语言学期中测验

Part One: 40’A. True/ False questions: (10’)Read the statements carefully and decide whether each of them is true (T) or false (F) in terms of linguistics.T【1 】The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.T【 2 】Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.F【3 】According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.F【4 】Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken language.F【5 】English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.T【6 】V owel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.F【7 】A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.F【8 】Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.F【9 】Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.T【10 】Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.B. Complete each of the statements with the most likely answer: (30’)【 1 】Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________.A. communicationB. contactC. relationD. community【 2 】Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang【 3 】What is the most important function of language?A. Interpersonal 人际的B. Phatic 交流感情的C. Informative 教育性D. Metalingual【 4 】Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole?A. SaussureB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. Anonymous【 5 】According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized 内在化knowledge of his language?A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue【 6 】The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn’t it?” is__________ .A. informative 教育性的B. phaticC. directive 指示的D. performative行为语【7 】Which of the following statements about language is NOT true?A. Language is a systemB. Animals also have languageC. Language is symbolicD. Language is arbitrary【8 】The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in__________ .A. the obstruction of airstreamB. the place of articulationC. the position of the tongueD. the shape of the lips【9 】Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription?A. PhonologyB. PhoneticsC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics【10 】Which studies the sound systems in a certain language?A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics【11 】The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.” is ________.A. interrogative疑问句B. directiveC. informativeD. performative【12 】Usually, suprasegmental features include__________, length and pitch.音高A. phonemeB. speech soundsC. syllablesD. stress【13 】Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).斜杠语法A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme【14 】An aspirated送气p, an unaspirated 不送气p and an unreleased不吐放的p are ________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones【15 】Which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed?A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. PhonologyD. Semantics【16 】Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation 发音部位?A. [m]B. [n]C. [ b ]D. [p]【17 】All words contain a __________A. root morphemeB. bound morphemeC. prefixD. suffix【18 】In English –ise and –tion are called __________.A. suffixesB. prefixesC. infixesD. stems【19 】“-s” in the word“books” is _______.A. a derivative 派生affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root【20 】The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic【21 】The prefixes contained in the following words are called ______: pseudo-friend假朋友, malpractice玩忽职守, mistrust.A. reversative prefixedB. negative prefixesC. locative prefixesD. pejorative轻蔑语prefixes【22 】The prefixed contained in unwrap, de-compose and disallow驳回are _________.A. reversative prefixedB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes【23 】The prefixes in words bilingual, uniform and hemisphere are ________. A. number prefixes B. prefixes of degree or sizeC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes【24 】Omega, Xerox and Danone are words from _________.A. names of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. trade names【25 】Ex-student, foretell and post-election contain________.A. negative prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. locative prefixesD. prefixes of time and order【26 】The prefixes in words new-Nazi, autobiography and pan-European are ________.A. negative prefixesB. miscellaneous多种多样的prefixesC. prefixes of time and orderD. prefixes of degree or size【27 】A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative【28 】 In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform? A. Performative B. Emotive C. Interpersonal D. Recreational【29 】__________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole【30 】The prefixes in the words of irresistible, nonclassical and apolitical are called _______.A. reversative prefixesB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixesPart Two: 20’Linguistic Analysis（20%）:Comment on the following linguistic phenomena briefly.【 1 】a: Don't say X.b: People don't say X.【 2 】bkli; I apple eat.【 3 】“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”----Shakespeare【 4 】pin-bin, bin-tin, tie-die, choke-joke, pill-bill, bill-till, till-kill.【 5 】“k b i l”a: blik, klib, bilk, kilbb: lbki, ilbk, bkil, ilkb【 6 】a: sign, design, paradigmb: signature, designation, paradigmatic【7 】/p/=[ p h ] + [ p. ] + [ p¬ ] (unreleased)/l/ = [ l ] + [ ł ]/e/ = [e]【8 】Write down all the morphemes in the word-- antidisestablishmentarianism 【9 】ion/-tion/-sion/-ation【10 】bird's eye----fish-eye, worm's-eye, cat's-eyePart Three: 40’QuestionsAnswer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary.【 1 】Why do you think speech is more basic than writing? (8’)【 2 】Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature? (8’)【 3 】Why is it difficult to define language? (8’)【 4 】What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation? (8’)【 5 】After World War II, neologisms sweep in at a rate much faster than any other historical period. What are the main reasons for the frequent appearance of neologisms? (8’)。

