《共产党宣言》英文加注释

Manifesto of The Communist Party

Karl Marx and Frederick Engels

1848

1 Bourgeois and Proletarians

2 Proletarians and Communists

3 Socialist and Communist Literature

4 Position of the Communists in relation to the various existing opposition parties

A spectre is haunting （“haunt”指“鬼魂等反复出没于某地”。欧洲的反动势力视共产主义为幽灵，怕得要死。此句用现在进行时，正活脱脱地表明了他们的这种心理状态，也显示出共产主义方兴未艾，已成气候。）Europe -- the spectre of communism. All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre: Pope and Tsar, Metternich and Guizot, French Radicals and German police-spies.

Where is the party in opposition （the opposition 指“反对党”，即，the party in opposition。）that has not been decried as communistic by its opponents in power? Where is the opposition that has not hurled back the branding reproach of communism （reproach指“责骂或责备”，branding 指“玷辱或污辱”，branding reproach则有“诬陷之词”的意思。注意：不能直接将the branding reproach of communism翻译为“共产主义这个诬陷之词”，尽管介词前后两部分属于同位关系，因为，“共产主义”，在包括马克思在内的共产党人看来，决非贬义之词。可以将这个短语翻译为“将共产主义作为诬陷之词”。）, against the more advanced opposition parties, as well as against its reactionary adversaries?

Two things result from this fact:

I. Communism is already acknowledged by all European powers to be itself a power.

II. It is high time that Communists should openly, in the face of the whole world, publish their views, their aims, their tendencies, and meet this nursery tale of the spectre of communism with a manifesto of the party itself.

To this end, Communists of various nationalities have assembled in London and sketched the following manifesto, to be published in the English, French, German, Italian, Flemish and Danish languages.

I -- BOURGEOIS AND PROLETARIANS

The history of all hitherto existing society （hitherto 为副词，指“迄今为止”，修饰形容词existing，表示“迄今为止仍然存在的”。我们现在的这个社会已经存在了几千年，至今仍然存在，所以，句中society用单数。）is the history of class struggles.

Freeman and slave, patrician and plebian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight（an …fight这里的不定冠词不是指“一次”，而是指“一种斗争”。这里将所有的阶级斗争视为一体。后面的同位语a fight也是指“一种斗争”。）, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes.

In the earlier epochs of history, we find almost everywhere a complicated arrangement of society into various orders, a manifold gradation of social rank. In ancient Rome we have patricians, knights, plebians, slaves; in the Middle Ages, feudal lords, vassals, guild-masters, journeymen, apprentices, serfs; in almost all of these classes, again, subordinate gradations.（此句为省略句。本句的主语和谓语与分号前的相同，都是we have，故省去。）

The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society has not done away with class antagonisms. It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones.