《动物营养学报》英文论文格式模板
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Effects of Dietary Energy Level on Growth Performance and Carcass 2
Composition of Wujin Pigs
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ZHANG Xi ZHAO Su-mei GE Chang-rong LAI Hua LI Chang-qiang GAO Shi-zheng*
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(Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China)
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Abstract: (Objective)The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of dietary digestible energy levels on 8
growth performance and carcass composition in Wujin pigs, and to investigate the most suitable dietary energy density 9
for maximum growth potential and best carcass composition using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model. (Method) 10
The experimental approach was by single factor random allotment. Ninety pigs were randomly allotted into five groups 11
of 18, and fed diets containing 14.22, 13.60, 12.98, 12.36 and 11.74 MJ/kg of digestible energy. (Result)Results showed 12
that the daily gain was reduced and the feed gain ratio increased gradually with reduction in dietary energy levels. No significant differences were found in the groups at body weight of 15～30 kg (P>0.05). At the body weight of 60 and 13
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100 kg, lean meat weight, lean meat ratio and loin eye area were increased, but fat weight, fat percentage and back fat thickness were decreased with reduction in dietary energy levels. From the fitting curve, the most suitable dietary energy 15
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levels for best growth performance at body weights of 15～30 kg, 30～60 kg and 60～100 kg were 14.01, 13.15 and 17
12.98 MJ/kg, respectively. Using lean meat ratio, back fat thickness and loin eye area to represent the carcass
composition, the optimal dietary energy densities were 11.13, 11.36 and 11.71 MJ/kg at 15～30 kg, 30～60 kg and 60～
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100 kg, respectively. (Conclusion)Optimum dietary energy levels were 13.55, 12.81 and 13.20 MJ/kg for a combination 20
of growth performance and carcass composition.
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Key words: Digestive energy; Growth performance; Carcass composition; Wujin pigs
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Wujin pigs is a typical Chinese local breed in Yunnan province and its feeding is based on the availability of natural
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resources in the local area. Wujin pigs grows slowly and its body fat is high, but its meat is very good, especially in its
Date recerved: 2007-12-22
Financial support: Key Project of Yunnan Natural Science Foundation (2005C0008Z)
Author information:ZHANG Xi, professor, major in animal nutrition and feed science. E-mail: zhangxi_km@https://www.doczj.com/doc/745888966.html,
* Corresponding author: GAO Shi-zheng, professor, major in animal nutrition. E-mail: gaoszkm@https://www.doczj.com/doc/745888966.html,
content of intramuscular fat which is higher than that in other breeds of pigs. Traditionally, it is an ideal material for 1
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producing the high quality Xuanwei ham in China[1-2]. Efforts have been made to hybridize this Chinese local pigs breed 3
with foreign breeds to improve growth performance and to obtain the best carcass traits, but there has been limited 4
research in the traditional feeding model. To improve the feeding model, therefore, it is necessary to investigate the most 5
suitable dietary energy levels for Wujin pigs, based on the Chinese Feeding Standard for Local Pigs[3] and NRC (1998)[4]. 6
This study used fitting curves and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation to investigate dietary energy levels for best growth 7
performance and carcass composition.
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1 MATERIALS AND METHODS
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1.1 Experimental design
The experiment was designed by single factor random allotment. Ninety Wujin pigs with an initial live weight of
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(15± 1.51) kg were divided into 5 dietary treatment groups based on different dietary energy content and crude protein content (18%, 16% and 14%) at three growing finishing stages (15～30 kg, 30～60 kg , and 60～90 kg body weight). 12
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1.2 Pigs and Housing
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All experimental procedures were approved by the Yunnan Agricultural University Committee on Laboratory Animal 15
Care. Groups of six pigs were housed in one pen with a half slatted floor in an insulated but unheated shed at the 16
research station of Yunnan Agricultural University. The pigs were fed twice daily at 08:00 and 15:30, respectively.
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1.3 Diets
The five dietary energy densities were derived from recommendations of the Chinese Feeding Standard for Local
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Breed Pigs[3] (group III, DE: 12.98 MJ/kg) and the United States NRC (1998)[4] (group I, DE: 14.22 MJ/kg). The other 20
groups completed the series with increments of 0.62 MJ/kg; i.e., the dietary energy levels of group Ⅰto group Ⅴ were
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14.22, 13.60, 12.98, 12.36 and 11.74 MJ/kg, respectively. Composition and calculated nutrient contents of the 22
experimental diets are presented in Table 1.
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1.4 Growth performance
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The feed intake was recorded daily. The pigs were weighed monthly, and at the beginning and the end of the 25
experiment. The average daily gain and the feed gain ratio were calculated.
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1.5 Carcass composition
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Six pigs from each group were slaughtered at 30, 60 and 100 kg body weight. The pigs were fasted for 24 h before being slaughtered and weighed. Different parts of the carcass were separated and measured including loin eye area, back
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fat thickness, lean meat weight, fat weight, bone weight, skin weight so that the slaughter percentage, lean meat 30
percentage, fat percentage, the ratio of lean meat to fat were calculated[4].
1.6Calculations and statistics
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1.6.1 Statistical analysis
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Significant differences and regression analyses were conducted with SAS and EXCEL software.
