零售业电子商务外文翻译

发展中国家的零售业ELECTRONIC COMMERCE IN RETAIL DEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES作者：Catherine L. Mann国籍：American出处：IDEAS原文正文：SUMMARYElectronic commerce and its related activities over the internet can be the engines that improve domestic economic well-being through liberalization of domestic services, more rapid integration into globalization of production, and leap-frogging of available technology. Since electronic commerce integrates the domestic and global markets from its very inception, negotiating on trade issues related to electronic commerce will, even more than trade negotiations have in the past, demand self-inspection of key domestic policies, particularly in telecommunications, financial services, and distribution and delivery. Because these sectors are fundamental to the workings of a modern economy, liberalization here will rebound to greater economic well-being than comparable liberalization in more narrowly focused sectors. Thus, the desire to be part of the e-commerce wave can be a powerful force to erode domestic vested interests that have slowed the liberalization of these sectors.Technical aspects of electronic commerce, its complexity and the characteristic of network externalities should change the way that developing countries approach the external negotiating process. Specifically, the complexity of negotiations will require more cooperative effort among countries through their regional forums (APEC, FTAA) which heretofore have operated at the periphery of the WTO process. Second, since electronic commerce is characterized by network externalities, developing countries should take advantage of the technical leadership coming out of the private sector in the most advanced countries (and their own private sector, even if nascent) and “draft” in behind. Standing on the shoulders of giants makes sense whennetwork externalities and interoperable standards are key to maximizing the benefits of e-commerce. Trying to develop domestic standards or following the old technique of import substitution to develop a domestic industry is even more economically wasteful in the context of the internet and electronic commerce than it was in more traditional sectors.Trade negotiations are often the tool used to liberalize domestic sectors. But the complementarity between domestic policy and trade strategy is tighter in the case of e-commerce and the internet. Moreover, this complementarity emphasizes that e-commerce is not a service, nor a good, but something that is comprised of both. In the context of the WTO commitments, embracing this idea could lead to a liberalizing bias in favor of electronic delivery of goods and services as compared to delivery by another scheduled mode. For example, insurance products could be sold over the Internet even if the physical presence of a foreign insurance firm was not scheduled for liberalization under GATS. Rather than view this outcome with alarm, developing countries should embrace it as a positive force that furthers the development both of electronic commerce, as well as encourages deeper liberalization and deregulation throughout the economy.ELECTRONIC COMMERCE IS INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT AS AN ECONOMIC ACTIVITYEstimates of the growth of internet usage and electronic commerce both within domestic markets and worldwide are notorious for their hyperbole. Even so, each year the actual growth has surpassed the estimate rather than falling short of it. Respected sources such as Forrester Research expect worldwide electronic commerce revenues to surpass $300 billion by 2002 and accelerate to $1.3 trillion in 2003. Currently an overwhelming (close to 85%) share of electronic commerce is concentrated in the United States, but diffusion into Europe and Asia, followed by Latin America and Africa will be rapid.In developing countries internet use and its economic potential are growing exponentially. The share of active internet users in Asia/Pacific Rim, Latin America, and “rest of world” could increase from 23 percent in 1999 to 35 percent in 2002.In India, for example, the number of internet users nearly doubled in the last year to 270,000, and could rise to over 2 million by the endof 2000. E-commerce revenues could jump from $2.8 million in 1998 to $575 million in 2002. In China, a reported 60 percent of businesses are using the internet, and e-commerce revenues could rise from $11.7 million in 1998 to $1.9 billion in 2002. In Latin America, internet usage rose nearly eight-fold between 1995 and 1997 with revenues estimated to be $167 million in 1998 and projected to be $8 billion by 2003.Africa is fully wired now that Somalia recently added its first ISP; in South Africa, electronic commerce is expected to generate US $1.1 billion in 1999.Two important facts about e-commerce are often overlooked. First, the vast bulk of the actual and to an even greater extent the expected growth in revenues from e-commerce comes from business-to-business transactions. In 1998, the ratio of B-to-B over B-to-C was 5.5 to 1; but by 2003 the ratio is expected to be 12 to 1. Second, in virtually all countries other than the United States, electronic commerce is export oriented. In the US, the share of export sales in total e-commerce revenues is only 10 percent, but in Canada it is 83 percent, in Latin America it averages 79 percent, and in Asia/Pacific it is 38 percent.Moreover, the nature of the production process (comprising both manufacturing and services) is becoming increasingly fragmented and globalized.Multinational firms and strategic business alliances communicate, get price quotes, submit bids, transfer data, produce product designs, and basically do business in an international arena. Countries that do not have an environment conducive to internet usage and electronic commerce will be marginalized from the globalized production process and global economy, at increasingly great cost to their citizens.These observations have important implications for both domestic policy and international negotiations. First, business to business transactions often build on existing legal and regulatory foundations from physical trade so that issues of content, liability, and encryption are more easily surmounted. On the other hand, the importance of B-to-B and the desire to create a level-playing field for all size businesses highlight the need for the international arena to offer a transparent and codified approach to these issues.发展中国家的零售业电子商务作者：凯瑟琳曼国籍：美国出处： IDEAS网中文译文：概述零售业电子商务和它在互联网上的相关活动可以通过国内服务的自由化来提高国内经济福利，更迅速集向产品的全球化和可利用技术的跨越。

