翻译技巧翻译方法
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翻译方法和翻译技巧
翻译方法: methods of translation
1.直译literal translation
2.意译 free translation
3.异化alienation
4.归化 domestication
直译和意译所谓直译,就是在译文语言条件许可时,在译文中既保持原文的内容,又保持原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时,就应采用意译法。意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容,但可以不拘泥与原文的形式。(张培基)应当指出,在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下,直译有其可取之处,一方面有助于保存原著的格调,另一方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。
Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation must be used. Free translation is also called liberal translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original.(郭著章)
1. 直译(literal translation)
指在翻译过程中按原文逐字逐句一对一的翻译。人们关心的是语言层面的技术处理问题,即如何在保持原语形式的同时,不让其意义失真。直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下,在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义,求得内容和形式相符的方法。简单地说,直译指在译文中采用原作的的表达方法,句子结构与原句相似,但也不排除在短语层次进行某些调整。
e.g. one country, two systems 一国两制
The three religions and the nine schools of thought 三教九流
2. 意译(free translation;paraphrase)
是指根据原文的大意来翻译,不作逐字逐句的翻译(区别于“直译”)。通常在翻译句子或词组(或更大的意群)时使用较多,意译主要在原语与译语体现巨大文化差异的情况下得以应用.从跨文化语言交际和文化交流的角度来看,意译强调的是译语文化体系和原语文化体系的相对独立性。意译是指译者在受到译语社会文化差异的局限时,不得不舍弃原文的字面意
义,以求疑问与原文的内容相符和主要语言功能的相似。意译指在译文中舍弃原作的表达方法,另觅同意等效的表达方法,或指对原作的句子结构进行较大的变化或调整。(杨莉藜)
e.g.
Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it.
不必过早地担心。(不必自寻烦恼)
Do you see any green in my eye?
你以为我是好欺骗的吗?
Don’t lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen.
直译:不要等马被盗后,才去锁马厩门。
意译:亡羊补牢。
直译和意译的区别
1. It’ s a Smoke Free Area.
直译:它是个自由吸烟区。
意译:它是个无烟区。
2. Shakespeare put his hometown on the map.
直译:莎士比亚把他的家乡放在了地图上。
意译:莎土比亚使他的家乡声名远扬。
3. John would not come out of his shell and talk to others at theparty.
直译:晚会上,约翰不愿从壳里钻出来与其他人说话。
意译:晚会上,约翰不愿丢掉矜持与别人交谈。
4. He is a rough-and-ready character.
直译:他是个粗兽并有准备的人。
意译:他是个粗鲁但尚能顶用的人。
5. He got into trouble when he paid his bills with rubber checks.
直译:他用橡皮支票付账,并给自己带来了麻烦。
意译:他用空头支票结账,并给自己带来了麻烦。
翻译原则直译是基础,意译是补充
直译不等于死译(dead translation):
1.例:街道妇女应动员起来打扫卫生。
Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning.
“In the street” should be replaced by “in the community”.
2.例:她一大早起床,进城,见到了她的公爹。
She got up early, went to the town and saw her public father.
“Public father” should be “father in law”.
意译的例子:It rains cats and dogs.
3..例:Little fish does not eat big fish.
直译:小鱼不吃大鱼;意译:胳膊拧不过大腿
例:天有不测风云,人有旦夕祸福。
直译:Storms gather without warning in nature and bad luck befalls men overnight.
意译:The weather and human life are both unpredictable.
有人说,翻译是带着镣铐跳舞(translation is like dancing in fetters);还有人说,翻译像女人,忠实的不漂亮,漂亮的不忠实。实际上,忠实与通顺的关系是辩证关系。
练习
1.He walked at the head of the funeral procession, and every now and then wiped his
crocodile tears with a big handkerchief.
他走在送葬队伍的前头,还不时用一条大手绢擦一擦他的鳄鱼泪。
2. It‟s an ill wind that blows nobody good. 对有些人有害的事情可能对另一些人有利。
3. Every dog has his day. 人人皆有得意日。
4. It means killing two birds with one stone.
这意味着一石二鸟。这意味着一举两得。这意味着一箭双雕。
5. 你不要班门弄斧。Don‟t display your axe at Lu Ban‟s door.
Don‟t teach your grandmother to suck eggs.
Never offer to teach a fish to swim.
6. Nixon was smiling and Kissinger smiling more broadly.
尼克松满面春风,基辛格更是笑容可掬。
7. 在我的后园,可以看见墙外有两株树,一株是枣树,还有一株也是枣树。Behind the wall of my backyard you can see two trees: one is a date tree, the other is also a date tree.
8. Do you see any green in my eye? 你以为我是好骗的吗?
9. There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of a French man.