1.6.2 Model of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation
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Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (DM basis, %)
Items
15～30 kg 30～60 kg 60～100 kg
ⅠⅡⅢⅣⅤⅠⅡⅢⅣⅤⅠⅡⅢⅣⅤ
Ingredients
Corn 63.19 62.46 57.32 48.31 39.49 68.67 66.80 62.50 53.79 43.22 73.79 71.84 66.44 59.00 48.40 Wheat bran 7.00 10.00 17.93 27.93 38.35 7.00 12.00 19.00 29.00 42.00 7.00 12.00 20.00 27.62 42.00 Soybean meal 18.61 19.16 17.38 15.90 14.23 14.40 12.98 11.36 9.54 8.48 10.93 9.56 7.80 6.56 4.59 Fish meal 6.00 5.00 5.00 4.80 4.60 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 4.00 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 2.80 Soybean oil 2.96 0.90 - - - 2.90 1.11 0.03 - 0.08 2.70 1.01 0.16 - - CaHPO40.10 0.20 0.05 0.20 0.15 - - - 0.01 - - - - 0.50 - Limestone 0.85 0.90 1.00 0.90 0.94 0.72 0.81 0.81 0.80 0.89 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.96 0.81 Met - - - - - - - - 0.57 - - - - 0.50 - Lys - 0.08 0.03 0.67 0.94 - - - - 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.10 NaCl 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 Premix1) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Nutrient levels2)
DM 88.39 88.97 88.86 88.31 88.13 88.47 88.94 88.89 88.47 88.85 88.43 88.88 88.62 88.76 88.77 DE (MJ/kg)3)14.22 13.60 12.98 12.36 11.74 14.22 13.60 12.98 12.36 11.74 14.22 13.60 12.98 12.36 11.74 CP 18.69 18.74 18.73 18.77 18.79 16.48 16.44 16.42 16.44 16.52 14.28 14.25 14.25 14.27 14.32 NDF 9.22 10.32 12.69 15.55 18.56 9.28 10.86 12.97 15.82 19.70 9.38 10.96 13.33 15.46 19.77 ADF 3.54 3.94 4.74 5.73 6.77 3.46 3.98 4.70 5.67 7.03 3.41 3.93 4.74 5.47 6.96 Ca 0.58 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.45 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.36 0.37 TP 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.98 0.77 0.79 0.79 0.78 0.77 0.69 0.68 0.69 0.68 0.69 AP 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.27 0.29 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.21 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.13 Lys 0.66 0.64 0.64 0.65 0.65 0.55 0.56 0.54 0.55 0.55 0.46 0.44 0.46 0.45 0.46 1) Premix provided the following per kilogram of diet: VA 8 267 IU; VD 22 480 IU; VE 66 IU; menadionine (as menadionine pyrimidinol bisulfite complex) 6.2 mg; VB
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(thiamine) 3.31 mg; VB2 (riboflavin) 10 mg; VB6 (pyridoxine) 3.31 mg; VB12 45 μg; D-calcium pantothenic acid 37 mg; niacin 66 mg; D-biotin 331 μg; folic acid 2.5 mg; VC 83 μg. Zn 127 mg; Fe 127 mg; Mn 20 mg; Cu 12.7 mg; I 0.80 mg; Se 0.3 mg.
2)Calculated values.
3) The values of digestive energy were obtained and calculated from the digestive energy values of each feed ingredient in The Database of Chinese Feeds (2007).
2 RESULTS
2.1 Growth performance
The effects of dietary composition and DE levels on growth performance of Wujin pigs fed from 15 to 100 kg body weights were shown in Table 2. Increasing dietary composition and energy levels significantly reduced feed intake during different growth stages (P<0.01). There were no significant effects of dietary composition and energy levels on daily gain at 15～30 kg (P>0.05). However, there was significant difference in the daily gain among the different groups at body weights 30～60 kg and 60～100 kg (P<0.01 or P<0.05). The feed gain ratio were significantly increased with dietary energy reductions during the whole growth-finishing stages (P<0.01 or P<0.05). With decreasing energy levels, groups I to group V reached 100 kg body weight in 158, 163, 168, 176 and 185 days, respectively.
Table 2 Growth performance of Wujin pigs at various dietary digestive energy levels
Growth stage Groups
(kg) (kg) intake (kg/d) days (d)
Daily gain (g/d) F/G
15～30 kg Ⅰ15.32±1.20 30.23±1.14 1.02±0.05A34 438.73±26.92 2.33±0.16Aa Ⅱ15.20±0.68 30.17±1.11 1.03±0.04A35 427.62±23.68 2.42±0.13ABa Ⅲ15.22±0.77 30.32±1.24 1.04±0.01A36 419.44 ±28.11 2.49±0.17ABCab Ⅳ15.08±0.60 30.23±1.21 1.09±0.02B37 409.46±22.14 2.66±0.15BCbc Ⅴ15.17±0.59 30.12±1.11 1.11±0.02B37 404.05±31.88 2.77±0.24Cc
30～60 kg Ⅰ29.33±1.08 60.42±1.32 1.69±0.02A50 621.67±27.78A 2.72±0.12Aa Ⅱ29.77±0.97 60.52±1.99 1.72±0.02A52 591.35±40.63AB 2.92±0.22ABab Ⅲ30.00±0.71 60.22±1.26 1.75±0.06AB52 581.09±34.43AB 3.02±0.17ABbc Ⅳ29.37±2.26 60.50±1.61 1.80±0.06BC56 555.95±45.71BC 3.26±0.32BCc Ⅴ29.60±1.53 60.05±0.93 1.86±0.06C59 516.10±25.47C 3.62±0.21Cd
60～100 kg Ⅰ57.97±1.20 101.48±1.59 2.08±0.02Aa74 584.23±19.68Aa 3.56±0.09Aa Ⅱ59.33±1.29 103.76±2.59 2.14±0.02Bb76 573.68±50.91Aa 3.57±0.32Aab Ⅲ58.70±1.87 102.92±2.24 2.16±0.05Bbc80 543.75±8.97ABa 3.97±0.07Ab Ⅳ59.83±2.51 100.96±2.17 2.20±0.05Bc83 493.15±57.27Bb 4.51±0.51Bc Ⅴ58.33±1.78 102.68±1.06 2.26±0.04Cd89 493.63±33.42Bb 4.60±0.35Bc
15～100 kg
Ⅰ15.00±1.02 101.48±1.59 1.73±0.03Aa158 545.57±9.10A 3.16±0.08Aa
Ⅱ15.08±1.24 103.76±2.59 1.77±0.02Bb163 538.96±9.56A 3.28±0.05Ab
Ⅳ14.90±1.51 100.96±2.17 1.84±0.02Cd176 487.31±5.75C 3.77±0.09Cd
Ⅴ15.85±1.51 102.68±1.06 1.90±0.01De185 467.12±9.71D 4.08±0.10De Different capital superscripts in the same line of the same stage mean significant difference (P<0.01), different superscripts in the same line of the same stage mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.