一、专业名词1，电子商务electronic commerce视频会议video conference不断增长ever –increasing供应商supplier内部运营internal operation组织organization交易transaction消费者consumer有效率的efficient有弹性的flexible2，电子邮件营销email marketing市场调研market research提高整体营销信息enhance overall marketing message 拓展网络exploit the web网络能力capabilities of the web离线营销活动offline marketing activities传统营销traditional marketing品牌的忠诚度brand loyalty传统促销方法traditional promotional methods营销策略marketing strategy3，电子银行electronic bank家庭银行home bank支付账单pay bills私人网络private network金融机构financial institutions银行服务banking services在线申请apply online4，电子支付electronic payment电子支票electronic checks电子货币electronic money经常账户checking accounts数据加密data encryption客户认证client authentication智能卡smart cards计算机硬盘computer hard disks银行部门banking sector小额支付small value payment5．网上购物流程the flow of shopping/purchasing online 迅速发展rapid growth/development虚拟商店virtual stores/shops产品规格specification电子银行cyber bank购物中心shopping center在线付款payment online确认订单confirmation of the order总金额total amount批号date code6，最终产品finished goods相关信息related information产地the point of origin运输与配送transport &services国际供应链管理international supply chain management预售服务pre-retailing services军事策略military strategy战时物资生产wartime material production集中于centering on战略物资补给strategic commodities supply 7,file transfer 文件传输digital cash 电子现金geographical location 地理位置on a global scale 在全球范围EDI 电子数据交换competition 竞争definition 定义manufacturer 生产商advertising 广告interaction 互动8 ,internet marketing 网络营销electronic mediu电子媒介affiliate marketing 会员营销merge…with…与…融为一体distribute products 配送产品community activities 社区活动marketing objectives 营销目的loyalty program 贵宾会员计划provide comprehensive information 提供综合信息commercialization 商业化9, virtual bank 虚拟银行online bank 在线银行physical bank 有形银行banking activities 银行业务credit unions 信用合作社credit card products 信用卡产品open a checking or savings account 开立支票或储蓄账户10, paper checks 纸质支票banking settlement system 银行结算系统payment data 支付数据secure communication protocols 安全通信协议secure payment protocols 安全支付协议server authentication 服务器认证prepaid cards 预付费卡electronic purses 电子钱包digital cash 数字现金access product 可存取的产品11, shopping online 在线购物business directories 企业名单purchasing process 采购流程authentication centre 认证中心surfing the internet 网上冲浪names of commodities 商品名称lead time 交货日期terms of payment 付款方式payment authentication 付款认证release the goods 发货12, the efficient and cost-efficient flow 有效而合算流动raw materials 原材料in-process inventory 半成品For the purpose of conforming to in motion and rest 为满足消费者需要the management of inventory in motion and rest 动态与静态的库存管理IT solutions 信息技术解决方案added-value 增值in military science 在军事科学方面the most crucial element 最关键的要素a network of transportation 运输网络二、句子翻译（1,2,14,17,18）（英→汉）1．1)in another word ，electronic commerce is the buying ，selling and trading of goods and services through private and public networks .换句话来说,电子商务是指通过私人或公众网络来买卖或交换货物和服务2)first stage of EC expansion is that with in the “connected ” or “online ” computer users .EC的首个发展阶段局限于“在线”计算机用户3)the second wave will come when more people get access to computers (via lowered computer prices or cheaper device )第二个高峰将会在更多人可以通过更低廉的价格或设备访问计算机的时候来临4)the third expansion is predicted to be from those with non-computer access to the global network :through broadcast TVs ,cable TVs ,telephone networks and new appliances .据预测，电子商务发展的第三次浪潮将会出现在不用电脑就能上网的技术发展方面，例如通过无线电视，有线电视，电话网络及新型的设备上网5)a widespread use of these cheaper access media represents the phase of “bringing workplace computers in to living room ”低价的接入设备的广泛使用代表着进入了“家庭办公”的新时代2，1)the conveniences afforded by electronic commerce is limitless .电子商务提供的便利是无止境的2)more than 100 countries are linked into exchanges of data ,news and opinions .超过100个国家已经接入互联网，交换资料、新闻和言论。

