国际经济学(第10版)第五章

Carbaugh, Chap. 5 19
conclusion
When increases in the nonrestrained supply offset part of the cutback in shipments that occurs under an export quota, the overall inefficiency loss for the importing nation is less than that which would have occurred in the absence of nonrestrained exports.
Carbaugh, Chap. 5 7
Leabharlann Baidu
Types of non-tariff barriers
Effects of a quota on sugar imports
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5.2 Quotas versus Tariffs
The differences between quota and tariff is in 2 ways: (1)the revenue effect of import quotas differs from that of import tariffs. (2)the effect on trade volume by import quotas and by import tariffs is different.
Carbaugh, Chap. 5 13
Types of non-tariff barriers
5.4 Orderly marketing agreements
Market sharing pact signed by trading partners. Intended to protect less efficient domestic producers. Usually involve voluntary export restraints or export quotas.
Carbaugh, Chap. 5
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Types of non-tariff barriers
Comparing tariffs and quotas
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conclusion
Under an import tariff, the increases of domestic demand can induce the increase in quantity of the import product, but can not influence the import price level. Under an import quota, the increases of domestic demand only can induce the increase of import price level, but cann’t influence the quantity of import product. So, during periods of growing demand, an import quota is a more restrictive trade barrier than an equivalent import tariff.
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A tariff-rate quota has three components: (1)a quota that defines the maximum volume of imports charged the withinquota tariff; (2)a within-quota tariff; (3)an over-quota tariff
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Types of non-tariff barriers
5.1 Import quota
Import quota is a physical restriction on the quantity of goods that may be imported during a specific time period (usually below free-trade levels). Import license is a common practice to administer an import quota for the government.
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Types of non-tariff barriers
Import quota: trade & welfare effects
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Consumer surplus reduce a+b+c+d Producer surplus increase a Protective effect b consumption effect d So the deadweight loss of welfare b+d C(windfall profit) transport to importers or exporters or government
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conclusion
Under an import quota, the disposition of the revenue effect is indeterminate; but under an export quota, it is the foreign exporter who is able to capture the larger share of the quota revenue. So , exporters might prefer to have an export quota rather than import quota levied by the importing country.
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Figure 5.4(b)
Consumer surplus loss a+b+c+d+e+f+g Producer surplus increase a Deadweight loss b+g Revenue effect c+d+e+f Foreign exporters’ revenue c+d Trade-diversion effect e+f Total welfare loss b+c+d+e+f+g
International Economics
By Robert J. Carbaugh 10th Edition
Chapter 5: Nontariff Trade Barriers
Copyright ©2002, South-Western College Publishing
Nontariff trade barriers(NTBs) include import quotas, voluntary export restraints, subsidies, domestic content requirements etc. NTBs can reduce imports and thus benefit domestic producers.
Carbaugh, Chap. 5 6
Allocating quota licenses
How government allocate the limited supply of imports among domestic importers? 2 ways: (1)government allocate the import licenses on the basis of the historical share of the import market for the importers. (2)auctioning of import licenses to the highest bidder in a competitive market.
Carbaugh, Chap. 5 21
Types of non-tariff barriers
Domestic content: trade & welfare effects
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Consumer surplus loss a+b Consumer surplus transport to domestic resource owners a The deadweight loss b
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Voluntary export agreement typically applies only to the most important exporting nations. So the exporters of the nonrestrained suppliers may be stimulated. What will happen under this condition?
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Global quotas restrict the total quantity of an import, regardless of origin. Selective quotas restrict the quantity of a good coming from a particular country.
Carbaugh, Chap. 5
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Types of non-tariff barriers
Effects of a voluntary export quota
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Figure 5.4(a)
Consumer surplus loss a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h+i+j+k+l Producer surplus increase a+h Deadweight loss b+c+i+f+g+l Revenue effect(foreign exporters) d+e+j+k Total loss b+c+d+e+f+g+i+j+k+l
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Types of non-tariff barriers
5.3 Tariff-rate quota: a two-tier tariff
The tariff-rate quota is a two-tiered tariff
A specified number of goods (up to the quota limit) may be imported at one (lower) tariff rate, while imports in excess of the quota face a higher tariff rate.
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Types of non-tariff barriers
5.5 Domestic content requirements
Domestic content requirements stipulate the minimum percentage of a product’s total value that must be produced domestically if the product is to quality for zero tariff rates. The effect of it is to pressure both domestic and foreign firms who sell products in the home country to use domestic inputs in the production of those products.