中英文对照外翻译
Basic knowledge of transducers
A transducer is a device which converts the quantity being measured into an optical, mechanical, or-more commonly-electrical signal. The energy-conversion process that takes place is referred to as transduction.
Transducers are classified according to the transduction principle involved and the form of the measured. Thus a resistance transducer for measuring displacement is classified as a resistance displacement transducer. Other classification examples are pressure bellows, force diaphragm, pressure flapper-nozzle, and so on.
1、Transducer Elements
Although there are exception ,most transducers consist of a sensing element and a conversion or control element. For example, diaphragms,bellows,strain tubes and rings, bourdon tubes, and cantilevers are sensing elements which respond to changes in pressure or force and convert these physical quantities into a displacement. This displacement may then be used to change an electrical parameter such as voltage, resistance, capacitance, or inductance. Such combination of mechanical and electrical elements form electromechanical transducing devices or transducers. Similar combination can be made for other energy input such as thermal. Photo, magnetic and chemical,giving thermoelectric, photoelectric,electromaanetic, and electrochemical transducers respectively.
2、Transducer Sensitivity
The relationship between the measured and the transducer output signal is usually obtained by calibration tests and is referred to as the transducer sensitivity K1= output-signal increment / measured increment . In practice, the transducer sensitivity is usually known, and, by measuring the output signal, the input quantity is determined from input= output-signal increment / K1.
3、Characteristics of an Ideal Transducer
The high transducer should exhibit the following characteristics
a) high fidelity-the transducer output waveform shape be a faithful reproduction of the measured; there should be minimum distortion.
b) There should be minimum interference with the quantity being measured; the presence of the transducer should not alter the measured in any way.
c) Size. The transducer must be capable of being placed exactly where it is needed.
d) There should be a linear relationship between the measured and the transducer signal.
e) The transducer should have minimum sensitivity to external effects, pressure transducers,for example,are often subjected to external effects such vibration and temperature.
f) The natural frequency of the transducer should be well separated from the frequency and harmonics of the measurand.
4、Electrical Transducers
Electrical transducers exhibit many of the ideal characteristics. In addition they offer high sensitivity as well as promoting the possible of remote indication or mesdurement. Electrical transducers can be divided into two distinct groups:
a) variable-control-parameter types,which include:
i)resistance
ii) capacitance
iii) inductance
iv) mutual-inductance types
These transducers all rely on external excitation voltage for their operation.
b) self-generating types,which include
i) electromagnetic
ii)thermoelectric
iii)photoemissive
iv)piezo-electric types
These all themselves produce an output voltage in response to the measurand input and their effects are reversible. For example, a piezo-electric transducer normally produces an output voltage in response to the deformation of a crystalline material; however, if an alternating voltage is applied across the material, the transducer exhibits the reversible effect by deforming or vibrating at the frequency of the alternating voltage.
5、Resistance Transducers
Resistance transducers may be divided into two groups, as follows:
i) Those which experience a large resistance change, measured by using potential-divider methods. Potentiometers are in this group.
ii)Those which experience a small resistance change, measured by bridge-circuit methods. Examples of this group include strain gauges and resistance thermometers.
5.1 Potentiometers
A linear wire-wound potentiometer consists of a number of turns resistance wire wound around a non-conducting former, together with a wiping contact which travels over the barwires. The construction principles are shown in figure which indicate that the wiper