外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：Electronic Commerce外文文献：Electronic CommerceElectronic commerce, or Electronic trade, or electronic business as a newly rising mode of commerce will have far-reaching influence on social economy and play an important role in social development worldwide. It represents the trend of world trade in the 21st century and beyond.1. What is Electronic Commerce?Electronic commerce refers to commercial data exchange in digital form through electronic transmission means and commercial activities conducted on-line. Usually, electronic commerce can be divided into two levels: One is low-level electronic commerce that is, electronic commercial intelligence, electronic trade, and electronic contracts. Another is high-level electronic commerce which includes all commercial activities done via Internet, ranging from searching for clients, commercial negotia-tion, making orders, on-line payment, releasing electronic invoice, to electronic dec-laration to Customs, electronic tax-payment, all conducted on Internet.Electronic commerce means electrification of all trade transactions. It is featured by these characters: ①fairness and freedom, ②high efficiency, ③globalization, ④virtualization, ⑤interactivity, ⑥autonomy, ⑦personalized service. With electronic commerce, clients andsuppliers can closely and conveniently contact with each other on a global scale, so that clients can find satisfactory suppliers from all comers of the world to meet their demands.Electronic commerce will change the environment in which enterprises compete with each other and reduce costs which would otherwise be high in traditional market structure. Low costs in transactions, convenience in market entry and government encouragement to use Internet (exemption from tax) activate electronic commerce and boost it to develop rapidly right from its beginning. As experts predicted, by 2000, electronic commerce would reach a scale of 300billion US dollars worldwide. And it has exceeded this scale.To ensure security of electronic commerce, an electronic certification center should be established. Digital ID is used to validate identity. Digital 11 is trusted to a third party, namely, an authorized agency, to release, including identifying informa-tion of the holder (name, address, liaison way, ID card number), an encryptive key for common use by the both parties, period of validity, password and identification in-formation of the authorized agency, etc. With digital ID, both parties in transactions can be assured of identifying the other party and validate that the information sent out from the other party has not been subject to alteration.2. Influence That Electronic Commerce May HaveCompared with traditional commerce, electronic commerce has superiorities as follows *Extensive coverage. A network system combining Internet, Intranet (local area network inside enterprises) and Extranet (networks outside enterprises) enables buy-ers, sellers, manufacturers and their partners to contact with each other and conven-iently transmit commercial intelligence and documents worldwide.*Complete functions. In electronic commerce, users of different types and on dif-ferent tiers can realize different targets in trade, for example, releasing commercial intelligence,on-line negotiation, electronic payment, establishment of virtual com-mercial market place and on-line banking, etc.*Convenience and flexibility in use.. Based on Internet, electronic commerce is free from restriction by specialized protocol for data exchange. Transactions can be conducted conveniently on computer screen, by using any type of PCs, at any place around the world.*Low cost. Use of electronic commerce can cut down costs for hiring employees, maintaining warehouse and storefront, expense for international travel and postage to a great extent. The cost for using Internet is very low.Electronic commerce will have substantial influence on social economy:*Electronic commerce will change the way people used to take in commercial ac-tivities. Through networks, people can enter virtual stores and browse around, select what they are interested in, and enjoy various on-line services. On the other hand, merchants can contact with consumers through networks, decide on buying in goods (categories and quantities) and perform settlement of accounts. Government agencies can perform electronic tendering and pursue government purchase through networks.*The core of electronic commerce is people. It is a social system. On-line shop-ping changes the way of people's daily life and fully embodies autonomy of consum-ers in trade.*Electronic commerce changes the way enterprises produce their goods. Through networks, manufacturers know market demand directly and make arrangement of production, in accordance with consumers' need.*Electronic commerce dramatically raises efficiency of trade. Intermediate links can be cut down; costs for sales will be reduced to minimum. Production can be ar-ranged in "small batches plus diverse varieties", and "zero stock" will be reality.*Electronic commerce calls for reformation of banking services. New concepts like on-line bank, on-line cash card and credit card, on-line settlement of accounts, electronic invoice, electronic "cash"-consumers will no longer use the real cash when shopping-will become reality.*Electronic commerce will change government behavior. Called "on-line gov-ernment", an on-line administration plays the important role of a social channel, maintaining order and fairness and detecting and cracking down on-line fraud.3. The Present Situation of Electronic Commerce in Developed CountriesIn the mid-1990s, when Internet experienced explosive development and micro-computers entered homes in great numbers, computer networks became an indispen-sable part of people's daily life. People expect for more interests and convenience brought in by computer networks. Electronic Commerce emerged just in time. In de-veloped countries, governments timely made policies to boost electronic commerce to practical use and dominant position in a new round of worldwide competition.In 1998, Internet helped the United States to create productive out put of 507 bil-lion US dollars, national income of 301 billion US dollars, and 1. 2 million job op-portunities; of these, electronic commerce created an income of 100 billion US dollars. Internet has be-come the first big industry with yearly productive output increasing by 60%，and accounting for 6% of GDP. Service export from the United States has at-tained 160 billion US dollars each year, and it is predicted that it can compensate trade deficit in commodity trade. Internet played an important role in promoting ex-port from the United States: in 1999, books, automobiles and services were sold through electronic commerce to foreign countries, exceeding 102 billion US dollars.Advocated by the United States, 132 members of WTO decided to turn Internet into a freetrade zone within at least one-year term. Some countries and organizations scrambled to work out development framework for electronic commerce and made laws and regulations for developing electronic commerce. In 1996, the UN Confer-ence on Trade and Development passed "Model Law of Electronic Commerce". In December, 1996, the US government issued "Policy Framework for Global Electronic Commerce"．In April 1997, European Union issued "Proposal for Electronic Com-merce in Europe"．On July 1 1997, US President Clinton promulgated" A framework for Global Electronic Commerce" which has had great influence on global electronic commerce. In May 1998, WTO minister conference passed "A Manifesto on Global Electronic Commerce", and in September 1998, WTO general council passed "Scheme for Electronic Commerce Work"．In October 1998, UN Organization of Economy and Cooperation ＆Development (OECD) held minister conference at Ottawa, Canada on electronic commerce, which is praised as a milestone of global electronic commerce. In September 1999, Global Business Dialog on Electronic Commerce (GBDE) was held in France and is-sued "Paris Proposal"．In December 1999, the United States issued another Internet commerce standard.Electronic commerce in the United States takes the rein of the trade in the world. At present, there are 60 million subscribers of Internet in the United States. More than 98% of purchasing managers seek targets on-line. As estimated, by 2002, the value involved in transactions done through electronic commerce between US enterprises will account for 6.1% of GDP. Fortune magazine's statistics show the 500 top com-panies in the world all engaged in on-line business.25% of income to IBM (about 20 billion US dollars) is related with electronic commerce. Thanks to electronic com-merce, IBM saved its expenses of 250 million US dollars during 1999. HP Company designated its electronic Commerce solution as E-world-anelectronized world. This solution is oriented to medium-and small-size enterprises, and great investment was made to third parties-software companies to develop software suited for medium-and small-size enterprises to engage in electronic commerce. Intel places its risky invest-ment mainly on Internet and electronic commerce. In July 1998, Intel began on-line transactions Its monthly business turn electronic commerce reached one billion US dollars.As a survey made by European Information Technology Observation shows, of the surveyed 570 companies, 47% have implemented electronic commerce of some sorts, and 4/5 of them began their electronic commerce in the latest two years. Execu-tive Committee of European Union plans at least 25% of its purchase done through electronic commerce by 2001. In1998, in Australia, web sites related with electronic commerce on Internet doubled in number, and 11% of Australian enterprises have their web sites. 