P7
1. TCM has a history of thousands of years and is a summary of the Chinese people’s
experience in their struggle against diseases.
2. TCM has a unique and integrated theoretical system.
3. TCM is a science that studies the rules of life as well as the occurrence, progress,
prevention and treatment of diseases.
4.Huangdi’s Canon of Medicine has laid a solid foundation for the formation of
theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine.
5. Classic of Difficulties has supplemented what was unaddressed i n the Huangdi’s
Canon of Medicine in many respects, especially in pulse lore.
6. Discussion on the Causes and Symptoms of Various Diseases is the earliest extant
monograph on the causes and symptoms of diseases in China.
7. Yang is usually excessive while yin is frequently deficient.
8. Internal impairment of the spleen and stomach causes various diseases.
9. Compendium of Materia Medica is recognized as a monumental work in the history
of Chinese materia medica and a great contribution to the development of pharmacology in the world.
10. Traditional Chinese materia medica includes not only medicinal herbs, but also
minerals and animal parts.
11. In the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, there appeared the so-called four great medical
schools.
12. Zhang Congzheng believed that all diseases were caused by exogenous pathogenic
factors and advocated that pathogenic factors should be driven out aphoresis, emesis and purgation.
13. Liu Wansu believed that “fire-heat” was the main cause of a variety of diseases
and that these diseases should be treated with drugs cold and cool in nature.
14. Li Gao, entitled with the School of Reinforcing the Earth, emphasized on warming
and invigorating the spleen and sto mach.
15. Zhu Danxi advocated the remedies of nourishing yin and reducing fire in treatment
of diseases, so he was entitled as the School of Nourishing Yin.
16. Study on Warm Disease is a clinical specialty focusing on the occurrence,
progress, diagnosis and treatment of warm diseases.
17. The School of Warm Disease has developed the rules of treatment of warm disease
based on syndrome differentiation in light of defensive phase, qi phase, nutritive phase, blood phase and triple energizer.
18. Wang Qingren corrected mistakes about anatomy made in ancient medical books and
advocated the theory that diseases were caused by blood stagnation.
19. Integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine has paved a new way for the
development and modernization of traditional Chinese medicine.
20. Great progress has been made in systematic and experimental study of the basic
theory of traditional Chinese medicine.
P17
1. The theoretical system of TCM is mainly characterized by holism and treatment
based on syndrome differentiation.
2. TCM believes that the human body is an organic whole.
3. The constituent parts of the human body are interdependent in physiology and
mutually influential in pathology.
4. The holism permeates through the physiology, pathology, diagnosis, syndrome
differentiation and treatment of diseases.
5. Changes in the natural world directly or indirectly influence the human body.
6. Qi and blood in the human body tend to flow to the exterior in spring and summer
and to the interior in autumn and winter.
7. The heart opens into the tongue and is internally and externally related to the
small intestine.
8. TCM has noticed that the fact that social activity psychologically influences
human beings.
9. According to TCM, the body and spirit coexist, interacting with each other and
influencing each other.
10. Yang qi in the human body tends to flow to the exterior in the daytime and to
the interior at night.
11. Regional and climatic differences, to some extent, influence the physiological
activities of the human body.
12. Syndrome is a generalization of pathological changes at a certain stage during
the course of a disease.
13. Treatment based on syndrome differentiation, one of the characteristics of TCM,
is the basic principle in TCM for understanding and treating diseases.
14. Syndrome includes the location, cause and nature of a disease as well as the
state of pathogenic factors and healthy qi.
15. Differentiation of syndrome and treatment of disease are two inseparable aspects
in diagnosing and treating diseases.
16. Clinical doctors pay great attention to the differentiation of diseases. But
therapeutically they care more about the differentiation of syndromes because diseases can be cured by treating syndromes.
17. Syndrome can comprehensively and accurately reveal the nature of a disease.
18. Different diseases may demonstrate the same syndrome because of the similarity
in pathogenesis.
19.If the syndrome of middle qi sinking appears in two different diseases, they all
can be treated by the therapeutic method for elevating middle qi.
20.The treatment of diseases in TCM does not only simply concentrate on the
difference or similarity of diseases, but on the difference or similarity of pathogenesis.
P26
1.Yin and yang are two concepts in classical Chinese philosophy.
2.Yin and yang are the summarization of the attributes of two opposite aspects of
interrelated things or phenomena in nature.
3.The formation, development and changes of all things in the universe are the result
of the movement of yin and yang that oppose to each other and unite with each other.
4.The celestial qi pertains to yang because it is light and lucid, while the
terrestrial qi pertains to yin because it is heavy and turbid.
5.The course of mutual restraint and inhibition between yin and yang signifies their
process in mutual reduction and promotion.
6.Yin cannot exist alone without yang and vice versa.
7.Separation of yin and yang results in exhaustion of essence qi.
8.Only through constant reduction, growth and balance can the normal development
of things be maintained.
9.Under given conditions, either yin or yang may transform into its counterpart.
10.Sprout of things signifies transformation while extreme development of things
indicates change.
11.Yin and yang are indispensable for the human body.
12.Functions pertain to yang while substances to yin.
13.If yin and yang fail to promote each other and are thus separated from each other,
it will lead to the end of life.
14.No matter how complicated pathological changes of a disease are, they are nothing
more than relative predominance of yin or yang.
15.The so-called healthy qi refers to the structure and functions of the body,
including body resistance against diseases.
16.If any part of the body, either yin or yang, becomes deficient to a certain extent,
it will inevitably lead to insufficiency of the other part.
17.Imbalance between yin and yang is the intrinsic factor responsible for the
occurrence and progress of a disease.
18.The manifestations of complexion can tell whether a disease pertains to yin or
yang in nature.
19.The basic therapeutic principle is to supplement insufficiency and reduce excess.
20.Only when appropriate herbs are chosen can excellent therapeutic effects be
ensured.
P35
1.Wood, fire, earth, metal and water are the five most essential materials
indispensable to human existence.
2.The formation of the theoretical system of TCM was deeply influenced by the
doctrine of five elements.
3.Water is characterized by moistening and downward flow.
4.The liver pertains to wood because it controls elevation.
5.The spleen pertains to earth because it controls transportation and
transformation.
6.The kidney pertains to water because it controls water metabolism.
7.Restriction implies that one thing brings under control or restraint of the other.
8.Since wood generates fire, wood is the generator of fire; since fire generates
earth, fire is the generator of earth.
9.Subjugation or over restriction means to launch a violent attack when a counterpart
is weak.
10.When wood is too strong, it will over restrict the spleen and counter-restrict
metal.
11.Since the heart can warm the body, it pertains to fire.
12.The liver stores blood to complement the liver.
13.The kidney stores essence to nourish blood in the liver.
14.The idea that the disorder of a child-organ attacks the mother-organs means that
the disease is transmitted from a child-organ to its mother-organ.
15.The human body is an organic whole. So disorders of the internal organs can be
manifested over the surface of the body.
