第二章课后翻译
Preparation of cyclopropane 1,1- dicarboxylic acid环丙烷1,1-二甲酸的制备(1). To a 1-L solution of aqueous 50% sodium hydroxide(Note 1), mechanically stirred in a 2-L, three-necked flask, was added, at 25°C, 114.0 g (0.5 mol) of triethylbenzylammonium chloride（TEBA三乙基苄基氯化铵）(Note 2).1L的50%氢氧化钠加入到2L的三口烧瓶中，加入TEBA三乙基苄基氯化铵114.0g（0.5mol）在25℃机械搅拌。
To this vigorously stirred suspension was added a mixture of 80.0 g (0.5 mol) of diethyl malonate and 141.0 g (0.75 mol) of 1,2-dibromoethane all at once.充分搅拌至混悬状，一次性加入丙二酸二乙酯80.0g（0.5mol）和1,2-二溴乙烷141.0个（0.75mol）的混合物。
The reaction mixture was vigorously stirred for 2 hr (Note 3).反应混合物强烈搅拌2小时。
The contents of the flask were transferred to a 4-L Erlenmeyer flask by rinsing the flask with three 75-mL portions of water.把烧瓶中的物质转移到4L的锥形瓶中，并用75ml清水洗涤烧瓶三次。
The mixture was magnetically stirred by dropwise addition of 1 L of concentrated hydrochloric acid.混合物在磁力搅拌下缓慢滴加浓盐酸。
The temperature of the flask was maintained between 15 and 25°C during acidification. 在酸化过程中烧瓶内的温度保持在15-25℃之间。
The aqueous layer was poured into a 4-L separatory funnel and extracted three times with 900 mL of ether.反应物的水层在4L的分液漏斗中用900ml乙醚分三次萃取。
The aqueous layer was saturated with sodium chloride and extracted three times with 500 mL of ether.水层用氯化钠饱和，并且用500ml乙醚分三次萃取。
The ether layers were combined, washed with 1 L of brine, dried (MgSO4), and decolorized with activated carbon.合并乙醚液，用浓盐水洗涤，干燥，用活性炭脱色。
Removal of the solvent by rotary evaporation gave 55.2 g of a semisolid residue.用旋转蒸发器出去溶剂得55.2g的半固体。
The residue was triturateed with 100 mL of benzene.残渣用100ml苯磨碎。
Filtration of this mixture gave 43.1–47.9 g (66–73%) of 1 as white crystals, mp 137–140°C.过滤的混合物为43.1-47.9g(66–73%)白色晶体熔点137–140°C
Preparation of mesitaldehyde (2,4,6- trimethyl benzaldehyde) 2,4,6-三甲基苯甲醛的制备
A solution of 72 g. (0.60 mole) of mesitylene in 375 ml. of dry methylene chloride is placed in a 1-l. three-necked flask equipped with a reflux condenser, a stirrer, and a dropping funnel. 72g （0.60mol）的1,3,5-三甲基苯和无水的二氯甲烷放入配有冷凝回流、搅拌和滴液漏斗装置的三口烧瓶中。
The solution is cooled in an ice bath, and 190 g. (110 ml., 1.0 mole) of titanium tetrachloride is added over a period of 3 minutes. 在冰浴的条件下，在三分钟内滴加190g （110ml，1.0mol）的四氯化钛。
While the solution is stirred and cooled, 57.5 g. (0.5 mole) of dichloromethyl methyl ether 2 is added dropwise over a 25-minute period.之后再冰浴和搅拌下，在25分钟内滴加57.5g（0.5mol）滴加二氯甲基甲醚。
The reaction begins (as indicated by evolution of hydrogen chloride) when the first drop of chloro ether is added. 当开始滴加氯代醚，则反应开始（有氯化氢放出）After the addition is complete, the mixture is stirred for 5 minutes in the ice bath, for 30 minutes without cooling, and for 15 minutes at 35°.在滴加完成后，混合物在冰浴下搅拌5分钟，移开冰浴反应30分钟，再在35℃下反应15分钟。
Th e reaction mixture is poured into a separatory funnel containing about 0.5 kg. of crushed ice and is shaken thoroughly.反应混合物移入分液漏斗，并加0.5kg的碎冰，充分振摇。
The organic layer is separated, and the aqueous solution is extracted with two 50- ml. portions of
methylene chloride.弃去有机层，水层再用50ml的二氯甲烷分两次萃取。
The combined organic solution is washed three times with 75-ml. portions of water.合并萃取液，用75ml水分三次洗涤。
A crystal of hydroquinone is added to the methylene chloride solution (Note 1) which is then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. 对二苯酚晶体加入到二氯甲烷溶液中，在加入无水硫酸钠干燥。
After evaporation of the solvent, the residue is distilled to give the crude product, b.p. 68–74° (0.9 mm.).蒸去溶剂便得到粗品沸点68-74℃（0.9mm）After redistillation there is obtained 60–66 g. (81–89%) of mesitaldehyde; b.p. 113–115° (11 mm.), n20D 1.5538.重蒸馏得到60-66g（81-89%）的2,4,6-三甲基苯甲醛沸点113-115℃（11mm）。
2-Methyl-4-ethoxalylcyclopentane-1,3,5-trione. A solution of sodium ethoxide is prepared in a 2-l. three-necked, round-bottomed flask fitted with a