80% of Australian companies use Internet to transmit E-mails and conduct commercial activities. In 1998, Singapore government promulgated，for electronic commerce. Singapore is the only country in Southeast Asia that formally joined the "Rights and Obligation Electronic commerce In cooperation with US manufacturers and firms, Singapore established an electronic commerce entry in Asia, providing comprehensive Business-to-Business (B to B) service, so as to enable Asian trade companies to enter the rank of global electronic commerce.4. Development of Electronic Commerce in ChinaExploration in electronic commerce, governmental and civil began in 1993 in China. Today, electronic commerce has found its applications in foreign trade, Cus-toms, finance and commerce. Local frameworks have been established in Beijing and Shanghai for electronic commerce. Some electronic commerce web sites have been opened to on-line shopping and on-line settlement of accounts.The Ministry of Foreign Trade set up in February 1996 China Electronic Com-merce Center responsible for research, construction, and operation of international electronic commerce project in CT he Center established "China Commodity Trade Market" on Internet, to put rich resources of goods in China to world market, opening new channel for our exports. The subject "Security Proof of Electronic Commerce" as a key item in science and technology during th9th Five-year Plan period was ap-praised in early 1996 by State Department of Science and Technology and State En-cryptive Code Administration, which laid a foundation for establishing a safe and normal environment for electronic commerce in our country.In March 1999, the Ministry of Information Industry approved the electronic commercial network of pharmaceutics and health as a model project of electronic commerce for all trades. It is one of the six specialized networks in China, which pro-vide all-direction serve of market information, product transaction, warehousing and delivery, and account settlement, etc.In Shanghai, in 1999, "Shanghai Administrative Center of Electronic Commerce Security Certificate" was set up, which provide security platform for electronic com-merce and is responsible for application, appraisal, making and management of digital certificate domestic and foreign clients in Shanghai, and offers services such as certi-fication of digital identity and digital signature, electronic notarization, secure E-mail and secure encryption, etc. In January 1 the first on-line bookstore in China-Shanghai Book City On-line standard. It provides VISA cardholders and card-holders of domestic Great Wall card, Dragon card, Peony card and Pacific card with instant and authorized security service.The measure taken in Beijing to develop electronic commerce is to build a capital electronic commerce city. In November 1998, the capital electronic commerce project formally activated, and a frame-work formally showed off. The Legend Computer Company open editselectronic commerce system in June 1999, and web sites 8848, sina, 163, all activated their electronic commerce.In April 2000, sponsored by the Ministry of Information Indus-try，National Economy and Trade Commission, and China Council for Promotion of International Trade, the 4th China International Electronic Commerce Conference was held. State leaders and superintendents of various ministries and commissions joined the opening conference. Mr. Levy, secretary of Commercial Department of the US government led a delegation of famous US enterprises and media, totally more than 100 persons, to join the conference. More than 60 seminars were held during the conference, to dis-cuss extensive topics on electronic commerce.Despite all these efforts, companies engaged in electronic commerce service in China suffer losses in their B-to-C business (B refers to Business, C refers to Con-sumers). Some Chinese experts attribute this to Chinese shopping habit-Chinese con-sumers treat shopping as an interesting hobby; they enjoy the pleasure of spending their money through appreciating and comparing merchandise, and bargaining; but all these will vanish from on-line shopping. Other experts attribute this phenomenon to the ubiquitous incredulity in society-banks can-not interconnect their business be-cause they fear their customers will be captured by their rivals; cash cards cannot be popularized because banks do not trust civilians; and civilians do not like to do on-line shopping because they do not trust on-line stores,…etc. Why？That's because many things on-line and in society are false, for ex-ample, false number of subscribers, false statistics of access flux, shoddy goods, forged diploma, sham curriculum vitae, sham investment, sham listing, false revenue to listed enterprises, etc. Such an over-all environment will not change within a long period of time. In such environment, no commercial activity can be done. Many IT practitioners are disheartened with elec-tronic commerce in our country.5. Prospects of Electronic CommerceAlthough developing rapidly and seeming to have brilliant prospects, electronic commerce faces a series of real problems, for example, problems involving security, technology, expense, legal system, tax system, conception, protection of privacy, in-frastructure, etc. However, electronic commerce is the mainstream of enterprises in the new century and will develop rapidly in the coming years. Some companies pre-dict that by 2003, electronic commerce between enterprises in developed countries will account for over 9%of the total turnover（1,300 billion US dollars）, and in consumer electronic commerce the turnover will attain 76. 3 billion US dollars by 2002. And as experts predicted, electronic commerce in China will catch up with de-veloped countries on the average level, in 10 years. They suggested 3 to 5 years be spent on working out plans, policies and regulations necessary for developing elec-tronic commerce, building substantial and tangible electronic commerce systems, fos-tering specialized talents, optimizing of the electronic commerce systems in some trades and areas; and then 5 to 7 years be spent on linking with international elec-tronic commerce to enable our electronic commerce system as an important compo-nent of international electronic commerce; popularizing of electronic commerce in application, raising electronic commerce in our country to a higher level in research, development and application, to the average level in developed countries.The following description tells what major I/e strategies some major manufactur-ers in the world are taking in development of electronic commerce.IBM: IBM is the pioneer that held up the banner of electronic commerce as a new application of Internet. In people's mind, IBM is now not only manufacturer of main-frames, PCs, servers, software but also the “godfather" of electronic commerce. IBM has always been dedicated to promoting secure commerce over the Internet. It sin-come from selling servers hasaccounted for 60% of its total in-come.IBM not only provides products for large-scale applications of secure, efficient, reliable electronic commerce and payment over Internet, but also for small electronic business as well.IBM Micro Payments an application enabling buyers to purchase low cost items over Internet-is another example of how IBM is expanding to new areas of commerce. By enabling billing servers, content providers and other merchants to profitably sell items for even a few cents, IBM opens up a whole new market.IBM Micro Payments allows buyers, sellers and billing systems to sell content, information, and services over Internet, for small amounts. IBM's commitment to electronic commerce and electronic business makes it a leader in the area of electronic payments. An automated compiler tool transforms existing HTML pages, creating "click and pay" links with either fixed or dynamic prices. Content and service provid-ers can take advantage of the extensive set of APIs and authoring tools to extend IBM Micro Payments available from OEMs. Billing servers can easily integrate the IBM Micro Payments application with existing billing systems and use it to attract content providers and open new sources of revenue.IBM Micro Payments provides scalability and interoperability, which allows widespread availability across Internet, including multi-currency and multilingual support, and low operational costs it easily supports transactions as low as one cent.SUN: SUN as a global leading supplier treats Internet not only a tool but also a new mode of commerce. SUN has provided very flexible solutions to commercial af-fairs for BBC, ETRADE, Federal Express, First Auction, Fruit of the Loom, Kodak, Thomas Cook, Virgin.Microsoft: Microsoft aims at helping enterprises to set up more powerful relation with their clients and partners by three means: (I)Windows 2000, BackOffice, Site Server, Biztalk,etc; (2) MSN (in the United States, more than 40% web users access MSN, and consumers can conduct comparative study when buying articles and ser-vices); (3) Partners provide customers with various products and services on Mi-crosoft MSN platform, realizing electronic commerce solutions, including settling account, paying tax, shopping, logistics, purchasing, accounting, ERP (Electronic Remote Processing) and EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), etc.Site Server and Biz talk are the two major products of Microsoft adopted in exist-ing system for enterprises to develop electronic commerce. Site Server is used for constructing web stores, based on data-it enables the client to easily realize on-line catalog, buying/selling order, exchange of documents for promoting sale, etc. Disre-garding what platform, operating system or technology used in low layer.Novell: Novell defines itself as "NET Service Supplier" after2000. The word NET includes intranet, extranet, Internet, company net, public net, cable net, wireless net. Its aim is to breakout the existing service domain in which most software products can provide services only in a specific environment or for a specific procedure or server (rather than the whole network)．Novell's network service software NDS eDirectory as a nucleus helps clients to reduce complexity of business on network, and improve security, so that it enables network, applications and business processing to adapt to electronic commerce, and thus speed up their transfer to electronic commerce.SCO: SCO’s Tarantella is the best solution for existing users to conduct elect ronic commerce. Users can use only a browser to access any applications of platforms in back counter, without the need of re-writing existing applications, in their effort to transfer their business to electronic commercial mode. To ensure electronic commerce to continually operate, SCO provides an incessant cluster solution based on UNIXWARE 7. This product is easy to use,easy to manage and its cost is one-tenth of large-scale product of the same sort for mainframes while its performance doubles. It is a security solution with higher performance/ cost ratio among the same sort for electronic commerce.Tivoli Systems Inc. today announced Tivoli Business Systems Manager, a new, fully integrated solution that allows businesses to manage their IT environments from the top down, creating a powerful view of business systems management.The Tivoli Business Systems Manager solution provides us with business views and control mechanisms to manage all of our distributed IT resources in the retail, banking and electronic commerce environments-including system resources, data-bases, application servers, web servers and electronic commerce applications-from one central location. The Graphical User Interface allows us to monitor all of our re-sources on a single screen, regardless of geographical location.Combining the features of Tivoli Global Enterprise and Tivoli Manager for OS/390, Tivoli Business Systems Manager provides true end-to-end enterprise management from one console, simplifying the administration of heterogeneous environments. Tivoli Business Systems Manager enables customers to manage and control multiple applications that are required for different business functions.中文译文：电子商务电子商务或电子贸易，电子商业，或作为一个新兴的商业模式将产生深远的影响，经济和社会中发挥重要作用的社会发展世界各地。