2.2 Carcass composition
The effects of dietary energy levels on carcass composition at 30, 60 and 100 kg body weights were shown in Tables 3, 4 and 5.
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2.3 Optimal dietary energy levels for best growth performance
The fitting curves of daily gain and energy level were calculated (Fig.1). ……
Fig. 1 Fitting curves of daily body gain with energy levels at different growth stages
2.4 Optimal dietary energy levels for the best carcass composition
2.4.1 Optimal dietary energy levels for the maximum lean meat percentage
The fitting curves of lean meat percentage and energy level were calculated at 30, 60 and 100 kg according to the equation: y=a+b x+c x2+d x3 (Fig.2). Optimal dietary energy levels to reach the maximum lean meat percentage were 11.13, 11.91 and 11.71 MJ/kg, respectively.
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2.5 The optimal dietary energy level for the best growth performance and carcass composition
The fitting curves were attained using daily gain and lean meat percentage, back fat thickness and loin eye area (Fig.5, Fig.6 and Fig.7), and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation values were calculated (Table 7). ……
3 DISCUSSIONS
The aim of the NRC (1998) recommended nutritional requirement, based on corn and soybean meal, is to
obtain the best growth performance of American swine. It does not, however, provide the best nutritional requirements for different countries and regions [8-9]. Chinese local breeds of swine have some disadvantages, such as slower growth rate and higher fat deposition compared with foreign breeds [10-13]and the nutritional recommendations of NRC (1998) are not fitted to Chinese local swine. Therefore, Chinese feeding standards of fatty pigs during the growth-finishing stages are being developed according to the characteristics and nutritional requirement of local breeds. Wujin pigs, as one of the Chinese local breeds of swine, has excellent meat quality, but there is little information about the effects of dietary energy on its growth performance and carcass composition.
Energy is necessary for fat and protein deposition. Suboptimal energy levels reduce growth performance and carcass protein deposition. Previous studies showed that there was a linear relationship between daily gain and dietary energy levels for Landrace, Duroc and Pietrain pigs [16-18]. Our results showed that reducing dietary energy levels reduced the average daily gain (ADG) although feed efficiency increased. Days taken for pigs to reach 100 kg body weight were 158, 163, 168, 176 and 185 with reductions in dietary energy levels (14.22, 13.60, 12.98, 12.36 and 11.74 MJ/kg, respectively). Moreover, our results showed that there were significant differences in ADG and feed efficiency between the NRC (1998) recommendations and the Chinese feeding standard. This result indicated that dietary composition and energy levels significantly affected growth performance. The fitting curves of daily gain and dietary energy level showed that the relationship between daily gain and energy level was linear and that the optimal dietary energy level to attain the maximum potential growth was 14.01, 13.15 and 12.98 MJ/kg at body weights 15～30 kg, 30～60 kg and 60～100 kg, respectively. These data indicated that the optimal dietary energy level of Wujin pigs was higher than that of the Chinese standard of local breeds at 15～60 kg body weight, and nearly equaled the Chinese standard at 60～100 kg body weight.
Increasing dietary energy levels can enhance carcass fat deposition and back fat thickness and reduce loin eye area and lean meat percentage [19-26]. Our results showed that dietary energy levels could significantly affect carcass composition. However, various energy levels could affect carcass composition differently during different growth stages. At 30 kg body weight, dietary energy levels significantly affected lean meat percentage, fat weight and loin eye area. At 60 and 100 kg body weight, lean meat weight, lean meat percentage and loin eye area increased and fat weight, fat percentage and back fat thickness decreased with reduction in dietary energy level. The fitting curves showed that lean meat percentage and loin eye area decreased linearly with increasing dietary energy level during different stages. Back fat thickness increased linearly with increasing dietary energy levels at 60 and 100 kg body weight. Dietary energy level did not significantly affect back fat thickness at 30 kg body
weight, possibly due to a limited capacity to deposit fat at that body weight. Considering the effect of dietary energy level on lean meat percentage, back fat thickness and loin eye area, the optimal dietary energy levels attained by the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model were 11.13, 11.36 and 11.71 MJ/kg at 15～30 kg, 30～60 kg and 60～100 kg body weight, respectively, and were lower compared with the Chinese feeding standard of local breeds. This suggested that the optimal dietary energy level to attain the best carcass composition was lower than the Chinese feeding standard of local breeds, irrespective of growth performance.
Because of the slower growth, higher fat deposition and poorer carcass composition, it is necessary to consider fully the growth performance and carcass composition in order to reach the greatest potential of Wujin pigs during feeding. The present study showed by fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of daily gain and carcass composition that the optimal dietary energy level was 13.55 ,12.81 and 13.20 MJ/kg at 15～30 kg, 30～60 kg, 60～100 kg body weights, respectively, which was higher at 15～30 kg and 60～100 kg body weights and lower at 30～60 kg body weight compared with the Chinese feeding standard of local breeds.
4 CONCLUSIONS
①Dietary energy level had significant effects on growth performance. The optimal dietary energy levels to attain the best growth potential were 14.01, 13.15, and 12.98 MJ/kg at 15～30 kg, 30～60 kg and 60～100 kg body weights.
②Dietary energy level could significantly affect carcass composition. The optimal dietary energy levels to reach the best carcass composition were 11.13, 11.36 and 11.71 MJ/kg at the three body weights, respectively.
③Considering growth performance and carcass composition, the optimal dietary energy levels to attain the best growth performance and carcass composition were 13.55, 12.81 and 13.20 MJ/kg during the 15～30 kg, 30～60 kg and 60～100 kg growth stages.
