英文文献中文翻译

01搜狗翻译搜狗翻译的文档翻译功能有三个优点：第一，可以直接上传文档，流程操作简单化，这才是一键翻译哇，我之前只能说是很多键……；第二，在线阅读翻译结果时，系统可实时提供原文与译文的双屏对照，方便对比查看；第三，译文可直接免费下载，方便进一步研读或分享。

02Google Chrome浏览器假设一个情景，你想在PubMed上找到以清华大学为第一单位的施一公教授的文章，那么，可以在Chrome浏览器上，登上PubMed，搜索格式为Yigong Shi Tsinghua University，即可找到其发表的文章。

接着，看上一篇蛮不错的，点击进去看看，然后，还是全英文。

这时候，你可以试下Chrome自带的网页翻译，真的可以秒翻译，将英文翻译为中文，而且还可以快速转换中/英界面。

03Adobe Acrobat笔者在这里给大伙介绍另一款秒翻译PDF文档的神器（笔者使用的Adobe Acrobat Pro DC，至于具体的下载和安装方式，读者可自行百度）。

但是，需要注意一点，这是Adobe Acrobat，而不是Adobe Reader。

在这里，请应许笔者介绍下开发出Adobe Acrobat的公司——Adobe。

Adobe，在软件界绝对是巨头中巨头的存在。

打个比方，我们常用的PS、PR、AE、In、LR等，无一例外都是领域中的顶尖水平，而且都是Adobe家的。

其中，Adobe家中就有一款几位出色的PDF编辑及处理软件——Adobe Acrobat。

（据说PDF作为国际通用的文件存储格式，也是依它而起）OK，进入主题，Adobe Acrobat是长这个样子的。

它可能干嘛呢？PDF 转word、图片合拼为PDF、编辑PDF等等，可以说，与PDF相关的，它都可以搞定。

那如何使用它来帮助我们翻译文献PDF呢？第一步，用它打开文献PDF文件；第二步，点击使用界面上的“文件”，接着点击“另存为”，选择存储格式为“HTML”，如下图；第三步，PDF文档在导出完成后，会得到两个文件，一是将PDF转为HTML格式的网页文件，另一个则是支持网页文件里面的图片（若删，网页里面的图片显示不出来）第四步，找到网页文件，打开方式选择Google Chrome浏览器，接着，结合Chrome浏览器的网页翻译，即可秒翻。

外文文献原稿和译文原稿Sodium Polyacrylate:Also known as super-absorbent or “SAP”(super absorbent polymer), Kimberly Clark used to call it SAM (super absorbent material). It is typically used in fine granular form (like table salt). It helps improve capacity for better retention in a disposable diaper, allowing the product to be thinner with improved performance and less usage of pine fluff pulp. The molecular structure of the polyacrylate has sodium carboxylate groups hanging off the main chain. When it comes in contact with water, the sodium detaches itself, leaving only carboxylions. Being negatively charged, these ions repel one another so that the polymer also has cross-links, which effectively leads to a three-dimensional structure. It has hige molecular weight of more than a million; thus, instead of getting dissolved, it solidifies into a gel. The Hydrogen in the water (H-O-H) is trapped by the acrylate due to the atomic bonds associated with the polarity forces between the atoms. Electrolytes in the liquid, such as salt minerals (urine contains 0.9% of minerals), reduce polarity, thereby affecting superabsorbent properties, especially with regard to the superabsorbent capacity for liquid retention. This is the main reason why diapers containing SAP should never be tested with plain water. Linear molecular configurations have less total capacity than non-linear molecules but, on the other hand, retention of liquid in a linear molecule is higher than in a non-linear molecule, due to improved polarity. For a list of SAP suppliers, please use this link: SAP, the superabsorbent can be designed to absorb higher amounts of liquids (with less retention) or very high retentions (but lower capacity). In addition, a surface cross linker can be added to the superabsorbent particle to help it move liquids while it is saturated. This helps avoid formation of "gel blocks", the phenomenon that describes the impossibility of moving liquids once a SAP particle gets saturated.History of Super Absorbent Polymer ChemistryUn til the 1980’s, water absorbing materials were cellulosic or fiber-based products. Choices were tissue paper, cotton, sponge, and fluff pulp. The water retention capacity of these types of materials is only 20 times their weight – at most.In the early 1960s, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) was conducting work on materials to improve water conservation in soils. They developed a resin based on the grafting of acrylonitrile polymer onto the backbone of starch molecules (i.e. starch-grafting). The hydrolyzed product of the hydrolysis of this starch-acrylonitrile co-polymer gave water absorption greater than 400 times its weight. Also, the gel did not release liquid water the way that fiber-based absorbents do.The polymer came to be known as “Super Slurper”.The USDA gave the technical know how several USA companies for further development of the basic technology. A wide range of grating combinations were attempted including work with acrylic acid, acrylamide and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).Since Japanese companies were excluded by the USDA, they started independent research using starch, carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), acrylic acid, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and isobutylene maleic anhydride (IMA).Early global participants in the development of super absorbent chemistry included Dow Chemical, Hercules, General Mills Chemical, DuPont, National Starch & Chemical, Enka (Akzo), Sanyo Chemical, Sumitomo Chemical, Kao, Nihon Starch and Japan Exlan.In the early 1970s, super absorbent polymer was used commercially for the first time –not for soil amendment applications as originally intended –but for disposable hygienic products. The first product markets were feminine sanitary napkins and adult incontinence products.In 1978, Park Davis (d.b.a. Professional Medical Products) used super absorbent polymers in sanitary napkins.Super absorbent polymer was first used in Europe in a baby diaper in 1982 when Schickendanz and Beghin-Say added the material to the absorbent core. Shortly thereafter, UniCharm introduced super absorbent baby diapers in Japan while Proctor & Gamble and Kimberly-Clark in the USA began to use the material.The development of super absorbent technology and performance has been largely led by demands in the disposable hygiene segment. Strides in absorption performance have allowed the development of the ultra-thin baby diaper which uses a fraction of the materials – particularly fluff pulp – which earlier disposable diapers consumed.Over the years, technology has progressed so that there is little if any starch-grafted super absorbent polymer used in disposable hygienic products. These super absorbents typically are cross-linked acrylic homo-polymers (usually Sodium neutralized).Super absorbents used in soil amendments applications tend to be cross-linked acrylic-acrylamide co-polymers (usually Potassium neutralized).Besides granular super absorbent polymers, ARCO Chemical developed a super absorbent fiber technology in the early 1990s. This technology was eventually sold to Camelot Absorbents. There are super absorbent fibers commercially available today. While significantly more expensive than the granular polymers, the super absorbent fibers offer technical advantages in certain niche markets including cable wrap, medical devices and food packaging.Sodium polyacrylate, also known as waterlock, is a polymer with the chemical formula [-CH2-CH(COONa)-]n widely used in consumer products. It has the ability to absorb as much as 200 to 300 times its mass in water. Acrylate polymers generally are considered to possess an anionic charge. While sodium neutralized polyacrylates are the most common form used in industry, there are also other salts available including potassium, lithium and ammonium.ApplicationsAcrylates and acrylic chemistry have a wide variety of industrial uses that include: ∙Sequestering agents in detergents. (By binding hard water elements such as calcium and magnesium, the surfactants in detergents work more efficiently.) ∙Thickening agents∙Coatings∙Fake snowSuper absorbent polymers. These cross-linked acrylic polymers are referred to as "Super Absorbents" and "Water Crystals", and are used in baby diapers. Copolymerversions are used in agriculture and other specialty absorbent applications. The origins of super absorbent polymer chemistry trace back to the early 1960s when the U.S. Department of Agriculture developed the first super absorbent polymer materials. This chemical is featured in the Maximum Absorbency Garment used by NASA.译文聚丙烯酸钠聚丙烯酸钠，又可以称为超级吸收剂或者又叫高吸水性树脂，凯博利克拉克教授曾经称它为SAM即：超级吸收性物质。

Adult【成年人】Aged【老年人】Aged, 80 and over【老年人, 80以上】Catheterization, Central Venous/*instrumentation/methods【*导管插入术, 中心静脉/*仪器/方法】Cost-Benefit Analysis【费用效益分析】Equipment Design【设备设计】Equipment Failure【设备失效】Equipment Safety【设备安全性】Female【女(雌)性】Humans【人类】Infusion Pumps, Implantable/adverse effects/*economics【*输注泵, 植入型/副作用/*经济学】Male【男(雄)性】Middle Aged【中年人】Neoplasms/*drug therapy/pathology【*肿瘤/*药物疗法/病理学】Probability【概率】Prospective Studies【前瞻性研究】Risk Assessment【危险性评估】Sensitivity and Specificity【敏感性与特异性】Treatment Outcome【治疗结果】Vascular Patency【血管未闭】Venous Thrombosis/prevention & control【静脉血栓形成】Adolescent【青少年】Adult【成年人】Aged【老年人】Aged, 80 andover【老年人, 80以上】AntineoplasticAgents/*administration& dosage【*抗肿瘤药】*Catheters,Indwelling/adverseeffects/economics【*导管, 留置/副作用/经济学】Female【女(雌)性】Humans【人类】*Infusion Pumps,Implantable/adverse。