...满分(Full mark)： 100 考试时间 (Duration ) ： 90 分钟 (Minutes)Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False( ) 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. T ( ) 2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. F( ) 3.A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. F ( ) 4. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language. F ( ) 5. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure. F ( ) 6. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguishmeaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.F ( ) 7. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning. F ( ) 8. English is a tone language while Chinese is not. F ( ) 9. Words are the smallest meaningful units of language. F( ) 10. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basicunit in the study of morphology. T( ) 11. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the numberof sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend. T( ) 12. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other. T ( ) 13.What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words andphrases rather than grammatical knowledge. F( ) 14. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British Englishand American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English. F( ) 15. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components. F( ) 16. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differentlyaccording to their degree of formality. T( ) 17. Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effectsuccessful communication. F( ) 18. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context oflanguage use was left unconsidered. T( ) 19. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent. F ( ) 20. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. TPart 2 Multiple Choice (1’*20=20’)There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best completethe statement.( ) 1. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be____.A. prescriptiveB. analytic D. linguistic( ) 2. According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performance D. Language( ) 3. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of thespeaker. This feature is called____.B. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission ( ) 4. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. Displacement( ) 5. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.B. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal ( ) 6. ____ is a voiced alveolar stop.C. /k/D./b/( ) 7. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of asequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alike ( ) 8. A(n) ____ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection ofdistinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. sound( ) 9. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ____.A. bound morpheme( ) 10. ____ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with othermorphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.C. Bound wordsD. Words ( ) 11. ____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.C. PhonemesD. Sentences( ) 12. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge inthe mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammatical ( ) 13. “Alive” and “dead” are ____.A. gradable antonymsB. relational opposites D. None of the above( ) 14. ____ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguisticworld of experience.B. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense ( ) 15. ____ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. Synonymy ( ) 16. Words that are close in meaning are called ____.A. homonymsB. polysemy ( ) 17. ____ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.C. Sense relationD. Concept ( ) 18. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study ofmeaning ____ is considered.( ) 19. Speech act theory did not come into being until ____.late 50’s of the 20the century B. in the early 1950’sC. in the late 1960’sD. in the early 21st century. ( ) 20. ____ is advanced by Paul GriceB. Politeness PrincipleC. The General Principle of Universal GrammarD. Adjacency PrinciplePart 3 Definition (5’*5=25’)Define the following terms.Classify the consonants in each word.Example: [z] voiced alveolar fricative 1. [t] voiceless alveolar stop 2. [n] voiced nasal alveolar 3. [k] voiceless velar stop 4. [θ] voiceless interdental fricative 5. [l] voiced alveolar approximantPart 5 Morphology: Word Formation Processes (1’*10=10’)Insert the words in the table according to the word formation processes.Analyze the following sentences in terms of clauses, functions and categories.Example:He missed the early bus.He – subject NP / missed – predicate VP / the early bus – object NP 1. I am writing an essay on Milton. I – Subject NP Am writing - Predicate VP An essay on Milton - Object: NP 2. Your teaching style has impressed the new Principal. Your teaching style – Subject NP has impressed Predicate VP the new Principal- Object: NPPart 7 Semantics: Sense relations (0.5’*5=2.5’)Insert the following pairs of words in the table according to their sense relations.a. pass away/ dieb. stem/ flowerc. sweets/ candies Which of the Conversational Maxims is being violated in the following conversation?A: Tom is an excellent linguist. Don ’t you think? B: He is a good cookIt may be regarded as a violation of the maxim of ___relation___.(The hearer assumes that if the speaker is cooperative, his reply must be relevant in a different sense- Tom is not a good linguistic.a. to motherb. telephonec. moteld. VOAe. UFOf. televiseg. talkingh. boyishi. greenhousej. quake。