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乌金猪日粮能量水平对生长性能和胴体品质的影响
张曦赵素梅葛长荣赖桦李长强高士争*
(云南农业大学云南省动物营养与饲料重点实验室，昆明650201)
摘要：（目的）本文旨在研究日粮不同能量水平对乌金猪生长性能及胴体品质的影响，采用模糊综合评定系统分析并确定最佳生长性能和胴体品质所需的日粮适宜能量水平。（方法）试验采用单因子随机分组设计，选取体重15 kg左右的乌金猪90头，随机分为5组，每组18头。日粮能量水平分别14.22、13.60、12.98、12.36和11.74 MJ/kg。（结果）结果表明，随日粮能量水平的降低，不同生长阶段的日增重逐渐降低，料重比逐渐升高，15-30 kg阶段日增重无显著差异（P>0.05）。在60和100 kg体重时随日粮能量水平的降低，瘦肉重、瘦肉率和眼肌面积增加，脂肪重、脂肪率和背膘厚降低。通过拟合曲线确定15～30 kg、30～60 kg和60～100 kg阶段最佳生长性能所需的日粮适宜能量水平分别为14.01、13.15和12.98 MJ/kg。确定15～30 kg、30～60 kg和60～100 kg阶段时最优胴体品质适宜的日粮能量水平分别为11.13、11.36和11.71 MJ/kg。（结论）综合评定生长性能和胴体品质，15～30 kg、30～60 kg和60～100 kg阶段乌金猪获得最佳生长性能的胴体品质的日粮适宜能量水平分别为13.55、12.81和13.20 MJ/kg。
关键词：消化能；生长性能；胴体品质；乌金猪
*通讯作者：高士争，教授，主要从事动物营养学研究。E-mail: gaoszkm@https://www.doczj.com/doc/745888966.html,（加尾注，如无通讯作者，则写“作者：姓名，职称，E-mail: ”）
XXXXXXXXX 学校 毕业论文（设计） 论文题目：技术创新对公路运输市场体系的作用和影响 指导教师： XX 教授 专 业： 电子商务 级 班 准考证号： 论文作者： XXX 年 月 日 或毕业设计， 字号：二号宋体 初号，华文中宋 四号宋体 小三号楷体 小三号黑体 小三号楷体
二级以下(包括二级题序 )用小四宋体 目 录 摘要 1 绪论...................................................................................................... 1 1.1公路运输市场的现状.................................................................................1 1.2 熊彼特的创新理论.................................................................................1 2 技术创新对公路运输市场发展的作用............................................................ 2 2.1 公路运输市场..........................................................................................2 2.1.1 公路运输产品 (2) … … … … 5结论 (4) 三号黑体 小四宋体加黑 一级题序用小四宋体加黑
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7.关键词 “Keywords”一词五号加粗，内容五号字体。英文关键词之间用逗号，需列出3～5个。 （正文之前的所有内容左右各缩进2字符。） 8.正文 五号Time New Roman通排，首行缩进1字符，采用单倍行距；文中所用计量单位，一律按国际通用标准或国家标准，如hm2，kg等；文中年代、年月日、数字一律用阿拉伯数字表示。 文中各级标题采用阿拉伯数字分级编序，一律左顶格排版。一级标题四号字体加粗，形如1，2，3，…排序；二级标题小四号字体加粗，形如1.1，1.2，…排序；三级标题五号字体加粗，形如1.1.1，1.1.2，…排序。各级标题数字后空1全角空格，段前段后各空0.5行，当两级标题在一起时，两级标题之间不空行。 文中图、表应有自明性，且随文出现。图以10幅为限。尽量采用Word文档以插入表格方式制作三线表。图（表）须有图（表）题，紧随文后，且在同一页面。图中文字、符号或坐标图中的标目、标值须写清。标目应使有符合国家标准的物理量和单位符号。表的内容切忌与插图和文字内容重复。 表题五号字体加粗，排表上居中，段前1行，段后0.5行；表栏头五号字体，各栏居左；表序号按流水排序，表格后空1行。图题五号字体加粗，排图下居中，段前1行，段后0.5行；图注小五号字体，排图题下居中，接排。图文、表文五号字体。 — 2 —
毕业论文 2019届 论文排版机器人PaperYes制作的本校论文模 板 学生姓名XXX 学号XXX 院系XXX 专业XXX 指导教师XXX 完成日期2019年5月10日
论文排版机器人PaperYes制作的本校论文模 板 摘要 本论文主要内容是基于本高校的论文格式要求，利用论文排版机器人PaperYes的人工智能引擎排版出来的论文模板。各位同学可以通过此模板撰写论文，只需将自己撰写的论文内容填充到相应的标题下面就可以了，帮助同学们解决论文排版的困扰。如果有的同学不会用此模板编辑论文，可以选择PaperYes论文排版，根据您所在高校的格式要求,自动生成目录和页眉页脚,解决奇偶页难题，智能编排标题、图、表和公式,适配字体字号和段落等，10秒搞定，安全高效。 关键词：论文排版；机器人；PaperYes；论文模板
Research on PaperYes Paper Layout Technology Based on Artificial Intelligence ABSTRACT The main content of this paper is based on the requirement of paper format in our university, using the artificial intelligence engine of PaperYes, a paper typesetting robot, to compose the paper template. Students can use this template to write papers, just fill the content of the papers under the corresponding headings, to help students solve the problem of paper typesetting. If some students do not use this template to edit papers, you can choose PaperYes paper typesetting. According to the format requirements of your university, automatically generate directories and headers and footers, solve the odd and even page problems, intelligently arrange titles, graphs, tables and formulas, and adapt font size and paragraph, etc., 10 seconds to complete, safe and efficient. KEY WORDS: PaperYes; Layout Technology; AIrtificial Intelligence; Research; Based on;
On Extra-curricular Activities and Cultivation of English Communicative Ability of College Students Applicant: XX Supervisor: XX Faculty: XXX May 10, 2008 XXX University