16.Restriction includes over restriction and counter-restriction, both of which are
abnormal restriction among the five elements.
17.The basic relationships among the five elements are generation, restriction, over
restriction and counter-restriction.
18.The one that generates is the mother-element while the one that is being generated
is the child-element.
19.Clinically the doctrine of five elements is used to decide therapeutic principles
and methods.
20. The doctrine of five elements obviously has certain limitations and is still
in need of further improvement.
P55
1.The main physiological function of the heart is to control blood vessels and
govern the mind.
2.The vessels are the passages in which blood flows.
3.Sufficient heart qi, abundant blood and smoothness of vessels are prerequisite
to normal circulation of blood.
4.Pathological changes of the heart can be observed from the tongue.
5.The respiratory function of the lung directly influences the production of
thoracic qi.
6.Failure of the lung to disperse inevitably leads to dyspnea, chest oppression,
cough and panting.
7.Hypofunction of the lung in regulating water passage will lead to production
of phlegm and retained fluid due to stagnation of water.
8.The pathological changes of the lung are mainly manifested in the nose and throat.
9.Transportation and transformation of water and food means to digest food and
absorb nutrients from food.
10.Failure of the spleen to transport normally refers to hypofunction of the spleen
in transporting and transforming the nutrients of water and food.
11.The spleen is the acquired base of life and the source of qi and blood production.
12.All diseases are caused by weakness of the spleen and stomach.
13.The main physiological function of the liver is to control free flow of qi and
store blood.
14.Stagnation of qi will affect blood circulation as well as distribution and
metabolism of body fluid.
15.Insufficiency of blood or failure of the liver to store blood will cause scanty
menstruation or even amenorrhea.
16.Sufficient blood stored in the liver and normal function of the liver to regulate
blood enable the limbs to get necessary energy for their movement.
17.The kidney governs growth, development and reproduction.
18. The essence stored in the kidney includes innate essence and acquired essence.
19. If the function of the kidney to receive qi is normal, breath will be smooth and even.
20. Though urine is discharged from the bladder, it depends on qi transforming activity of the kidney to accomplish such a discharge.
P66
1.The gallbladder excretes bile to promote the small intestine to digest food
2.The main physiological function of the gallbladder is to store and excrete bile.
3.Bile is transformed from the essence qi in the liver.
4.The main physiological function of the stomach is to receive and digest
(discompose) water and food.
5.After primary digestion, the food in the stomach is transferred to the small
intestine. The nutrient of food is then transported and transformed to nourish the whole body by the spleen.
6.Food is then divided into nutrient and residue after further digestion in the
small intestine.
7.The small intestine also absorbs large quantity of liquid when absorbing
nutrients from food.
8.The so-called “lucid” refers to the nutrients of water and food while the
so-called “turbid” refers to the residue of food.
9.With the function of the small intestine to separate the lucid from the turbid,
the activity of defecation and urination will be normal.
10．The main physiological function of the large intestine is to receive the waste part of foodstuff transmitted down from the small intestine, absorb part of the liquid from the waste and transform the rest part into feces to be discharged from the anus.
11．The bladder stores and discharge s urine through the function of qi transformation of the kidney.
12．The stomach and the spleen are internally and externally related to each other. 13．The upper energizer functions as a sprayer.
14．The middle energizer functions as a fermentor.
15．The lower energizer functions as a drainer.
16．The extraordinary fu-organs are morphologically similar to the fu-organs and functionally similar to the zang-organs.
17．The common function of the six fu-organs is to transport and transform water and food and discharge waste.
18．The intelligence and memory of man are associated with the function of the brain. 19．The brain is the house of the primordial spirit.
20．The uterus is the organ where menstruation takes place and fetus is conceived.
P105（Lesson 11）
1.six exogenous pathogenic factors
2.improper diet and overstrain
https://www.doczj.com/doc/7910464063.html,mon cold due to wind-cold
4.diarrhea due to damp-heat/damp-heat diarrhea
5.five endogenous pathogenic factors
6.pathogenic wind attacking the exterior
7.migratory arthralgia/joint pain
8.wind being the leading pathogenic factor
9.attacked/invaded by pathogenic cold
10.decline of yang qi
11.cold tending to stagnate by nature
12.stagnation of interstitial space
13.spasm and contraction of muscles and tendons
14.pathogenic dampness obstructing the spleen
15.inactivation of spleen-yang
16.production of endogenous heat due to yin deficiency
17.extreme heat producing wind
18.internal impairment due to yin deficiency
19.improper diet
20.engorgement
1. Etiology refers to the cause of diseases resulting from imbalance (between yin and yang) within the body.
2. The six pathogenic factors are a collective term for exogenous pathogenic wind, cold, summer-heat, dampness, dryness, and fire.
3. Exogenous pathogenic wind invades the body through the skin, hair and muscles, producing syndrome of exogenous wind.
4. The exogenous diseases caused by pathogenic wind are characterized by sudden onset and rapid transmission.
5. Pathogenic cold attacks the skin and muscles and leads to the stagnation of defensive-yang, which is called “cold damage”.
6. Endogenous cold is a pathological manifestation of insufficient yang qi failing to warm the body.
7. The attack of pathogenic summer-heat on the body usually leads to a series of yang symptoms, such as high fever, dysphoria, flushed cheeks and full pulse. 8. Pathogenic summer-heat usually accompanies pathogenic dampness to invade the body.
9. Exogenous dampness is primarily caused by such external pathogenic factors as humid climate, moist location and drenching or wading.
10. Endogenous dampness is a morbid state due to dysfunction of the spleen and retention of water and fluid.
11. Attack of exogenous dryness on the body tends to consume body fluid and leads to deficiency of yin-fluid.
12. Pathogenic dryness tends to attack the body through the mouth and nose, so it is liable to damage lung fluid.
13. Pathogenic fire-heat tends to consume the body fluid and leads to deficiency of it.
14. Pestilence is a kind of highly contagious pathogenic factors, characterized by sudden onset, severe conditions, fulminating infection and widespread transmission.
15. The seven abnormal emotions often directly impair their related internal organs, leading to disorder of visceral qi, disharmony between qi and blood, and consequently bringing on diseases.
16. Improper diet mainly impairs the spleen and stomach, leading to dysfunction of them.
17. Overstrain will impair qi, and eventually lead to deficiency of qi, fatigue and weak constitution.
18. Phlegm and fluid are both pathological substances caused by retention of water and fluid.
19. The diseases caused by blood stasis vary according to the location and cause of the stasis.
20. Pain caused by blood stasis is usually marked by stabbing, fixed and unpalpable pain that worsens in the night.
P154
Lesson 16
1. Chinese medicinal herbs
2. four properties and five flavors
3. the part used for medical purpose
4. collection of herbs
5. processing of herbs
6. eliminating impurity/ removal of impurity
7. mild/ moderate effect
8. relieving exterior syndrome by dispersion
9. astringing and checking
10.lubricant purgation by softening hardness
11.drying dampness to invigorate the spleen
12.ascending, descending, sinking and floating
13.channel tropism/channel distribution of medicines
14.medication contraindication
15.dosage
16.pungent and warm herbs with the function of relieving exterior syndrome
17.herbs for expelling wind and dampness
18.eighteen incompatible herbs and nineteen herbs of mutual antagonism
19.herbs for clearing away heat and cooling blood
20.herbs for eliminating sputum and stopping cough
1.The seasons and methods of collecting herbs vary with the parts used for medicinal
purpose of the herbal plants.