ACD Automatic Call Distribution，自动呼叫分配设备API Application Programming Interface,应用程序编程接口)是一些预先定义的函数，目的是提供应用程序与开发人员基于某软件或硬件的以访问一组例程的能力，而又无需访问源码，或理解内部工作机制的细节。

B2C是英文Business-to-Consumer（商家对客户）的缩写，而其中文简称为“商对客”。

“商对客”是电子商务的一种模式，也就是通常说的商业零售，直接面向消费者销售产品和服务。

这种形式的电子商务一般以网络零售业为主，主要借助于互联网开展在线销售活动。

B2B是电子商务的一种模式，是英语Business-to-Business的缩写，即商业对商业，或者说是企业间的电子商务，即企业与企业之间通过互联网进行产品、服务及信息的交换。

BSC Balanced Score Card，称做平衡计分卡，它的一个最为突出的特点就是：集测评、管理与交流功能于一体。

B2G Business to Government，企业对政府的电子商务模式BI数据分析c2c实际是电子商务的专业用语，是个人与个人之间的电子商务。

c2c即消费者间，因为英文中的2的发音同to，所以c to c简写为c2c。

c指的是消费者，因为消费者的英文单词是Consumer，所以简写为c，而C2C即 Consumer to Consumer。

C2G Customer to Government，消费者对政府的电子商务模式COD Cash on Delivery 商业用语，货到付款CC call center，呼叫中心CPL(Cost Per Leads)：以搜集潜在客户名单多少来收费；CPC(Cost Per Click；Cost Per Thousand Click-Through)每次点击的费用。