摘要 ................................................................................................................................................ii Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... iii 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 The Significance of Topic ................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research Methods............................................................................................................... 1 2. Theory Research ........................................................................................................................... 1 2.1 Linguistics Rationale ........................................................................................................... 1 2.1.1 Theory of Communicative Competence by D. H. Hymes ........................................ 1 2.1.2 Theory of Communicative Competence by Canale & Swain .................................. 2 2.1.3 Theory of Communicative Competence by Bachman.............................................. 2 2.2 Theoretical Basis of the Topic ............................................................................................. 2 2.2.1 Piaget's Theory ......................................................................................................... 2 2.2.2 American Scholar-- Alan Andean &Weir about ― Role Play............‖....................... 3 2.3 Related Studies.................................................................................................................... 3 2.3.1 Researches Abroad................................................................................................... 3 2.3.2 Researches in China ................................................................................................. 3 3. Presentation of the English Teaching ............................................................................................ 4 3.1 The Drawbacks of Traditional Teaching Methods .............................................................. 4 3.2 Modern Interest Teaching —— CLT .................................................................................... 4 3.2.1 Definition of CLT .................................................................................................... 4 3.2.2 The Content and Substance of CLT ......................................................................... 5 3.2.3 CLT in the Use of English Out-of-class Activities .................................................. 4. Out-of-class Activities and Cultivation of Communication Ability ............................................. 4.1 The Role of Out-of-class Activities in Training of Communication Ability ....................... 6 6 6 4.2 Current Situation of College Students 4.3 Analysis on the Causes for Problems .................................................................................. 8 4.4 Carrying Out the Out-of-class Activities in Scientific and Effective Way .......................... 9 -of-class ’LeaOutrning ............................................ 7 4.5 A Suggested Framework for Strategy Study ..................................................................... 11 4.5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 11 4.5.2 An Out-of-class English Learning Center .............................................................. 11 5. Conclusion ...........................................................................................
注：纸型：16K 上、下、左、右页边距：2厘米 页眉：厘米页脚：厘米装订线：厘米 ××××大学 毕业论文格式模板 中国矿业大学 本科生毕业论文姓名：（三号楷体加粗，下同）学号： 01000076 学院：管理学院 专业： 论文题目： 指导教师：职称： 20××年××月×× ××××大学毕业论文任务书 学院管理学院专业年级学生姓名 任务下达日期：年月日 毕业论文日期：年月日至年月日 毕业论文题目： 毕业论文主要内容和要求： 院长签字：指导教师签字：