2.Processing of herbs refers to the preparation of crude herbs with water, fire,
alcohol and vinegar.
3.The aim of processing is to get rid of /eliminate/ remove impurity and make the
herbs clean for the convenience of oral taking / administration and storage.
4.The processing of herbs can reduce the toxicity，intensity and side-effects of
herbs and reinforce the curative effect.
5.Cold-natured herbs have the function of clearing away heat, purging fire, and
removing toxins/detoxification.
6.Cool-natured herbs have the same function with cold-natured herbs except that the
former is milder.
7.Hot-natured herbs have the function of expelling coldness, warming the interior
and invigorating yang.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/7910464063.html,d-natured/ Neutral herbs fall in between cool-natured herbs and warm-natured
herbs.
9.Herbs pungent in flavor have the function of dispersing and promoting qi flow and
blood circulation.
10.Herbs sweet in flavor have the function of tonifying, harmonizing and moderating.
11.Herbs sour in flavor have the function of astringing and controlling.
12.Herbs bitter in flavor have the function of drying dampness and promoting
defecation.
13.Herbs salty in flavor have the function of softening hardness for lubricant
defecation.
14.The functional tendencies of herbs are marked by ascending, descending, sinking
and floating.
15.Channel tropism means that certain herbs play a central role in treating certain
disorders of the viscera and channels.
16.Most herbs have to be used in combination except a few special ones used
singularly/in a single way.
17.Proper combination of herbs can reinforce the curative effects or reduce
toxicity.
18.Overuse of herbs with acute/stronge toxicity will cause side-effects or
intoxication.
19.Special attention should be paid to the contraindication of herbs for medication
in gestational period.
20.The dosage of a singularly-applied herb should be small while the dosage of herbs
in a compound prescription should be large.
P158（Lesson 17）
1.Science of prescription/prescriptionology
https://www.doczj.com/doc/7910464063.html,patibility/combinative relationship
3.prescription-formulating principle
4.modification of prescriptions
5.drug form and dosage
6.sovereign, minister, assistant and guide
7.toxicity of medicinal herbs
8.moderating /neutralizing the property of herbs
9.guiding action
10.mediating all herbs in a prescription
11.warming meridians to dissipate cold
12.dispersing lung to relieve/sooth asthma
13.flexible modification
14.clearing away and dispersing stagnated heat
15.modification according to symptoms
16.processed herbs/prepared slices of Chinese crude herbs
17.powder for oral taking
18.medicinal extract for external application
19.mixed/infused in boiled water for oral taking
20.condensed extract
1.The science of prescription aims to study the compatibility, formulating rule,
and clinical application of different herbs in a prescription as well as the pharmacology of compound prescription.
2.Modification of herbs refers to the changes of prescription effect by adding or
deducting/subtracting one or several herbs, or by changing the compatibility of different herbs in a prescription.
3.The function and indication of a prescription vary with the modification of herbs
in the prescription.
4.The compatibility/combination of Mahuang and Shigao aims to clear away and
disperse stagnated heat.
5.Under the circumstances of unchanged main syndrome, one or several herbs could
be added or deducted according to the changes of symptoms.
6.Though there are certain rules for the formulation of prescriptions, the
application of the prescriptions is very flexible.
7.The advantage of decoction is that the effective elements can be easily absorbed
after being taken.
8.Herbs with the function of promoting sweating to relieve the exterior syndrome
are not suitable for long-term decoction because the main substances of these herbs are volatile oil.
9.For some fresh herbs, they are usually taken by extracting juice.
10.Pills are commonly used in chronic diseases because they are slow in absorption.
11.The powders for external application, made by grinding medicinal herbs into
minute substances, are often spread or pasted on affected areas of the body for topical treatment.
12.Medicated wine can generally activate blood to dredge collaterals and expel wind
to stop pain, so it is often used to treat rheumatalgia or pains due to sprain, etc.
13.Exterior syndrome-relieving prescription, mainly composed of pungent herbs with
the function of dispersing exterior pathogenic factors, is used to treat exterior syndromes.
14．Mahuang Decoction is very effective in diaphoresis/promoting sweating, so it is used only to treat exterior-excess syndrome due to wind-cold.
15.Guizhi Decoction is effective in expelling exogenous pathogenic factors from the
skin and muscles and harmonizing yingfen and weifen /ying and wei aspect. 16.Wind-expelling prescription is mainly composed of herbs with the function of
expelling wind-cold or herbs with the function of eliminating wind-dampness.
17.The herbs used in wind-expelling prescriptions are mostly bitter in flavor, warm
and dry in property, and yang-lifting in function.
18.Dampness-expelling prescription, mainly composed of herbs with the function of
expelling pathogenic dampness, is used to treat rheumatism.
19.Heat-clearing prescription, mainly composed of cool or cold natured herbs, is
used to treat heat syndrome and fire syndrome.
20.Purgative prescription, mainly composed of herbs with the function of purgation,
is used to purge interior-excess.
中译英练习（一）：
1．藏象学说是研究人体各个脏腑的生理功能、病理变化及其相互关系的学说。
1.The theory of visceral manifestation studies the physiological functions and
pathological changes of viscera and their relations.
2．藏象学说在中医学理论体系中占有极其重要的地位。
2.The theory of visceral manifestation plays an important role in the theoretical
system of TCM.
3．五脏的共同生理特点是化生和贮藏精气。
3.The common physiological function of the five zang-organs is to produce and store
essence qi.
4．六腑的共同生理特点是受盛和传化水谷。
4.The common physiological function of the six fu-organs is to receive, transport
and transform water and food.
5．脏病多虚，腑病多实。
5.Diseases of the zang-organs are often of deficiency in nature while diseases
of the fu-organs are frequently of excess in nature.
6．脏实者可泻其腑，腑虚者可补其脏。
6.Excess of zang-organs can be treated by purging the corresponding fu-organs while
deficiency of fu-organs can be treated by reinforcing the related zang-organs. 7．皮肤受凉而感冒，会出现鼻塞、流涕、咳嗽等症状。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/7910464063.html,mon cold due to invasion of cold into the skin is often characterized by stuffy
nose, running nose and cough.
8．肾的精气有促进骨骼生长的作用。
8.Kidney essence is helpful for promoting the growth of skeleton.
9．心与小肠相表里。
9.The heart and the small intestine are internally and externally related to each
other.
10．五脏与形体诸窍联结成一个整体。
10.The five zang-organs and all the orifices on its physical shape form an organic
whole.