外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文Hydraulic systemW Arnold1 IntroductionThe hydraulic station is called a hydraulic pump station and is an independent hydraulic device. It is step by step to supply oil. And control the direction of hydraulic oil flow, pressure and flow, suitable for the host and hydraulic equipment can be separated on the various hydraulic machinery.After the purchase, the user only needs to connect the hydraulic station and the actuator (hydraulic or oil motor) on the mainframe with different tubings. The hydraulic machine can realize various specified actions and working cycles.The hydraulic station is a combination of manifolds, pump units or valve assemblies, electrical boxes, and tank electrical boxes. Each part function is:The pump unit is equipped with a motor and an oil pump, which is the power source of the hydraulic station and can convert mechanical energy into hydraulic oil pressure energy.V alve combination - its plate valve is mounted on the vertical plate, and the rear plate is connected with the same function as the manifold.Oil manifolds - assembled from hydraulic valves and channel bodies. It regulates hydraulic oil pressure, direction and flow.Box--a semi-closed container for plate welding. It is also equipped with an oil screen, an air filter, etc., which is used for cooling and filtering of oil and oil.Electrical box - divided into two types: one is to set the external lead terminal board; one is equipped with a full set of control appliances.The working principle of the hydraulic station: The motor drives the oil pump to rotate, then the pump sucks oil from the oil tank and supplies oil, converts the mechanical energy into hydraulic pressure energy, and the hydraulic oil passes through the manifold (or valve assembly) to adjust the direction, pressure and flow and then passes through the external tube. The way to the hydraulic cylinder or oil motor in the hydraulic machinery, so as to control the direction of the hydraulic motor, the strength of the speed and speed, to promote all kinds of hydraulic machinery to do work.(1) Development history of hydraulic pressureThe development history of hydraulics (including hydraulic power, the same below), pneumatics, and seals industry in China can be roughly divided into three stages, namely: the starting stage in the early 1950s to the early 60s; and the professional in the 60s and 70s. The growth stage of the production system; the 80-90's is a stage of rapid development. Among them, the hydraulic industry began in the early 1950s with thedevelopment of hydraulic machines such as Grinding Machines, broaching machines, and profiling lathes, which were produced by the machine tool industry. The hydraulic components were produced by the hydraulic workshop in the machine tool factory, and were produced for self use. After entering the 1960s, the application of hydraulic technology was gradually promoted from the machine tool to the agricultural machinery and engineering machinery. The original hydraulic workshop attached to the main engine plant was independent and became a professional manufacturer of hydraulic components. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, with the continuous development of mechanization of production, particularly in the provision of highly efficient and automated equipment for the second automobile manufacturing plant, the hydraulic component manufacturing industry witnessed rapid development. The batch of small and medium-sized enterprises also began to become specialized manufacturers of hydraulic parts. In 1968, the annual output of hydraulic components in China was close to 200,000 pieces. In 1973, in the fields of machine tools, agricultural machinery, construction machinery and other industries, the professional factory for the production of hydraulic parts has grown to over 100, and its annual output exceeds 1 million pieces. Such an independent hydraulic component manufacturing industry has taken shape. At this time, the hydraulic product has evolved from the original imitation Su product intoa combination of imported technology and self-designed products. The pressure has been developed towards medium and high pressures, and electro-hydraulic servo valves and systems have been developed. The application of hydraulics has been further expanded. The pneumatic industry started a few years later than hydraulics, and it was only in 1967 that it began to establish a professional pneumatic components factory. Pneumatic components began to be manufactured and sold as commodities. Its sealing industry including rubber seals, flexible graphite seals, and mechanical seals started from the production of common O-rings, oil seals, and other extruded rubber seals and asbestos seal products in the early 1950s. In the early 1960s, it began to develop and produce flexible products. Graphite seals and mechanical seals and other products. In the 1970s, a batch of batches of professional production plants began to be established one after another in the systems of the former Ministry of Combustion, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Agricultural Machinery, formally forming the industry, which laid the foundation for the development of the seal industry.In the 1980s, under the guidance of the national policy of reform and opening up, with the continuous development of the machinery industry, the contradiction between the basic components lags behind the host computer has become increasingly prominent and caused the attention of all relevant departments. To this end, the former Ministry of Machinesestablished the General Infrastructure Industry Bureau in 1982, and unified the original pneumatic, hydraulic, and seal specialties that were scattered in the industries of machine tools, agricultural machinery, and construction machinery, etc. The management of a piece of office, so that the industry in the planning, investment, the introduction of technology and scientific research and development and other aspects of the basic parts of the bureau's guidance and support. This has entered a period of rapid development, it has introduced more than 60 foreign advanced technology, of which more than 40 hydraulic, pneumatic 7, after digestion and absorption and technological transformation, are now mass production, and has become the industry's leading products . In recent years, the industry has intensified its technological transformation. From 1991 to 1998, the total investment of national, local, and corporate self-raised funds totaled about 2 billion yuan, of which more than 1.6 billion were hydraulic. After continuous technological transformation and technological breakthroughs, the technical level of a group of major enterprises has been further improved, and technological equipment has also been greatly improved, laying a good foundation for forming a high starting point, specialization, and mass production. In recent years, under the guidance of the principle of common development of multiple ownership systems in the country, various small and medium-sized enterprises with different ownership have rapidly emerged and haveshown great vitality. With the further opening up of the country, foreign-funded enterprises have developed rapidly, which plays an important role in raising industry standards and expanding exports. So far China has established joint ventures with famous manufacturers in the United States, Germany, Japan and other countries or directly established piston pumps/motors, planetary speed reducers, hydraulic control valves, steering gears, hydraulic systems, hydrostatic transmissions, and hydraulic components. The company has more than 50 manufacturing enterprises such as castings, pneumatic control valves, cylinders, gas processing triplets, rubber seals, and mechanical seals, and has attracted more than 200 million U.S. dollars in foreign capital.(2) Current statusBasic profileAfter more than 40 years of hard work, China's hydraulics, pneumatics and seals industry has formed a complete industrial system with a certain level of production capacity and technical level. According to the statistics of the third n ational industrial census in 1995, China’s state-owned, privately-owned, cooperative, village-run, individual, and “funded enterprises” have annual sales income of more than 1 million yuan in hydraulic, pneumatic, and seal industrial townships and above. There are a total of more than 1,300 companies, including about 700 hydraulics, and about 300 pneumatic and sealing parts. According to thestatistics of the international industry in 1996, the total output value of the hydraulic industry in China was about 2.448 billion yuan, accounting for the 6th in the world; the total output value of the pneumatic industry was about 419 million yuan, accounting for the world’s10 people.2. Current supply and demand profileWith the introduction of technology, independent development and technological transformation, the technical level of the first batch of high-pressure plunger pumps, vane pumps, gear pumps, general hydraulic valves, oil cylinders, oil-free pneumatic components and various types of seals has become remarkable. Improve, and can be stable mass production, provide guarantees for all types of host to improve product quality. In addition, certain achievements have also been made in the aspects of CAD, pollution control, and proportional servo technology for hydraulic pneumatic components and systems, and have been used for production. So far, the hydraulic, pneumatic and seal products have a total of about 3,000 varieties and more than 23,000 specifications. Among them, there are about 1,200 types of hydraulic pressure, more than 10,000 specifications (including 60 types of hydrodynamic products, 500 specifications); about 1350 types of pneumatic, more than 8,000 specifications; there are also 350 types of rubber seals, more than 5000 The specifications are now basically able to adapt to the general needs ofvarious types of mainframe products. The matching rate for major equipment sets can reach more than 60%, and a small amount of exports has started.In 1998, the domestic production of hydraulic components was 4.8 million pieces, with sales of about 2.8 billion yuan (of which mechanical systems accounted for 70%); output of pneumatic components was 3.6 million pieces, and sales were about 550 million yuan (including mechanical systems accounting for about 60%) The production of seals is about 800 million pieces, and the sales volume is about 1 billion yuan (including about 50% of mechanical systems). According to the statistics of the annual report of the China Hydraulic and Pneumatic Sealing Industry Association in 1998, the production and sales rate of hydraulic products was 97.5% (101% of hydraulic power), 95.9% of air pressure, and 98.7% of seal. This fully reflects the basic convergence of production and sales.Although China's hydraulic, pneumatic and sealing industries have made great progress, there are still many gaps compared with the development needs of the mainframe and the world's advanced level, which are mainly reflected in the variety, performance and reliability of products. . Take hydraulic products as an example, the product varieties are only 1/3 of the foreign country, and the life expectancy is 1/2 of that of foreign countries. In order to meet the needs of key hosts, imported hosts, and majortechnical equipment, China has a large number of imported hydraulic, pneumatic, and sealing products every year. According to customs statistics and relevant data analysis, in 1998, the import volume of hydraulic, pneumatic and seal products was about 200 million U.S. dollars, of which the hydraulic pressure was about 140 million U.S. dollars, the pneumatics were 30 million U.S. dollars, and the seal was about 0.3 billion U.S. dollars. The year is slightly lower. In terms of amount, the current domestic market share of imported products is about 30%. In 1998, the total demand for hydraulic parts in the domestic market was about 6 million pieces, and the total sales volume was 4 billion yuan; the total demand for pneumatic parts was about 5 million pieces, and the total sales volume was over 700 million yuan; the total demand for seals was about 1.1 billion yuan. Pieces, total sales of about 1.3 billion yuan. (3) Future developments1. The main factors affecting development(1) The company's product development capability is not strong, and the level and speed of technology development can not fully meet the current needs for advanced mainframe products, major technical equipment and imported equipment and maintenance;(2) Many companies have lagged behind in manufacturing process, equipment level and management level, and their sense of quality is not strong, resulting in low level of product performance, unstable quality,poor reliability, and insufficiency of service, and lack of user satisfaction. And trusted branded products;(3) The degree of professional specialization in the industry is low, the power is scattered, the duplication of the low level is serious, the product convergence between the region and the enterprise leads to blind competition, and the prices are reduced each other, thus the efficiency of the enterprise is reduced, the funds are lacking, and the turnover is difficult. Insufficient investment in development and technological transformation has severely restricted the overall level of the industry and its competitive strength.(4) When the degree of internationalization of the domestic market is increasing, foreign companies have gradually entered the Chinese market to participate in competition, coupled with the rise of domestic private, cooperative, foreign-funded, and individual enterprises, resulting in increasing impact on state-owned enterprises. .2. Development trendWith the continuous deepening of the socialist market economy, the relationship between supply and demand in the hydraulic, pneumatic and sealed products has undergone major changes. The seller market characterized by “shortage” has basically become a buyer’s market characterized by “structured surplus”. Replaced by. From the perspective of overall capacity, it is already in a trend of oversupply, and in particular,general low-grade hydraulic, pneumatic and seals are generally oversupply; and like high-tech products with high technological content and high value and high value-added products that are urgently needed by the host, Can not meet the needs of the market, can only rely on imports. After China's entry into the WTO, its impact may be greater. Therefore, during the “10th Five-Y ear Plan” period, the growth of the industry’s output value must not only rely on the growth of quantity. Instead, it should focus on the structural contradiction of the industry and intensify efforts to adjust the industrial structure and product structure. It should be based on the improvement of quality. Product technology upgrades in order to adapt to and stimulate market demand, and seek greater development.2. Hydraulic application on power slide(1) Introduction of Power Sliding TableUsing the binding force curve diagram and the state space analysis method to analyze and study the sliding effect and the smoothness of the sliding table of the combined machine tool, the dynamics of the hydraulic drive system of the sliding table—the self-regulating back pressure regulating system are established. mathematical model. Through the digital simulation system of the computer, the causes and main influencing factors of the slide impact and the motion instability are analyzed. What kind of conclusions can be drawn from those, if we canreasonably design the structural dimensions of hydraulic cylinders and self-regulating back pressure regulators ——The symbols used in the text are as follows:s 1 - flow source, that is, the flow rate of the governor valve outlet;S el —— sliding friction of the sliding table;R - the equivalent viscous friction coefficient of the slide;I 1 - quality of slides and cylinders;12 - self-adjusting back pressure valve core quality;C 1, c 2 - liquid volume without cylinder chamber and rod chamber;C 2 - Self-adjusting back pressure valve spring compliance;R 1, R2 - Self-adjusting back pressure valve damping orifice fluid resistance;R 9 - Self-adjusting back pressure valve valve fluid resistance;S e2——initial pre-tightening force of self-adjusting back pressure valve spring;I 4, I5 - Equivalent liquid sense of the pipeline;C 5, C 6 - equivalent liquid capacity of the pipeline;R 5, R7 - Equivalent liquid resistance of the pipeline;V 3, V4 - cylinder rodless cavity and rod cavity volume;P 3, P4—pressure of the rodless cavity and rod cavity of the cylinder;F - the slide bears the load;V - speed of slide motion;In this paper, the power bond diagram and the state space splitting method are used to establish the system's motion mathematical model, and the dynamic characteristics of the slide table can be significantly improved.In the normal operation of the combined machine tool, the magnitude of the speed of the slide, its direction and the load changes it undergoes will affect its performance in varying degrees. Especially in the process of work-in-process, the unsteady movement caused by the advancing of the load on the slide table and the cyclical change of the load will affect the surface quality of the workpiece to be machined. In severe cases, the tool will break. According to the requirements of the Dalian Machine Tool Plant, the author used the binding force curve diagram and the state space analysis method to establish a dynamic mathematical model of a self-adjusting back pressure and speed adjustment system for the new hydraulic drive system of the combined machine tool slide. In order to improve the dynamic characteristics of the sliding table, it is necessary to analyze the causes and main influencing factors of the impetus and movement of the sliding table. However, it must pass the computer's digital simulation and the final results obtained from the research.(2) Dynamic Mathematical ModelThe working principle diagram of the self-adjusting back pressure speedregulation system of the combined machine tool slide hydraulic drive system is shown in the figure. This system is used to complete the work-cycle-stop-rewind. When the sliding table is working, the three-position four-way reversing valve is in the illustrated position. The oil supply pressure of the oil pump will remain approximately constant under the effective action of the overflow valve, and the oil flow passes through the reversing valve and adjusts the speed. The valve enters the rodless chamber of the cylinder to push the slide forward. At the same time, the pressurized oil discharged from the rod chamber of the cylinder will flow back to the tank through the self-regulating back pressure valve and the reversing valve. During this process, there was no change in the operating status of both the one-way valve and the relief valve. The complex and nonlinear system of the hydraulic drive system of the self-adjusting back pressure governor system is a kind of self-adjusting back-pressure governor system. To facilitate the study of its dynamic characteristics, a simple and reasonable dynamic mathematical model that only considers the main influencing factors is established. Especially important [1][2]. From the theoretical analysis and the experimental study, we can see that the system process time is much longer than the process time of the speed control valve. When the effective pressure bearing area of the rodless cavity of the fuel tank is large, the flow rate at the outlet of the speed control valve is instantaneous. The overshoot is reflected in thesmall change in speed of the slide motion [2]. In order to further broaden and deeply study the dynamic characteristics of the system so that the research work can be effectively performed on a miniature computer, this article will further simplify the original model [2], assuming that the speed control valve is output during the entire system pass. When the flow is constant, this is considered to be the source of the flow. The schematic diagram of the dynamic model structure of this system is shown in Fig. 2. It consists of a cylinder, a sliding table, a self-adjusting back pressure valve, and a connecting pipe.The power bond graph is a power flow graph. It is based on the transmission mode of the system energy, based on the actual structure, and uses the centralized parameters to represent the role of the subsystems abstractly as a resistive element R, a perceptual element I, and a capacitive element. Three kinds of role of C. Using this method, the physical concept of modeling is clear, and combined with the state-space analysis method, the linear system can be described and analyzed more accurately. This method is an effective method to study the dynamic characteristics of complex nonlinear systems in the time domain. According to the main characteristics of each component of the self-adjusting back pressure control system and the modeling rules [1], the power bond diagram of the system is obtained. The upper half of each key in the figure represents the power flow. The two variables that makeup the power are the force variables (oil pressure P and force F) and the flow variables (flow q and velocity v). The O node indicates that the system is connected in parallel, and the force variables on each key are equal and the sum of the flow variables is zero; 1 The nodes represent the series connection in the system, the flow variables on each key are equal and the sum of the force variables is Zero. TF denotes a transformer between different energy forms. The TF subscripted letter represents the conversion ratio of the flow variable or the force variable. The short bar on the key indicates the causal relationship between the two variables on the key. The full arrow indicates the control relationship. There are integral or differential relationships between the force and flow variables of the capacitive and perceptual elements in the three types of action elements. Therefore, a complex nonlinear equation of state with nine state variables can be derived from Fig. 3 . In this paper, the research on the dynamic characteristics of the sliding table starts from the two aspects of the slide's hedging and the smoothness of the motion. The fourth-order fixed-length Runge-Kutta is used for digital simulation on the IBM-PC microcomputer.(3) Slide advanceThe swaying phenomenon of the slide table is caused by the sudden disappearance of the load acting on the slide table (such as drilling work conditions). In this process, the table load F, the moving speed V, and thepressure in the two chambers of the cylinder P3 and P4 can be seen from the simulation results in Fig. 4. When the sliding table moves at a uniform speed under the load, the oil pressure in the rodless cavity of the oil cylinder is high, and a large amount of energy is accumulated in the oil. When the load suddenly disappears, the oil pressure of the cavity is rapidly reduced, and the oil is rapidly reduced. When the high-pressure state is transferred to the low-pressure state, a lot of energy is released to the system, resulting in a high-speed forward impact of the slide. However, the front slide of the sliding table causes the pressure in the rod cavity of the oil cylinder to cause the back pressure to rise, thereby consuming part of the energy in the system, which has a certain effect on the kicking of the slide table. We should see that in the studied system, the inlet pressure of the self-adjusting back pressure valve is subject to the comprehensive effect of the two-chamber oil pressure of the oil cylinder. When the load suddenly disappears, the pressure of the self-adjusting back pressure valve rapidly rises and stably exceeds the initial back pressure value. It can be seen from the figure that self-adjusting back pressure in the speed control system when the load disappears, the back pressure of the cylinder rises more than the traditional speed control system, so the oil in the rod cavity of the cylinder absorbs more energy, resulting in the amount of forward momentum of the slide It will be about 20% smaller than traditionalspeed control systems. It can be seen from this that the use of self-adjusting back-gear speed control system as a drive system slider has good characteristics in suppressing the forward punch, in which the self-adjusting back pressure valve plays a very large role.(4) The smoothness of the slideWhen the load acting on the slide changes periodically (such as in the case of milling), the speed of the slide will have to fluctuate. In order to ensure the processing quality requirements, it must reduce its speed fluctuation range as much as possible. From the perspective of the convenience of the discussion of the problem, assume that the load changes according to a sine wave law, and the resulting digital simulation results are shown in Figure 5. From this we can see that this system has the same variation rules and very close numerical values as the conventional speed control system. The reason is that when the change of the load is not large, the pressure in the two chambers of the fuel tank will not have a large change, which will eventually lead to the self-regulating back pressure valve not showing its effect clearly.(5) Improvement measuresThe results of the research show that the dynamic performance of a sliding table with self-regulating back pressure control system as a drive system is better than that of a traditional speed control system. To reduce the amount of kick in the slide, it is necessary to rapidly increase the backpressure of the rod cavity when the load disappears. To increase the smoothness of the sliding table, it is necessary to increase the rigidity of the system. The main measure is to reduce the volume of oil. From the system structure, it is known that the cylinder has a large volume between the rod cavity and the oil discharge pipe, as shown in Fig. 6a. Its existence in terms of delay and attenuation of the self-regulating back pressure valve function, on the other hand, also reduces the rigidity of the system, it will limit the further improvement of the propulsion characteristics and the smoothness of the motion. Thus, improving the dynamic characteristics of the sliding table can be handled by two methods: changing the cylinder volume or changing the size of the self-regulating back pressure valve. Through the simulation calculation of the structural parameters of the system and the comparison of the results, it can be concluded that the ratio of the volume V4 between the rod cavity and the oil discharge pipe to the volume V3 between the rodless cavity and the oil inlet pipe is changed from 5.5 to 5.5. At 1 oclock, as shown in the figure, the diameter of the bottom end of the self-adjusting back pressure valve is increased from the original 10mm to 13mm, and the length of the damper triangle groove is reduced from the original lmm to 0.7mm, which will enable the front of the slide table. The impulse is reduced by 30%, the transition time is obviously shortened, and the smoothness of the slide motion will also be greatly improved.中文译文液压系统W Arnold1. 绪论液压站称液压泵站,是独立的液压装置。

Recycling Economics: Higher Costs Are An Illusion Hidden CostsM.A.CokeMany people are surprised when they discover their community may pay more for a curbside recycling program than for regular trash pickup. They ask why - in some cases - they must pay more to give their recyclables to someone who will sell them? This leads many people to believe that recycling is not economical. One reason recycling appears to be uneconomical is that some people already pay a higher cost for trash disposal than they realize. Some local governments pay fees to hauling companies, transfer stations, or landfills out of local tax revenue. That lowers the direct cost to residents and businesses, making the regular trash pickup appear to be less expensive than it really is. But when recycling programs begin, residents usually directly pay the full cost of recycling. This can distort the cost comparisons between the recycling program and disposing of trash at landfills. Depletion Costs Recycling also is economical because costs associated with future disposal are avoided. One of these avoided costs is for landfill depletion. Landfills have limited space, and so can receive a limited amount of trash. When it is full, it must be replaced by another landfill that is generally more expensive to operate and maintain. This is due to higher costs of complying with environmental regulations, higher expenses in siting a new location, buying or allocating land, constructing the landfill, operational expenses, and long-term maintenance costs after the landfill is closed. Additionally, the new landfill may be further away than the old landfill, increasing transportation costs. Generally, a new landfill costs more than an older one. Paying the higher cost at a new landfill is avoided by keeping the older landfill open longer. Recycling and other waste-reducing methods keep the older landfill open longer. Because these avoided costs are not seen when people pay the bills, they do not usually think of the savings recycling produces. Environmental Costs Recycling is economical in several ways related to manufacturing processes. Recycling cuts down on waste produced by processing raw materials into usable forms. For example, recycling aluminum reduces mining wastes, processing wastes, and emissions produced by extracting the aluminum from the ore. Recycling usually requires less refining than raw materials. For example, it takes much less energy to melt down an aluminum can to make another aluminum can than to process the raw materials to make a can. This cuts down on chances for environmental damage and conserves our natural resources. With any product, the costs of cleaning up wastes and limitingemissions usually are passed on to consumers who purchase the product. But sometimes damage to the environment is not realized for years, is difficult to attribute to certain industries, or is caused by a combination of many industries. Acid rain is one example of this type of environmental damage. The costs of dealing with this pollution are hard to assess, but are paid for by everyone in efforts to improve the environment.Energy SavingsManufacturing products from recycled material also can save energy. The energy required to produce one aluminum can is equal to the energy embodied in the amount of gasoline it takes to fill the can half full.While recycling saves energy, that does not always mean that industries save money by using recycled materials. Labor costs for recycled products are often higher than those used in processing virgin material. Materials recovered from curbside collection, drop-off centers, and material recovery facilities must be separated, cleaned, and processed.Making a product from recycled material may require new or retrofitted equipment and other capital expenditures while virgin material supplies and equipment needed to produce most goods already exist.But since recycling saves energy, it also cuts down on pollution emitted by utilities and the companies themselves. When energy is used, the price of the resulting pollution is passed on to all energy consumers in their utility bills. Due to the new clean air law, utility companies must comply with tougher standards in reducing pollutants they release while producing energy. The cost of compliance is usually passed on to each energy consumer.If energy use is reduced by methods such as recycling, less pollution is produced. That reduces everyone's cost in terms of paying to reduce pollution and in limiting damage to natural resources.Once the long-term costs and advantages are weighed, recycling does make economic sense. Using resources wisely is always economical..循环经济学:较高的成本是一个错觉隐藏的费用M.A.Coke许多人都很惊讶当他们发现他们的社区可能多支付一个路边废物回收程序要比普通垃圾的猎物。

合成新型硅改性聚酰亚胺Ewa Biaáecka-Florjanzyk, Andrzej Orzeszko农业大学，中国科学院化学研究所，ul.Nowoursynowska 159C ，02-787华沙，波兰电子邮件：orzeszkoa@delta.sggw.waw.pl收稿日期：2001年5月27日/修订版：2002年5月31日/接受日期：2002年6月10日总结从系列新聚（聚硅氧烷酰亚胺），N，N - dialkenylimides和1,1,3,3 - 四甲基通过polyhydrosilylation合成。