指导教师评语（①基础理论及基本技能的掌握；②独立解决实际问题的能力；③研究内容的理论依据和技术方法；④取得的主要成果及创新点；⑤工作态度及工作量；⑥总体评价及建议成绩；⑦存在问题；⑧是否同意答辩等）： 成绩：指导教师签字： 年月日
评阅教师评语（①选题的意义；②基础理论及基本技能的掌握；③综合运用所学知识解决实际问题的能力；③工作量的大小；④取得的主要成果及创新点；⑤写作的规范程度；⑥总体评价及建议成绩；⑦存在问题；⑧是否同意答辩等）： 成绩：评阅教师签字： 年月日 ××××大学毕业论文评阅教师评阅书 评阅教师评语（①选题的意义；②基础理论及基本技能的掌握；③综合运用所学知识解决实际问题的能力；③工作量的大小；④取得的主要成果及创新点；⑤写作的规范程度；⑥总体评价及建议成绩；⑦存在问题；⑧是否同意答辩等）： 成绩：评阅教师签字： 年月日
××××大学毕业论文答辩及综合成绩 摘要 (“摘要”之间空两格，采用三号字、黑体、居中，与内容空一行) （内容采用小四号宋体） 关键词：(小四号、黑体、顶格)
大专毕业论文范文大全格式模板 一、改善初中化学实验的教学目的 二、改善思维，巧妙设计初中化学实验的教学过程 三、对教学方式进行改良 化学实验的方式极具变化性，既可以多媒体演示，也可以学生自己动手，分组实验进行的同时也可以加入便利生活的小实验。不同的试验方式具有不同的功效，我们在进行化学实验的教学过程中，要依据不同的实验目的，巧妙运用最恰当合理的试验方式，从而让教学方式为我们对学生实验素养培养提升服务，这里笔者就不一一赘述了，教师要勤于思考，勤于改进实验教学手段。真正的发挥实验教学的优越性。 四、结语 综上所述，化学实验教学在发展学生科学思维的领域具备其他教学方式不可替代的功效，我们要善于总结自身在教学过程中所犯的错误，积极改进，从而将化学实验教学方式变得成熟完善，此路漫长，任重道远。 摘要： 众所周知，对于建筑工程来说，最重要的一道工序就是机电工程的实施，机电工程实施效果的好坏直接会影响到整个民用建筑的质量。在新形势下的现代机电工程不再是以往简单的概念，而是包含着专业性、科学性以及跨度较广的工程。新形势下的民用建筑施工需要重视的就是质量问题，为了达到高质量的工程要求就需要施工人员根据工程的实际情况做好相关的各方面管理，在保证了工程质量基础之上还需要为企业获取最大化的利益。所以，文章就新形势下民用建筑机电工程施工技术管理措施进行简要的叙述，从几个方面讨论机电工程在整体民用建筑工程中的重要性。
关键词：民用建筑;机电工程;施工技术管理 1新形势下民用建筑机电施工技术综合管理措施 通过对大量民用建筑工程的整体研究，为了建筑高质量的民用建筑工程，以下几点是文章总结出来的机电技术管理措施。 1.1质量管理和安全管理措施 1.2施工技术的质量保证措施 在机电工程的施工过程中，最为重要的就是施工技术的质量保证，所以需要相关的技术人员采用科学、先进、合理有效的质量保证措施，只有具备先进的施工方法和合适的施工组织，才能够最大程度 上保证优质的施工质量。在施工技术的质量保证措施中，需要相关 的领导人员按照一定标准选拔优秀的施工班组，并且对工程相关的 技术人员进行专业的技术培训。在施工的过程中，最基本的要求就是，相关技术人员要严格按照工程的规定标准施工，不能够脱离施 工质量体系的相关要求。施工技术的质量保证措施需要制定相应的 施工质量保证计划，在制定施工保证计划的时候，必须综合考虑到 工程的实际情况，不能够一味的按照书面上的要求制定。在相关工 程的施工前期，就应当对工程的整体情况制定不同的质量保证方案，再根据实际情况选择其中的最优方案。 2弱电系统的施工技术管理 弱电系统作为民用建筑机电工程施工中的重要部分，要求在施工时具备严格的技术性和工艺性。正是因为弱电系统的重要位置，所 以对弱电系统的安装也就需要引起施工人员的重视。在安装这些系 统构成的弱电系统前期，建立与实际情况相符的技术管理数据和档案，施工时要求高技术性和工艺性，在安装弱电系统时，不但要考 虑到施工方法、线缆的选用、管线敷设间距还要求弱电系统的安装 需要符合整体民用建筑的特点。举一个弱电系统的安装案例，在电 梯弱电系统安装中，各层开门刀与门地坎、开门滚轮与轿厢地坎间 的距离要控制在5-8mm，在安装时需要尽可能的减少误差;为了防止 意外事故的发生，电梯的供电应当单独设立一条线路，与其他运行 设备的电路分离开，这样还可以提高电梯的运行稳定效率;电缆长度
A STUDY ON DIFFERENCES IN MARKETING STRATEGIES IMPLEMENTED BY WULIANGYE AND MAOTAI by 拼音姓名 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION for Joint Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) Program between Tianjin University of Technology (TUT), Tianjin City, P. R. China and Thompson Rivers University (TRU), Kamloops, B. C., Canada May 28, 2012
摘要白酒在中国具有悠久的历史 关键词：白酒竞争营销策略
ABSTRACT Wine has a long history in China, and has always been famous for its superb brewing process, the unique taste and legendary culture. However, in recent years, the market share of wine has gradually declined. The competition in the wine industry is becoming increasingly intense. MAOTAI and WULIANGYE are two well-deserved giants of Chinese wine industry and have made great success doing business. Comparing their marketing approach, there are a lot of differences. Recently, the major consumers are gradually aging. In the coming decade, the after eighties and nineties will become the major force of consumption. To change the fate of wine, companies must improve marketing methods to adapt to modern society and the needs of new generation of customers. Referring to the related theory, this thesis will focus on analyzing the differences of marketing strategy and method between MAOTAI and WULIANGYE. Recommendations for the current wine market have also been proposed for companies in this industry to learn from. Key Words: Wine Competition Marketing Strategy
本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！ == 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ == 英语论文的几种格式 篇一：英文论文撰写格式说明 英文论文撰写格式说明 1. 模板文件Author Instructions.rtf里面描述的内容不需要遵照执行，只需要遵照其格式，论文电子版制作均采用MS-Word软件 2. 页面设置（操作—点击“文件”里的“页面设置”进行） 1）新建WORD文档，选用A4纸并进行如下页面设置： 2）页边距：上2.5cm，下1.5cm，左2cm，右2cm，装订线0cm。 3）版式：页眉1.25cm，页脚0.5cm。 4）文档格式：栏数为1，请在“网格”里选用“无网格”项。 3. 论文格式 3.1 行距：若无特别说明，均为单倍行距。 3.2 段落间距：若无特别说明，均为段前0磅，段后0磅。 3.3 论文题目：所有实词首字母大写，Arial字体，14磅，加粗，居中；段落间距为段后6磅。 3.4 作者：Arial字体，14磅，居中，名在前，姓在后，用全称（如：玉娇龙为Jiao Long Yu）, 段落间距为段前6磅。 3.5 地址：Arial字体，11磅，居中，段落间距为段前6磅（若地址太长要强行换行时，则该地址内部段落间距均为0磅） 3.6 Email 格式与地址相同，相邻email间用逗号隔离开