济南外国语学校度第一学期高二期中模块考试法语试题（2023.11）说明：第I、II卷均为必做题，总分值为120分。

第I卷为第1页至第2页，第II卷为第3页至第10页。

考试时间120分钟。

第I卷（听力局部，共20分）I. Écoutez et choisissez la bonne réponse.( 15 points )Texte 11. Vous êtes en communication avec le répondeur:A. d’un cabinet médicalB. d’un cabinet d’architecteC. d’un cabinet juridique2. Le cabinet est ouvert :A. tous les matins et tous les après-midi.B. seulement le matin.C. toute la journée du lundi au vendredi et le samedi matin.3. Quel numéro devez-vous appeler en cas d’urgence?A. 02 28 18 63 29B. 22 28 18 63 29C. 02 18 28 63 29Texte 24. La scène se passe:A. au début du repas.B. au milieu du repas.C. à la fin du repas.5. La salade du pêcheur est faite avec:A. de la salade et de la viande.B. de la salade et du poisson.C. de la salade seulement.6. Paul et Hélène mangent la même chose.A. VraiB. FauxC. On ne sait pas.7. Paul et Hélène sont de bons amis.A. VraiB. FauxC. On ne sait pas.Texte 38. Mathieu et Ludovic sont voisins :A. depuis longtempsB. depuis quleques joursC. depuis hier9. L’appartement de Mathieu se compose de:A. deux chambres et un salonB. une chambres, un salon et un bureauC. une chambre, un salon et un atelier10. Mathieu habite:A. seulB. avec des amisC. avec Sophie11. Mathieu et Ludovic vont se revoir parce que :A. Mathieu invite LudovicB. Ludovic veut visiter l’appartementC. Ludovic va faire les travaux de peintureTexte 412. Quand vous entendez ce message vous êtes:A. dans un salon de coiffureB. dans un salon de beautéC. dans un salon nautique13. Le message annonce :A. l’ouverture du salon à 18hB. la fermeture du salon à 18h30C. la fermeture du salon à 19h14. Vous pouvez revenir au salon :A. entre le 6 et le 10 févrierB. entre le 10 et le 13 févrierC. jusqu’au 16 février15. Que vous demande-t-on de faire?A. d’acheter un billetB. de regagner la sortieC. de faire la queueII. Écoutez deux fois et complétez le texte.( 5 points )Le 22 se ptembre, à Paris, une grande 1._______________ du centre de la capitale sera fermée de 9 heures à 19 heures et seuls les vélos, les taxis et les transports en commun pourront circuler dans cette zone. Il y aura 900 2._______________ de métros 3._____________________ et plus d’autobus. Il 4.___________________ de la Journée sans voiture. Les habitants sont encouragés à choisir un moyen de transport plus propre et moins 5.______________________ , qui consomme moins d’6.__________________. Cette année, 99 villes française et 1 321 villes étrangères ont décidé d’y7.___________________. Avec la Journée sans voiture, l’air est moins pollué que d’habitude et les gens plus sympathiques. Mais une question8.___________________ : est-ce que cette journée a aidé à ch anger les habitudes des Français? Selon une9.__________________ en 2002, de nombreux Français pensentqu’une journée ne 10.__________________pas pour améliorer la qualité de vie, et trois quarts d’entre eux disent qu’ils préfèrent toujours leur voiture.温馨提示：听力局部选择题，请在答题卡上填涂1—15；单项选择题填涂16—35；阅读题填涂36—55。

语言学考试和答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言是人类最重要的（）。

A. 交际工具B. 思维工具C. 表达工具D. 学习工具答案：A2. 语言的最小意义单位是（）。

A. 语素B. 词C. 句子D. 音节答案：A3. 语言学的主要研究对象是（）。

A. 语音B. 语法C. 词汇D. 语言答案：D4. 语音学是研究（）的学科。

A. 语音的物理属性B. 语音的生理属性C. 语音的感知属性D. 语音的社会属性答案：A5. 语法学是研究（）的学科。

A. 语言的词汇B. 语言的语音C. 语言的结构规则D. 语言的意义答案：C6. 语义学是研究（）的学科。

A. 语言的词汇B. 语言的语音C. 语言的意义D. 语言的结构规则答案：C7. 社会语言学是研究（）的学科。

A. 语言的演变B. 语言与社会的关系C. 语言的语音D. 语言的语法答案：B8. 心理语言学是研究（）的学科。

A. 语言的心理过程B. 语言的语音C. 语言的语法D. 语言的社会属性答案：A9. 计算语言学是研究（）的学科。

A. 语言的演变B. 语言与计算机的关系C. 语言的语音D. 语言的语法答案：B10. 语言的任意性是指（）。

A. 语言符号与它所指的对象之间没有必然的联系B. 语言符号与它所指的对象之间有必然的联系C. 语言符号与它所指的对象之间有偶然的联系D. 语言符号与它所指的对象之间有逻辑的联系答案：A二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）11. 语言的基本功能包括（）。

