被动语态总结
一、被动语态概述
语态是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。
英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般说来，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。
汉语往往用“被”、“受”、“给”等词来表示被动意义。
如：
They didn’t offer Ann the job. （主动语态）
Ann wasn’t offered the job. （被动语态）安没得到这份工作。
二、被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。
被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式，过去分词部分不变。
疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。
1、被动语态的时态较常见的八种形式
1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.
2) has /have been done 现在完成时
All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start.
3) am/is /are being done 现在进行时 A new cinema is being built here．
4) was/were done 一般过去时
I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.
5) had been done 过去完成时
By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.
6) was/were being done 过去进行时 A meeting was being held when I was there.
7) shall/will be done 一般将来时Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.
8) should/would be done 过去将来时
The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.
三、被动语态的特殊结构形式
1) 带情态动词的被动结构。
其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。
The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.
2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍
然保留在谓语后面。
通常变为主语的是间接宾语。
His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.
3) 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。
Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.
4) 在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语
时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。
Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.
5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它
们看作一个整体，不能分开。
其中的介词或副词也不能省略。
The meeting is to be put off till Friday.
3. 非谓语动词的被动语态
v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。
I don't like being laughed at in the public.The radio needs to be repaired.
四、如何使用被动语态
学习被动语态时，不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构，还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。
1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者 (这时可省 by 短语)。
My bike was stolen last night.
2. 用来强调动作的承受者。
I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.
3. 为了更好地安排句子。
The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. （一个主语就够了）
五、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型
一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It＋be ＋过去分词＋that从句”或“主语＋be＋过去分词＋to do sth.”。
有：
It is said that…据说……It is reported that…据报道……
It is believed that…大家相信……It is hoped that…大家希望……
It is well known that…众所周知……It is thought that…大家认为……
It is suggested that…据建议……
It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （＝The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）
六、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义
1. 英语中有很多动词如break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作
不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物。
This kind of cloth washes well.
注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。
试比较：The door won't lock．（指门本身有毛病）
The door won't be locked．（指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因）
2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true,
run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。
How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？
3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以
主动形式表示被动意义。
Your reason sounds reasonable.
七、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义
在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义。
1. 在need，want，require, bear，deserve等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不
定式的被动形式。
The house needs repairing（to be repaired）．这房子需要修理。
2. 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式
的被动形式。
The picture-book is well worth reading．（＝The picture-book is very worthy to be read．）
3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关
系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
I have a lot of things to do this afternoon． (to do与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。
)试比较：
I’ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? (此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post 动作的执行者。
)
4. 在某些“形容词＋不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，
这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。
这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。
例This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）.
5. 在too… to…结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。
This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.
6. 在there be…句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作
定语，重点在物。
例There is no time to lose（to be lost）．（用to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，谁 lost time不明确。
）
7. 在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。
然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent,
blame, let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
Who is to blame for starting the fire?
八、介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义
表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。
1. “under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。
常见的有：under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治疗中）,
under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under construction（在施工中）。
The building is under construction( is being constructed).
2. “beyond+名词”结构，“出乎……胜过……、范围、限度”。
常见的有：beyond belief (令人难以置信)， beyond
one’s reach（鞭长莫及），beyond one’s control（无法控制），beyond our hope．我们的成功始料不及。
The rumour is beyond belief（=can’t be believed）．
3. “above+名词”结构, 表示“(品质、行为、能力等) 超过……、高于……”。
His honest character is above all praise．=His honest character cannot be praised enough．
4. “for+名词”结构，表示“适于……、为着……”。
如：for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等。
That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).
5. “in+名词”结构，表示“在……过程中或范围内”常见的有：in print（在印刷中），in sight(在视野范围内)，
等。
The book is not yet in print．(=is not yet printed)
九、主动语态变为被动语态
1、主动语态变为被动语态的步骤：
（1）将主动句的宾语变为主语，如果主动句的宾语是代词，需变为主格。
如：
（2）将动词改为“be+过去分词”，be与新主语的人称和数一致，时态不变。
（3）将主动语态的主语前加by放在谓语动词后，如果原主语是代词，要变为宾格。
They held a meeting yesterday. → A meeting was held（by them）yesterday.
They won’t forgive me. → I won’t be forgiven by them.
2、主动语态变为被动语态的注意事项：
（1）主动句中的主语如果是people, we, you, they, somebody等含糊地表示“人们”、“大家”等，变为被动句时，通常删去“by…”，除非强调原主语。
如：
They set up this hospital in 1975. → This hospital was set up in 1975.
Only he can finish the job.→ The job can be finished only by him.
（2）含有双宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语的句子，每个宾语都可变为被动语态的主语，即其被动语态有两种形式。
但多以间接宾语作主语。
Jack told us the truth.杰克告诉了我们真相。
We were told the truth by Jack. The truth was told (to) us by Jack.
（3）含有宾语+宾语补足语的句子，变成被动句后原来的宾语补足语就成了主语补足语了；
注意：不带to的不定式作宾语补足语时，变成被动时要加上to。
I heart Emily sing the song just now.