3.6 关键词：Arial字体，11磅，两端对齐，段落间距为段前18磅，其中Keyword：为加粗。冒号后加空格再接关键词，相邻词间用逗号分隔。每个关键词的首字母大写。 3.7 从“摘要”开始到“参考文献”结束，所有正文的字体均为Times New Roman，12磅；两端对齐。 3.8 摘要：段落间距为段前18磅，其中Abstract. 要加粗，在句点后空1格 再紧接摘要内容。 3.9文中各级标题一律不用编号。标题中所有实词的首字母均大写。标题不要 超出二级标题。 3.10文中一级标题：加粗，两端对齐，段落间距为段前18磅，段后6磅，独 立成段。 3.11文中二级标题：标题加句点，加粗。句点号后空1格再紧接正文内容。若二级标题位于一级标题后的第一段，那么二级标题无需右缩进。否则，二级标题向右缩进5mm. 3.12正文除在一级标题后的第一段不右缩首行，其余各段首行均向右缩进5mm. 4. 图表的格式及其引用 4.1 文中表格尽量采用三线表，且不宜过于复杂。表格整体最大宽度不要大于版心宽度(17cm). 4.2 表题与表格都居中排列，无文字环绕。表题与上正文间隔一行，表格与下正文间隔一行。 4.3 表题与表格的字体与字号均与正文相同。需要时，表中字体可适当变小，但不得小于10.5磅。 4.4 表题在表格的上方，表序用“Table 1, Table 2?”表示，Table和后面的数字间加1空格，数字后面与文字之间加2个空格，其它说明写在表格的下方或旁边；表格中如有单位，应写在方括号内（如：[mm]）例： Table 3 High and low settings of predictor variables 4.5 正文中引用表格时，直接用表序即可。 4.6 文中图要与正文保持一定间隔，图题在图的下方或图的一侧，且与图为一整体。图序用“Fig. 1, Fig. 2,?”表示，Fig.和后面的数字间加1空格，数字后面与文字之间加2个空格。注意图的质量。如要节省版面，可以一行中并排放置多个图片。
贵阳护理职业学院 2014届高职高专学生毕业论文 Noggin、BMP2和IGF-I对成骨细胞 生长的调节作用 系别： 专业： 指导老师： 学生： 中国﹒贵州﹒贵阳 2013 年 6 月
目录 中文摘要......................................................................................................................................... I II 英文摘要......................................................................................................................................... I V 前言.. (6) 1. BMP蛋白 (6) 1.1 BMP结构和功能 (6) 1.2 BMP诱导成骨机制 (7) 2. Noggin基因的概况 (8) 2.1 Noggin基因的结构 (8) 2.1.1 Noggin基因结构特征........................................................... 错误！未定义书签。 结果 (9) 致谢......................................................................................................... 错误！未定义书签。参考文献................................................................................................... 错误！未定义书签。
标准论文格式 一： 1、题目。应能概括整个论文最重要的内容，言简意赅，引人注目，一般不宜超过20个字。 2、论文摘要和关键词。 论文摘要应阐述学位论文的主要观点。说明本论文的目的、研究方法、成果和结论。尽可能保留原论文的基本信息，突出论文的创造性成果和新见解。而不应是各章节标题的简单罗列。摘要以500字左右为宜。 关键词是能反映论文主旨最关键的词句，一般3-5个。 3、目录。既是论文的提纲，也是论文组成部分的小标题，应标注相应页码。 4、引言（或序言）。内容应包括本研究领域的国内外现状，本论文所要解决的问题及这项研究工作在经济建设、科技进步和社会发展等方面的理论意义与实用价值。 5、正文。是毕业论文的主体。 6、结论。论文结论要求明确、精炼、完整，应阐明自己的创造性成果或新见解，以及在本领域的意义。 7、参考文献和注释。按论文中所引用文献或注释编号的顺序列在论文正文之后，参考文献之前。图表或数据必须注明来源和出处。 （参考文献是期刊时，书写格式为： [编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名（外文可缩写）、年份、卷号、期数、页码。 参考文献是图书时，书写格式为： [编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。） 8、附录。包括放在正文内过份冗长的公式推导，以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。 二：本科毕业论文格式要求： 1、装订顺序：目录--内容提要--正文--参考文献--写作过程情况表--指导教师评议表 参考文献应另起一页。 纸张型号：A4纸。A4 210×297毫米 论文份数：一式三份。
其他（调查报告、学习心得）：一律要求打印。 2、论文的封面由学校统一提供。(或听老师的安排） 3、论文格式的字体：各类标题（包括“参考文献”标题）用粗宋体；作者姓名、指导教师姓名、摘要、关键词、图表名、参考文献内容用楷体；正文、图表、页眉、页脚中的文字用宋体；英文用Times New Roman字体。 4、字体要求： （1）论文标题2号黑体加粗、居中。 （2）论文副标题小2号字，紧挨正标题下居中，文字前加破折号。 （3）填写姓名、专业、学号等项目时用3号楷体。 （4）内容提要3号黑体，居中上下各空一行，内容为小4号楷体。 （5）关键词4号黑体，内容为小4号黑体。 （6）目录另起页，3号黑体，内容为小4号仿宋，并列出页码。 （7）正文文字另起页，论文标题用3号黑体，正文文字一般用小4 号宋体，每段首起空两个格，单倍行距。 （8）正文文中标题 一级标题：标题序号为“一、”，4号黑体，独占行，末尾不加标点符号。 二级标题：标题序号为“（一）”与正文字号相同，独占行，末尾不加标点符号。 三级标题：标题序号为“1. ”与正文字号、字体相同。 四级标题：标题序号为“（1）”与正文字号、字体相同。 五级标题：标题序号为“①”与正文字号、字体相同。 （9）注释：4号黑体，内容为5号宋体。 （10）附录：4号黑体，内容为5号宋体。 （11）参考文献：另起页，4号黑体，内容为5号宋体。 （12）页眉用小五号字体打印“上海复旦大学XX学院2007级XX专业学年论文”字样，并左对齐。 5、纸型及页边距：A4纸(297mm×210mm)。 6、页边距：天头（上）20mm，地角（下）15mm，订口（左）25mm，翻口（右）20mm。
武汉长江工商学院 毕业论文（设计） 论文题目：技术创新对公路运输市场体系的作用和影响 指导教师： 王 明 教授 专 业： 电子商务09级2班 准考证号： 01865236895 论文作者： 张小波 年 月 日 或毕业设计， 字号：二号宋体 初号，华文中宋 四号宋体 小三号楷体 小三号黑体 小三号楷体