得到的聚合物从对苯二酚双[（N-allylphthalimide ）-4 -羧酸]表明液晶属性。

其液晶相范围在107- 197 °C。

介绍聚酰亚胺和聚醯亚胺被称为耐高温材料和良好的透明度（1,2）。

不幸的是，这些聚合物是非常难处理的，它们溶于多数有机溶剂。

聚酰亚胺目前的处理问题和相当大的努力仍在致力于改善这些性能。

一些方法已被用来克服这个难题，同时保持它们高的热稳定。

这些措施包括插入柔性基团如乙烯或甲基链（3,4）。

此外，使用单体或大的悬挂的基团杂在主链来提高高分子的溶解度和处理。

另一方面，含硅聚合物是众所周知的可溶性物质。

他们还具有热塑性，并表现出良好的附着力。

把柔性硅基连接刚性的酰亚胺单元显著提高聚酰亚胺的加工性能。

聚（硅氧烷酰亚胺），PSIS，通常是通过缩合合成的含硅单体（1,5-7），即二胺或二酐。

我们建议另一个可能性，典型的含硅聚合反应，polyhydrosilylation酰亚胺双端烯烃组。

硅氢加成反应，即增加一个硅烷烯，在有机硅化学中是一个重要的反应。

它可以进行热或在各种催化剂中使用，例如hexachloroplatinic酸，二氯（内双环戊二烯）铂金或铂金四甲基divinyldisiloxane（PTDD）（9-12）。

在本研究中，我们合成了一系列新的聚酰亚胺，下面给出的一般公式进行酰亚胺基团和1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane单元。

REVISTA BOLIVIANA DE QUÍMICA VOLUMEN 25, No.1 - 2008DETERMINATION OF TOTAL PHENOLIC COMPOUNDSCONTENT AND THE ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF ANDEAN TUBERS AND ROOTS (OCA, ULLUCO AND ARRACACHA)Trinidad G. Salluca abc, J. Mauricio Peñarrieta abc, J. Antonio Alvarado a* and Björn Bergenståhl ca Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz-Bolivia,b Biomedical Nutrition, LundUniversity, Lund-Sweden, c Food Technology, Lund University, Lund-SwedenKey Words: Andean tubers, oca, ulluco, roots of arracacha, Total Antioxidant Capacity, ABTS, FRAP,Total Phenolic Compounds.ABSTRACTFour species of Andean tubers, isaño (Tropaeolum tuberosum), oca (Oxalis tuberosa), ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus) and roots of arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza), were studied for the quantification of the Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) and determination of Total Phenolic Compounds (TPH). The total antioxidant capacity was measured using ABTS and FRAP methods, and the total phenolics compounds were measured using the Folin & Ciocalteu reagent. The antioxidant capacity found in the tubers and root studied ranged from 0.35 to 11.8 μmol trolox equiv/g dry sample, and phenolics ranged from 0.002 to 0.02 μmol gallic acid equiv./g dry sample. In genera l black isaño tubers showed the highest values of antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds compared with the other tubers.INTRODUCTIONThe interest in natural antioxidants has increased considerably in recent years because many antioxidants exhibit beneficial biological effects, including antibacterial, antiviral, antiallergic, antithrombotic and because they arelinked to lower incidence of cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer disease [1]. The Andean habitantshave been using tubers and roots such as isaño, oca, ulluco and arracacha for their medicinal and nutritionalproperties since remote times. The diversity of tubers growing in the Andean region at altitudes between 2000 and4200 m above sea level shows a large variability in size, color, form, primary nutrient constituents and secondary metabolites [2, 3, 4]. Bolivia is well known for its ample diversity of genetic recourses of potential utility for the humanity. The traditions and the diversity of cultivation constitutes an important source of knowledge that must be systematized and utilized by means of different actions. Andean tubers have a big importance for the food supply and economy of the people living in the Andean region who eat isaño, oca, ulluco and arracacha both fresh and dry. The unfavorable climate at high altitudes only permits a limited number of cultivars. They are also used in folk medicine [5]. These mostly unproven medicinal properties could in part be attributed to the antioxidants present in these tubers. The objective of this study was to provide new data regarding Andean tubers and roots from Bolivia as asource of antioxidant compoundsRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONTotal Antioxidant Capacity of Andean tubersThe TAC values measured in the polar and non-polar extracts from seven samples by the ABTS and FRAP methodsare shown in Table 1and 2. The highest TAC value was observed in black isaño in the methanol extract.1esTScuthAPds meIntermediatte values were found in yellow isaño, yellow oca, arracach and dappled ulluco, and lowwer TAC value. were demonstrateed in pink oca and pink ulluuco. For black isaño higher TAC values were obtained in the polar fraactions (methanol and ethyl acetaate) than in the non-polar fractions (dichloroomethane and petroleum etheer) by the ABT and FRAP methhods. The TAC values of the calibration urves showed good reproducibbility (Figure 1,2) by both meethods. Data from FRAP displayyed a linear corrrelation with TPH data for the 28 extracts (r =0.96; Figuure 3). Similar linear correlations have also beeen observed in previous studie [6]. The TAC values obtainned for Andean tuber samples usingthe FRAP method were in most, but not in all cases, higgher than those obtained with the ABTS methhod. In black isaaño the highest valuues was found by the ABTS method in the methanol extract as well as in he total value of TAC.Figure 1: Calibration currve obtained by FRA method on diffeferent days for the measure of TAC xpressed as Trolox Equivalents/L (TE)Figure 2: Calibration currve obtained by ABBTS method on diffferent days for the measure of TAC xpressed as trolox equivalent s/L (TE)Figure 3:: Relation betweenn TAC-FRAP and TPH measuremennts in the 28 extraccts of 7 andean tubers.FRAP and ABTS method have been ussed for analysis of TAC in diffferent kinds of foods and som data on tubeers and roots are avvailable [7, 8]. Previous TAC values on tubeers were approxx. 0.27 – 3.03 µmol/g fresh ssample and 0.9 – 14.7 µmol/g dry sample using ABTS and 0.32 – 1.57 µmol/g fw and 1.0 - 7.6 µmol/g dw by FRAP.Total Phennolic Compounnds of Andeann tubers 2The content of Total Phenolic Compounds of the seven samples and twenty-eight extracts measured using the Folin& Ciocalteau method is shown in Table 3. The highest value was obtained in black isaño in both the methanol andethyl acetate extracts. In the present study the range of TPH determined in tuber pulp was 0.002-0.02 µmol GAE/gdm expressed as the sum of the polar and non polar fractions. The values of Total Phenolic Compounds of theextracts showed a good linear correlation (Figure 3) between TAC values obtained by FRAP (r =0.96) and by ABTS(r =0.78) methods.EXPERIMENTAL SECTIONChemicalsTrolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chroman-2-carboxylic acid, 97%.), TPTZ (2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine), ABTS (2,2’-azinobis-3-ethyl benzotiazoline-6-sulphonic acid, 98%), potassium persulfate, sodium acetate, Folin-Ciocalteau reagent, gallic acid (98%) and sodium carbonate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA).The solvents used were: methanol, ethanol, dichloromethane, ethylacetate and petroleum ether.Plant materialSeven samples of andean tubers were purchased in the markets of La Paz, Bolivia in June 2006. The selected plants were ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus), arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza), oca (Oxalis tuberosa) and isaño (Tropaeolum tuberosum). The seven varieties of samples were: two samples of oca (pink and yellow), two samples of Isaño (yellow with blach eyes and black), two samples of Ulluco (pink and dappled) and a sample of Arracha (yellow).Sample preparationThe collected tubers and root were washed and peeled and 800 g of fresh sample was dried at 30°C during 24 hours. The dry samples (only dry pulp) were ground and sequentially soaked with petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol during 24 hrs for each solvent. TAC and TPH were measured in the seventy-eight concentrated extracts.Measurement of TACTAC was assessed by using the ABTS [2,2’-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] method describedby Re et al. [9] and a modification of the FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) method described by Benzie & Strain [10]. Both are spectrophotometric methods and the absorbance readings were performed on a double beamUV-Visible spectrophotometer Perkin Elmer model lambda 25 at 25°C. As a standard compound Trolox (6-hydroxy- 2,5,7,8–tetramethyl-chroman-2-carboxylic acid) was used, The stock solution contained 5 mmol/L of Trolox in ethanol, and was stored at 4°C.ABTS method. The ABTS method is based on the oxidation of ABTS to the green ABTS·+ radical cation after the addition of potassium persulphate (2.42 mmol/L) [11] for 12-16 hours at room temperature in the dark. On the day of analysis the ABTS·+ solution was diluted with acetate buffer pH 5.0 to an absorbance of 0.70 (±0.02) at 734 nm.After the addition of 1.0 of ABTS·+ solution to 100 µl of sample the mixture was stirred for 30 s and the absorbanceat 734 nm and 25°C was recorded for 6 min. The decrease in absorbance caused by the addition of sample was compared with that of a standard curve by use of Trolox (20-200 µmol/L).FRAP (ferric reducing/antioxidant power) method. The FRAP method was used for the determination of total antioxidant capacity, based on the reduction of yellow Fe3+-TPTZ complex to the blue Fe2+ -TPTZ complex by electron donating substance under acidic co ndition. The FRAP reagent (900 μl) containing TPTZ, FeCl3, and acetate buffer, was mixed with 90 μl of distilled water and 30 μl of the test sample or the blank (solvents used for extraction). Maximum absorbance values at 593 nm were recorded for 10 min at 25°C. The final absorbance was compared with the standard curve (100 –1000 μmol/L). The data were expressed as μmol trolox equivalents pergram of dry matter.Measurement of total phenolic compoundsThe phenolic compounds were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, based on the reduction ofphosphor-wolframate-phosphomolybdate complex by phenolics to a blue reaction product [12, 13, 14]. TheFolin-Ciocalteu reagent, diluted 10 times (2.5 ml) was mixed with 2 ml of saturated sodium carbonate (75 g/L) and350 μl of sample (supernatant) and homogenized for 10 s and heated for 30 min at 45°C. The absorbance was measured at 765 nm after cooling at room temperature. The data were calculated by comparison between a standard curve (212-1062 μmol gallic acid /L) and the absorbance of each sample. The data were expressed as μmol gallic acid equivalents per gram of dry matter.Statistical Analysis.Results were expressed as mean values (standard deviation) of six replicates measured over three days of one extract. Linear correlation coefficient was calculated.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe study was supported by the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA/SAREC) in a collaborative project between Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (Bolivia) and Lund University (Sweden).REFERENCES[1] Nilsson J, Pillai D, Önning G, Persson C, Nilsson Å, Åkesson B. “Co mparison of the ABTS and FRAP methods to assess the total antioxidant capacity in extracts of fruit and vegetables.” Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 2005, 49: 239-246[2] León, J. Botánica de los cultivos tropicales. Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Bolivia 1997.[3] De Lucca, M. D.; Zalles, A. J. Flora Medicinal Boliviana Diccionario Enciclopédico. Los Amigos del Libro, Cochabamba - Bolivia 1992.[4] Vimos, C. N.; Nieto C.; Rivera M. El Melloco Características, técnicas de cultivo y potencial en Ecuador”. Centro Internacional de Investigación para el Desarrollo, CIID de Canadá. 1997.http://archive.idrc.ca/library/document/096951/index_s.html[5] Cárdenas M. Manual de Plantas Económicas de Bolivia, Segunda Edición, Los amigos del libro.La Paz - Cochabamba - Bolivia 1989.[6] Peñarrieta, M.; Alvarado, J. A.; Ǻkesson, B.; Bergenståhl, B. “Total Antioxidant Capacity In Andean Food Species From Bolivia”. Revista Boliviana de Química 2005, 22, 89-93.[7] Campos, D.; Noratto, G.; Chirinos,R.; Arbizu, C.; Roca, W.; Cisneros, L. “Antioxidant capacity and secondary metabolites in four species of Andean tuber crops: native potato (Solanum sp.), mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pav ´ on), Oca (Oxalis tuberosa Molina) and ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus Caldas)”. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2006, 86, 1481–1488.[8] Halvorsen, B. L.; Holte, K.; Myhrstad, M.C.W.; Barikmo, I.; et al. “A systematic screening of total antioxidantsin dietary plants”. Journal of Nutrition 2002, 132, 461-471.[9] Re, R.; Pellegrini, N.; Proteggente, A.; Pannala, A.; Yang, M.; Rice-Evans, C. “Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay”. Free radical Biology & Medicine 1999, 26, 1231-1237. [10] Benzie, I.; Strain, J. J. “The Ferric Reduci ng Ability of Plasma (FRAP) as a Measure of Antioxidant Power: The FRAP Assay”. Analitycal Biochemestry 1996, 239, 70-76.[11] Scalzo, J.; Politi, A.; Pellegrini, N.; Mezzetti B.; Battino, M.“Plant genotype affects total antioxidant capacity and phenolic c ontents in fruit”. Nutrition 2005, 21, 207–213.[12] Kyoung, Ch. O.; Kim, D.; Smith, N.; Schroeder, D.; Taek, H. J.; Yong, L. Ch. “Daily consumption of phenolics and total antioxidant capacity from fruit and vegetables in the American diet”. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2005, 85, 1715–1724.[13] Bonoli, M.; Verardo, V.; Marconi, E.; Fiorenza, C. M. “Antioxidant Phenols in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Flour: Comparative Spectrophotometric Study among Extraction Methods of Free and Bound Phen olic Compounds”. Journal of the Science Food Chemistry 2004, 84 5195- 5200.[14] Singleton, V.L.; Rossi, J. A. Jr. “Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungtic acid reagent”. American journal of Enology and Viticulture, 1965, 16, 144-158.4总酚类化合物含量测定以及南美洲根筋类植物的抗氧化能力Trinidad G. Salluca abc, J. Mauricio Peñarrieta abc, J. Antonio Alvarado a* and Björn Bergenståhl cInstituto de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz-Bolivia, b Biomedical Nutrition, LundUniversity, Lund-Sweden, c Food Technology,Lund University, Lund-Sweden关键词：南美洲根筋类植物，大洋洲，胡萝卜根部，总抗氧化能力，2，2′-连氮-二(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)，三价铁降低抗氧化(剂)能力，总酚类化合物含量。