A. 交际功能B. 思维功能C. 社会功能D. 文化功能答案：ABCD12. 语言的要素包括（）。

A. 语音B. 语法C. 词汇D. 语义答案：ABCD13. 语音学的研究内容主要包括（）。

A. 发音语音学B. 听觉语音学C. 声学语音学D. 社会语音学答案：ABCD14. 语法学的研究内容主要包括（）。

A. 句法B. 词法C. 语义语法D. 语用语法答案：ABCD15. 语义学的研究内容主要包括（）。

I.Choose the best answer. (20%) 1. Using language for the sheer joy of using it shows that language has afunction.A. recreationalB. metalingualC. informativeD. performative 2. Displacement benefits human beings by giving them the power to handleA.arbitrariness and creativityB. generalizations and abstractionsC. interpersonal relationshipsD. performative functions, the task of a linguist is to determine from 3. According tothedata of performance the underlying system of rules that has been mastered by the language user.A. Roman JacobsonB. Leonard BloomfieldC. Kenneth PikeD. Noam Chomsky4.“A person can refer to Shakespeare even though he died many years ago.”This shows that language has the design feature ofA. dualityB. creativityC. displacementD. arbitrariness5.Which of the following is not the principal suprasegmental features?A. vowelB. stressC. toneD. intonation6.Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB.Articulatory phoneticsC.Auditory phoneticsD.None of the above7.Which of the following word involve “nasalization”?A. rapB. readC. runningD. close8.Which of the following word is not likely to have stress in sentences?A. aB. testC. bikeD. sun9.“Don't end a sentence with a preposition.”This is an example ofA. prescriptiveB. descriptiveC. transformationalD. functional10.Which of the following is the correct description of [v]?A. voiceless labiodental fricativeB. voiced labiodental fricativeC. voiceless labiodental stopD. voiced labiodental stopII.D ecide whether the following statements are true or false. (20%) 11. Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that languages has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.12.Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguistics, because it can tell us how to speak correct language.13.Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme,such as syllable, word and sentence.14.The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.15.Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in thesame environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for theother does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.17. When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.18. In most cases, the number of syllables of a wordcorresponds to the number of morphemes.19. By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language.20. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. The theory that language arose from instinctive emotional cries,expressive of pain or joy has been called the 22. Saussure put forward two importantconcepts. the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.23. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure 'lasngue and Chomsky ' s24. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil aredistinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example fortheory.refers toillustrating25. refers to the phenomenon of sounds continuallyshow theinfluence of theirneighbors.26. phonetics studies the movement of the vocalorgans ofproducing the sounds ofspeech.27. According to , when there is a choice as to where to placea consonant, it is put into the onset ratherthan the coda.28. In English there are a number of , which are produced bymoving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.29. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to producepatterns of sound. These movements have an effecton thecoming from thelungs.30. The fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object indifferent languages proves the of language.IV Explain the following terms.(20%)31.Allophone32. DistinctivefeaturesV. Answer the following questions.(20%)33. What are the main design features of humanlanguage?34. Give sound segments according to the description of them in thefollowing.(1) front mid-high unrounded laxvowel(2)bilabial nasal(3)voiceless postalveolar affricate(4)voiced alveolar trill(5)palatal approximant。

于对市爱美阳光实验学校度第二学期模块考试高一期中小语种英语试题〔2021.4〕考试时间 60 分钟总分值 60分第一卷〔选择题，共40 分〕第一：听力〔共二节，总分值10分〕第一节听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A，B，C三个选项中选出最正确选项，并标在试卷的相位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来答复有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1.What size does the man want?A. Size 12.B. Size 10.C. Size 14.2.What happened to the man?A. He broke his leg.B. He hurt his arms.C. He had a car accident.3.How many swimming classes are there this semester?A.8.B. 13.C. 5.4.What does the woman think of the sailing?A. Dangerous.B. Exciting.C.Challenging.5.What is the man doing?A. Giving advice.B. Asking for help.C. Making an invitation.第二节听下面5段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A，B，C三个选项中选出最正确选项，并标在试卷的相位置。