CPM(Cost Per Mille，或者Cost Per Thousand；Cost Per Impressions)每千次印象费用。

《电子商务英语词汇表》Chapter 1：Overview of Electronic Commerce The open case：Dell—Using E-Commerce for Success【教学内容】1、掌握“Dell—Using E-Commerce for Success”中的专业及非专业词汇及用法：（1）Dell——戴尔公司（2）PC（personal computer）——个人电脑（3）mail order——邮件订单（通过邮件产生订单）（4）configure——配置（5）customized——定制的（6）build-to-order——按单生产（7）cornerstone——奠基石（8）business model——商业模型（9）snail mail——蜗牛邮寄（10）Web——网页（11）online-order-taking——在线订购（12）network switches——网络交换设备（13）auction——拍卖（14）refurbished——翻新的（refurbished computers, 翻新机）（15）Business-to-business ——B2B（16）Premier Dell Service——“首要客户服务”（大客户、重要客户服务）（17）direct marketing online——网上直销（18）notebook——笔记本电脑（19）desktop——桌面电脑（20）e-procurement——电子采购（21）purchasing agents——采购代理、采购部门（22）preconfigured——预先配置的（23）order fulfilled——订单履行（24）e-working——电子办公网（25）portal——门户，这里作“接口”（26）tender——投标（27）exchange——交易（系统）（28）shipper——运输商（29）logistics——后勤学，这里作“物流”,logisticscompanies,物流公司（30）inventories——库存（31）application ——应用软件（32）consulting services——咨询服务（33）communication system——通信系统（34）e-collaboration——电子合作（35）web service——web服务（36）ERP(Enterprise resource planning)——企业资源整合（37）E-customer service——电子客户服务（38）CRM(Customer relationship management）——客户关系管理（39）demand-planning——需求计划（40）factory-execution——生产执行（41）order-to-delivery——按单配送（42）high-performance——高性能，这里做“高绩效”（43）factory-scheduling——生产计划、生产进度（44）profit——利润（45）initial public offering (IPO)——证券（46）charity——慈善（47）National Cristina Foundation——国家救济基金会（48）students at risk——贫困学生（49）economically disadvantaged persons——经济困难的人群（50）recycling program——回收计划（51）urban——城市（52）reassemble——重新组装（53）educational institutions——教育机构（54）stage——上演（55）consumer electronics——消费电子化1.1 Electronic Commerce: Definition and Concept【教学内容】1、掌握“Electronic Commerce: Definition and Concept”中的专业及非专业词汇及用法：（1）electronic commerce——电子商务（2）e-commerce——电子商务（3）guru——大师（领袖、权威）（4）commerce——商务（5）e-business——电子业务（电子商务）（6）business partners——商业伙伴（7）collaborate——合作（8）conducting——执行、实施（9）transactions——交易（10）artificial intelligence——人工智能（11）data processing——数据处理（12）decision making——决策支持（13）decision making system ——决策支持系统（14）policymaking——政策制定（15）profound——深刻的（16）industry structure——产业结构、行业结构（17）consumer segmentation——客户分割（18）commercial——商业（19）trade——贸易（20）delivery——交付（21）transact——交易（22）e-business——电子业务（23）dimension——维度（24）brick-and-mortar——砖加水泥（25）pure-play——专营的（电子商务）（26）click-and-mortar——鼠标加水泥（27）value-added-networks——增值网（28）inter-organizational——跨组织的（29）intra-organizational——组织内部的（30）routine——惯例1.2 The EC Framework, Classification, and Content【教学内容】1、掌握“The EC Framework, Classification, and Content”中的专业及非专业词汇及用法：（1）field——领域（2）diverse—不同的（3）framework——框架（4）exhibit——展品（5）infrastructure——基础设施（6）mandate——授权、托管（7）geographic——地理的（8）exclusively——专有的（9）majority—— 多数（10）category——类别（11）counterpart——配对物（12）joint ventures——合资（13）operational——运作（14）direct marketing——直销（15）online banking——网上银行（16）e-purchasing——电子采购（17）promotion——优惠（18）affiliate——会员、联盟（19）consortia——银行团（20）EDI(Electronic data interchange)——电子数据交换（21）Cable TV——有线电视（22）B2B(Business to Business)——企业-企业（23）B2C(Business to Customer)——企业-消费者（24）B2B2C(Business to Business to Customer)——企业-企业-消费者（25）C2B(Customer to Business)——消费者-企业（26）C2C(Customer to Customer)——消费者-消费者（27）Peer-to-Peer applications——端到端应用（28）Mobile commerce(m-commerce)——移动商务（29）Intrabusiness EC——企业内部电子商务（30）B2E(Business-to-employees)——企业-员工（31）Collaborative commerce——合作商务（32）Non-business EC——非商业电子商务（33）E-learning——电子学习（网上学习）（34）E2E(Exchange-exchange)——交易所对交易所（35）E-government——电子政务（36）search engine——搜索引擎（37）VAN (value added network) ——增值网（38）WAN (wide area network)——广域网（39）LAN (local area network)——局域网（40）HTTP (Hyper Text Transport Protocol) ——超文本传输协议（41）HTML（Hyper Text Markup Language）——超文本标记语言（42）XML (eXtensible Markup Language)——可扩展标记语言（43）telecom——telecomminication，电讯，远程通讯（44）delivery——传送、递送、交付1.3 The Digital Revolution Drives E-Commerce【教学内容】1、掌握“The Digital Revolution Drives E-Commerce”中的专业及非专业词汇及用法：（1）digital economy——数字经济（2）digital communication network——数字通信网（3）extranet—外联网（4）Internet economy——互联网经济（5）New economy——新经济（6）Web economy——万维网（网站）经济（7）digitizable products——数字化产品（8）database——数据库（9）digital currencies——数字货币（10）financial tokens—— 金融代币（11）microprocessor——微处理器（12）home appliance——家用电器（13）automobile——汽车（14）convergence——集中、收敛（15）computing——计算（16）communication——通信（17）stimulate——刺激（18）low inflation——低通货膨胀率（19）innovation——变革1.4 The Business Environment Drives E-Commerce【教学内容】1、掌握“The Business Environment Drives E-Commerce”中的专业及非专业词汇及用法：（1）business environment——商业环境（2）CEO——Chief Executive Officer（3）Qantas Airway——澳航（4）turbulent—动荡的、吵闹的（5）expedite——加速（6）the environment-response-support model——环境响应支持模型（7）unprofitable facilities——不盈利机构、部门（8）critical response activities——关键响应行为（9）necessity——必要性、需要（10）workforce——劳动力（11）obsolescence——（技术）过时、退化（12）information overload—— 信息过剩（13）deregulation——解除（放松）管制（14）subsidy——补助、津贴（15）ethics——伦理道德1.5 EC Business Models【教学内容】1、掌握“EC Business Models”中的专业及非专业词汇及用法：（1）business model——商业模型（2）revenue——收入、收益（3）revenue——收益模型（4）outline——概括Chapter 3：Retailing in Electronic Commerce: Products andServices3.1 Internet Marketing and Electronic Retailing【教学内容】1、掌握“Internet Marketing and Electronic Retailing”中的专业及非专业词汇及用法：（1）retailer——零售商（2）retailing——零售（业）（3）electronic retailing——电子零售（业）（4）e-retailing——电子零售（业）（5）e-tailer——电子零售商（6）operate——运作、运行（7）manufacture——制造商、制造企业（8）physical——物理的、现实的（9）electronic retail ——电子零售（10）intermediary——中间环节（11）factory outlets——工厂店（12）wholesale——批发（13）distribution——分销（14）ubiquity—无处不在的，普遍存在的（15）catalog sales——邮购销售方式（16）vacation service——度假服务（17）portal——门户网站（18）consolidate——合并、统一（19）revenue——收入（20）value proposition——价值观（21）fare——费用（22）travel accessories—— 旅游用品（23）stand-by tickets——返航机票（24）otherwise-empty seat——剩余的空座位（25）steep——急剧的（26）eurailpass——欧洲铁路旅行优惠票3.2 E-Tailing Business Models【教学内容】1、掌握“E-Tailing Business Models”中的专业及非专业词汇及用法：（1）manufacturer——生产商（2）transaction——交易（3）enterprise——企业（4）HRM——human resource management,人力资源管理（5）IT——Information Technologe信息技术（6）SCM——Supply Chain Management（7）ERP——Enterprise Resource Planning，企业资源规划（8）CRM——Customer Relationship Management客户关系管理（9）mail order——邮购（10）direct marketing ——直销（11）pure-play e-taile r—— 纯电子商务的电子零售（12）click and mortar——鼠标加水泥（13）internet(online) mall ——互联网商城，在线商城（14）distribution channel —— 分布渠道3.3 Travel and Tourism Services Online【教学内容】1、掌握“Travel and Tourism Services Online”中的专业及非专业词汇及用法：（1）travel online——在线旅行、在线旅游（2）online travel service——在线旅行服务（3）conventional travel agency——传统的旅行中介，旅行社（4）car rental agency——汽车租赁代理（5）revenue ——收入（6）consultancy fee——咨询费（7）vacation service——度假服务（8）reserve ticket——订票（9）accommodation——住宿（10）entertainment——娱乐（11）travel magazine——旅行杂志（12）fare comparison ——费用比较（13）city guide——城市指南、向导（14）currency conversion calculator——现金转换计算器（15）driving map——驾驶地图（16）travel accessory ——旅行装备设施（17）travel bargain——旅行折扣（18）discount——折扣（19）cheap ticket——廉价机票（20）chat room——聊天室（21）stopover——中途停留（22）corporate travel——社团旅游（23）intelligent Agent——智能代理软件Chapter 4: Consumer Behavior, Market Research, andAdvertisement4.1 Learning about Consumer Behavior Online【教学内容】1、掌握“Learned Learning about Consumer Behavior Online”中的专业及非专业词汇及用法：（1）royalty—— 皇权，至上（2）critical——关键的，重要的（3）lure——吸引（4）factor——因素（5）independent variables——自变量（6）intervening (or moderate) variables——介入（缓解）变量（7）intervene——介入、干涉（8）moderate——中等的, 适度的, 适中的；减轻、缓和（9）dependent variables——因变量（10）decision-making——决策的，决策（11）resell——再卖, 转售（12）demographic——人口统计学的（13）ethnicity——种族划分（14）occupation——职业（15）household income——家庭收入（16）correlate——使相互关联（17）unfavorable——不宜的, 不顺利的, 相反的, 令人不快的（18）psychological——心理上的（19）stimuli——鼓励, 刺激物（20）marketer——销售商4.2 The Consumer Decision-Making Process【教学内容】1、掌握“The Consumer Decision-Making Process”中的专业及非专业词汇及用法：（1）decision-making——决策、决策的（2）clarify——澄清、阐明（3）marketer——销售商（4）lead up to——先导、准备（5）culminate——告终, 完结（6）purchasing-decision——购物决定（7）revert——回返（8）broker——经纪人（9）Decision Support System——决策支持系统（10）facility——工具（11）customer loyalty——客户忠诚。