外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Y azan Damiri; The State of Executive Compensation[D]; University of Tennessee-Knoxville ; 5-2006英文原文The State of Executive CompensationY azan DamiriUniversity of Tennessee-KnoxvilleCompanies use different methods to compensate executives. An ideal compensation package aligns executive incentives with shareholder interests to minimize agency problems. These methods often include a combination of: salary, bonus, stock options, stock grants, and pensions. Since the use of stock options has recently been a subject of great controversy, they will be discussed in greater detail since corporate scandals such as Enron and WorldCom have been linked to stock option grants (Hall-Murphy). However, the first component of compensation that will be discussed is one that the average employee can relate to-salary.SalarySalary is a fixed amount of a compensation package and does not vary in the short run (Balsam 35). However, salary can vary in the long run depending on performance. Normally, companies include clauses in compensation contracts allowing for raises that are contingent onperformance and duration. Since salary is the most risk-free component of a compensation package it is very important in attracting executive talent, especially if that individual is risk-averse (Balsam 312).BonusA large portion of companies pay their executives a bonus based on performance. A bonus is a form of compensation that is conditioned upon the performance of one or more measures. According to Balsam's book, "An Introduction to Executive Compensation," these measures can be implicit or explicit, objective or subjective, or financial or non-financial. Usually, the maximum bonus is expressed as a percentage of salary; as an employee moves up in the corporate ladder, the percentage of salary that can be earned as bonus usually increases (Balsam 314). It is not uncommon for a CEO's bonus to be 100% of salary. In 2005, Wall Street bonuses set a new record of $21.5 billion; the last record of $19.5 billion was during the bull market of 2000 (). Wall Street bonuses increased 15.5% over their levels in 2004 ().Stock OptionsStock options allow the person who receives them to purchase stock at a certain price usually over a certain period of time. Sometimes the grantee has to wait until the vesting period is over before the options can be exercised. A vesting period is a specified amount of time that the grantee must wait before exercising the options. Typically, grants areexercisable by allowing the grantee to exercise a certain percentage of the entire grant over the vesting period. An example is allowing the executive to exercise 25% of the grant in the first year of a four year vesting period and the rest at the end of the period. The use of stock options increased significantly during the 90's and has declined amid recent controversy (Hall-Murphy). Options allowed companies to align their incentives with those of managers and provided a form of compensation that did not require an initial cash outlay. For many of the high tech startup firms of the 90's this form of compensation seemed optimal. Stock options have been the most controversial form of compensation due to several events and misuses. The majority of Michael Eisner's compensation came in the form of stock options, and some of the most prominent corporate scandals, such as Enron and WorldCom, have been linked to the excessive use of options (Hall-Murphy). One of the biggest issues surrounding the use of options is how companies should account for them. The rules that govern the accounting for stock options are established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the Accounting Principles Board (APB), which existed before FASB. The pronouncement that is concerned with the expensing of stock options is APB Opinion 25, issued in 1972, which states that the accounting charge for stock options is the difference between the market price of the stock and the exercise price on the date that the options are granted (Hall-Murphy). As a result there is nocharge for options that have an exercise price that is at or above market price on the date the options are granted. However, in 1995 FASB released FAS 123 which recommended that companies expense the fair market value of options using an option pricing model, most prominently the Black-Scholes model (Hall-Murphy). The pronouncement still allowed companies to continue reporting options under APB Opinion 25, however if they chose to do so they would also be required to disclose the value of the option grant in a footnote to the financial statements. As late as 2002, only a few companies were reporting stock options using FAS 123; although, amid corporate scandal in 2003 more than a 100 companies began to report using FAS 123 (Hall-Murphy). The reason that so many companies choose not to expense the estimated fair market value of the options is that it could significantly hurt their bottom line. Furthermore, many startup companies use a tremendous amount of stock options to attract talent to the firm because they do not have the resources to pay high salaries or bonuses.Stock GrantsStock grants are shares of the company's stock that are given to employees as compensation. They are valued at the market value of the company's stock and have no exercise price (Balsam 38). Stock grants are either classified as restricted or unrestricted; restricted grants cannot be sold until the employee has been with the company for a certain amountof time, whereas unrestricted shares can be sold at any time (Balsam 38). The stock grants method of compensation is not as popular as stock options because they are more expensive and they are not as effective in aligning the interests of the executives with those of the company.PensionsA pension is a form of senior management who receives deferred compensation after he/she retires from the company. After retirement, executives receive payment or quantity. The amount may be based on a pension plan or a cumulative amount of money that the executive may have in a particular pension account. Therefore, pensions can be divided into fixed benefit plans and fixed contribution plans. A fixed benefit plan pays the employee based on a predetermined benefit formula, and the employer contribution in the fixed contribution plan is defined as the plan and the employee can give it an increase. Recently, the reduction of employee pensions by major companies has become the focus of public attention. As previously mentioned, Michael Eisner still receives an annual pension of 297,779 US dollars from Disney (Plitch). However, compared to paying $6518,459 a year to Pfizer chief executive officer Henry McKinnell, this doesn't seem like a thing (The Corporate Library). Recently, similar to Eisner, Mckinnell, the Pfizer shareholders have held a "No V ote" campaign, supporting up to 22% of the board members of Mckinnell's board members hiding their support (Masters). In addition tonormal pensions, companies have even established a special retirement plan for key executives called the "Top Hat" plan to avoid tax consequences (AFL-CIO).trendIn 2005, the salaries and bonuses of senior executives rose by 7.1%, following a 14.5% increase in 2004 and a 7.2% increase in 2003 (Wall Street Journal/Mercer). An increase of more than 3.6% for executives' increased wages and bonuses was paid to white-collar workers (Wall Street Journal/Mercer). However, the increase in the median total pay for executives,Including wages, bonuses, and option exercise income, other long-term incentive bonuses and value-recovery of restricted shares rose by 15.8% from 2004 to US$6,049,504 (Wall Street Journal/Mercer). This may seem like a big leap, but it is actually 40.9% more than the $5.9 million in 2004. It is actually quite modest (Wall Street Journal/Mercer). In 2005, 192 executives exercised a median option income of 3,493,440 U.S. dollars. In 2004, 197 executives exercised a median option stock option return of 3,229,072 U.S. dollars (Wall Street Journal/Mercer). The expansion of inflation is not a valid reason, because it is clear that the rate of increase in executive compensation has far outpaced the inflation rate, creating an increasingly large salary gap between executives and employees. Currently, a CEO pays 431 times the average worker's salary.As executive compensation continues to grow, employee compensation remains relatively stagnant, and this ratio continues to grow. This can be directly observed from the increase in executive compensation and employee compensation drawn in Figure 1.The chart shows that employee compensation has been relatively stable, and executive compensation has experienced significant growth. By observing the relationship between the employee's salary CPI, in recent years, the employee's salary has not even kept pace with inflation. It can also be observed that executive compensation is directly proportional to corporate profits, but not very drastic. This can be attributed to the variable compensation components of executive compensation packages such as bonuses, stock options and stock awards. However, some experts question whether making variable compensation such as stock options can really bring benefits to the company. Recent research has found that there is a correlation (Norris) between using CEO stock options and accounting for other financial statements. Proponents of this view believe that stock options hold senior executives “false accounts”. As we can see in Figure 1, the balance of executive compensation has increased with the proportion of corporate profits, we can draw a contrary view. This raises the question of who is responsible for determining executive pay plans. Some people replied that they are the executives who control the amount of compensation.Another trend of executive compensation is corporate governance. A c ompany’s board of directors is responsible for compensating executives.However, the problem is that in many cases the company’s CEO is also the chairman. Earlier this issue appeared in the Eisner case. In fact, the American Federation of Labor-Industrial Union estimates that in two-thirds of the companies, the CEO is also the chairman (AFL-CIO). This situation can lead to agency problems that make executives get "economic rent." The economic rent is equivalent to a monopoly profit owned by investors (Labour Union-CIO). This phenomenon triggers agency costs and expenses for shareholders. However, the relevant laws and regulations have recently been specifically formulated to safeguard the interests of shareholders.Trial RegulationsOn January 17th, 2006, members of the Securities and Exchange Commission put forward a bill that could cause a dramatic change in the disclosure of executive compensation since 1992 (AP). The plan accepts a 60-day public comment period that will not take effect until the spring of next year (AP). Under the new legislation, the company will be required to provide its annual report and display the total annual remuneration of the company's chairman, chief financial officer, and the highest-paying executive in the next three years (AP). Its regulations stipulate that the level of administrative benefits should be reduced from $50,000 to$10,000, and that the retirement benefits of managers and remuneration of board members must be disclosed in detail (AP). In addition, non-independent pay committee members must disclose (). Finally, the company will be asked to explain the goals behind executive compensation. In the face of booming executive compensation, in order to restore investor confidence, new regulations have been proposed. Future executive compensationRecent scandals and excessive abuse of company resources have caused the public to strongly oppose high executive compensation. However, we must first define what is the problem of over-exposure. Executives take over the com pany’s power and make decisions that determine the company’s lifeline. It seems sensible that a CEO who leads a multinational company to get high pay because of his efforts. However, there are three major problems in the current executive compensation issues: performance, information disclosure, and corporate governance. We should take some measures to evaluate the CEO's performance and pay the CEO's compensation based on performance. These measures should include long-term and short-term goals. This can prevent executives from sacrificing the company's long-term interests to achieve short-term financial goals in order to obtain incentive compensation. A bad or mediocre CEO should not get paid more than his value. There is no doubt that CEOs like Jack Welch who increase their shareholder'swealth significantly outweigh the compensation they receive. Therefore, I believe that the first question is whether or not the CEO pays a match with what he gets compared to the growth of executive pay in general. The view that the CEOs’ salary is too high is partly appropriate. It is partly due to the company’s constant scandals and misuse of public trust that leads to public resentment of the company. According to Figure 1, the ratio of executive compensation increases with the increase in corporate profits. increase. If the company's profits decline and executive compensation increases, then it can well verify that executive compensation is too high. Another major issue is the disclosure of information, which is currently being handled by the US Securities Regulatory Commission.To ensure investor confidence, executive compensation must be disclosed to the maximum extent, especially after the recent corporate scandal. Stock options should be included in current profit or loss based on their open market value. Obviously, they are valuable when they are given value, otherwise they are not part of the compensation package. Disclosure of executive benefits seems to be reasonable because essentially the shareholders pay them, and shareholders have the right to know. To ensure that the board of directors can focus on the interests of the company, it must strengthen corporate governance issues.The company’s CEO should not be allowed to be the chairman of theboard because it causes agency problems and leads to possible conflicts of interest. According to current legislation, all remuneration committee members are not independently disclosed (). However, this bill is not enough. Senior executives should not be allowed to hold the position of chairman of the board of directors. In the corporate governance structure, there should be a system of checks and balances between the separation of powers and the inspection of systems. Although issues such as how corporate governance and agency issues will be handled are not clear, one thing is clear and the public is no longer illusions about the current system. In order to maintain public trust, major changes must be made in the responsibilities and disclosures within the scope of executive compensation.中文译文高管薪酬状况研究雅赞·达米里田纳西大学诺克斯维尔分校公司使用不同的方案来补偿高管。

A fern that hyperaccumulates arsenic(这是题目，百度一下就能找到原文好，原文还有表格，我没有翻译)A hardy, versatile, fast-growing plant helps to remove arsenic from contaminated soilsContamination of soils with arsenic,which is both toxic and carcinogenic, is widespread1. We have discovered that the fern Pteris vittata (brake fern) is extremely efficient in extracting arsenic from soils and translocating it into its above-ground biomass. This plant —which, to our knowledge, is the first known arsenic hyperaccumulator as well as the first fern found to function as a hyperaccumulator— has many attributes that recommend it for use in the remediation of arsenic-contaminated soils.We found brake fern growing on a site in Central Florida contaminated with chromated copper arsenate (Fig. 1a). We analysed the fronds of plants growing at the site for total arsenic by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. Of 14 plant species studied, only brake fern contained large amounts of arsenic (As;3,280–4,980 We collected additional samples of the plant and soil from the contaminated site –1,603 As) and from an uncontaminated site –As). Brake fern extracted arsenic efficiently from these soils into its fronds: plantsgrowing in the contaminated site contained 1,442–7,526 Arsenic and those from the uncontaminated site contained –These values are much higher than those typical for plants growing in normal soil, which contain less than of arsenic3.As well as being tolerant of soils containing as much as 1,500 arsenic, brake fern can take up large amounts of arsenic into its fronds in a short time (Table 1). Arsenic concentration in fern fronds growing in soil spiked with 1,500 Arsenic increased from to 15,861 in two weeks. Furthermore, in the same period, ferns growing in soil containing just 6 arsenic accumulated 755 Of arsenic in their fronds, a 126-fold enrichment. Arsenic concentrations in brake fernroots were less than 303 whereas those in the fronds reached 7,234 of 100 Arsenic significantly stimulated fern growth, resulting in a 40% increase in biomass compared with the control (data not shown).After 20 weeks of growth, the plant was extracted using a solution of 1:1 methanol:water to speciate arsenic with high-performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Almost all arsenic was present as relatively toxic inorganic forms, with little detectable organoarsenic species4. The concentration of As(III) was greater in the fronds (47–80%) than in the roots %), indicating that As(V)was converted to As(III) during translocation from roots to fronds.As well as removing arsenic from soils containing different concentrations of arsenic (Table 1), brake fern also removed arsenic from soils containing different arsenic species (Fig. 1c). Again, up to 93% of the arsenic was concentrated in the fronds. Although both FeAsO4 and AlAsO4 are relatively insoluble in soils1, brake fern hyperaccumulated arsenic derived from these compounds into its fronds (136–315 levels 3–6 times greater than soil arsenic.Brake fern is mesophytic and is widely cultivated and naturalized in many areas with a mild climate. In the United States, it grows in the southeast and in southern California5. The fern is versatile and hardy, and prefers sunny (unusual for a fern) and alkaline environments (where arsenic is more available). It has considerable biomass, and is fast growing, easy to propagate,and perennial.We believe this is the first report of significant arsenic hyperaccumulation by an unmanipulated plant. Brake fern has great potential to remediate arsenic-contaminated soils cheaply and could also aid studies of arsenic uptake, translocation, speciation, distribution anddetoxification in plants.*Soil and Water Science Department, University ofFlorida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0290, USAe-mail†Cooperative Extension Service, University ofGeorgia, Terrell County, PO Box 271, Dawson,Georgia 31742, USA‡Department of Chemistry & SoutheastEnvironmental Research Center, FloridaInternational University, Miami, Florida 33199,1. Nriagu, J. O. (ed.) Arsenic in the Environment Part 1: Cycling and Characterization (Wiley, New York, 1994).2. Brooks, R. R. (ed.) Plants that Hyperaccumulate Heavy Metals (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998).3. Kabata-Pendias, A. & Pendias, H. in Trace Elements in Soils and Plants 203–209 (CRC, Boca Raton, 1991).4. Koch, I., Wang, L., Ollson, C. A., Cullen, W. R. & Reimer, K. J. Envir. Sci. Technol. 34, 22–26 (2000).5. Jones, D. L. Encyclopaedia of Ferns (Lothian, Melbourne, 1987).积累砷的蕨类植物耐寒，多功能，生长快速的植物，有助于从污染土壤去除砷有毒和致癌的土壤砷污染是非常广泛的。

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：The choice of payment method in European M & A Global M&A activity has grown dramatically over the last ten years, bringing with it major changes in the organization and control of economic activity around the world. Yet, there is much about the M&A process that we do not fully understand, including the choice of payment method. Given the large size of many M&A transactions, the financing decision can have a significant impact on an acquirer’s ownership structure, financial leverage, and subsequent financing decisions. The financing decision can also have serious corporate control, risk bearing, tax and cash flow implications for the buying and selling firms and shareholders.In making an M&A currency decision, a bidder is faced with a choice between using cash and stock as deal consideration. Given that most bidders have limited cashand liquid assets, cash offers generally require debt financing. As a consequence, a bidder implicitly faces the choice of debt or equity financing, which can involve a tradeoff between corporate control concerns of issuing equity and rising financial distress costs of issuing debt. Thus, a bidder’s M&A currency decision can be strongly influenced by its debt capacity and existing leverage. It can also be strongly influenced by management’s desire to maintain the existing corporate governance structure. In contrast, a seller can be faced with a tradeoff between the tax benefits of stock and the liquidity and risk minimizing benefits of cash consideration. For example, sellers may be willing to accept stock if they have a low tax basis in the target stock and can defer their tax liabilities by accepting bidder stock as payment. On the other hand, sellers can prefer cash consideration to side step the risk of becoming a minority shareholder in a bidder with concentrated ownership, thereby avoiding the associated moral hazard problems. Unfortunately, due to data limitations, this seller trade off can not be easily measured.Under existing theories of capital structure, debt capacity is a positive function of tangible assets, earnings growth and asset diversification and a negative function of asset volatility. Firms with greater tangible assets can borrow more privately from banks and publicly in the bond market. Since larger firms are generally more diversified, we expect them to have a lower probability of bankruptcy at a given leverage ratio and thus, greater debt capacity. These financing constraint and bankruptcy risk considerations can also reduce a lenders willingness to finance a bidder’s cash bid, especially in relatively large deals.In assessing potential determinants of an M&A payment method, our focus is on a bidder’s M&A financing choices, recognizing that targets can also influence the final terms of an M&A deal. However,if a target’s financing choice is unacceptable to the bidder, then the proposed M&A transaction is likely to be aborted or else the bidder can make a hostile offer on its own terms. For a deal to succeed, the bidder must be satisfied with the financial structure of the deal.Bidder and target considerations:* Corporate ControlBidders controlled by a major shareholder should be reluctant to use stock financing when this causes the controlling shareholder to risk losing control. Assuming control is valuable, the presence of dominant shareholder positions should be associated with more frequent use of cash, especially when the controlling shareholder’s position is threatened. To capture this effect, we use the ultimate vo ting stake held by the largest controlling shareholder.A bidder with diffuse or highly concentrated ownership is less likely to be concerned with corporate control issues. In line with this argument, Martin (1996) documents a significantly negative relationship between the likelihood of stock financing and managerial ownership only over the intermediate ownership range. Therefore, we incorporate the possibility of a non-linear relationship between the method of payment and the voting rights of a bidder’s controlling shareholder by estimating both a linear and cubic specification for the ultimate voting control percentage of the bidder’s largest shareholder. In our robustness analysis, we also estimate a spline function for this variable.Corporate control concerns in M&A activity can manifest themselves in more subtle ways. Concentrated ownership of a target means that a stock financed acquisition can create a large blockholder, threatening the corporate governance of the acquirer. If the seller is closely held or is a corporation disposing of a division, then ownership concentration tends to be very concentrated. This implies that financing the M&A deal with stock can create a new blockholder in the bidder. While the risk of creating a new bidder blockholder with stock financing is higher when a target has a concentrated ownership structure, this is especially ture when relative size of the deal is large. To capture the risk of creating a large blockholder when buying a target with stock financing, we employ CONTROL LOSS, the product between the target’s contr ol block and the deal’s ralative size. The relative deal size is computed as the ratio of offer size (excluding assumed liabilities) to the sum of a bidder’s equity pre-offer capitalization plus the offe r size. The target’s controlling blockholder is assumed to have 100 % ownership for unlisted targets and subsidiary targets.* Collateral, Financial Leverage and Debt CapacityWe use the fraction of tangible assets as our primary measure of a bidder’s ability to pay cash, financed from additional borrowing. COLLATERAL is measured by the ratio of property, plant and equipment to book value of total assets. Myers (1977) argues that debtholders in firms with fewer tangible assets and more growth opportunities are subject to greater moral hazard risk, which increases the cost of debt, often making stock more attractive. Hovakimian, Opler and Titman(2001) find that a firm’s percentage of tangible assets has a strong positive influence on its debt level.We also control for a bidder’s financial condition with its leverage ratio, FIN’L LEVERAGE. Since cash is primarily obtained by issuing new debt, highly levered bidders are constrained in their ability to issue debt and as a consequence use stock financing more fr equently. A bidder’s financial leverage is measured by the sum of the bidder’s face value of debt prior to the M&A announcement plus the deal value (including assumed liabilities)divided by the sum of the book valve of total assets prior to the announcement plus the deal value (including assumed liabilities). This captures the bidder’s post-deal leverage if the transaction is debt financed. This measure differs from Martin(1996) who uses a pre-deal bidder leverage measure adjusted for industry mean and reports an insignificant effect.Bidder size is likely to influence its financing choices. Larger firms are more diversified and thus, have proportionally lower expected bankruptcy costs. They also have lower flotation costs and are likely to have better access to debt markets, making debt financing more readily available. Thus, cash financing should be more feasible in the case of larger firms. Larger firms are also more apt to choose cash financing in smaller deals due to its ease of use, provided they have sufficient unused debt capacity or liquid assets. Further, the use of cash allows the bidder to avoid the significant costs of obtaining shareholder approval of pre-emptive rights exemptions and authorizations and the higher regulatory costs of stock offers. We measure bidder assets size by the log of pre-merger book value of assets in dollars(total assets). In addition to bidder control and financing considerations, we need to take into account several other bidder characteristics.* Relative Deal Size, Bidder Stock Price Runup and Asymmetric InformationHansen (1987) predicts that bidders have greater incentives to finance with stock when the asymmetric information about target assets is high. This information asymmetry is likely to rise as target assets rise in value relative to those of a bidder. Yet, stock is used in relatively larger deals, it produces more serious dilution of a dominant shareholder’s control position. Finally, as bidder equity capitalization rises, concern about its financing constraint falls, since there is a relatively smaller impact on its overall financial conditon. We proxy for these effects with REL SIZE, which is computed as the ratio of deal offer size (excluding assumed liabilities)divided by the sum of the deal’s offer size plus the bidder’s pre-offer market capitalization at the year-end prior to the bid.Both Myers and Majluf (1984) and Hansen (1987) predict that bidders will prefer to finance with stock when they consider their stock overvalued by the market and prefer to finance with cash when they consider their stock undervalued. As uncertainty about bidder asset value rises, this adverse selection effect is exacerbated. Martin (1996) finds evidence consistent with this adverse selection prediction. For a sample of publicly traded targets, Travlos (1987) finds that stock financed M&A deals exhibit much larger negative announcement effects than cash financed deals. He concludes this is consistent with the empirical validity of an adverse selection effect. We use as a proxy for bidder overvaluation (or undervaluation), calculated from a bidder’s buy and hold cumulative stock return over the year preceding the M&A announcement month.In addition to bidder considerations, we need to take into account typical target considerations. These preferences are related to risk, liquidity, asymmetric information and home bias.T1. Unlisted Targets and Subsidiary TargetsWe use an indicator variable, UNLISTED TARGET, to control for listing status where the variable takes a value of one if the target is a stand-alone company, not listed on any stock exchange and is zero for listed targets and unlisted subsidiaries. When an M&A deal involves an unlisted target, a seller’s consumption/liquidity needs are also likely to be important considerations. These sellers are likely to prefer cashgiven the illiquid and concentrated nature of their portfolio holdings and the often impending retirement of a controlling shareholder-manager. Likewise, corporations selling subsidiaries are often motivated by financial distress concerns or a desire to restructure toward their core competency. In either case, there is a strong preference for cash consideration to realize these financial or asset restructuring goals. A likely consequence is a greater use of cash in such deals, since bidders are frequently motivated to divest subsidiaries to finance new acquisitions or reduce their debt burden. As noted earlier, these two target ownership structures are also likely to elicit bidder corporate control concerns given their concentrated ownership. Thus, bidders are likely to prefer cash financing of such deals, especially as they become relatively large.T2. Cross-Industry Deals and Asymmetric InformationSeller reluctance to accept bidder stock as payment should rise as the asymmetric information problem worsens with greater uncertainty about bidder equity value and future earnings. This problem is also likely to be more serious for conglomerate mergers. In contrast, sellers are more apt to accept a continuing equity position in an intra–industry merger, where they are well acquainted with industry risks and prospects.T3. Cross-Border Deals, Local Exchange Listing and Home BiasIn cross border deals, selling stock to foreign investors can entail several problems. We are concerned with the possibility that investors have a home country bias in their portfolio decisions as documented in Coval and Moskowitz (1999), French and Poterba (1991) and Grinblatt and Keloharju(2001), among others. This can reflect a foreign stock’s g reater trading costs, lower liquidity, exposure to exchange risk and less timely, more limited access to firm information.T4. Bidder Investment OpportunitiesHigh growth bidders can make an attractive equity investment for selling shareholders. MKTTO-BOOK, defined as a market value of equity plus book value of debt over the sum of book value of equity plus book value of debt prior to the bid, measures a bidder’s investment in growth opportunities.We expect a higher market tobook ratio to increase a bidde r stock’s attractiveness as M&A consideration. High market to book is also correlated with high levels of tax deductible R&D expenditures, along with low current earnings and cash dividends. These firm attributes lower a bidder’s need for additional debt tax shield, making cash financing less attractive. These attributes are also attractive to high income bracket sellers due to their tax benefits. Jung, Kim and Stulz (1996) document a higher incidence of stock financing for higher market to book buyers.译文：并购支付方式在欧洲的选择在过去的十年，全球并购活动已显著增长,同时带来组织的重大改变和在世界各地的经济活动的控制。