二级以下(包括二级题序 )用小四宋体 目 录 摘要 1 绪论...................................................................................................... 1 1.1公路运输市场的现状.................................................................................1 1.2 熊彼特的创新理论.................................................................................1 2 技术创新对公路运输市场发展的作用............................................................ 2 2.1 公路运输市场..........................................................................................2 2.1.1 公路运输产品 (2) … … … … 5结论 (4) 三号黑体 小四宋体加黑 一级题序用小四宋体加黑
南京邮电大学本科生毕业（论文） 南京邮电大学 毕业论文 题目 专业 学业姓名 班级学号 指导教师 指导单位 日期：年月日
摘要 本论文主要内容是基于本高校的论文格式要求，利用论文排版机器人PaperYes 的人工智能引擎排版出来的论文模板。各位同学可以通过此模板撰写论文，只需将自己撰写的论文内容填充到相应的标题下面就可以了，帮助同学们解决论文排版的困扰。如果有的同学不会用此模板编辑论文，可以选择PaperYes论文排版，根据您所在高校的格式要求,自动生成目录和页眉页脚,解决奇偶页难题，智能编排标题、图、表和公式,适配字体字号和段落等，10秒搞定，安全高效。 关键词:论文排版；机器人；PaperYes；论文模板
ABSTRACT The main content of this paper is based on the requirement of paper format in our university, using the artificial intelligence engine of PaperYes, a paper typesetting robot, to compose the paper template. Students can use this template to write papers, just fill the content of the papers under the corresponding headings, to help students solve the problem of paper typesetting. If some students do not use this template to edit papers, you can choose PaperYes paper typesetting. According to the format requirements of your university, automatically generate directories and headers and footers, solve the odd and even page problems, intelligently arrange titles, graphs, tables and formulas, and adapt font size and paragraph, etc., 10 seconds to complete, safe and efficient. Key words：PaperYes;Layout Technology;AIrtificial Intelligence; Research; Based on;
研究生毕业论文格式模板 毕业论文一律用国际标准A4型纸打印。页面分图文区与白边区两部分，所有的文字、图形、其他符号只能出现在图文区内。具体可以看看这篇优秀的研究生毕业论文格式模板。 一、文字排版 白边区的尺寸(页边距)为：天头(上)25mm，地脚(下)20mm，订口(左)25mm，翻口(右)20mm。 文字图形一律从左至右横写横排。文字一律通栏编辑。 使用规范的简化汉字。除非必要，不使用繁体字。忌用异体字、复合字及其他不规范的汉字。 二、论文封面 封面由文头、论文标题、作者、学校、年级、学号、指导教师、答辩组成员、答辩日期、申请学位等项目组成。 文头：封面顶部居中，占两行。上一行内容为“河南广播电视大学”用小三号宋体;下一行内容为“汉语言文学专业(本科)毕业论文”，3号宋体加粗。文头上下各空一行。 论文标题：2号黑体加粗，文头下居中，上下各空两行。 论文副题：小2号黑体加粗，紧挨正标题下居中，文字前加破折号。 作者、学校(市级电大)、年级、学号、指导教师、答辩组成员、答辩日期、申请学位等项目名称用3号黑体，内容用3号楷体，在正副标题下适当居中左对齐依次排列。占行格式为： 作者：××× 学校：×××年级：×××学号：××× 指导教师：×××职称：××× 答辩组成员： ×××(主持人) 职称：×××
×××职称：××× 答辩日期：×年×月×日 申请学位：学士(不申请可省略此项) 由于论文副题可有可无，学位可申请可不申请，答辩组成员可以是3、5、7人，封面内容占行具有不确定性，为保持封面的整体美观，可对行距做适当调整。 三、论文 论文由论文目录(提纲)和题目、作者姓名、完成日期、摘要、关键词、正文、注释、参考文献、附录等项目组成。 需要列目录的论文，目录要独占一页。“目录”二字用3号黑体，顶部居中;以下列出论文正文的一、二级标题及参考文献、附录等项及其对应页码。用小4号宋体。 论文题目用3号黑体，顶部居中排列，上下各空一行; 作者姓名：题目下方居中，用四号楷体。 完成时间：作者姓名下方居中，字样为“X年X月”，用四号楷体。 论文摘要：作者姓名下空一行，左起顶头，写明“摘要”字样加粗，点冒号，接排摘要内容。一般用五号字，字体用楷体。 关键词：摘要下方，左起顶头，写明“关键词”字样加粗，点冒号，接排关键词。词间空一字。字型字体同摘要。 正文：关键词下空一行开始。正文文字一般用5号宋体，每段起首空两格，回行顶格，单倍行距。 正文文中标题： 一级标题。标题序号为“一、”，4号黑体，独占行，末尾不加标点。如果居中，上下各空一行。 二级标题，标题序号为“(一)”，与正文字体字号相同，独占行，末尾不加标点; 三、四、五级序号分别为“1.”、“(1)”和“①”，与正文字体字号相同，一般不独占行，末尾加句号。如果独占行，则不使用标点。每级标题的下一级标
作 者 1, 作 者 1.作者详细单位，省市 邮编； 2.作者详细单位，省市 邮编 ） 要：摘要内容．概括地陈述论文研究的目的、方法、结果、结论，要求300～450字．应排除本学科领域已成为 、 “作者”等作为主语．使用规范化的名词术语，新术语或尚无合适的汉文术语的，可用原文或译出后加括号注明．除了无法变通之外，一般不用数学公式和化学结构式，不出现插图、表达简明，语义确切． 关键词：关键词1；关键词2 ；关键词3；关键词4 中图分类号：（作者本人填写） 文献标识码 NAME Name 1，Abstract ：英文摘要可以不完全与中文摘要相同，要求500单词左右．时态用一般过去时，采用被动语态或原型动词 开头．避免用阿拉伯数字作首词，不出现缩写．尽量使用短句．. 0 人所做的工作和研究概况，说明本研究与前人工作的关系，目前研究的热点、存在的问题及作者工作的意义．1、开门见山，不绕圈子．避免大篇幅地讲述历史渊源和立题研究过程．2、言简意赅，突出重点．不应过多叙述同行熟知的及教科书中的常识性内容，确有必要提及他人的研究成果和基本原理时，只需以引用参考文献的形势标出即可．在引言中提示本文的工作和观点时，意思应明确，语言应简练．3、引言的内容不要与摘要雷同，也不是摘要的注释．4、引言要简短，最好不要分段论述，不要插图、列表和数学公式． 量的书写规则正文内容．正文、图表中的变量都要用斜体字母，对于矢量和张量使用黑斜体，只有pH 采用正体；符号作为量符号使用，代表物质的符号表示成右下标，具体物质的符号及其状态等置于与主符号齐线的圆括号中． 注意区分量的下标字母的正斜体：凡量符号和代表变动性数字及坐标轴的字母作下标，采用斜体字母． 正文中引用参考文献的标注方法，在引用处对引用的文献，按它们在论著中出现的先后用阿拉伯数字 1.1 单位的书写规则 收稿日期：xxxx-xx-xx 基金项目：基金项目名称（编号） 作者简介：第一作者(出生年-), 性别,民族（汉族可以省略），职称,学位．研究方向：……． *通信作者，E-mail ：……