听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。

每段对话或独白读两遍。

听第六段材料，答复第6至7题。

6.What is the relationship between the two speakers?A.Husband and wife.B. Coach and player.C. Doctor and patient.7.What do we know about the man?A.He had a heart attack.B.He’s on the football team.C.He used to play football very well.听第七段材料，答复第8至9题。

I. Choose the best answer. (40%)1. Pitch variation is known as _____A_____ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2. Conventionally a _____C_____ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3. In English –ise and –tion are called ____B______.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems4. Which branch of linguistics studies the similarities and differences among languages?DA. Diachronic linguisticsB. Synchronic linguisticsC. Prescriptive linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics5. Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?BA. [z]B. [w]C. [θ]D. [v]6. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?AA. [n]B. [b]C. [m]D. [p]7. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?AA. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang8. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibratingB?A. V oicelessB. V oicedC. Glottal stopD. Consonant9. Which of the following word involve ―nasalization‖?CA. rapB. readC. runningD. close10. Whose Cardinal V owel system is still in use?CA. A. J. EllisB. A. M. BellC. Daniel JonesD. A. C. Gimson11. Which of the following is called schwa?DA. [a]B.[æ]C. [o]D.[ə]12. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say―碎碎（岁岁）平安‖as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?CA. InterpersonalB. EmotiveC. PerformativeD. Recreational13. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?B—A nice day, isn’t it?— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal14. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?BA. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above15. Which of the following is the correct description of [v]?BA. voiceless labiodental fricativeB. voiced labiodental fricativeC. voiceless labiodental stopD. voiced labiodental stop16. _________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole17. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones18. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as __________.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula19. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as __________ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering20. A phoneme of a group of similar sounds called __________.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophonesII. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. Consonant sounds can be either __________ or __________, while all vowel sounds are ____.22. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing __________.23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the __________ and the lips.24. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the __________ to which that part of the tongue is raised.25. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without __________.26. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __________.27. In English there are a number of __________, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.28. _______ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.29. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the __________ coming from the lungs.30. Saussure put forward two important concepts. __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.III. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (20%)31. Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that languages has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.32. Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguistics, because it can tell us how to speak correct language.33. Sound [p] in the word ―spit‖ is an unaspirated stop.34. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.35. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.36. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.37. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.38. Base refers to the part of word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.39. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.40. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.41. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.42. When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.43. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs.lax or long vs. short.44. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.45. Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a given culture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate or interact.46. Competence and performance refer respectively to a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete situations.47. By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language.48. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.49. In language classrooms nowadays the grammar taught to students is basically descriptive, and more attention is paid to the developing learner s’ communicative skills.50. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makesa language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreign language learner, the latter is more important for us.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)51. Assimilation52. Suprasegmental feature53. Complementary distribution54. Distinctive features51. Assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by ―copying‖a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.52. Suprasegmental feature refers to the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments.53. Not all speech sounds occur in the same environment, when the two sounds never occur in the same environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.54. The features that a phoneme possesses, making it different from other phonemes, are its distinctive features.。