11．脾开窍于口，其华在唇。
11.The spleen opens into the mouth and its luster is manifested over the lips. 12．五脏的生理活动与精神情志密切相关。
12.The physiological activities of the five zang-organs are closely associated with
the state of spirit and emotions.
13．五脏的生理活动统率全身整体的生理功能。
13.The physiological functions of the five zang-organs play a leading role in the
physiological functions of the whole body.
14．五脏生理功能之间的平衡协调是维持机体内在环境相对恒定的重要环节。
14.The coordination and balance between the five zang-organs is key to the relative
stability of the internal environment of the body.
15．五脏与形体诸窍的联系维系着体内外环境之间的相对平衡协调。
15.The normal relationship between the five zang-organs and the physical orifices
maintains the relative balance between the internal environment and external environment of the body.
16．精神情志和思维意识活动的时常也会影响五脏的生理功能。
16.Disorder of spirit, emotions and mental activity affects the physiological
functions of the five zang-organs.
17．藏象学说的形成是以一定的古代解剖知识为基础。
17.The formation of the theory of visceral manifestation was, to a certain extent,
based on the knowledge of anatomy in ancient times.
18．“有诸内，必形诸外”。
18.The state of the internal organs must be manifested externally.
19．藏象学说对脏腑的认识大大超越了人体解剖学的脏腑范围。
19.The knowledge about the viscera in the theory of visceral manifestation has
exceeded the scope of that in modern anatomy.
20．藏象学说中的脏腑不单纯是一个解剖学概念，而是概括了人体某一系统的生理和病理学概念。
20.The viscera in the theory of visceral manifestations are not simply anatomic
concepts, but the concepts that are used to generalize the physiological functions and pathological changes in the whole body.
学术英语unit1,unit3,unit4,unit9课文翻译 Unit 1 Text A 神经过载与千头万绪的医生 患者经常抱怨自己的医生不会聆听他们的诉说。虽然可能会有那么几个医生确实充耳不闻，但是大多数医生通情达理，还是能够感同身受的人。我就纳闷为什么即使这些医生似乎成为批评的牺牲品。我常常想这个问题的成因是不是就是医生所受的神经过载。有时我感觉像变戏法，大脑千头万绪，事无巨细，不能挂一漏万。如果病人冷不丁提个要求，即使所提要求十分中肯，也会让我那内心脆弱的平衡乱作一团，就像井然有序同时演出三台节目的大马戏场 突然间崩塌了一样。有一天，我算过一次常规就诊过程中我脑子里有多少想法在翻腾，试图据此弄清楚为了完满完成一项工作，一个医生的脑海机灵转动，需 要处理多少个细节。 奥索里奥夫人 56 岁，是我的病人。她有点超重。她的糖尿病和高血压一直控制良好，恰到好处。她的胆固醇偏高，但并没有服用任何药物。她锻炼不够多，最后一次 DEXA 骨密度检测显示她的骨质变得有点疏松。尽管她一直没有爽约，按时看病，并能按时做血液化验，但是她形容自己的生活还有压力。总的说来，她健康良好，在医疗实践中很可能被描述为一个普通患者，并非过于复杂。 以下是整个 20 分钟看病的过程中我脑海中闪过的念头。 她做了血液化验，这是好事。
血糖好点了。胆固醇不是很好。可能需要考虑开始服用他汀类药物。 她的肝酶正常吗？ 她的体重有点增加。我需要和她谈谈每天吃五种蔬果、每天步行 30 分钟的事。 糖尿病：她早上的血糖水平和晚上的比对结果如何？她最近是否和营养师谈过？她是否看过眼科医生？足科医生呢？ 她的血压还好，但不是很好。我是不是应该再加一种降血压的药？药片多了是否让她困惑？更好地控制血压的益处和她可能什么药都不吃带来的风险孰重孰轻？ 骨密度 DEXA 扫描显示她的骨质有点疏松。我是否应该让她服用二磷酸盐，因为这可以预防骨质疏松症？而我现在又要给她加一种药丸，而这种药需要详细说明。也许留到下一次再说吧？ 她家里的情况怎么样呢？她现在是否有常见的生活压力？亦或她有可能有抑郁症或焦虑症？有没有时间让她做个抑郁问卷调查呢？ 健康保养：她最后一次乳房 X 光检查是什么时候做的？子宫颈抹片呢？ 50 岁之后是否做过结肠镜检查？过去 10 年间她是否注射过破伤风加强疫苗？她是否符合接种肺炎疫苗的条件？ 奥索里奥夫人打断了我的思路，告诉我过去的几个月里她一直背痛。从她的角度来看，这可能是她此次就诊最要紧的事。但事实是，她让我如火如荼的思绪戛然而止（当时我正在考虑她的血糖问题，继而又有了一个念头，准备和她讨论饮食和锻炼的事，这时又跳出了另一个想法，要和她探讨是否开始服用他汀类药物）。我的本能反应是举手，阻止她打断我的思路。这并不是说我不想听她一定要说的话，而是我千头万绪，在到点前需要解决所这些问题，这种感
中医英语术语翻译重 点
中医英语术语翻译重点 天人相应Correspondence of human body and natural environment 辨证论治treatment based onsyndrome differentiation 针灸acupuncture and moxibustion 寒凉药物herbs cold and cool in nature 滋阴降火nourishing yin and reducing fire 整体观念concept of holism 开窍(of the five zang-organs) open into 生长化收藏sprout, grow, transform, ripen and store 同病异治different therapeutic methods used to treat the same disease 异病同治same therapeutic method used to treating different diseases 从阴引阳drawing yang from yin 阴平阳秘balance of yin and yang 寒极生热extreme cold generating heat 热极生寒 extreme heat gernerating cold 病机总纲general rule of pathogenesis 祛风散寒eliminating wind and dispersing cold 实则泻之treating excess syndromes with reduction 虚寒证deficiency cold syndrome 实热症 excess heat syndrome 潜阳熄风suppressing yang and eliminating wind 补其不足 supplement insufficiency 泻其有余 reduce excess 五行学说the theory of five elements 木曰曲直wood characterized by bending and straightening 火曰炎上fire characterized by flaring up 土爰稼穑earth characterized by sowing and reaping 金曰从革metal characterized by clearing and changing 水曰润下water characterized by moistening and descending 母病及子illness of mother viscera affecting the child one 子病及母illness of child viscera affecting the mother one 相乘相侮over restriction and counter-restriction 心火亢盛exuberant fire in the heart 肾阳式微declination of kidney yang 平肝和胃soothing the liver and harmonizing the stomach 水火不济between water and fire 奇恒之腑extraordinary fu-organs 藏象学说the theory of visceral manifestation 藏而不泻storage without discharge 泻而不藏discharge without storage 形体诸窍physical build and various orifices
第一课 一．术语翻译 1. traditional Chinese medicine; TCM 中国医药学 2. basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine 中医基础理论 3. clinical experience临床经验 4. treatment based on syndrome differentiation 辨证论治 5. miscellaneous diseases杂病 6. Chinese pharmacy 中药学 7. four properties and five tastes/flavors四气五味 8. acupuncture and moxibustion; acumox 针灸 9. classical Chinese philosophy古代中国哲学 10. sweating therapy; diaphoresis汗法 11. purgation 下法 12. vomiting therapy; emetic therapy 吐法 13. the School of Reinforcing the Earth补土派 14. etiology 病因学 15. prescription; formula 方剂 16. medical practice 医疗实践 17. therapeutic principles 治疗原则 18. herbs cold and cool in nature 寒凉药物 19. nourishing yin and reducing fire滋阴降火 20. diseases caused by blood stagnation瘀血致病 二．句子翻译 1.TCM has a history of thousands of years and is a summary of the Chinese people’s experience in their struggle against diseases. 中国医药学有数千年的历史，是中国人民长期同疾病作斗争的经验总结。 2. TCM has a unique and integrated theoretical system. 中医学有完整独特的理论体系。 3. TCM is a science that studies the rules of life as well as the occurrence, progress, prevention and treatment of diseases. 中医学是研究人的生命规律以及疾病的发生发展和防治规律的一门科学。 4. Huangdi’s Canon of Medicine has laid a solid foundation for the formation of theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine. 《黄帝内经》为中医学理论体系的形成奠定了基础。 5. Classic of Difficulties has supplemented what was unaddressed in the Huangdi’s Canon of Medicine in many respects, especially in pulse lore. 《难经》在许多方面，尤其是在脉学上，补充了《黄帝内经》的不足。 6. Discussion on the Causes and Symptoms of Various Diseases is the earliest extant monograph on the causes and symptoms of diseases in China. 《诸病源候论》是中医学最早的一部病因症候学专著。 7. Yang is usually excessive while yin is frequently deficient. 阳常有余，阴常不足。 8.Internal impairment of the spleen and stomach causes various diseases.
