The logic of IMRAD should be followed in organizing a scientific article Even for the paper, such as notes and short communication (卢宝 荣 教授 ) 第十二讲:科学论文的电子学术刊物及其投 稿与发表 (卢宝荣 教授 ) 第一、二讲 科研方法与论文写作 科学论文 的一般格式和组织 什么是科学研究? 科学研究是对未知世界的探索的过 程和发现真理的过程和活动 科学研究结果的记录——positive or negative 科学研究结果的报道和传播 科学研究结果报道的重要性 In the recent 100 years, scientific writing becomes more structured with certain format The IMMRD (or IMRAD) becomes commonly accepted scientific writing 科研方法与论文写作 Biblioteka Baidu 课程安排:主讲人 课程内容安排: 第一讲:绪论--科研方法与论文写作 (卢宝荣 教授 ) 第二讲:科学论文的一般格式和组织 (卢宝荣 教授 ) 第三讲:选题、作者署名排序和摘要的撰写 荣 教授 ) (卢宝 第四讲:研究概况和研究目的—前言部分 荣 教授 ) (卢宝 第五讲:研究材料与方法的选用和表述 that will be published validly 科学论文的特点 The key characteristics of scientific writing is its clarity Scientific writing must be understood Scientific writing is the transmission of a clear and simple signal to a recipient 科学论文的组织 A scientific paper is organized to meet the needs of valid publication It should be highly STYLIZED with distinctive and clearly evident components 科学研究与技术 技术是利用已有的科学的发现、 知识和科学规律来进行应用和设 计应用方式的活动 技术的记录方式 技术的报道和传播 科学论文的重要性 什么是科学论文? A scientific paper: is a written document describing original research results or reviewing scientific findings and development 科学论文的组织 The most common labeling of the component parts in the basic sciences is: Introduction Materials & methods Results Discussion 科学论文的组织 But some journals has somewhat different systems of organization Introduction Results Discussion Methods (Cell, molecular evolution) 科学论文的组织 The basic IMRAD is so logical that is used for many other types of expository writing The IMMRD format I = Introduction M&M = Material and method R = Results D = Discussion The IMMRD format Introduction: What question was studied ? (the objectives of the study) Scientific writing should use an appropriate language 为什么要写科学论文 Without publication, science is dead. -- Gerard Piel A scientific experiment is not complete until the results have been published and understood 荣 教授 ) (卢宝 第六讲:研究结果及其表述 (卢宝荣 教授 ) 课程内容安排: 第七讲:研究结果及其意义的讨论 (李博 教授 ) 第八讲:如何致谢和引用参考文献 (李博 教授 ) 第九讲:研究结果的统计分析和图表表示方 法 (李博 教授 ) 第十讲:科学论文投稿程序及须知 (卢宝荣 教授 ) 第十一讲:科学论文的审稿和发表程序 Scientific writing ensures the scientific findings be learned and passed on 科学论文的一般格式 The first journals were published ca. 300 years ago The early scientific writing was very descriptive Materials & methods: how and based on what the problem studied ? The IMMRD format Results: what are the findings ? Discussion: what do the findings mean ?