外文文献翻译学生姓名：周千琪论文题目：基于的图书管理系统指导教师：武新丽技术职称：讲师原文：Visual Basic language and arithmeticThe summary of Microsoft Visual StudioMicrosoft Visual Basic (abbreviate VB) as tool the most of application program one of under Windows operating platform. No matter beginner or professional developer, VB has all offered a whole set of tools to them, Development application program that it can be relaxed and convenient. So VB as most computer first-selected the ABC of programming language of beginner." Visual" mean method to adopt visual user of development figure interface (GUI), need and write a large number of code go and describe interface appearance and position of element seldom, Tow and show controlling part that need corresponding position to get screen can help figure design interface, user of figure,; " Basic" means BASIC language, because VB is developed on the basis of already existing BAISC language.VB is a kind of programming language in common use of Microsoft, It, including VBA of the numerous Windows application software use VB language in Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Accessed., For users to carry on the secondary development; Make web page use more VBScript script language sub collection of VB too at present.Utilize data of VB visit characteristic user can establish the data base to most data base forms including Microsoft SQL Server and other enterprises data base With the application program of front, and adjustable service end part. Utilize ActiveX(TM) technology, VB can use word processor, electronic data list he Windows function that application program offers extremely, Excel of Microsoft,, Word of Microsoft,, Even can use by VB specialty edition or enterprise application program and target that edition establish directly.Integrated development environmentsIntegrated environment of VB call IDE, made up of a lot of parts , include title board, menu fence, tool fence, controlling part case, And window body window, engineering management devicewindow, attribute window, code window and window body overall arrangement window bodyoverall arrangement, etc. of designing etc.. Have covered all functions, such as design which develops the application program, editting, compiling and debugging, etc .In VB, the application program calls the project too. When start VB and open a new project for the first time, can see and pursue integrated development environment interface that show.VB come and organize development of application program through project, use project come and manage and form files of application program. One project uses the environment to make up by several window bodies, standard module generally. The system manages project through the project menu, for instance add the window body, quote . System allow turn on and manage a lot of projects besides.Visual Basic language brief introductionsBasic use and do the elementary high-level language that used often most. Its full name is Beginner' s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code, abbreviate as BASIC. As its name suggests, Basic one specially for language that beginner design, because it easy to learn easy to know, So the body is popular. Early Basic language to belong to and solve translating type, so can carry out line by line , So it can see the result carried out at once , this is a very convenient design for beginner. But it have concept of structure either, one that is in procedure maintain and management have as much as other language problems. But back-end Basic correct shortcoming of the above (such as Quick Basic), make it may used for and develop the large-scaler procedure too.The language is the basic composition, which forms VB procedure. VB has stipulated the form ofsentences and function.Grammar:The sentence defines incantations [Sentence body]Sentence define agree with and used in fixed function of sentence, sentence body appoint concrete content or want concrete operation that carry out of sentence. All set of sentence VB language, carry on with VB sentence organic association finish a certain specific function the procedure. Interface + procedure can solve a certain application problem.VB application program code window write in" code editing machine" generally. " editing machine of code" is like the word processing software of a piece of height specialization, there aremany easies function of writing VB code, Pursue to show [Example Ex-Hello ]In" code editing machine" code that window written.“Editing machine of code” windowDevelop the application program with Visual BasicUse VB programming, design appearance of application program first generally, write every target procedure code or other treatment procedure of incident respectively, Work of programming should be light more.The procedure of establishing the application program is as follows:Establish application program interfaceThe interface is the mutual bridge of user and procedure, Generally formed of window body and vision frame of the button, menu, text frameset. with standard WINDOWS interface of application program that VB establish. Require according to function of procedure and user and need of information interchange of procedure, Come to confirm that need those targets , plan the overall arrangement of the interface.2. Design by each attributes of target in interfaceDemand and set up each attribute of target such as appearance, name,, size of targeted. according to interface of planning.Most attribute person who fetch can set up through the attribute window when design already, Too can set up revising when operating in procedure through programming in procedure code. Have the targets respond programming by procedure code3. Respond procedure code of programming targetInterface determine appearance of procedure only, design window add codes through" code editing machine" soon after the interface, Realize some make the tasks, such as responding, information processing,etc. after accepting external message, Add code , realize some response, information processing that make after accepting external information task.4. Keep projectOne VB procedure one project, at the time of designing a application program, system will set up one be expanded and called. Project file of vbp, project file include all relevant information of file that project set up this, Keep project keep associated documents of project this at the same time. For example the window body produced when design interfaces is kept and being expanded andbeing called. Frm sum. In the window body of foxfire. At the time of opening a project( file), this project relevant files load at the same time.5. Operate and debugged by procedureOperate the procedure thoroughpin operate" selecting in the menu, when the mistake appears, VB system can offer information prompt can looked for and get rid of the mistake thoroughpin debug" within operate" menus too.6. Can produce by executive programFor make procedure can break away from VB environment, order to become next life through" file"" producing project 1.exe" of menu but executive program (eyeful), Can carry out this file directly after this. In produce, + executive program, and then through install guide bale all associated documents, Can run independently after installation under the environment of windows 9 x/2000 as a software product.Visual Basic algorithmIn computer system's any software, is by the every large or small each kind of software constituent constitution, defers to the specific algorithm to realize respectively, the algorithm quality direct decision realizes the software performance fit and unfit quality. Designs the algorithm with any method, what resources designs the algorithm to need, requires how many running time, how many storage space, how to determine an algorithm the quality, when realizes a software, is must give to solve. In computer system's operating system, the language compiling system, the database management system as well as in various computer application system's software, must use each one concrete algorithm to realize. Therefore, the algorithm design and the analysis are the computer science and a technical core question.The algorithm is the problem-solving step, we may define the algorithm Cheng Jie a determination class question the random one special method. In the computer science, the algorithm needs to use the computer algorithmic language to describe, the algorithm represents with the computer solves a kind of question precisely, the effective method. The algorithm construction of data = procedure, solves one to assign may calculate or the solvable question, the different person may compile the different procedure, solves the identical problem, here has two problems: First, with computational method close related algorithm question; Second, programming technical question. Between the algorithm and the procedure has the close relationship. The algorithm is a group has the poor rule, they had stipulated solves some specifictype question a series of operations, is to the problem solving plan accurate and the complete description. Formulates an algorithm, generally must pass through stages and so on design, confirmation, analysis, code, test, debugging, time. To algorithm study including five aspect contents:①Design algorithm. The algorithm design work is impossible completely the automation, should study the understanding already by the practice to prove that was the useful some basic algorithm design method, these basic design method was not only suitable for the computer science, moreover was suitable for domains and so on electrical engineering, operations research;② Expresses the algorithm. The description algorithm's method has many kinds of forms, for example the natural language and the algorithmic language, have the suitable environment and the characteristic respectively;③Confirms the algorithm. The algorithm confirmed the goal is causes the people to believe firmly that this algorithm can work unmistakably correctly, namely this algorithm has the circularity. The correct algorithm describes with the computer algorithmic language, constitutes the computer program, the computer program moves on the computer, obtains the algorithm operation result;④ Parsing algorithm. The algorithmic analysis is requires how many computing time and the storage space to an algorithm makes the quota the analysis. The parsing algorithm may forecast that what environment this algorithm does suit in moves effectively, to solves the identical question different algorithm validity to make the comparison;⑤Confirmation algorithm. With machine language description algorithm whether can calculate effectively, reasonable, must carry on the test to the procedure, the test order work and makes the space and time distribution map by the debugging to be composed.But the algorithm has certain characteristic, it includes:① Determinism. Algorithm each kind of operation must have the determination significance, this kind of operation should carry out what kind of movement should not to have the ambiguity, the goal is clear;②Effectiveness. Requests the operation which in the algorithm waits for realizing is basic, each kind of operation can at least completes in the principle by the human with the paper and the pen in the limited time;③ Input. An algorithm has 0 or the many inputs, before the algorithm operation starts gives the algorithm to need the data the starting value, these inputs are from the specific object set;④Output. Does for the algorithm operation result, an algorithm has or many outputs, the output has some kind of specific relational quantity with the input;⑤ Has poor. An algorithm always after carrying out had the poor step operation has terminated, namely this algorithm was may reach.Satisfies a first four characteristic group of rule not to be able to be called the algorithm, can only be called the computational process, the operating system is a computational process example, the operating system uses for to manage the computer resources, controls the manufacture industry movement, when has not made industry the movement, the computational process does not stop, but is at the waiting status.The algorithm complexity is the algorithm efficiency measure, when appraises the algorithm performance, the complexity is an important basis. The algorithm complex degree with moves computer resources how many which this algorithm needs related, needs the resources are more, indicated that this algorithm the complexity is higher; Needs the resources are less, indicated that this algorithm the complexity is lower.The spatial resources, which computer’s resources, operate most importantly, needs the time which and the stored routine and the data need, the algorithm complexity has division time complexity and the spatial complexity.The algorithm carries out the operation on the computer, needs the data which certain storage space depositing description algorithm the procedure and the algorithm need, the computer completes the operation task to require certain time. The procedure which writes according to the different algorithm places when on the computer operates, needs the time and the space are different, the algorithm complexity is needs the time and the spatial one kind of measure to the algorithm operation. The different computer its operating speed difference is very big, is weighing an algorithm the complexity to note this point.Regarding question, which assigns willfully, a profitable target which designs, the complex low algorithm is as far as possible when designs algorithm considered. Moreover, when the question, which assigns already when has many kinds of algorithms, an important criterion which choice complexity low, is when selects algorithm should follow. Therefore, the algorithm complex analysis or selects to the algorithm design has the important guiding sense and the use value.外文文献中文翻译学生姓名：周千琪论文题目：基于的图书管理系统指导教师：武新丽技术职称：讲师译文：Visual Basic 语言与算法Visual Basic的概述Microsoft Visual Basic(简称VB)是在Windows操作平台下设计应用程序的最速度、最简捷的工具之一。

英文文献翻译成中文per a la garantia, plans de beneficis per poder posar empresa de totes les activitats empresarials de producció són orgànics al'organització cap amunt. Quart anual pla integral és el mitjà- i pla de desenvolupament a llarg termini d'encarnació i garantia principal, però també és la base per a la preparació de trimestral i l'objectiu de les decisions de gestió empresarials. Cinquè anual integrat de planificació i implementació per procedir de la realitat, reforçar la recerca ianàlisi exhaustiva, àmpliament mobilitzar les masses, segons l'esperit avançada, positiu, fiable, realista, conservador, adonar-se del potencial de producció existent, producció més productes comercialitzables, assequibles, les necessitats de l'estat i el mercat. Sisena anual pla integral... Vuit, pla de reparació d'equips: inclou dos DPS arribant: elaborat per l'equip és responsable. Nou, un plad'infraestructures: preparat per la construcció és responsable. Deu, laboral, pla de salari: elaborat pel Departament d'educació de les persones. Planificació financera, tercer: elabora el Departament de Finances és responsable. 12, subministrament de materials, pla de consum de eina: elabora el Departament de subministrament, l'eina és responsable. 13, personal, formació, planificaciód'introducció de talent: elaborat pel Departament d'educació de les persones. Vuitè pla els tipus d'indicadors i el Departament: els principals indicadorstècnics i econòmics pel Director a càrrec, sota el Director a càrrec,oficina funcional centralitzat preparació, planificació i programació total consolidat. 1, rendiment producte mitjançant la programació de servei és responsable de la preparació d'un pla. 2, elaborat perl'empresa Màrqueting responsable. 3, qualitat total divisió és responsable de la p reparació. ?, taxa de pas de examen de varietat. B, les parts principals de la taxa de mostreig principal. ?, mecanitzat de ferralla. 4, preparat pel Departament de Finances és responsable del cost. ?, productes comparables Costa declivi. ?, producció cost de les taxes. 5, consumits per l'oferta Departament és responsable de preparar. ? milions de iuans sortida valor i b eficiència, consumenergètic i acer. 6, productivitat que elabori el Departament de seguretat laboral és responsable. 7, el fons preparat pel Departament de Finances és responsable. ?, el nombre de capital fix ocupat. ?, capitals dies hàbils. ?, cent Yuan sortida valor pren cap amunt de liquiditat. 8, elaborat pel Departament de Finances s'encarrega de beneficis. Els beneficis ? es va conver tir en benefici del valor de producció c b d benefici marges tots els marges ?, vendes marge de benefici 9, valor total de la producció industrial del Departament de planificació és responsable de la preparació dels plans novena i objectius del programa: e n primer lloc, la fase de preparació: 1 reunió, Director, preparació de mobilització de disposició plans i objectius per a l'any i va proposarl'elaboració de研究的INTERACT德业? (2007 ) 1:143-154作者10.1007/s12008-007-0016-2模拟的数值控制工具机( NCMT )基于虚拟现实使我们以前的可视化上生产的部分执行不同的进程。

