elegant；scenes

对于白居易的感伤诗，前代学者的研究总括起来大概分为两种，一种是让其置身于源远流长的感伤文学的长河中去考察，自宋玉的《九辩》到潘岳、江淹、庾信再到白居易、李商隐最后到纳兰性德、黄仲则等都纳入了“感伤—言情”这一传统，是人们一贯的探讨方向；另一种是白居易感伤诗的传统分类于现在的西方严格意义上的逻辑分类存在争议。但就白居易感伤诗独立出来而与其他诗人或其他诗类比较研究的相对较少，其实白居易的感伤诗除此之外还有着自己独特的风格和特色，与他的讽谕诗的“意在言外”的特点有着明显区别，其感伤诗已经摆脱了自初唐以来功利化的倾向，开始转向自己对人生的感悟、身世的感叹和对短暂生命的无奈，表现领域开始转向人的内心情感世界的抒发。这些诗或格调凄迷，或思绪辗转反侧，诗句质朴通俗，简易精致，有些长诗凄美的风格更是无往不收，呈现出了阴柔清婉、落寞感伤的诗调。白居易的感伤诗无论从字到句，从用韵到章法的巧妙运用都相当娴熟，为当时及后来诗歌深远的影响和积极的贡献毋庸置疑的。

一、白居易感伤诗的分类及主题

（一）感伤诗的分类

白居易感伤诗的命名来源于他的《与元九书》“事物牵于外，情理动于内，随感遇而形于叹咏者谓之感伤诗。”由此可将其感伤诗题材分为“牵于外”的感伤诗和“动于内”的感伤诗两类，前者意在感物道情，又可分为“牵于事”和“牵于物”两类,后者旨在人生感慨，又分为“动于情”和“动于理”两类。在白居易所创作的二百零一首感伤诗中,数量最多的是“动于情”的题材,这也正说明了白居易“深于诗,多于情”的诗人气质,同时也说明感伤诗是偏重抒发内心感情的诗。这种感伤情绪始终充溢