O2O、C2C、B2B、B2C中英文全解释对照表【收藏贴】终于有人把O2O、C2C、B2B、B2C的区别讲透了o2o 是 online to offline 分为四种运营模式1.online to offline 是线上交易到线下消费体验2.offline to online 是线下营销到线上交易3.offline to online to offline 是线下营销到线上交易再到线下消费体验4.online to offline to online 是线上交易或营销到线下消费体验再到线上消费体验具体例子:保险直购O2O,苏宁易购O2O,大众点评O2O等c2c是 consumer to consumer 就是个人对个人的，比如淘宝的小店铺。

b2c是 business to consumer 是商家对个人，这个就很多了卓越、当当、京东等等都是。

b2c、c2c 很重要的一点是都运用了物流。

b2b 是business to business 是企业间的，比如阿里巴巴。

举例通俗说明一下就是：C2C 就是我卖东西你来买B2C 就是我成立个公司卖东西，你来买O2O 就是我成立个公司卖东西你来买但是要你自己来拿B2B 就是你也成立了公司买我公司的东西二.电子商务知识口诀B2B有三宝：企业、中介、沟通好B2C有三宝：品牌、渠道、销售好C2C有三宝：你开、我买、支付宝O2O有三宝：线上、线下、一起搞LBS有三宝：签到、优惠、位置找NFC有三宝：近场、支付、安全好SEO有三宝：内容、外链、权重屌EDM有三宝：内容、受众、分析好CPA有三宝：行动、转化、站长恼CPS有三宝：佣金、销量、效果好CPC有三宝：点击、引导、作弊少CPM有三宝：展示、千人、不可靠PHP有三宝：开放、高效、成本少从事电子商务，以上都要知晓电子商务模式B2B（经济组织对经济组织）B2C（经济组织对消费者）B2B2C（企业对企业对消费者）C2B(T)（消费者集合竞价-团购）C2C（消费者对消费者）B2F（企业对家庭）O2O（网上与网下相结合）SaaS（软件服务）PaaS（平台服务）IaaS（基础服务）M-B（移动电子商务）B2G（政府采购）G2B（政府抛售）B2M（面向市场营销的电子商务企业）M2C（生产厂商对消费者）SoLoMo（社交+本地化+移动）ABC（代理商-商家-消费者）BAB（企业-联盟-企业）P2C（生活服务平台）P2P（点对点、渠道对渠道）SNS-EC（社会化网络电子商务）B2S（分享式商务，或体验式商务）（注：文档可能无法思考全面，请浏览后下载，供参考。