A fern that hyperaccumulates arsenic(这是题目，百度一下就能找到原文好，原文还有表格，我没有翻译)A hardy, versatile, fast-growing plant helps to remove arsenic from contaminated soilsContamination of soils with arsenic,which is both toxic and carcinogenic, is widespread1. We have discovered that the fern Pteris vittata (brake fern) is extremely efficient in extracting arsenic from soils and translocating it into its above-ground biomass. This plant —which, to our knowledge, is the first known arsenic hyperaccumulator as well as the first fern found to function as a hyperaccumulator— has many attributes that recommend it for use in the remediation of arsenic-contaminated soils.We found brake fern growing on a site in Central Florida contaminated with chromated copper arsenate (Fig. 1a). We analysed the fronds of plants growing at the site for total arsenic by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. Of 14 plant species studied, only brake fern contained large amounts of arsenic (As;3,280–4,980 p.p.m.). We collected additional samples of the plant and soil from the contaminated site (18.8–1,603 p.p.m. As) and from an uncontaminated site (0.47–7.56 p.p.m. As). Brake fern extracted arsenic efficiently from these soils into its fronds: plants growing in the contaminated site contained 1,442–7,526p.p.m. Arsenic and those from the uncontaminated site contained 11.8–64.0 p.p.m. These values are much higher than those typical for plants growing in normal soil, which contain less than 3.6 p.p.m. of arsenic3.As well as being tolerant of soils containing as much as 1,500 p.p.m. arsenic, brake fern can take up large amounts of arsenic into its fronds in a short time (Table 1). Arsenic concentration in fern fronds growing in soil spiked with 1,500 p.p.m. Arsenic increased from 29.4 to 15,861 p.p.m. in two weeks. Furthermore, in the same period, ferns growing in soil containing just 6 p.p.m. arsenic accumulated 755 p.p.m. Of arsenic in their fronds, a 126-fold enrichment. Arsenic concentrations in brake fern roots were less than 303 p.p.m., whereas those in the fronds reached 7,234 p.p.m.Addition of 100 p.p.m. Arsenic significantly stimulated fern growth, resulting in a 40% increase in biomass compared with the control (data not shown).After 20 weeks of growth, the plant was extracted using a solution of 1:1 methanol:water to speciate arsenic with high-performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Almostall arsenic was present as relatively toxic inorganic forms, with little detectable organoarsenic species4. The concentration of As(III) was greater in the fronds (47–80%) than in the roots (8.3%), indicating that As(V) was converted to As(III) during translocation from roots to fronds.As well as removing arsenic from soils containing different concentrations of arsenic (Table 1), brake fern also removed arsenic from soils containing different arsenic species (Fig. 1c). Again, up to 93% of the arsenic was concentrated in the fronds. Although both FeAsO4 and AlAsO4 are relatively insoluble in soils1, brake fern hyperaccumulated arsenic derived from these compounds into its fronds (136–315 p.p.m.)at levels 3–6 times greater than soil arsenic.Brake fern is mesophytic and is widely cultivated and naturalized in many areas with a mild climate. In the United States, it grows in the southeast and in southern California5. The fern is versatile and hardy, and prefers sunny (unusual for a fern) and alkaline environments (where arsenic is more available). It has considerable biomass, and is fast growing, easy to propagate,and perennial.We believe this is the first report of significant arsenic hyperaccumulationby an unmanipulated plant. Brake fern has great potential to remediate arsenic-contaminated soils cheaply and could also aid studies of arsenic uptake, translocation, speciation, distribution and detoxification in plants. *Soil and Water Science Department, University ofFlorida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0290, USAe-mail: lqma@†Cooperative Extension Service, University ofGeorgia, Terrell County, PO Box 271, Dawson,Georgia 31742, USA‡Department of Chemistry & SoutheastEnvironmental Research Center, FloridaInternational University, Miami, Florida 33199,1. Nriagu, J. O. (ed.) Arsenic in the Environment Part 1: Cyclingand Characterization (Wiley, New York, 1994).2. Brooks, R. R. (ed.) Plants that Hyperaccumulate Heavy Metals (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998).3. Kabata-Pendias, A. & Pendias, H. in Trace Elements in Soils and Plants 203–209 (CRC, Boca Raton, 1991).4. Koch, I., Wang, L., Ollson, C. A., Cullen, W. R. & Reimer, K. J. Envir. Sci. Technol. 34, 22–26 (2000).5. Jones, D. L. Encyclopaedia of Ferns (Lothian, Melbourne, 1987).积累砷的蕨类植物耐寒，多功能，生长快速的植物，有助于从污染土壤去除砷有毒和致癌的土壤砷污染是非常广泛的。

（二 零 一 五 年 六 月英文参考资料翻译 题 目：多层横机针织织物面料的开发 ****：*** 学 院：轻工与纺织学院 系 别：服装设计与工程系 专 业：服装设计与工程 班 级：服装设计与工程11-1班 指导教师：邱莉 讲师学校代码： 10128学 号：************Development of Multi-Layer Fabric on a Flat KnittingMachineAbstractThe loop transfer technique was used to develop the a splitable multi layer knit fabric on a computerized multi gauge flat knitting machine. The fabric consists of three layers: inner-single jersey, middle-1X1 purl and, outer-single jersey. By varying the loop length the multi layer knit fabric samples were produced,namely CCC-1, CCC-2 and CCC-3. The above multi layer fabrics were knitted using 24s Ne cotton of combined yarn feed in feeders 3, 4, and 4 respectively. The influence of loop length on wpc,cpc and tightness factor was studied using linear regression. The water vapor and air permeability properties of the produced multi layer knit fabrics were studied using ANOVA. The change of raw material in three individual layers could be useful for the production of fabric for functional, technical, and industrial applications.Keywords: multi layer fabric, loop length, loop transfer, permeability prope1.INTRODUCTIONcapable of manufacturing engineered fabric in two dimensional, three dimensional of bi-layer, and multilayer knit fabrics. The feature includes individual needle selection, the presences of holding down sinkers, racking, transfer, and adapted feeding devices combined with CAD. The layered fabrics are more suitable for functional and technical applications than single layer fabrics. These fabrics may be non-splitable (branching knit structure, plated fabric, spacer fabric) and splitable (bilayer,multilayer). The functional knitted structure of two different fabric layers based on different textile components (hydrophobic and hydrophilic textile material) is used to produce leisure wear, sportswear and protective clothing to improve the comfort. The separation layer is polypropylene in contact with skin, and the absorption layer will be the outside layer when cotton is used for the knit fabric .Garments made of plant branch structured knit fabrics facilitate the transport of sweat from the skin to the outer layer of the fabric very fast and make the wearer more comfortable. Qing Chen et al .reported that the branching knitted fabrics made from different combinations of polyester/cotton yarns with varying linear density and various knitted structure produced in rib machine improved water transport properties. The Moisture comfort characteristics of plated knitted fabric was good, reported by the authors findings from three layer plated fabric of cotton (40s), lycra (20 D) and superfine polypropylene (55 dtex/72 f) was used as a raw material in face, middle and ground layers respectively . The applications in wearable electronics for the multilayer fabric are wider. Novel multi-functional fibers structure include three layered knit fabric embedded with electronics for health monitoring. The knit fabric consists of 5% spandex and 95% polypropylene in –1stlayer, -2nd layer composed of metal fibers to conduct electric current to embedded electronics + PCM and the 3rd layer is composed of highly hydrophilic cotton . In flat knitting, two surface (U-,V-,M-,X- and Y-shaped) and three surface layers (U-face to face, U- zigzag and X-shaped) spacer fabric were developed from hybrid glass filament and polypropylene for light weight composite applications.HCebulla et al produced three dimensional performs like open cuboid and spherical shell using the needle parking method. The focus was in the area of individual needle selection in the machine for the production of near net-shape performs. The multi layered sandwich knit fabric of rectangular core structure (connecting layer: rib), triangular core structure (connecting layer:interlock), honeycomb core structure (connecting layer: jersey combined with rib), triple face structure 1 (connecting layers are not alternated), Triple face structure 2 (connecting layers are alternated) were developed on a flat-knitting machine for technical applications .In this direction the flat knitting machine was elected to produce splittable multi layer knit fabric with varying loop length and loop transfer techniques. The influence of loop length on wpc, cpc and tightness factor was studied for the three individual layers in the fabric. The important breathability properties of the fabric such as water vapor permeability and air permeability were studied. The production technique used for this fabric has wide applications such as in functional wear, technical textiles, and wearable textiles.2.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe production of multi-layer knit fabrics such as CCC-1, CCC-2 and CCC-3 cotton yarn with the linear density of 24s Ne was fed in the knit feeder.For layered fabric development, a computerized multi gauge flat knitting machine and combined yarn feed was selected like 3, 4 and 4 respectively, shown in the Table I. Q. M. Wang and H. Hu [9] was the selected yarn feed in the range of 4 –10 for the production of glass fiber yarn composite reinforcement on a flat knitting machine. The intermediate between integral and fully fashioned garment was produced using the “half gauging orneedle parking” technique. The use of only alternate needles on each bed of the flat knitting machine was used for stitch formation, The remaining needles did not participate in stitch formation in the same course,but the loops formed were kept in the needle head until employed for stitch formation again, thus freeing needles to be used as temporary parking places for loop transfer . For production of layered fabric and fully fashionedgarment, the loop transfer stitch is essential part of the panel. The running-on bars were used for transferring of loops either by hand or automatically from one needle to another needle depending on the machine. The principle of the loop transfer is shown in the Figure1.FIGURE. 1. Principle of loop transfer.(a)The delivering needle is raised by a cam in the carriage. The loop is stretched over the transfer spring. (b)The receiving needle is raised slightly from its needle bed. The receiving needle enters the transfer spring of delivering needle and penetrates the loop that will be transferred. (c)The delivering needle retreats leaving the loop on the receiving needle. The transfer spring opens to permits the receiving needleto move back from its closure. Finally, loop transference is completed.TABLE I. Machine & Fabric parameters.2.1 Fabric DevelopmentUsing STOLL M1.PLUS 5.1.034 software the needle selection pattern was simulated is shown in Figure 2.In Figure3, feeder 1, 2 and 3 are used for the formation of three layer fabric (inner-single jersey,middle-1X1 purl and outer-single jersey) respectively. With knit stitches the outer and inner layer knit fabrics are formed by means of selecting the alternate working needles in each bed. But the middle layer fabric is formed by free needles in each bed with the help of loop transfer and knit stitches.FIGURE 2. Selection of Machine & pattern parameters.FIGURE 3. Needle diagram for the multi-layer knit fabric.2.2TESTINGThe produced multi layer knit fabric was given a relaxation process and the following tests were carried out. The knitted fabric properties are given in Table II. and the cross sectional view of the fabrics is shown in Figure 4.FIGURE 4. Cross Sectional view of Multi-layer knit fabric.2.3 Stitch DensityThe courses and wale density of the samples in outer,middle and inner layer were calculated individually in the direction of the length and width of the fabric.The average density per square centimeter was taken for the discussion.2.4 Loop LengthIn outer, middle and inner layers of various combinations in multi layer fabric, 20 loops in a course were unraveled and the length of yarn in cm (LT) was measured. From the LT value the stitch length/loop length was measured by usingStitch length/loop length in cm (L) = (LT)/20 (1)The average loop length (cm) was taken and reported in Table II.2.5 Tightness Factor (K)The tightness of the knits was characterized by the tightness factor (K). It is known that K is a ratio of the area covered by the yarns in one loop to the area occupied by the loop. It is also an indication of the relative looseness or tightness of the knitted structure. For determination of TF the following formula was usedTightness Factor (K) = √T/l (2)Where T= Yarn linear density in Tex, l = loop length of fabric in cm. The TF of three layers (outer, midd le, and inner) were calculated separately is given in Table II.TABLE II. Multi-layer knitted fabric parameters3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe water vapor permeability of the multi layer knit fabrics were analyzed and shown in Figure 8. It can be observed that a linear trend is followed between water vapor permeability and loop length. With increases in loop length, there is less resistance per unit area, so, the permeability property of the fabric also increased. Anova data show increasesin loop length yield a significant difference in the water vapor permeability of the multi fabrics [F (2, 15) > Fcrit]. The regression analysis was done between CCC-1and CCC-2 and CCC-2 and CCC-3 for studying the influence of the number of yarn feeds.R2 values shows 0.755 for both comparisons. The water vapor permeability of the fabric is highly influenced by the length of the loop in the fabric and less by the number of yarn feed in the fabric.The air permeability of the multi layer knit fabricswas analyzed and is shown in Figure 8. It can be observed that the air permeability of the CCC-1,CCC-2, and CCC-3 fabrics is linear with loop length.FIGURE 8. Water Vapor Permeability & Air Permeability of fabric.As loop length in the fabric increased, air permeability also increased. The Anova- single factor analysis also proves that there is a significant difference at 5 % significance level between the air permeability characteristics of multi layer fabrics produced from various loop length [F (2, 15) > F crit] shown in Table IV. To study the influence of the combination yarn feed, the regression analysis was done between CCC-1 and CCC-2 andCCC-2 and CCC-3. It shows R2 =0.757. So, the air permeability of the fabric is may not be dependent on the number of yarns fed, but more influenced by the loop length.4. CONCLUSIONSIn flat knitting machine using a loop transfer technique, multi layer fabrics were developed with varying loop length. With respect to loop length, the loop density and tightness factor were analyzed.Based on analysis the following conclusions were made:TABLE III. Permeability Characteristics of Multi-layer knit fabrics.TABLE IV. ANOVA single factor data analysis.For multi-layer fabric produced with various basic structures (single jersey and 1x1 purl), the change of loop length between the layers has no significant difference.The wpc and cpc had an inverse relationship with the loop length produced from CCC combination multilayer fabrics.The combination yarn feed is an important factor affecting the tightness factor and loop lengths of the individual layers in knitted fabrics.The water vapor and air permeability properties of the multi layer knit fabrics were highly influenced by the change in loop length followed by the combination yarn feed.多层横机针织织物面料的开发摘要循环传输技术被用于开发一种计算机化多针距的横机上的一个多层编织织物。

