宏观知识点总结
Chapter26 the exchange rate and balance of payment
1. 名义利率和实际利率的概念，要区分；二者的关系，那个公式。
明白一国货币升值表示什么意思。（掌握）
2. traded weighted index(了解)
3. 对一国货币的供给和需求的分析
一，供给和需求决定汇率，要知道哪些因素影响一国货币的供给和需求，相应的曲线在图上会怎么移动（重点）。
二，对一种货币的需求是对另一种货币的供给，要清楚某一种货币供
给需求变化后，另一种货币的供给和需求会如何变化。（重点）
4. 利率平价和购买力平价（掌握）
5. international trade (了解)
6. 汇率政策。理解什么是浮动汇率、固定利率和crawling peg。注意
区分。（掌握）
Chapter 27 (AD-AS model)
The main purpose of AD-AS model: explain changes in real GDP and price level, which leads to business cycle fluctuations around potential GDP.
1、区分宏观中的长短期
宏观中的长短期主要以价格行为加以区分：在长期中，价格是具有伸
缩性的，价格水平能够调整到充分就业的均衡状态；在短期中，价格
是具有粘性的（sticky），实际GDP可能等于、大于、小于潜在GDP. 2、总供给（Aggregate Supply）
2.1总供给是描述实际GDP 供给量与价格水平的关系。
The quantity of labor employed The quantity of physical, human capital Q uantity of real GDP supplied The state of technology
AS Price level
2.2总供给关系取决于时间范围
企业的产品服务价格具有伸缩性---长期总供给曲线
企业的产品服务价格具有黏性—短期总供给曲线
2.2.1长期总供给（long-run aggregate supply ）
a 、In the long run, the money wage rate changes in step with the price level;
b 、Try to explain why the LAS curve is vertical.（重点）
the price level
change by
the real wage rate the money wage the same percentage does not change rate
at the full-employment level real GDP=potential GDP potential GDP is independent of the price level LAS curve is vertical
2.2.2短期总供给（short-run aggregate supply ）
a 、in the short run, the money wage rate, the prices of other resources and potential GDP remain constant;
b 、Try to explain why the SAS curve slopes upward.
In the short run, when the price level rises real wage rate declines the cost of production decreases
employ more labors increases
production(real GDP) 黏性工资模型
在超短期中，总供给曲线是水平的。外
生
变
量内生变量
2.3总供给的变动
An increase in the
Full-employment
quantity of labor
An increase in the changes in both of LAS and SAS
quantity of capital potential GDP curve shift
An advance in
technology changes
in AS Departures from
full-employment
changes in
Expectations about the money wage only SAS curve shifts
inflation rate
3、总需求（Aggregate demand）
3.1 总需求是描述实际GDP需求量与价格水平的关系
Basic formula: Y（实际GDP需求量）= C+I+G+(X-M) aggregate
Price level demand
3.2 总需求曲线
Try to explain why the AD curve slopes downward.
Method 1
Price level
real wealth
saving Wealth Effect
current consumption
AD curve slopes downward