零售业电子商务Retail E-commerce and socio-economic development:conceptualizing the link作者：Richard Boateng； Richard Heeks； Alemayehu Molla； Robert Hinson 国籍：UK ；UK ；Australia ；Ghana出处：Internet Research, 2008, Vol.18 (5)原文正文：E-commerce and tradeThis considers e-commerce’s impact in facilitating trade and other income generating activities including contribution to the gross national product through exports and entrepreneurship and employment opportunities at the local and national level. Trade through exports serves as a critical contribution to economic growth in many economies of DCs. The successful experiences of countries such as Thailand, China, Taiwan and Singapore, give evidence to trade being an important stimulus to rapid economic growth (Todaro and Smith, 2003, p. 543). DC organizations adopting and implementing e-commerce stand to have a potential advantage in savings in transactional costs, and discovering new markets for their products to increase their reach. Access to global commodity chains and international trade tends to contribute to social and economic development in DCs: by“utilising idle human and capital resources” (Todaro and Smith, 2003, p. 543), thus creating employment, and by“earning foreign exchan ge from commodity exports to finance the imports of capital goods and other essentials for domestic development” (Maizels, 2000, p. 169).On the other hand, the inelasticities of supply and demand within the world commodity markets make a high dependence on commodity exports a major handicap to these efforts of achieving development. This is characterised by the fact that most non-oil exporting DCs have experienced a slow growth or decline of commodity or primary-products exports, a deterioration in the trade terms for primary-products, and a form of “protectionism” against the exports of manufactured and agricultural processed goods from DCs over the past fewdecades (Todaro and Smith, 2003, pp. 69, 558, 575). The slow growth stems from several reasons including:(1) a shift in developed countries from low technology, material-intensive goods to hightechnology, skill-intensive products, which decreases demand for raw materials; (2) increased efficiency in industrial uses of raw materials; and (3) the substitution of synthetics for natural raw materials like rubber, copper and cotton (Todaro and Smith, 2003, p. 575).In effect, there tend to be several challenges in seeking economic development through exports. While these challenges cannot be addressed by e-commerce alone, they point out that achieving operational efficiency and the possibility of expanding market share in current export trade is critical to ensure the survival of DC firms, and thereby generate more revenue through foreign exchange for their countries. Operational efficiency, as discussed earlier, tends to be a basic attractive incentive for DC firms to implement e-commerce and can further lead to other interrelated benefits of informational and strategic importance. Extant research on e-commerce and trade has documented innovative efforts adopted by quite a number of entrepreneurs in DCs. These efforts have been focused on exporting or selling their unique “cultural capital”; craft products, art, and festivals – for some countries this is paving the way for e-commerce in tourism (Wresch, 2003; Wood, 2004; Boateng and Hinson, 2007). These include (Ethiopia) and (Bangladesh), which market the concept of non-resident Ethiopians or Bangladesh buying gifts online (sheep, flowers and crafts) to be delivered to relatives or friends living at home (UNCTAD, 2001).Another related example in India is an online shop, India Shop, developed by 100 recent college graduates (40 percent being women) to market local clothing, craft, a nd jewellery products (Wood, 2004). With respect to “cultural capital” and other agricultural products there are diverse entrepreneurial opportunities in DCs, which can also generate employment opportunities and other income generating activities.Some o f these “cultural capital” initiatives tend to be potential areas where women entrepreneurs may dominate as entrepreneurs or knowledgeable resources in decision-making processes of e-commerce. Women gettinginvolved in the decision-making process of e-commerce within the DC organizations or involved in entrepreneurial activities contribute to gender development. Additionally, the focus on agricultural products has a potential contribution to rural development particularly it increases and diversifies the income sources for rural livelihoods. An example of this is the case of Honey Care Africa, a Kenyan commercial honey company that buys, processes and sells high-quality honey for the East African domestic market and the European speciality food market (Wheeler et al., 2005, p. 36). It partners with micro finance institutions and NGOs to provide small-scale rural beekeepers with loans and training services. This business concept is supported by an interactive e-commerce web site which it uses to publish information about itself, products, project partners and accepting and responding to queries and e-mail from clients, investors and interested parties. Honey Care has increased and diversified the income sources for about 7,800 poor Kenyan farmers and the concept is being replicated in other countries including Tanzania and Uganda. E-commerce tends to therefore play a supporting function of generating potential informational benefits; improving marketplace information and building and improving communication and relationships for Honey Care while indirectly contributing to its rural development objective. This example and earlier noted cases in India suggest that firms engaged in export-oriented activities are more likely to adopt strategies which enable them to realize benefits to support their nature of operations, and potentially directly or indirectly impact on development. A substantial increase in viable entrepreneurial and employment opportunities at local and national level can, therefore, contribute to a relative increase in other economic opportunities in the country.零售业电子商务和社会经济发展:概念化的链接作者：Richard Boateng；Richard Heeks；Alemayehu Molla；Robert Hinson国籍：英国；英国；澳大利亚；戛纳出处：《互联网研究》 2008年中文译文：电子商务和贸易本文考虑零售业电子商务对促进贸易和其他创汇活动的影响，包括对出口国民生产总值和创业和本地和国家的就业机会的影响。

零售行业的电子商务资料近年来，随着互联网的广泛普及和电子商务的快速发展，零售行业也开始逐渐转型升级，电子商务成为零售商们争相采用的一种新的经营模式。

本文将介绍一些与零售行业电子商务相关的资料，供读者参考。

一、电子商务的定义电子商务，英文为Electronic Commerce，简称为E-commerce，指的是通过互联网等电子手段进行商业活动的过程和方式。

它涵盖了网上购物、电子支付、在线客服、物流配送等一系列与商业相关的活动，为消费者和商家提供了便捷、高效的交易方式。

二、电子商务的优势1. 扩大销售范围：电子商务突破了地域限制，商家可以通过网络将产品和服务推广到全国乃至全球的消费者，扩大了销售范围。

2. 降低成本：相比传统的实体店铺，电子商务减少了人力资源和场地租赁等成本，使得企业能够以更低的价格提供商品和服务，提升竞争力。

3. 实时交互：电子商务通过在线客服、评论互动等功能，实现买家和卖家之间的实时交互，提高了购物体验和客户满意度。

4. 数据分析：电子商务平台可以收集和分析大量的用户数据，帮助企业了解消费者需求、行为习惯等，为精准营销提供支持。

三、电子商务在零售行业的应用1. 网上购物平台：电子商务为零售商提供了一个在线销售的平台，如淘宝、京东、天猫等，消费者可以通过这些平台方便地购买到所需的商品。

2. 移动支付：随着智能手机的普及，移动支付成为一种便捷的支付方式。

零售商可以通过支持支付宝、微信支付等移动支付平台，提供多样化的支付选择，方便消费者的购物体验。

3. 大数据分析：电子商务平台积累了大量的用户数据，可以通过数据分析工具进行精准分析，在销售、营销等方面做出更加明智的决策。

4. O2O模式：线上与线下的结合，如线上购物后到实体店取货、线下店铺通过网络推广等方式，更好地服务消费者，提升销售量。

四、电子商务带来的挑战与应对1. 信息安全风险：随着电子商务发展，网络诈骗、个人信息泄露等问题也日益突出。