Mid-Term Exercises of Linguistics_____________________________________________________________________ I．Blank Filling1. Linguistics is the scientific systematic study of __________ .2. To many people, a linguist is the same as a ________ , one who can speak several Languages fluently.3. In professional usage, the ______ is a scholar who studies Language objectively, observing it scientifically, recording the facts of Language, and generalizing from them.4. ______ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing the sounds of speech; _______ phonetics studies the way the sounds of speech are perceived by the human ear.5. The ancient theories of the origin of Language were of ____origin.6. The theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the ___ theory.7. A commonly held view among the classic Greeks was that at some ancient time there was a“___ “ who gave the correct, natural name to everything.8. The theory that Language arose from instinctive emotional cries, expressive of pain or joy has been called the ___ theory.9. The theory that primitive Language was an imitation of natural sound, such as animal cries, has been called the theory .10. The symbols are said to be arbitrary because they do not ___ what they represent.11. Language is called upon not only for communication, but also for ___ and cultural ____.12. Language is an ___ system of articulated sounds made use of by a group of humans as a means of carrying on the affairs of their society.13. The earliest grammar of any Language was ___ grammar by the Hindu scholar Panini.14. The Language of Britain was ___ when the Romans invaded the land in 55 and 54BC.15. The Celtic Language was influenced by ___ during the roman occupation after AD 44.16. The three Teutonic groups established in England by the successive invasions afterAD450 were: ___, ___ and __.17. As a result of the Norman Conquest of 1066, vast quantities of ___ words were added to the English vocabulary.18. The most memorable writing in the Middle English period was ___ by Geoffrey Chaucer.19.As Samuel Johnson’s A Dictionary of the English Language established a uniform standard for ___ and word use, so Bishop Lowth’s and other grammarians’ wo rks standardized English ___.20. When sounds are produced, the air-stream sent out from the lungs passes through the ___ contained in the larynx.21. A sound which is made with the glottis wide open is called a ___ sound.22. Consonant sounds can be either ___ or ___, while all vowel sounds are ___.23. The shape of the ___ and ___ cavities can be changed, and each change producesa different sound.24. The differences between the vowel in the word tea and the vowel in the word two is that the first is made with the lips ___ and the front of the tongue humped, and the second is made with the lips ___ and the back of the tongue humped.25. The sounds /t/, /d/, /p/, and /b/ are made when the ___ in the mouth is suddenly opened and the air allowed to escape in a little puff or explosion.26. The sounds /f/ and /v /are the result of air escaping under friction between the lower ___ and upper ___.27. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the ___ and the lips.28. _________ sounds are produced by retracting the body of the tongue from the neutral position.29. V owels can be described by referring to the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. If the front of the tongue is at the highest point near thehard palate, a ___ vowel is produced. If the back of the tongue is at the highest point near the soft palate, a ___ vowel is produced.30.If, in making a vowel sound, the organs of speech remain in one position without moving to another, the result is a ___ vowel. If the organs of speech start in the position for one vowel and then immed8iately glide to the position of another, the result is a ___.31. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called___.32. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p, and an unreleased p are ___ of the p ___.33. The contrast between k and g enables us to distinguish between words which would otherwise by ___.34. Conventionally a phoneme is put in ___ while an allophone is put in ___ brackets.35. The sounds and the meaning of a word are ___.36. Morphology is the study of word ___ and the internal ___ of words.37. The most elemental grammatical units in a Language are ___.38. Some morphemes are ___ in that they must be joined to other morphemes, and are always parts of word and never words by themselves. Other morphemes are ___ in that they need not be attached to other morphemes.39. Bound morphemes may be subdivided into ___ and ___ morphemes.40. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belongs to “___ class’, while the largest part of noun s, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to “___ class”.41. According TG grammarians, perhaps the most important fact about the sentences of human Languages is that all sentences have both a ___ structure and a ___ structure.II. Short-answer Questions:Explain each of the following linguistic views in no more than 50 words. .ment on the saying “Language is culturally-transmitted”.2.Words can form by compounding, blending ,back-formation, acronym andborrowing,etc.Give two .words for each of them.Mid-Term Exercises of LinguisticsAnswer SheetName_______________________ Student Number ________________ I.Blank filling.II.Short answer questions.12.。