中医翻译研究：回顾、现状与思考 （上海中医药大学外语教学中心周恩） 摘要：本文对过去几个世纪关于中医翻译的研究状况进行了全面总结。分三个阶段回顾了其发展历程，并从学科与研究队伍建设、学术成就以及研究内容等几方面概述了中医翻译研究的现状，同时指出了研究中存在的不足。 关键词：中医；回顾；成就；不足 Research on the Translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Survey Abstract: This article provides a general survey of the research on TCM translation in the past several centuries. It reviews the three-staged developments of the research, presents the status quo by highlighting the researcher cultivation and subject construction, achievements, contents as well as weaknesses in the research of TCM translation. Key Words: traditional Chinese medicine; review; achievements; weaknesses 1．引言 中医翻译早已有之，早在秦汉时期，中国的医药学就已传入东南亚诸国。然而，在我国同那些国家那时所进行的医药交流中，却鲜有翻译活动的记载。直到17 世纪中叶，我国开始与欧洲诸国进行医药交流，才为我们今天研究中医翻译历史提供了比较详尽资料（李照国1997）。从那时起到现在，我国中医翻译经历从无到有，从小到大的一系列的发展过程。在此，我们将对中医翻译的历史做一个大致的回顾，对其研究现状进行大致的介绍，并提出中医翻译研究的一些思考。 2．中医翻译研究的历史回顾 中医翻译从17世纪至今，其发展大致可以分文三个阶段：早期萌芽阶段、逐步深入阶段和逐步成熟阶段。下面我们对每个阶段的特点进行简要的回顾。 2.1 早期萌芽阶段 17 世纪中叶到18世纪末，为中医向欧洲传播的始发阶段，进展比较缓慢。在欧洲仅出版了19 部有关中医的译著。而在18 世纪末到19 世纪末的这一百年间，中医学在欧洲的传播有了一定的发展，研究范围有了一定得拓展，先后出版了137 部有关中医的书籍。
中医翻译参考 一、阴阳学说： 阴阳（Yin and Yang）；阴中之阳（Yang within Yin）：对立（opposition）；互根（interdependence）；消长（waning and waxing）；转化（transformation） 二、五行学说： 五行（five elements）；木（Wood）；火（Fire）；土（Earth）；金（Metal）；水（Water）；相生（promotion 或generation）；相克（restriction）；相乘（over-restriction或subjugation）；相恶（counter-restriction） 三、精、气、神等： 精（essence）；气（Qi）；神（spirit或mind）；魂（ethereal soul）；魄（corporeal soul）；命门（life-gate）；正气（healthy-Qi，vital Qi）；元（原）气（primordial-Qi）；真气（genuine-Qi）；宗气（pectoral-Qi）；卫气（defensive-Qi）；营气（nutrient-Qi）；心气（heart-Qi）；中气（middle-Qi）；气化（Qi-transformation）；卫分（defensive-phase）；气分（Qi-phase）；津（thin fluid）；液（thick fluid）；津液（body fluid）；汗（sweat）；涎（drool）；涕（snivel） 四、脏腑： 脏（Zang-organs）；腑（Fu-organs）；脏腑（Zang-Fu organs或viscera）；三焦（triple energizer，Sanjiao）；奇恒之腑（extraordinary Fu-organs）；运化（transportation and transformation）；生化（generation and transformation）；肃降（purify and descend）；水道（water passage）；天癸（Tiangui）；先天（innateness, Congenital Constitution）；后天（Acquired Constitution）；纳气（reception of Qi） 五、经络（十四经名称及穴位名称按WHO所颁布之标准翻译）： 经（meridian或channel）；络（collateral）；正经（regular meridians或regular channels）;经气(meridian-Qi或channel-Qi)；孙络（minute collateral）；浮络（superficial collateral）；穴位（acupoint） 六、病因： 病因（cause of disease）；邪（pathogenic factor）；六淫（six exogenous pathogenic factors）；风（pathogenic wind）；寒（pathogenic cold）；暑（pathogenic summer-heat）；湿（pathogenic dampness）；燥（pathogenic dryness）；火（pathogenic fire）；内风（endogenous wind）；毒（toxin）；五志（five emotions）；七情（seven emotions）；（有形之）痰（sputum）；（无行之）痰（phlegm）；饮（retained fluid） 七、病机： 病机（pathogenesis）；偏盛（relative predominance）；偏衰（relative decline）；虚（deficiency）；
Unit One Text A：Hippocratic Oath, The Medical Ideal 或许在医学史上最持久的,被引用最多次的誓言就是”希波克拉底誓言”.这个以古希腊著名医师希波克拉底命名的誓言,被作为医师道德伦理的指导纲领.虽然随着时代的变迁,准确的文字已不可考,但誓言的主旨却始终如一——尊敬那些将毕生知识奉献于医学科学的人，尊重病人，尊重医师尽己所能治愈病人的承诺。 作为被大家公认的”医学之父”,我们对希波克拉底知之甚少.他生活于约公元前460-380年,作为一名职业医师,与苏格拉底是同代人.在他的时代,他被推举为当时最著名的医师和医学教育者.收录了超过60篇论文的专著——希波克拉底文集,被归于他的名下;但是其中有些论文的内容主旨相冲突,并成文于公元前510-300年,所以不可能都是出自他之手. 这个宣言是以希波克拉底命名的，虽然它的作者依然存在疑问。根据医学历史权威的看法，这个宣言的内容是在公元前四世纪起草的，这使希波克拉底自己起草这个宣言成为可能。无论如何，不管是否是希波克拉底自己起草的（希波克拉底宣言），这个宣言的内容都反映了他在医学伦理上的看法。 作为代表当时希腊观点的唯一一小部分，希波克拉底誓言首次被写时并没有受到很好的欢迎。然而,在那远古时代结束时,医生们开始遵循誓言的条款。当科学医学在罗马帝国衰亡后遭受一显而易见的衰退时，这个誓言,连同希波克拉底医学的指示命令，在西方都几乎被遗忘是有可能的。正是通过东方坚持不懈的探索精神，使得希波克拉底医学信念和希波克拉底宣言得以在这一恶化的时期幸存下来，尤其是通过阿拉伯当局在医学上的著作。希腊医学知识而后在西方基督教复活是通过了阿拉伯文论著和原始希腊文的拉丁文翻译。 到17世纪后期，专业行为标准已经在西方世界建立。被专业组织通过的第一部医学伦理学的法典是由英国内科医生托马斯·珀西瓦尔(1740 - 1804)1794年编写的, 并在1846年被改编和通过了美国医学协会(AMA)。Thomas Percival提出的道德规范为职业医师提供了金标准，主宰着医生们服务他人时的道德权威和独立性以及医生对病人的责任，还有医生的个人荣誉。 6.The seeds had been sown by Hippocrates - or one of his ghost writers. 种子已经被希波克拉底或者他的代笔者们所播种。 7.二战之后，由于在罪犯身上进行骇人听闻的医学实验而违反了医学伦理准则，23位来自行德国纳粹集中营的医生被判有罪。这一事件导致了纽伦堡宣言的诞生（1947），这意味着关于人类受试者的道德治疗的讨论的开启，概述了在医学研究中关于这些受试者权益的道德问题。这反过来导致1948年世界医学协会通过了维也纳宣言的宣誓。 Contemporary dilemmas in the Modern World