（（英文参考文献及译文）二〇一六年六月本科毕业论文 题 目：STATISTICAL SAMPLING METHOD, USED INTHE AUDIT学生姓名：王雪琴学 院：管理学院系 别：会计系专 业：财务管理班 级：财管12-2班 学校代码： 10128 学 号： 201210707016Statistics and AuditRomanian Statistical Review nr. 5 / 2010STATISTICAL SAMPLING METHOD, USED IN THE AUDIT - views, recommendations, fi ndingsPhD Candidate Gabriela-Felicia UNGUREANUAbstractThe rapid increase in the size of U.S. companies from the earlytwentieth century created the need for audit procedures based on the selectionof a part of the total population audited to obtain reliable audit evidence, tocharacterize the entire population consists of account balances or classes oftransactions. Sampling is not used only in audit – is used in sampling surveys,market analysis and medical research in which someone wants to reach aconclusion about a large number of data by examining only a part of thesedata. The difference is the “population” from which the sample is selected, iethat set of data which is intended to draw a conclusion. Audit sampling appliesonly to certain types of audit procedures.Key words: sampling, sample risk, population, sampling unit, tests ofcontrols, substantive procedures.Statistical samplingCommittee statistical sampling of American Institute of CertifiedPublic Accountants of (AICPA) issued in 1962 a special report, titled“Statistical sampling and independent auditors’ which allowed the use ofstatistical sampling method, in accordance with Generally Accepted AuditingStandards (GAAS). During 1962-1974, the AICPA published a series of paperson statistical sampling, “Auditor’s Approach to Statistical Sampling”, foruse in continuing professional education of accountants. During 1962-1974,the AICPA published a series of papers on statistical sampling, “Auditor’sApproach to Statistical Sampling”, for use in continuing professional educationof accountants. In 1981, AICPA issued the professional standard, “AuditSampling”, which provides general guidelines for both sampling methods,statistical and non-statistical.Earlier audits included checks of all transactions in the period coveredby the audited financial statements. At that time, the literature has not givenparticular attention to this subject. Only in 1971, an audit procedures programprinted in the “Federal Reserve Bulletin (Federal Bulletin Stocks)” includedseveral references to sampling such as selecting the “few items” of inventory.Statistics and Audit The program was developed by a special committee, which later became the AICPA, that of Certified Public Accountants American Institute.In the first decades of last century, the auditors often applied sampling, but sample size was not in related to the efficiency of internal control of the entity. In 1955, American Institute of Accountants has published a study case of extending the audit sampling, summarizing audit program developed by certified public accountants, to show why sampling is necessary to extend the audit. The study was important because is one of the leading journal on sampling which recognize a relationship of dependency between detail and reliability testing of internal control.In 1964, the AICPA’s Auditing Standards Board has issued a report entitled “The relationship between statistical sampling and Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS)” which illustrated the relationship between the accuracy and reliability in sampling and provisions of GAAS.In 1978, the AICPA published the work of Donald M. Roberts,“Statistical Auditing”which explains the underlying theory of statistical sampling in auditing.In 1981, AICPA issued the professional standard, named “Audit Sampling”, which provides guidelines for both sampling methods, statistical and non-statistical.An auditor does not rely solely on the results of a single procedure to reach a conclusion on an account balance, class of transactions or operational effectiveness of the controls. Rather, the audit findings are based on combined evidence from several sources, as a consequence of a number of different audit procedures. When an auditor selects a sample of a population, his objective is to obtain a representative sample, ie sample whose characteristics are identical with the population’s characteristics. This means that selected items are identical with those remaining outside the sample.In practice, auditors do not know for sure if a sample is representative, even after completion the test, but they “may increase the probability that a sample is representative by accuracy of activities made related to design, sample selection and evaluation” [1]. Lack of specificity of the sample results may be given by observation errors and sampling errors. Risks to produce these errors can be controlled.Observation error (risk of observation) appears when the audit test did not identify existing deviations in the sample or using an inadequate audit technique or by negligence of the auditor.Sampling error (sampling risk) is an inherent characteristic of the survey, which results from the fact that they tested only a fraction of the total population. Sampling error occurs due to the fact that it is possible for Revista Română de Statistică nr. 5 / 2010Statistics and Auditthe auditor to reach a conclusion, based on a sample that is different from the conclusion which would be reached if the entire population would have been subject to audit procedures identical. Sampling risk can be reduced by adjusting the sample size, depending on the size and population characteristics and using an appropriate method of selection. Increasing sample size will reduce the risk of sampling; a sample of the all population will present a null risk of sampling.Audit Sampling is a method of testing for gather sufficient and appropriate audit evidence, for the purposes of audit. The auditor may decide to apply audit sampling on an account balance or class of transactions. Sampling audit includes audit procedures to less than 100% of the items within an account balance or class of transactions, so all the sample able to be selected. Auditor is required to determine appropriate ways of selecting items for testing. Audit sampling can be used as a statistical approach and a non- statistical.Statistical sampling is a method by which the sample is made so that each unit consists of the total population has an equal probability of being included in the sample, method of sample selection is random, allowed to assess the results based on probability theory and risk quantification of sampling. Choosing the appropriate population make that auditor’ findings can be extended to the entire population.Non-statistical sampling is a method of sampling, when the auditor uses professional judgment to select elements of a sample. Since the purpose of sampling is to draw conclusions about the entire population, the auditor should select a representative sample by choosing sample units which have characteristics typical of that population. Results will not extrapolate the entire population as the sample selected is representative.Audit tests can be applied on the all elements of the population, where is a small population or on an unrepresentative sample, where the auditor knows the particularities of the population to be tested and is able to identify a small number of items of interest to audit. If the sample has not similar characteristics for the elements of the entire population, the errors found in the tested sample can not extrapolate.Decision of statistical or non-statistical approach depends on the auditor’s professional judgment which seeking sufficient appropriate audits evidence on which to completion its findings about the audit opinion.As a statistical sampling method refer to the random selection that any possible combination of elements of the community is equally likely to enter the sample. Simple random sampling is used when stratification was not to audit. Using random selection involves using random numbers generated byRomanian Statistical Review nr. 5 / 2010Statistics and Audit a computer. After selecting a random starting point, the auditor found the first random number that falls within the test document numbers. Only when the approach has the characteristics of statistical sampling, statistical assessments of risk are valid sampling.In another variant of the sampling probability, namely the systematic selection (also called random mechanical) elements naturally succeed in office space or time; the auditor has a preliminary listing of the population and made the decision on sample size. “The auditor calculated a counting step, and selects the sample element method based on step size. Step counting is determined by dividing the volume of the community to sample the number of units desired. Advantages of systematic screening are its usability. In most cases, a systematic sample can be extracted quickly and method automatically arranges numbers in successive series.”[2].Selection by probability proportional to size - is a method which emphasizes those population units’recorded higher values. The sample is constituted so that the probability of selecting any given element of the population is equal to the recorded value of the item;Stratifi ed selection - is a method of emphasis of units with higher values and is registered in the stratification of the population in subpopulations. Stratification provides a complete picture of the auditor, when population (data table to be analyzed) is not homogeneous. In this case, the auditor stratifies a population by dividing them into distinct subpopulations, which have common characteristics, pre-defined. “The objective of stratification is to reduce the variability of elements in each layer and therefore allow a reduction in sample size without a proportionate increase in the risk of sampling.” [3] If population stratification is done properly, the amount of sample size to come layers will be less than the sample size that would be obtained at the same level of risk given sample with a sample extracted from the entire population. Audit results applied to a layer can be designed only on items that are part of that layer.I appreciated as useful some views on non-statistical sampling methods, which implies that guided the selection of the sample selecting each element according to certain criteria determined by the auditor. The method is subjective; because the auditor selects intentionally items containing set features him.The selection of the series is done by selecting multiple elements series (successive). Using sampling the series is recommended only if a reasonable number of sets used. Using just a few series there is a risk that the sample is not representative. This type of sampling can be used in addition to other samples, where there is a high probability of occurrence of errors. At the arbitrary selection, no items are selected preferably from the auditor, Revista Română de Statistică nr. 5 / 2010Statistics and Auditthat regardless of size or source or characteristics. Is not the recommended method, because is not objective.That sampling is based on the auditor’s professional judgment, which may decide which items can be part or not sampled. Because is not a statistical method, it can not calculate the standard error. Although the sample structure can be constructed to reproduce the population, there is no guarantee that the sample is representative. If omitted a feature that would be relevant in a particular situation, the sample is not representative.Sampling applies when the auditor plans to make conclusions about population, based on a selection. The auditor considers the audit program and determines audit procedures which may apply random research. Sampling is used by auditors an internal control systems testing, and substantive testing of operations. The general objectives of tests of control system and operations substantive tests are to verify the application of pre-defined control procedures, and to determine whether operations contain material errors.Control tests are intended to provide evidence of operational efficiency and controls design or operation of a control system to prevent or detect material misstatements in financial statements. Control tests are necessary if the auditor plans to assess control risk for assertions of management.Controls are generally expected to be similarly applied to all transactions covered by the records, regardless of transaction value. Therefore, if the auditor uses sampling, it is not advisable to select only high value transactions. Samples must be chosen so as to be representative population sample.An auditor must be aware that an entity may change a special control during the course of the audit. If the control is replaced by another, which is designed to achieve the same specific objective, the auditor must decide whether to design a sample of all transactions made during or just a sample of transactions controlled again. Appropriate decision depends on the overall objective of the audit test.Verification of internal control system of an entity is intended to provide guidance on the identification of relevant controls and design evaluation tests of controls.Other tests:In testing internal control system and testing operations, audit sample is used to estimate the proportion of elements of a population containing a characteristic or attribute analysis. This proportion is called the frequency of occurrence or percentage of deviation and is equal to the ratio of elements containing attribute specific and total number of population elements. WeightRomanian Statistical Review nr. 5 / 2010Statistics and Audit deviations in a sample are determined to calculate an estimate of the proportion of the total population deviations.Risk associated with sampling - refers to a sample selection which can not be representative of the population tested. In other words, the sample itself may contain material errors or deviations from the line. However, issuing a conclusion based on a sample may be different from the conclusion which would be reached if the entire population would be subject to audit.Types of risk associated with sampling:Controls are more effective than they actually are or that there are not significant errors when they exist - which means an inappropriate audit opinion. Controls are less effective than they actually are that there are significant errors when in fact they are not - this calls for additional activities to establish that initial conclusions were incorrect.Attributes testing - the auditor should be defining the characteristics to test and conditions for misconduct. Attributes testing will make when required objective statistical projections on various characteristics of the population. The auditor may decide to select items from a population based on its knowledge about the entity and its environment control based on risk analysis and the specific characteristics of the population to be tested.Population is the mass of data on which the auditor wishes to generalize the findings obtained on a sample. Population will be defined compliance audit objectives and will be complete and consistent, because results of the sample can be designed only for the population from which the sample was selected.Sampling unit - a unit of sampling may be, for example, an invoice, an entry or a line item. Each sample unit is an element of the population. The auditor will define the sampling unit based on its compliance with the objectives of audit tests.Sample size - to determine the sample size should be considered whether sampling risk is reduced to an acceptable minimum level. Sample size is affected by the risk associated with sampling that the auditor is willing to accept it. The risk that the auditor is willing to accept lower, the sample will be higher.Error - for detailed testing, the auditor should project monetary errors found in the sample population and should take into account the projected error on the specific objective of the audit and other audit areas. The auditor projects the total error on the population to get a broad perspective on the size of the error and comparing it with tolerable error.For detailed testing, tolerable error is tolerable and misrepresentations Revista Română de Statistică nr. 5 / 2010Statistics and Auditwill be a value less than or equal to materiality used by the auditor for the individual classes of transactions or balances audited. If a class of transactions or account balances has been divided into layers error is designed separately for each layer. Design errors and inconsistent errors for each stratum are then combined when considering the possible effect on the total classes of transactions and account balances.Evaluation of sample results - the auditor should evaluate the sample results to determine whether assessing relevant characteristics of the population is confirmed or needs to be revised.When testing controls, an unexpectedly high rate of sample error may lead to an increase in the risk assessment of significant misrepresentation unless it obtained additional audit evidence to support the initial assessment. For control tests, an error is a deviation from the performance of control procedures prescribed. The auditor should obtain evidence about the nature and extent of any significant changes in internal control system, including the staff establishment.If significant changes occur, the auditor should review the understanding of internal control environment and consider testing the controls changed. Alternatively, the auditor may consider performing substantive analytical procedures or tests of details covering the audit period.In some cases, the auditor might not need to wait until the end audit to form a conclusion about the effectiveness of operational control, to support the control risk assessment. In this case, the auditor might decide to modify the planned substantive tests accordingly.If testing details, an unexpectedly large amount of error in a sample may cause the auditor to believe that a class of transactions or account balances is given significantly wrong in the absence of additional audit evidence to show that there are not material misrepresentations.When the best estimate of error is very close to the tolerable error, the auditor recognizes the risk that another sample have different best estimate that could exceed the tolerable error.ConclusionsFollowing analysis of sampling methods conclude that all methods have advantages and disadvantages. But the auditor is important in choosing the sampling method is based on professional judgment and take into account the cost / benefit ratio. Thus, if a sampling method proves to be costly auditor should seek the most efficient method in view of the main and specific objectives of the audit.Romanian Statistical Review nr. 5 / 2010Statistics and Audit The auditor should evaluate the sample results to determine whether the preliminary assessment of relevant characteristics of the population must be confirmed or revised. If the evaluation sample results indicate that the relevant characteristics of the population needs assessment review, the auditor may: require management to investigate identified errors and likelihood of future errors and make necessary adjustments to change the nature, timing and extent of further procedures to take into account the effect on the audit report.Selective bibliography:[1] Law no. 672/2002 updated, on public internal audit[2] Arens, A şi Loebbecke J - Controve …Audit– An integrate approach”, 8th edition, Arc Publishing House[3] ISA 530 - Financial Audit 2008 - International Standards on Auditing, IRECSON Publishing House, 2009- Dictionary of macroeconomics, Ed C.H. Beck, Bucharest, 2008Revista Română de Statistică nr. 5 / 2010Statistics and Audit摘要美国公司的规模迅速增加，从第二十世纪初创造了必要的审计程序，根据选定的部分总人口的审计，以获得可靠的审计证据，以描述整个人口组成的帐户余额或类别的交易。

The Optimization Method of Financial Statements Based on Accounting Management TheoryABSTRACTThis paper develops an approach to enhance the reliability and usefulness of financial statements. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) was fundamentally flawed by fair value accounting and asset-impairment accounting. According to legal theory and accounting theory, accounting data must have legal evidence as its source document. The conventional “mixed attribute” accounting system should be re placed by a “segregated” system with historical cost and fair value being kept strictly apart in financial statements. The proposed optimizing method will significantly enhance the reliability and usefulness of financial statements.I.. INTRODUCTIONBased on international-accounting-convergence approach, the Ministry of Finance issued the Enterprise Accounting Standards in 2006 taking the International Financial Reporting Standards (hereinafter referred to as “the International Standards”) for reference. The Enterprise Accounting Standards carries out fair value accounting successfully, and spreads the sense that accounting should reflect market value objectively. The objective of accounting reformation following-up is to establish the accounting theory and methodology which not only use international advanced theory for reference, but also accord with the needs of China's socialist market economy construction. On the basis of a thorough evaluation of the achievements and limitations of International Standards, this paper puts forward a stand that to deepen accounting reformation and enhance the stability of accounting regulations.II. OPTIMIZA TION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS SYSTEM: PARALLELING LISTING OF LEGAL FACTS AND FINANCIAL EXPECTA TIONAs an important management activity, accounting should make use of information systems based on classified statistics, and serve for both micro-economic management and macro-economic regulation at the same time. Optimization of financial statements system should try to take all aspects of the demands of the financial statements in both macro and micro level into account.Why do companies need to prepare financial statements? Whose demands should be considered while preparing financial statements? Those questions are basic issues we should consider on the optimization of financial statements. From the perspective of "public interests", reliability and legal evidence are required as qualitative characters, which is the origin of the traditional "historical cost accounting". From the perspective of "private interest", security investors and financial regulatory authoritieshope that financial statements reflect changes of market prices timely recording "objective" market conditions. This is the origin of "fair value accounting". Whether one set of financial statements can be compatible with these two different views and balance the public interest and private interest? To solve this problem, we design a new balance sheet and an income statement.From 1992 to 2006, a lot of new ideas and new perspectives are introduced into China's accounting practices from international accounting standards in a gradual manner during the accounting reform in China. These ideas and perspectives enriched the understanding of the financial statements in China. These achievements deserve our full assessment and should be fully affirmed. However, academia and standard-setters are also aware that International Standards are still in the process of developing .The purpose of proposing new formats of financial statements in this paper is to push forward the accounting reform into a deeper level on the basis of international convergence.III. THE PRACTICABILITY OF IMPROVING THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS SYSTEMWhether the financial statements are able to maintain their stability? It is necessary to mobilize the initiatives of both supply-side and demand-side at the same time. We should consider whether financial statements could meet the demands of the macro-economic regulation and business administration, and whether they are popular with millions of accountants.Accountants are responsible for preparing financial statements and auditors are responsible for auditing. They will benefit from the implementation of the new financial statements.Firstly, for the accountants, under the isolated design of historical cost accounting and fair value accounting, their daily accounting practice is greatly simplified. Accounting process will not need assets impairment and fair value any longer. Accounting books will not record impairment and appreciation of assets any longer, for the historical cost accounting is comprehensively implemented. Fair value information will be recorded in accordance with assessment only at the balance sheet date and only in the annual financial statements. Historical cost accounting is more likely to be recognized by the tax authorities, which saves heavy workload of the tax adjustment. Accountants will not need to calculate the deferred income tax expense any longer, and the profit-after-tax in the solid line table is acknowledged by the Company Law, which solves the problem of determining the profit available for distribution.Accountants do not need to record the fair value information needed by security investors in the accounting books; instead, they only need to list the fair value information at the balance sheet date. In addition, because the data in the solid line table has legal credibility, so the legal risks of accountants can be well controlled. Secondly, the arbitrariness of the accounting process will be reduced, and the auditors’ review process will be greatly simplified. The independent auditors will not have to bear the considerable legal risk for the dotted-line table they audit, because the risk of fair value information has been prompted as "not supported by legalevidences". Accountants and auditors can quickly adapt to this financial statements system, without the need of training. In this way, they can save a lot of time to help companies to improve management efficiency. Surveys show that the above design of financial statements is popular with accountants and auditors. Since the workloads of accounting and auditing have been substantially reduced, therefore, the total expenses for auditing and evaluation will not exceed current level as well.In short, from the perspectives of both supply-side and demand-side, the improved financial statements are expected to enhance the usefulness of financial statements, without increase the burden of the supply-side.IV. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONSThe current rule of mixed presentation of fair value data and historical cost data could be improved. The core concept of fair value is to make financial statements reflect the fair value of assets and liabilities, so that we can subtract the fair value of liabilities from assets to obtain the net fair value.However, the current International Standards do not implement this concept, but try to partly transform the historical cost accounting, which leads to mixed using of impairment accounting and fair value accounting. China's accounting academic research has followed up step by step since 1980s, and now has already introduced a mixed-attributes model into corporate financial statements.By distinguishing legal facts from financial expectations, we can balance public interests and private interests and can redesign the financial statements system with enhancing management efficiency and implementing higher-level laws as main objective. By presenting fair value and historical cost in one set of financial statements at the same time, the statements will not only meet the needs of keeping books according to domestic laws, but also meet the demand from financial regulatory authorities and security investorsWe hope that practitioners and theorists offer advices and suggestions on the problem of improving the financial statements to build a financial statements system which not only meets the domestic needs, but also converges with the International Standards.基于会计管理理论的财务报表的优化方法摘要本文提供了一个方法，以提高财务报表的可靠性和实用性。