mercury-sealed stirrer, a reflux condenser carrying a drying tube, and a stopper by the addition of 69.0 g. (3 moles) of sodium to 950 ml. of absolute ethanol. 69.0g （3mol）钠和950ml无水乙醇在配有干燥回流冷凝管和汞封搅拌器的2L三口圆底烧瓶中制备乙醇钠。
The solution is cooled to 0–5° in an ice bath and stirred.溶液在0-5℃下冰浴搅拌。
The stopper is replaced by a dropping funnel, and a cold mixture (5–15°) of 108 g. (1.50 moles) of freshly distilled 2-butanone and 482 g. (3.30 moles) of diethyl oxalate(Note 1) is added gradually over a period of 30 minutes.瓶塞用分液漏斗取代，108g（1.5mol）的丁二酮和482g（3.3mol）的乙二酸二乙酯在5-15℃下低温混合，在30分钟内逐步滴加到溶液中。
After the addition is complete, the thick, orange-red mixture is allowed to warm with continued stirring to room temperature, heated under reflux for 30 minutes, and cooled again to 0° in an ice bath. 完全加入后，橘红色的粘稠物继续搅拌至室温，加热回流30分钟后在冰浴中冷却至0℃。
The mixture is decomposed by stirring with 165 ml. of sulfuric acid (1:1 by volume) added in portions.将165ml浓硫酸（体积比1:1）在搅拌加入，分解混合物。
The sodium sulfate formed is filtered by suction and washed with ethanol (150–200 ml.) (Note 2). 硫酸钠抽滤后用乙醇（150–200 ml）洗涤。
The washings and filtrate are combined and concentrated by evaporation .合并滤液和洗涤液后蒸发浓缩。
The yellowish brown product which accumulates by slow crystallization is collected by filtration, washed with small quantities of ice-cold water, and dried in air.过滤缓慢析出的棕黄色产品用小剂量的冰水洗涤后在空气中干燥。
The crude product weighs 140–150 g.粗产品
140-150g。
Further evaporative concentration of the mother liquor followed by cooling furnishes an additional 40–50 g. of the keto ester,此外将母液用冷冻蒸发浓缩后又得到40-50g的酮酯。
bringing the total yield to 180–200 g. (53–59%)产品总共
In a 3-l. three-necked round-bottomed flask, fitted with a sealed stirrer, a dropping funnel, and a reflux condenser, is placed 80 g. (1.1 moles) of dimethylformamide (Note 1).在配有封闭搅拌器、滴液漏斗和冷凝回流装置的三口圆底烧瓶中放入80g（1.1mol）的二甲基甲酰胺。
The flask is immersed in an ice bath, and the internal temperature is maintained at 10–20°, while 169 g.
(1.1 moles) of phosphorus oxychloride is added through the dropping funnel over a period of 15 minutes.烧瓶浸入冰浴中，内部温度保持在10-20℃，169g（1.1mol）的磷酰氯通过滴液漏斗在15分钟内滴加。
An exothermic reaction occurs with the formation of the phosphorus oxychloride - dimethylformamide complex. 放热反应生成磷酰氯二甲基甲酰胺化合物。
The ice bath is removed, and the mixture is stirred for 15 minutes (Note 2). 移去冰浴，在搅拌15分钟。
The ice bath is replaced, and 250 ml. of ethylene dichloride is added to the mixture.重新再冰浴下加入250ml的二氯乙烯。
When the internal temperature has been lowered to 5°, a solution of 67 g. (1.0 mole) of freshly distilled pyrrole in 250 ml. of ethylene dichloride is added through a clean dropping funnel to the stirred, cooled mixture over a period of 1 hour. 当内部温度降到5度时，把67g（1.0mol）新蒸馏的吡咯加入到250二氯乙烯中，通过滴液漏斗在1小时内低温下边搅拌边滴加。
After the addition is complete, the ice bath is replaced with a heating mantle, and the mixture is stirred at the reflux temperature for 15 minutes, during which time there is copious evolution of hydrogen chloride.滴加完后，用加热装置取代冰浴，搅拌回流15分钟，直到有大量氯化氢产生。
The mixture is then cooled to 25–30°, and to it is added through the dropping funnel a solution of 750 g. (5.5 moles) of sodium acetate trihydrate (Note 3) in about of water, cautiously at first, then as rapidly as possible. 当混合物降温到25-30℃后，通过滴液漏斗加入750g（5.5mol）的三水醋酸钠溶液，开始要小心，然后要尽可能地快。
The reaction mixture is again refluxed for 15 minutes, vigorous stirring being maintained all the while (Note 4). 反应物在充分搅拌下重新回流15分钟。
The cooled mixture is transferred to a 3-l. separatory funnel, and the ethylene dichloride layer is removed.冷却的混合物转移到分液漏斗中，出去二氯乙烯层。
The aqueous phase is extracted three times with a total of about 500 ml. of ether. 水相用500ml乙醚分三次萃取。
The ether and ethylene chloride solutions are combined and washed with three 100-ml. portions of saturated aqueous sodium carbonate solution, which is added cautiously at first to avoid too rapid evolution of carbon dioxide.合并乙醚和氯乙烯溶液，用100ml饱和碳酸钠溶液分三次洗涤，然后通入二氧化碳，通入时要小心不要太快。
