“除了……”的多种表达方式小结
发表时间：2011-10-11T09:08:55.790Z 来源：《现代教育科研论坛》2011年第8期供稿作者：郝晓静[导读] 在英语教学过程中,我们经常能见到“除了……”的多种表达方式。
郝晓静
（青海警官职业学院青海西宁 810000）【摘要】在英语教学过程中,我们经常能见到“除了……”的多种表达方式。它们的用法复杂多变，难以掌握，学生和教师对此都有所困惑。本文就这些表达方式进行了总结、归纳，以便大家能消除顾虑，更好地掌握它们的用法。【关键词】表达方式；相似；差别
Many Kinds of Expression of “除了……” Hao Xiaojing
【Abstract】In our English teaching and learning, we always see too much different expression about the phrase“除了……”. Their uses are complex, and it's hard to grasp. We are at a loss. The article will introduce and conclude their uses, so that we can disple misgivings and know how to use them.
【Key words】 expression;similarity;difference 在英语的听、说、读、写、译中经常要表示“除了……（之外）”这样的概念，而表达这一概念的英语方式又极为丰富。在教学过程中，我们经常见到的表达方式至少有十种，如：except, except for, apart from, aside from, beyond, other than, on top of, but, in addition to, besides等。这些表达方式复杂多变，难以掌握，学生和教师都为之困惑烦恼。它们中存在着相似及细微的差别。因此，我们将它们的用法进行归纳、总结，以便学生能系统地掌握它们的用法。
1.except和besides都表示“除了……（之外）”，但含义不同，except表示“从所提及的人和物中除去，即从整体中除去一部分”，表示递减概念，含义是否定的。besides表示“除了……外，还有……”，指“在整体中加入一部分”，表示递加关系，含义是肯定的。 besides常与other / more / else 等词连用，except 常与all / every / everyone / none / nobody / everything / nothing 等词连用。 eg: I like all drinks except Whisky.
如果用于疑问句和否定句两种结构，两词则可通用。 ［1］ eg: The old man has nothing to live except / besides his pension. eg: Except / Besides this dictionary, did you give me anything else?
2.except和 except for 都表示“除了……外，（不包括）”，但是except 通常用在概括性的词语后面，尤其是用在all, every, no, everything, anybody, nowhere, whole等词语的后面。 eg: He ate everything on his plate except the beans.
2.1 Except for 则有两层的含义：
2.1.1 表示对整体主要部分的肯定和局部的否定，起部分修正的作用。 eg: His article was quite excellent except for several spelling mistakes.
2.1.2 表示对非同类事物进行的比较。 eg: The bus is empty except for an old woman.
2.2 当except for 放在句首时，则可以同except 通用。 eg: Except for Tom, we have told everyone the news. = We have told everyone the news except Tom.
2.3 在介词和连词前面用except, 而不用except for。 eg: He's good-looking except when he smiles. eg: It's the same everywhere except in England.
2.4 except 后面还可以接动词，但动词形式取决于前面出现的词语，若前面出现do的任何形式，通常用动词原形。 eg: He does nothing except eat all day. (does——eat) eg: There isn't anything to do except wait to see what happens. (to do——wait)
3.but 和except 是同义，都表示递减的概念，虽然二者在多数情况下可互换，但用法稍有区别： 3.1 but着重于整体，而except 则侧重的是除了的那一部分。 eg: I know all of them but one. （重点落在all上） eg: I know all of them except one. (重点落在one上) 3.2 except 可以代替but，但but 并不一定都可以代替except; 如果句中有all, no, nobody, who, where 等不定代词或疑问词时，多用but;后面跟宾语从句时，多用except。 ［3］ eg: None but the brave deserve the fair. eg: Who but James would do such a thing? eg: I know nothing about the young lady except that she is from Beijing.
3.3 but 和except 都可用动词不定式作宾语，但是，如果句中作谓语的动词是do，两者所用的不定式可以不带to，否则要带to。 eg: Our enemy did nothing but surrender. eg: Tom did nothing except read his text. eg: Our enemy had no choice but to surrender. eg: There was nothing left except to read his text.
3.4 but for 和except for 含义相同，表示“要不是……”“若非”，常用于虚拟语气，表示一种假设。 eg: But for the rain (=If it had not rained), we should have had a pleasant journey.
3.5 but 位置的变化会引起人称代词主、宾格的变化。 eg: No one but I (=except me) know it.