中医英语翻译句子翻译重点 1.由于证包括了病变的部位、原因、性质以及邪正关系，反映出疾病发展过程中某一阶段的病理变化的本质，因而它比症状更全面、更深刻、更正确地揭示了疾病的本质。 Since syndrome, covering the location, cause and nature of disease and conditions of healthy and pathogenic qi, indicates the nature of pathological changes in a phase during the disease progress, it more comprehensively, profoundly and correctly uncovers the nature of disease than symptom does. 2.所谓辨证，就是将四诊（望、闻、问、切）所收集的资料、症状和体征，通过分析、综合、辨清疾病的原因、性质、部位以及邪正之间的关系，概括、判断为某种性质的证。 The so-called syndrome differentiation refers to the process of figuring out the location, cause and nature of disease and conditions of healthy and pathogenic qi by analyzing the information, symptoms and signs of the patients collected by four examinations including inspection, listening and smelling examination, inquiry and palpation, and finally identifying the disease as a certain syndrome. 3.辨证和论治，是诊治疾病过程中相互关系不可分割的两个方面，是理论和实践相结合的体现，是理法方药在临床上的具体体现，是指导中医临床工作的基本原则。 Syndrome differentiation and treatment, correlated and inseparable in diagnosing and treating disease, show the combination of theory and practice, and application of principles, methods, formulas and medicinals to clinical practice, and serve as the fundamental principle to guide clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine. 4.阴阳学说认为，世界是物质性的整体，世界本身是阴阳二气对立统一的结果。
中医术语翻译的诀窍 由于中医术语高度概括，抽象深奥，且多采用古汉语表达，故给中医翻译带来了很大的难度。翻译不是简单的语际语码的转换，而是一种真正意义上的跨语言，跨文化交际… 中医英语翻译乃是一种双重的跨语言，跨文化交际。因为在翻译过程中首先要实现古汉语，古代文化与现代汉语，现代文化之间的转换，然后再实现从现代汉语向英语，东方文化向西方文化的跨越。这要求译者在具备翻译功底的同时，还须熟知中医学理论和扎实的古汉语知识。本文就中医术语的翻译方法及相关问题进行讨论。 一、科技英语常用构词法科技英语构词中，普遍运用复合法，缀合法，缩合法，首字母缩略等。在中医术语翻译时可借鉴之。 1、复合法这类术语在中医术语翻译中占了很大的比例，其含义大多是各个词含义的叠加。采用这种译法的优点是容易找到对应词，结构明了，易于理解缺点是译文往往不够简洁，例如活血化瘀。 2、缀合法此类术语的含义为词缀与词干意义的相加，特点是简洁，专业性强，与西医术语的可比性强，便于学术交流。但在目前中医术语翻译中，这类词的使用比例并不高，如针灸。 3、缩合法其含义通常是构成该词的两个部分的词语意义相加，其特点类似缀合法。例如针压。 4、首字母缩略这种方法在科技英语(包括医学英语)中使用得非常广泛，但在中医英语中却很少使用。目前被本人系天天论文网就职11年的资深论文编辑；工作中与各大医学期刊杂志社进行学术交流过程中建立了稳定的编辑朋友圈，系多家医学杂志社的特约编辑，常年为医学期刊杂志供稿，负责天天论文网医学论文·分检·编校·推送·指导等工作！工作企鹅1:1550116010工作企鹅2：766085044普遍接受的只有”中医”一词。当然，也有学者在这方面做了有益的尝试，如将温病缩略为。 首字母缩略是一种非常便捷的构词方式，可提高单位词汇的信息量。但是，如何运用这一方法使中医术语趋于简洁，规范，还有待进行深入的研究。 二、其他翻译方法 1、词性的转换由于中文和英文的语言结构，表达方式不同，在翻译时要将中医术语的结构进行转换。较常用的方法是将中文的主谓结构，动宾结构转换成英文中的名词性词组或非限定动词词组。例如: 止痛等。对症状的描述也多采用类似的方法。由于症状表示的是一种状态，而非具体动作，其中文可采用主谓或动宾等词组来描述，而在英语中则常采用名词(词组)或动名词(词组)的形式。如盗汗等。 2、结构调整中医术语大多形成于中国古代，故语言形式上保留了古汉语的特点，讲究工整对仗。但在译成英语时，往往需要对这类结构进行调整，采用符合目的语语言习惯的结构，实现意义上的忠实。如神疲肢倦，心悸怔忡等2.3音译法由于东西方文化和中西医理论之间存在很大的差异，所以有不少中医术语很难在西医(英语)中找到对应的词用意译的方法则译文过于冗长，不符合术语简洁精练的要求。在这种情况下，采用音译不失为一种可取的选择，必要时可加以注释，以弥补音译的不足。例气一，气功一，阴阳一。气是中医理论中的一个重要概念，它既可以指人体的生命物质，也可以指人体的生理功能。用音译法来翻译，则最直接，最简洁地反映出了”气”的真实内涵。 三、翻译中须注意的问题 1、求同存异对于在英语中有完全或部分对应词汇的术语，应尽量采用对应语，以与国际通用术语接轨，符合术语标准化的要求，又便于目的语读者的理解。如腰，胃痛，头晕耳鸣等。尽管象”腰”，”胃”等术语在中医中的含义与西医并不完全一致，但如果采用其他
【原文】 故张氏云：“《内经》谓肝主疏泄，故元气之上脱，即由肝之疏泄也。惟可重用萸肉以酸敛直趋肝脏，防其疏泄，藉以杜塞元气上脱之路，则元气可不上脱。《内经》谓肝行肾之气，故元气之下脱亦由于肝，因肝能为肾行其气，即能泻元气自下而出，所以元气下脱亦可重用山萸肉”。张氏在来复汤方解中又云：“故人虚极者，其肝风必先动，肝风动，即元气欲脱之兆也。又肝与胆脏腑相依，胆为少阳，有病主寒热往来；肝为厥阴，虚极亦为寒热往来，为有寒热，故多出汗”。 【译文】 So MR．Zhang （refers to Zhang Xichun）said：＂Huangdi＇s Canon of Medicine holds that the liver governs the free flow of qi，so the depletion of primordial qi from the upper is caused by the liver＇s dysfunction．Shanzhuyu is sour in taste and astringent in nature，therefore，to treat this syndrome，you can use lots of shanzhuyu to stop the liver qi＇s dispersion，and block the pathway of depletion of the primordial qi． Huangdi＇s Canon of Medicine also told that the liver regulates the activity of the kidney qi．（The mechanism is that