The non- aqueous solution is then dried over anhydrous sodium carbonate, the solvents are distilled, and the remaining liquid is transferred to a Claisen flask and distilled from an oil bath under reduced pressure (Note 5). 非水溶液用无水碳酸钠干燥，蒸馏溶剂，余下的溶液移入克氏烧瓶在油浴中减压蒸馏。
The aldehyde boils at 78°
at 2 mm.; there is very little fore-run and very little residue.醛沸点78度在2mm；很少有预留无和残渣。
The yield of crude 2-pyrrolealdehyde is 85–90 g. (89–95%), as an almost water-white liquid which soon crystallizes.当几乎透明的液体会马上结晶，粗品产量85-90g（89-95%）。
A sample dried on a clay plate melts at 35–40°. 样品在素烧瓷板上干燥，熔点35-40度。
The crude product is purified by dissolving in boiling petroleum ether (b.p. 40–60°), in the ratio of 1 g. of crude 2-pyrrolealdehyde to 25 ml. of solvent, and cooling the solution slowly to room temperature, followed by refrigeration for a few hours.粗品溶解在沸腾的石油醚中（沸点40-60度），一克粗品2-甲基吡啶加入25ml溶剂，在室温下冷却，这后再冷冻数小时。
The pure aldehyde is obtained from the crude in approximately 85% recovery.纯品醛是从粗品中得到，收率85%。
The over-all yield from pyrrole is 78–79% of pure 2-pyrrolealdehyde, m.p. 44–45°. 总得率为78-79%熔点44-45度。
About 216–224 g. (1.62–1.68 moles) of powdered anhydrous aluminum chloride is added to a 1Lthree-necked flask.在1L的三口烧瓶中加入大约
216-224g(1.62–1.68 moles)的无水三氯化铝。
While the free-flowing catalyst is stirred (Note 3), 81 g. (0.67 mole) of acetophenone is added from the dropping funnel in a slow stream over a period of 20–30 minutes.自由流动的催化剂边搅拌边用滴液漏斗缓慢滴加81g苯乙酰。
Considerable heat is evolved, and, if the drops of ketone are not dispersed, darkening or charring occurs. 放热反应，假如滴加的酮不能被分散，就会变黑或是碳化。
When about one-third of the acetophenone has been added, the mixture becomes a viscous ball-like mass that is difficult to stir.当三分之一的乙酰苯被滴加，反应混合物变成一个很难搅拌的粘性的球状团块。
Turning of the stirrer by hand or more rapid addition of ketone is necessary at this point. 在这时，改用手动搅拌或快速滴加酮是非常必要的。
The addition of ketone, however, should not be so rapid as to produce a temperature above 180°. 然而，速度不能太快，当反应温度超过180℃时。
Near the end of the addition, the mass becomes molten and can be stirred easily without being either heated or cooled. The molten mass, in which the acetophenone is complexed with aluminum chloride, ranges in color from tan to brown.当快滴加完时，团块开始融化，表明苯乙酰已经和三氯化铝混合完全，颜色也逐渐从黄褐色变为棕色。
Bromine (128 g., 0.80 mole) is added dropwise to the well-stirred mixture over a period of 40 minutes (Note 4). 在40分钟内在搅拌下把溴缓慢滴加到混合物中。
After all the bromine has been added, the molten mixture is stirred at 80–85° on a steam bath for 1 hour.溴滴加完后，熔融混合物在80-85℃蒸气浴下搅拌1小时。
The complex is
added in portions to a well-stirred mixture of 1.3 l. of cracked ice and 100 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid in a 2-l. beaker (Note 6).反应物加入到1.3L碎冰和100ml浓盐酸的混合物中在2L的烧杯中混合均匀。
Part of the cold aqueous layer is added to the reaction flask to decompose whatever part of the reaction mixture remains there, and the resulting mixture is added to the beaker.把部分的冰水层加入到烧瓶中洗涤残留物，然后合并到烧杯中。
The dark oil that settles out is extracted from the mixture with four 150-ml. portions of ether分四次把深色的油从混合物中用150ml萃取出来。
The extracts are combined, washed consecutively with 100 ml. of water and 100 ml. of 5% aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and transferred to a short-necked distillation flask. 合并萃取液，用100ml
水和100ml 5%的小苏打洗涤，用无水硫酸钠干燥。
The ether is removed by distillation at atmospheric pressure, and crude 3-bromoacetophenone is stripped from a few grams of heavy dark residue by distillation at reduced pressure. 乙醚在常压下蒸馏，微量的溴苯乙酮通过减压蒸馏的方法从大量深色残渣中被分离出来。
The colorless distillate is carefully fractionated to obtain 94–100 g.通过分馏，得到无色的流出液94-100g。