英文文献与中文参考译文A1Fuel injection systemsA1.1 General informationFuel injection systems have been used on vehicles for many years. The earliest ones were purely mechanical. As technology advanced, electronic fuel injection systems became more popular. Early mechanical and electronic fuel injection systems did not use feedback controls. As emissions became more of a concern, feedback controls were adapted to both types of fuel injection systems. Both mechanical and electronic fuel injection systems can be found on gasoline engines.A1.2 Multi-port fuel injectionsThis is the most common type of fuel injection system found today. Regardless of the manufacturer, they all function in the same basic way. On these systems an equal amount of fuel is delivered to each cylinder.These systems all use sensors which transmit operating conditions to the computer. Information from these sensors is processed by the computer which then determines the proper air/fuel mixture. This signal is sent to the fuel injectors which open and inject fuel into their ports. The longer the injector is held open, the richer the fuel mixture will be. Most fuel injection systems need the following information to operate properly.Temperature sensors-this includes both air and coolant temperature. The computer determine how rich or lean the mixture should be. The colder the temperature, the richer the mixture.Throttle position sensors or switches-the computer uses this information to determine the position of the throttle valve(s). Some vehicles use sensors which relay the exact position of the throttle valve(s) at all times. Others use switches which only relay closed and wide-open throttle positions (some may also use a mid-throttle switch). These switches and sensors help determine engine load.Airflow sensors-these sensors also help the computer determine engine load by indicating the amount of air entering the engine. There are several different types of airflow sensors, but in the end, they all do the same job.Manifold pressure sensors-if a vehicle is not equipped with an airflow sensor, ituses a manifold pressure sensor to determine engine load (Note that some vehicles with an airflow sensor may also have a manifold pressure sensor. This is used as a fail-safe if the airflow sensor fails). As engine load increases, so does intake manifold air pressure.Engine speed and position sensors-engine speed/position sensors can be referenced form the crankshaft, camshaft or both. In addition to helping determine engine load, these sensors also tell the computer when the injectors should be fired.These systems operate at a relatively high pressure(usually at least 30 psi). To control the fuel pressure, a fuel pressure regulator is used. As engine load increases, more fuel pressure is needed. This is due to the richer mixture (more fuel needed) and to overcome the increased air pressure in the ports. Any unused fuel is diverted back to the fuel tank using a return line.A2. Ignition systemThere are many different types of ignition systems. Most of these systems can be placed into one of three distinct groups: the conventional breaker point type ignition systems (in use since the early 1900s); the electronic ignition systems (popular since the mid 70s); and the distributorless ignition system (introduced in the mid 80s).The automotive ignition system has two basic functions: it must control the spark and timing of the spark plug firing to match varying engine requirements, and it must increase battery voltage to a point where it will overcome the resistance offered by the spark plug gap and fire the plug.A2.1How does the ignition system workAn automotive ignition system is divided into two electrical circuits—the primary and secondary circuits. The primary circuit carries low voltage. This circuit operates only on battery current and is controlled by the breaker points and the ignition switch. The secondary circuit consists of the secondary windings in the coil, the high tension lead between the distributor and the coil (commonly called the coil wire) on external coil distributors, the distributor cap, the distributor rotor ,the spark plug leads and the spark plugs.The distributor is the controlling element of the system. It switches the primary current on and off and distributes the current to the proper spark plug each time a spark is needed. The distributor is a stationary housing surrounding a rotating shaft.The shaft is driven at one-half engine speed by the engine’s camshaft through the distributor drive gears. A cam near the top of the distributor shaft has one lobe for each cylinder of the engine. The cam operates the contact points, which are mounted on a plate within the distributor housing.A rotor is attached to the top of the distributor shaft. When the distributor cap is in place, a spring-loaded piece of metal in the center of the cap makes contact with a metal strip on top of the rotor. The outer end of the rotor passes very close to the contacts connected to the spark plug leads around the outside of the distributor cap.The coil is the heart of the ignition system. Essentially, it is nothing more than a transformer which takes the relatively low voltage (12 volts) available from the battery and increases it to a point where it will fire the spark plug as much as 40000 volts. The term “coil” is perhaps a misnomer since there are actually two coils of wire wound about an iron core. These coils are insulated from each other and the whole assembly is enclosed in an oil-filled case. The primary coil, which consists of relatively few turns of heavy wire, is connected to the two primary terminals located on top of the coil. The secondary coil consists of many turns of fine wire. It is connected to the high-tension connection on top of the coil (the tower into which the coil wire from the distributor is plugged).Under normal operating conditions, power from the battery is fed through a resistor or resistance wire to the primary circuit of the coil and is then grounded through the ignition points in the distributor (the points are closed). Energizing the coil primary circuit with battery voltage produces produces current flow through the primary windings, which induces a very large, intense magnetic field. This magnetic field remains as long as current flows and the points remain closed.As the distributor cam rotates, the points are pushed apart, breaking the primary circuit and stopping the flow of current. Interrupting the flow of primary current causes the magnetic field to collapse. Just as current flowing through a wire produces a magnetic field, moving a magnetic field across a wire will produce a current. As the magnetic field collapses its lines of force cross the secondary windings, inducing a current in them. Since there are many more turns of wire in the secondary windings, the voltage from the primary windings is magnified considerably up to 40000 volts[18,19].参考译文：A1.燃油喷射系统A1.1 燃油喷射系统概述燃料喷射系统已经在汽上车使用了许多年。

外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文Stamping technologyIntroductionIn the current fierce market competition, the product to market sooner or later is often the key to the success or failure. Mould is a product of high quality, high efficiency production tool, mold development cycle of the main part of the product development cycle. So the customer requirements for mold development cycle shorter, many customers put the mould delivery date in the first place, and then the quality and price. Therefore, how to ensure the quality, control the cost under the premise of processing mould is a problem worthy of serious consideration. Mold processing technology is an advanced manufacturing technology, has become an important development direction, in the aerospace, automotive, machinery and other industries widely used. Mold processing technology, can improve the comprehensive benefit and competitiveness of manufacturing industry. Research and establish mold process database, provide production enterprises urgently need to high speed cutting processing data, to the promotion of high-speed machining technology has very important significance. This article's main goal is to build a stamping die processing, mold manufacturing enterprises in theactual production combined cutting tool, workpiece and machine tool with the actual situation of enterprise itself accumulate to high speed cutting processing instance, process parameters and experience of high speed cutting database selectively to store data, not only can save a lot of manpower and material resources, financial resources, but also can guide the high speed machining production practice, to improve processing efficiency, reduce the tooling cost and obtain higher economic benefits.1. The concept, characteristics and application of stampingStamping is a pressure processing method that uses a mold installed on a press machine (mainly a press) to apply pressure to a material to cause it to separate or plastically deform, thereby obtaining a desired part (commonly referred to as a stamped or stamped part). Stamping is usually cold deformation processing of the material at room temperature, and the main use of sheet metal to form the required parts, it is also called cold stamping or sheet metal stamping. Stamping is one of the main methods of material pressure processing or plastic processing, and is affiliated with material forming engineering.The stamping die is called stamping die, or die. Dies are special tools for the batch processing of materials (metal or non-metallic) into the required stampings. Stamping is critical in stamping. There is no die that meets the requirements. Batch stamping production is difficult. Without advanced stamping, advanced stamping processes cannot be achieved.Stamping processes and dies, stamping equipment, and stamping materials constitute the three elements of stamping. Only when they are combined can stampings be obtained.Compared with other methods of mechanical processing and plastic processing, stamping processing has many unique advantages in both technical and economic aspects, and its main performance is as follows;(1) The stamping process has high production efficiency, easy operation, and easy realization of mechanization and automation. This is because stamping is accomplished by means of die and punching equipment. The number of strokes for ordinary presses can reach several tens of times per minute, and the high-speed pressure can reach hundreds or even thousands of times per minute, and each press stroke is Y ou may get a punch.(2) Since the die ensures the dimensional and shape accuracy of the stamping part during stamping, and generally does not destroy the surface quality of the stamping part, the life of the die is generally longer, so the stamping quality is stable, the interc hangeability is good, and it has “the same” Characteristics.(3) Stamping can process parts with a wide range of sizes and shapes, such as stopwatches as small as clocks, as large as automobile longitudinal beams, coverings, etc., plus the cold deformation hardening effect of materials during stamping, the strength of stamping and Thestiffness is high.(4) Stamping generally does not generate scraps, material consumption is less, and no other heating equipment is required. Therefore, it is a material-saving and energy-saving processing method, and the cost of stamping parts is low.However, the molds used for stamping are generally specialized, and sometimes a complex part requires several sets of molds for forming, and the precision of the mold manufacturing is high and the technical requirements are high. It is a technology-intensive product. Therefore, the advantages of stamping can only be fully realized in the case of large production volume of stamping parts, so as to obtain better economic benefits.Stamping is widely used in modern industrial production, especially in mass production. A considerable number of industrial sectors are increasingly using punching to process product components such as automobiles, agricultural machinery, instruments, meters, electronics, aerospace, aerospace, home appliances, and light industry. In these industrial sectors, the proportion of stamped parts is quite large, at least 60% or more, and more than 90%. Many of the parts that were manufactured in the past using forging = casting and cutting processes are now mostly replaced by light-weight, rigid stampings. Therefore, it can be said that if the stamping process cannot be adopted in production, it isdifficult for many industrial departments to increase the production efficiency and product quality, reduce the production cost, and quickly replace the product.2. Basic process and mould for stampingDue to the wide variety of stamped parts and the different shapes, sizes, and precision requirements of various parts, the stamping process used in production is also varied. Summarized, can be divided into two major categories of separation processes and forming processes; Separation process is to make the blank along a certain contour line to obtain a certain shape, size and section quality stamping (commonly referred to as blanking parts) of the process; forming process refers to The process of producing a stamped part of a certain shape and size by plastic deformation of the blank without breaking.The above two types of processes can be divided into four basic processes: blanking, bending, deep drawing and forming according to different basic deformation modes. Each basic process also includes multiple single processes.In actual production, when the production volume of the stamped part is large, the size is small and the tolerance requirement is small, it is not economical or even difficult to achieve the requirement if the stamping is performed in a single process. At this time, a centralized scheme is mostly used in the process, that is, two or more singleprocesses are concentrated in a single mold. Different methods are called combinations, and they can be divided into compound-graded and compound- Progressive three combinations.Composite stamping - A combination of two or more different single steps at the same station on the die in one press stroke.Progressive stamping - a combination of two or more different single steps on a single work station in the same mold at a single working stroke on the press.Composite - Progressive - On a die combination process consisting of composite and progressive two ways.There are many types of die structure. According to the process nature, it can be divided into blanking die, bending die, drawing die and forming die, etc.; the combination of processes can be divided into single-step die, compound die and progressive die. However, regardless of the type of die, it can be regarded as consisting of two parts: the upper die and the lower die. The upper die is fixed on the press table or the backing plate and is a fixed part of the die. During work, the blanks are positioned on the lower die surface by positioning parts, and the press sliders push the upper die downwards. The blanks are separated or plastically deformed under the action of the die working parts (ie, punch and die) to obtain the required Shape and size of punching pieces. When the upper mold is lifted, the unloading and ejecting device of the moldremoves or pushes and ejects the punching or scrap from the male and female molds for the next punching cycle.3. Current status and development direction of stamping technologyWith the continuous advancement of science and technology and the rapid development of industrial production, many new technologies, new processes, new equipment, and new materials continue to emerge, thus contributing to the constant innovation and development of stamping technology. Its main performance and development direction are as follows:(1) The theory of stamping and the stamping process The study of stamping forming theory is the basis for improving stamping technology. At present, the research on the stamping forming theory at home and abroad attaches great importance, and significant progress has been made in the study of material stamping performance, stress and strain analysis in the stamping process, study of the sheet deformation law, and the interaction between the blank and the mold. . In particular, with the rapid development of computer technology and the further improvement of plastic deformation theory, computer simulation techniques for the plastic forming process have been applied at home and abroad in recent years, namely the use of finite element (FEM) and other valuable analytical methods to simulate the plastic forming process of metals. According to the analysis results, the designer can predict the feasibility and possiblequality problems of a certain process scheme. By selecting and modifying the relevant parameters on the computer, the process and mold design can be optimized. This saves the cost of expensive trials and shortens the cycle time.Research and promotion of various pressing technologies that can increase productivity and product quality, reduce costs, and expand the range of application of stamping processes are also one of the development directions of stamping technology. At present, new precision, high-efficiency, and economical stamping processes, such as precision stamping, soft mold forming, high energy high speed forming, and dieless multi-point forming, have emerged at home and abroad. Among them, precision blanking is an effective method for improving the quality of blanking parts. It expands the scope of stamping processing. The thickness of precision blanking parts can reach 25mm at present, and the precision can reach IT16~17; use liquid, rubber, polyurethane, etc. Flexible die or die soft die forming process can process materials that are difficult to process with ordinary processing methods and parts with complex shapes, have obvious economic effects under specific production conditions, and adopt energy-efficient forming methods such as explosion for processing. This kind of sheet metal parts with complex dimensions, complex shapes, small batches, high strength and high precision has important practical significance; Superplastic forming of metal materialscan be used to replace multiple common stampings with one forming. Forming process, which has outstanding advantages for machining complex shapes and large sheet metal parts; moldless multi-point forming process is an advanced technology for forming sheet metal surfaces by replacing the traditional mold with a group of height adjustable punches. Independently designed and manufactured an international leading-edge moldless multi-point forming equipment, which solves the multi-point press forming method and can therefore be Changing the state of stress and deformation path, improving the forming limit of the material, while repeatedly using the forming technology may eliminate the residual stress within the material, the rebound-free molding. The dieless multi-point forming system takes CAD/CAM/CAE technology as the main means to quickly and economically realize the automated forming of three-dimensional surfaces.(2) Dies are the basic conditions for achieving stamping production. In the design and manufacture of stampings, they are currently developing in the following two aspects: On the one hand, in order to meet the needs of high-volume, automatic, precision, safety and other large-volume modern production, stamping is To develop high-efficiency, high-precision, high-life, multi-station, and multi-function, compared with new mold materials and heat treatment technologies, various high-efficiency, precision, CNC automatic mold processing machine toolsand testing equipment and molds CAD/CAM technology is also rapidly developing; On the other hand, in order to meet the needs of product replacement and trial production or small-batch production, zinc-based alloy die, polyurethane rubber die, sheet die, steel die, combination die and other simple die And its manufacturing technology has also been rapidly developed.Precision, high-efficiency multi-station and multi-function progressive die and large-scale complex automotive panel die represent the technical level of modern die. At present, the precision of the progressive die above 50 stations can reach 2 microns. The multifunctional progressive die can not only complete the stamping process, but also complete welding, assembly and other processes. Our country has been able to design and manufacture its own precision up to the international level of 2 to 5 microns, precision 2 to 3 microns into the distance, the total life of 100 million. China's major automotive mold enterprises have been able to produce complete sets of car cover molds, and have basically reached the international level in terms of design and manufacturing methods and means. However, the manufacturing methods and methods have basically reached the international level. The mold structure and function are also close to international Level, but there is still a certain gap compared with foreign countries in terms of manufacturing quality, accuracy, manufacturing cycle and cost.4. Stamping standardization and professional productionThe standardization and professional production of molds has been widely recognized by the mold industry. Because the die is a single-piece, small-volume production, the die parts have both certain complexity and precision, as well as a certain structural typicality. Therefore, only the standardization of the die can be achieved, so that the production of the die and the die parts can be professionalized and commercialized, thereby reducing the cost of the die, improving the quality of the die and shortening the manufacturing cycle. At present, the standard production of molds in foreign advanced industrial countries has reached 70% to 80%. Mould factories only need to design and manufacture working parts, and most of the mold parts are purchased from standard parts factories, which greatly increases productivity. The more irregular the degree of specialization of the mold manufacturing plant, the more and more detailed division of labor, such as the current mold factory, mandrel factory, heat treatment plant, and even some mold factories only specialize in the manufacture of a certain type of product or die The bending die is more conducive to the improvement of the manufacturing level and the shortening of the manufacturing cycle. China's stamp standardization and specialized production have also witnessed considerable development in recent years. In addition to the increase in the number of standard parts specialized manufacturers, the number ofstandard parts has also expanded, and the accuracy has also improved. However, the overall situation can not meet the requirements of the development of the mold industry, mainly reflected in the standardization level is not high (usually below 40%), the standard parts of the species and specifications are less, most standard parts manufacturers did not form a large-scale production, standard parts There are still many problems with quality. In addition, the sales, supply, and service of standard parts production have yet to be further improved.中文译文冲压模具技术前言在目前激烈的市场竞争中, 产品投入市场的迟早往往是成败的关键。