Unit One Text A： Hippocratic Oath, The Medical Ideal 或许在医学史上最持久的,被引用最多次的誓言就是”希波克拉底誓言”.这个以古希腊著名医师希波克拉底命名的誓言,被作为医师道德伦理的指导纲领.虽然随着时代的变迁,准确的文字已不可考,但誓言的主旨却始终如一——尊敬那些将毕生知识奉献于医学科学的人，尊重病人，尊重医师尽己所能治愈病人的承诺。 作为被大家公认的”医学之父”,我们对希波克拉底知之甚少.他生活于约公元前460-380年,作为一名职业医师,与苏格拉底是同代人.在他的时代,他被推举为当时最著名的医师和医学教育者.收录了超过60篇论文的专著——希波克拉底文集,被归于他的名下;但是其中有些论文的内容主旨相冲突,并成文于公元前510-300年,所以不可能都是出自他之手. 这个宣言是以希波克拉底命名的，虽然它的作者依然存在疑问。根据医学历史权威的看法，这个宣言的内容是在公元前四世纪起草的，这使希波克拉底自己起草这个宣言成为可能。无论如何，不管是否是希波克拉底自己起草的（希波克拉底宣言），这个宣言的内容都反映了他在医学伦理上的看法。 作为代表当时希腊观点的唯一一小部分，希波克拉底誓言首次被写时并没有受到很好的欢迎。然而,在那远古时代结束时,医生们开始遵循誓言的条款。当科学医学在罗马帝国衰亡后遭受一显而易见的衰退时，这个誓言,连同希波克拉底医学的指示命令，在西方都几乎被遗忘是有可能的。正是通过东方坚持不懈的探索精神，使得希波克拉底医学信念和希波克拉底宣言得以在这一恶化的时期幸存下来，尤其是通过阿拉伯当局在医学上的著作。希腊医学知识而后在西方基督教复活是通过了阿拉伯文论著和原始希腊文的拉丁文翻译。 到17世纪后期，专业行为标准已经在西方世界建立。被专业组织通过的第一部医学伦理学的法典是由英国内科医生托马斯·珀西瓦尔(1740 - 1804)1794年编写的, 并在1846年被改编和通过了美国医学协会(AMA)。Thomas Percival提出的道德规范为职业医师提供了金标准，主宰着医生们服务他人时的道德权威和独立性以及医生对病人的责任，还有医生的个人荣誉。 种子已经被希波克拉底或者他的代笔者们所播种。 二战之后，由于在罪犯身上进行骇人听闻的医学实验而违反了医学伦理准则，23位来自行德国纳粹集中营的医生被判有罪。这一事件导致了纽伦堡宣言的诞生（1947），这意味着关于人类受试者的道德治疗的讨论的开启，概述了在医学研究中关于这些受试者权益的道德问题。这反过来导致1948年世界医学协会通过了维也纳宣言的宣誓。 誓言的重申一直是个问题。医学伦理相当复杂。他们必须平衡病人的期望、社会需求和禁忌、经济和政治现实以及并不断发展的医学和科学知识之间的关系。例如，当初的誓言要求无论在任何情况下患者都应得到治愈。然而，在双盲试验中使用安慰剂是在药物开发必不可少的，但却意味着医生没有试图进行治疗。而当初的誓言，也将禁止病人分流治疗。病人分流治疗用于战争或灾害时根据病人的生存机会优先进行治疗。对有或没有医疗保险的病人进行不同的医疗保健是不可能的。使用高剂量毒性药物进行化疗的某些危险形式将被禁止。最后，能够减轻身处无法治愈境地的病人痛苦的安乐死被当初的誓言所禁止。 因此，人们争辩自希波克拉底的时代以后,原始的希波克拉底誓言在一个发生了翻天覆地的社会经济、政治和道德变革的社会是无效的。这指引我们对誓言进行修改，使其更适合我们的时代。四个当今使用最广泛的版本是:日内瓦宣言（前文已提及）；迈蒙尼德的祷告；Lasagna宣言；修复后的希波克拉底宣言.虽然他们的措辞和内容不同,主要原则是一样的
中医术语英文翻译对照表 治则在对临床的具体立法、处方、用药等具有普遍的指导意义，因而在治疗疾病时必须遵循的基本原则。 治病求本针对产生疾病的根本原因进行治疗的原则。 急则治标与缓则治本相对而言，在大出血、暴泻、剧痛等标症甚急的情况，及时救治标病 缓则治本与急则治标相对而言，针对病势缓和、病情缓慢的情况，从本病的病机出发，采取调理、补益为主的治疗原则。标本兼治针对病证出现的标本并重的情况，采用治标与治本相结合的治疗原则。 治未病采取一定的措施防止疾病产生和发展的治疗原则，包括未病先防和既病防变两个方面。 同病异治表现相同的病证，可因人、因时、因地的不同，或由于病情的发展、病机的变化、病型的各异、正邪消长等差异，采取不同治法的治疗原则。 异病同治表现不同的病证，由于发病机理相同，采取相同治法的治疗原则。 因时制宜考虑到时令气候寒热燥湿的不同而选择适宜的治法、方药的治疗原则。 因地制宜考虑到地域环境的不同而选择适宜的治法、方药的治疗原则。 因人制宜 's 考虑到病人的体质、性别、年龄、生活习惯
以及过去病史等个体差异性的不同而选择适宜的治法、方药的治疗原则。 扶正祛邪对于正虚为主、因虚致实的病证，应采取扶助正气为主，使正气加强，从而达到驱除病邪目的的治疗原则。 祛邪扶正对于邪气实而正气偏虚的病证，应采用以消除病邪为主，扶助正气为辅，使邪去正安或正复的治疗原则。 扶正固本对于正气亏虚的病证，采用培补正气以愈病的治疗原则。 攻补兼施对于虚实夹杂，或虚实病情相当，可采用既祛邪又培补，即攻邪与扶正并重的治疗原则。 正治法又称“逆治法”。 针对疾病的本质，从正面进行治疗，即逆病性而治的常规方法。寒者热之针对寒性的病证应使用温热方药进行治疗的 原则。 热者寒之针对热性的病证应使用寒凉方药进行治疗的 原则。 虚者补之又称“虚则补之”。 针对虚弱性的病证应采用补益方药进行治疗的原则。 实者泻之又称“实则泻之”。 针对性质属实的病证应采用攻泻方药进行治疗的原则。 反治法又称“从治法”。 针对疾病出现假象，或大寒证、大热证用正治法发生格拒的情况，
中国医药学：traditi onal Chines e me dicin e 中医基础理论:basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine 临床经验:clinical experience 辨证论治:treatment based on syndrome differentiation 本草:materia medica国医药学有数千年的历史，是中国人民长期同疾病作斗争的经验总结。 TCM, a medical system with a history of thousands years，has summarized the experience of the Chinese people accumulating in the struggle against diseases. 2.中医学在古代唯物论和辩证法思想的影响和指导下，通过长期的医疗实践，逐步形成并发展为独特的医学理论体系。 Under the influence and guidance of classical Chinese materialism and dialectics,tradition Chinese medicine has eventually evolved into a medical system with unique theory through long term medical practice. 3.中医学是研究人体生理病理以及疾病的诊断和防 治的一门科学。 Tradition Chinese medicine is a science focusing on the study of the physiology and pathology of the human body as well as the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease. 4.黄帝内经总结了春秋战国以来的医疗成就和治疗 经验，确立了中医学独特的理论体系，成为中医药学发展的基础。 The Huangdi’s Canon of Medicine has summed up the medical achievements and clinical experiences since the Spring-Autumn Period and Warring States ，establishing the unique theoretical system of TCM and laying the foundation for the development of TCM 5.难经内容十分丰富，补充了内经的不足，成为后 世指导临床实践的理论基础。 The Canon on Medical Problems is rich in content, supplementing what the Huangdi’s Canon of Medicine lacks and serving as the theoretical basis for the clinical practice of the latter generations 6.