2012—2013学年度第一学期《英语语言学概论》期中试卷A Mid-term Examination Paper in Introduction to English LinguisticsⅠ Multiple Choice (40%)Directions:In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question or to complete the sentence best. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.1. What kind of function does the sentence “How do you do?” have?A. InformativeB. EmotiveC. Recreational D Phatic communion2. ______________ has been widely accepted as father of modern linguistics.A. BloomfieldB. SaussureC. ChomskyD. Halliday3. _____________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /d/B. /g/C. /b/D. /z/4. Of the following sound combination, only _____________ is permissible in English.A. bkilB. kiblC. ilkbD. ilbk5. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ______________.A. prescriptiveB. sociolinguisticC. psycholinguistic D descriptive6. The process that “televise” derives from “television” is known as___________.A. blendingB. zero-derivationC. acronym D back-formation7. A historical study of language is a _____________ study of language.A. prescriptiveB. descriptiveC. diachronicD. synchronic8. In the cardinal vowel diagram, ______________ is called schwa.A. [ә]B. [a]C. [i]D. [o]9. Nouns and verbs in English belong to ______________ words.A. invariableB. closed-classC. grammaticalD. lexical10. is a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fullyborrowed.A. LoanshiftB. Loan translationC. LoanwordD. Loanblend11. The word “so” in “I think so.” is a _________________.A. pronounB. pro-formC. auxiliaryD. determiner12. The morpheme “-ceive” in “de ceive” is ________________.A. a derivational affixB. an inflectional affixC. a free root D a bound root13. Unlike animal communication systems, human language is_______.A. stimulus freeB. stimulus boundC. under immediate stimulus controlD. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest14. Compound words consist of _____ morphemes.A. bound C. both bound and freeB. free D. neither free nor bound15. All syllables contain a/an______.A. nucleusB. codaC. onsetD. rhyme16. ____________refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bears no relationship to their meaning.A. CreativityB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Arbitrariness17. Velum refers to_______.A. larynxB. soft palateC. alveolarD. pharynx18. A _____ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.A. stemB. rootC. allomorphD. lexeme19. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones20. Which of the following compounds is exocentric?A. self-controlB.eye-entertainingC.water-resistantD. cutthroatⅡ True or False Questions (20%)Directions:Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false in the bracket before each of them. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.21. ( ) The sound /p/ in the word “expensive” is pronounced as a aspirated consonant.22. ( ) A root is not always a free form.23. ( ) All affixes are bound morphemes.24. ( ) Macrolinguistics includes psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, pragmatics, anthropologicallinguistics, and computational linguistics.25. ( ) “Tofu” is a direct borrowing from Chinese.26. ( ) English is a tone language.27. ( ) The words “water” and “teacher” have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well.28. ( ) Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.29. ( ) Bound morphemes cannot occur alone.30. ( ) English is more difficult than Chinese.III Define the Following Terms (20%)31. morpheme32. duality33. articulatory phonetics34. phoneme35. diachronicIV Short Essay Questions (20%)36. Can you work out a phonological rule from the following examples? (10%)peak—speaktank—standkeep—skirt47. Illustrate the differences between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes. (10%)。

LING5502 Topics in Chinese Syntax and Semantics汉语句法及语义专题2010-11 第二学期期中考试问题：一. 我们的讨论显示，在汉语中，普通名词从NP结构内基础生成，即填入名词短语中心语N的位置，代词直接填入定指结构中心语 D 的位置。

结合Huang, Li & Li (2009，The Syntax of Chinese) 第8章中有关的结构处理，讨论并解释为何与(1) 相比，(2) 合语法，而(3) 则不合语法。

用有效的结构图支持你的论点。

(25分)(1) 他们两位老师（都住在学校附近）(2) a. 他们那两位老师（都住在学校附近）b. 那两位老师他们（都住在学校附近）(3) a.*老师两位他们（都住在学校附近）b.*他们两位老师们（都住在学校附近）c.*他们那两位老师们（都住在学校附近）d.*老师们他们两位（都住在学校附近）e.* 那两位他们老师（都住在学校附近）注：将讨论的篇幅限制在半页以内。

以上各例括号中的语料仅用来提供必要的语境在讨论范围内。

参考意见：(1) is correct：The author believes that a pronoun can be followed by number, classifier, and noun, which means the pattern [ pronoun+number+classifier+noun] is possible. The structure is [DP 他们[NumP 两[CLP 位[NP 老师]]]].(2)a is correct: And the author also mentioned that pronouns and demonstratives, which have both been claimed to occupy the D position, can occur together. The structure is :[DP [DP他们] 那[NumP 两[CLP 位[NP 老师]]]]，the pronoun is the Spec of D.(2)b is correct: [DP那[Nump两[CLP位[NP老师[DP他们]]]]].(3)a is wrong:It is mentioned that common nouns are not base-generated in D or Spec of DP but they are base-generated in N. We expect the order of [noun+number+classifier] can’t be base- generated. It can’t be derived by movement of N to D because this movement is ruled out by the Head Movement Constraint which disallows movement of one head across another. And common nouns cannot be followed by demonstratives(and/or pronouns).(3)b ,(3)c and (3)e are wrong: –men is not compatible with [number+classifier]expression;-men can be suffixed to a definite expression taking the form of a proper name or a pronoun, this is not possible with the definite expression consisting of a demonstrative.(3)d and (3)e are wrong: A pronoun followed by –men can be followed by not preceded by a number phrase.二．Huang, Li & Li (2009) 在The Syntax of Chinese一书的第二章(Chapter 2) 2.1.2.节中为什么要提出汉语动补复合词中论元匹配与组合的问题？问题的实质是什么？(即与之相关的理论问题是什么?) (25分)注：将讨论的篇幅限制在半页以内。