→ Emily was he ard to sing the song just now. 我刚才听见艾米莉唱这首歌了。
（4）含有宾语从句的主动句变为被动句，通常用it作为被动结构的先行主语，把宾语从句后置。
We have determined that the plan should be carried out soon.
It has been determined that the plan should be carried out soon.
（5）双重被动结构：
当某人或物成为两次动作的承受者时，要用双重被动结构。
如：
Parents often ask their children to do too much homework.
The children are often asked to do too much homework.
Too much homework is often asked to be done by the childre、
十、高频考点：
1. 动词的主动形式表示被动之意
1）某些连系动词，如：look, feel, smell，sound, prove等。
The flower smells sweet.这花闻起来很香。
Maria proves very patient and warm-hearted. 玛丽亚被证明很耐心、很热心。
2）表示主语内在“品质”或“性能”的某些动词，虽然可以是及物动词，但这时用作不及物动词，如：lock, shut, close, open, move, read, write, sell, wash, clean, draw, cut, translate, burn, run, ride, begin, end, operate等。
The sentences translate hard. 这些句子很难译。
The do or won’t shut. 这个门关不上。
3）某些动词用在句型“主+谓+主补”时，如wear，blow，prove等。
The door blew open. 门被吹开了。
2. 不用于被动语态的动词
有些动词用于被动语态，如happen，cost，take，have (有)，own，possess, want (缺乏)。
An accident happened yesterday. 昨天发生了一起事故。
One should possess courage, determination and wisdom. 人要拥有勇气、决心和智慧。
3. “动词+反身代词”结构与“be+过去分词”结构注意下面短语：
devote oneself to (献身于) seat oneself (就坐) dress oneself (穿衣),
amuse oneself (自娱自乐) lose oneself (迷路) prepare oneself for (做好心理准备),
concern oneself about (担心) 这些短语经常用被动结构表示主动意义。
They were seated in the front of the hall. 他们在大厅前部就坐。
He was concerned about his work. 他担心他的工作。
All my students are well prepared for the test. 我的学生都为考试做好了准备。
His mother is dressed in white at the party. 他的妈妈在宴会上穿着白色衣服。
4. be done与get done
1）现代英语特别是口语中常用“get + 过去分词”表示被动语态。
2）“get + 过去分词”只表示动作，而“be+过去分词”既可表动作，也可表状态。
They have been married for ages. 他们结婚多年了。
（不能用get married）
They got married last month. 他们上个月结婚了。
3）经过安排、考虑的动作用“be+过去分词”；出乎意料时用“get+过去分词”。
How did the painting get damaged? 这幅画什么时候被损坏的？
4）“be+过去分词”是单纯的被动意义，而“get+过去分词”可以暗示主语对动作的发生有一定的责任，含有某种主动意味。
His team got beaten again though they had tried their best.
虽然他们尽了全力，他的队还是输了。
5. 几个被动语态常用习惯用法：
We’re determined to set up an eco-laboratory. 我们决定建立一个生态实验室。
My time was occupied with children. 我的时间都用在了孩子们身上。
I’m very interested in fine arts. 我对美术非常感兴趣。
Where was your grandfather born? 你祖父的出生地是哪里？
I was graduated from that university ten years ago. 我十年前从那所大学毕业。
My hometown is situated in the south of China. 我的家乡在中国南部。
6．It is said/ reported/believed, etc. + 从句的变化：
巩固练习
Ⅰ. 单项选择
1. In the spoken English of some areas in the US, the “r” sounds at the end of the
words _________. (2010 北京)
A. are dropped
B. drop
C. are being dropped
D. have dropped
2. Experiments of this kind _______ in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second
World War.（2011 北京）
A. have conducted
B. have been conducted
C. had conducted
D. had been conducted
3. He_____________some pieces of advice, but he__________to them.
A. gave, didn’t listen
B. was given, wasn’t listened
C. give, wasn’t listened
D. was given, didn’t listen
4. This coastal area ______ a national wildlife reserve last year. (2010 湖南)
A．was named B．named C．is named D．names
5. A lot of tall buildings______________in his hometown in the last three years.
A. have set up
B. have been set up
C. were set up
D. set up
6. They ______________printing 500 copies by the end of last month.
A. had finished
B. have finished
C. had been finished
D. have been finished
7. Great changes______________place. Many new schools ______________.
A. have taken, have been opened
B. take, are open
C. are taken, open
D. have been taken, are opened
8. We can’t use the bridge now, because it______________.
A. has been repaired
B. is repairing
C. is repaired
D. is being repaired
9. I______________the way to the railway station by a policeman.
A. was shown
B. showed
C. have shown
D. was showing
10. The war the old soldier remembers very well ______________in 1941.
A. broke out
B. had been broken out
C. was broken out
D. had broken out
11. When water______________, it will be changed into vapour.
A. is heated
B. heating
C. has heated
D. heats
12. We can’t enter the room because its door______________, but you couldn’t lock it at
all before.
A. locked
B. locks
C. is locked
D. is locking
13. They______________day and night, so they had no time to stay with their families.
A. are made work
B. are made to work
C. made to be worked
D. are making to work
答案：ＡＤＤＡＢＡＡＤＡＡＡＣＢ。