阴常有余，阳常不足。 Yang is frequently in excess while yin is often in deficiency 7.温病是研究四时温病的发生发展规律以及其诊治 方法的一门临床学科。 Epedemic febrile disease is a clinical specialty concentrating on the study of the occurrence , developing tendency , diagnosis and treatment of febrile diseases in the four seasons. 8.中医在其长期的发展过程中，形成了各家学说In its long course of development, TCM has developed into various schools of theories. 9.内伤脾胃，百病由生。 The interior impairment of the spleen and stomach would bring about the occurrence of various diseases. 10.中药不但包含有草药，而且包含有矿物药和动物 药等。 Chinese materia medica includes not only medicinal herbs but also minerals and animal parts. 1.中医学在其形成过程中受到了古代唯物论和辩证 法思想的深刻影响。 During the long course of its development and practice , tradition Chinese medicine has been under the influence of classical Chinese materialism and dialectics. 2.中医学认为，世界是物质的，是阴阳二气相互作 用的结果 Tradition Chinese medicine holds that the world is material and is the result of the interaction of yin and yang 3.天地合气，命之曰人 The existence of human beings depends on the interaction between the celestial qi and terrestrial qi 4.中医学认为精气是生命的本原物质，这种精气先 身而生，具有遗传性 According to tradition Chinese medicine, essence is the essential substance for life. Such an essential substance exists prior to the formation of the body and is hereditary 5.父母之精气相合，形成胚胎发育的原始物质The combination of the parental essence is the primary substance for the formation of fetus 人体各组织器官共处于统一体中，不论在生理上还 是在病理上都是相互联系相互影响的All the tissues and organs in the human body are in a unity which associate with each other and influence each other both physiologically and pathologically 疾病是可以认识的，也是可以防治的 Diseases are cognizable, preventable and curable. 治病必须抓住疾病的根本矛盾，即所谓的治病必求 于本The treatment of disease must focus on the root cause. That is what “the treatment of disease must concentrate on the principal aspect “ means 寒者热之，热者寒之，虚者补之，实者泻之 Cold disease should be treated by warm therapy, while febrile disease should be treated by cold therapy, deficiency syndrome should be treated by supplementing therapy, while excess syndrome should be treated by purgative therapy 人是自然界的一个组成部分，并与自然界有着密切 的联系 Human being is one of the components in nature and keeps close relationship with nature 人的生命活动过程就是人体阴阳对立双方在不断地 矛盾运动中取得统一的过程 The process of life activity is a course in which yin and yang in the human body realize unity after constant contradictory movement 1.中医理论体系的基本特点就是整体观念和辨证论 治TCM is characterized by the concept of organic wholeness and treatment based on syndrome differentiation. 2.中医学认为人体是一个有机的整体 Tradition Chinese medicine holds that the human body is an organic whole. 3.人体各组成部分在功能上相互为用，在病理上相 互影响The components of human body functionally depend on each other and pathologically affect each other 4.整体观念贯穿于中医生理病理诊法辩证和治疗的 各个方面 The concept of holism permeates through all the fields in TCM, including physiology, pathology, diagnosis, syndrome differentiation and treatment. 5.人体某一局部区域内的病理变化往往与全身脏腑 气血阴阳的盛衰有关 The pathological changes in certain part or region of the human body are usually related to the conditions of viscera, qi and blood as well as yin and yang in the whole body 6.人体内部脏腑的虚实气血的盛衰和津液的盈亏都 可呈现于舌The condition of the viscera, qi , blood and body fluid all can be manifested over the tongue 7.心开窍于舌并与小肠相表里 The heart opens into the tongue and is exteriorly and interiorly related to the small intestine 8.人与天地相应 The human beings are in correspondence with the universe 9.春夏脉多浮大，秋冬脉多沉小 In the spring and summer, the pulse appears floating and large, while in the autumn and winter, the pulse appears deep and small 10.人体阳气白天多趋于表，夜晚多趋于里 The yang-qi in the human body tends to flow in the exterior in daytime and in the interior at night