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• 定义:Human languages enable their users to symbolize something which are not present at the moment of communication.
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• 5) Cultural Transmission(文化传递性):
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• 2)Duality(二层性):
• 定义:the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level.
语言学知识点
英语语言学语言学知识点
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•I 语言学导论 •II 语言学主要分支学科 •III 语言学的流派和理论
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I 语言学导论
1. design feature of language
(语言的定义特征)
2. Language Families (世界语言分类)
3. important distinctions in linguistics (语言学 研究中几对重要的概念)
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• 4. Important Distinctions in Linguistics • (语言学研究中几对重要的概念) • 1) descriptive & prescriptive • 2) synchronic & diachronic
• 3) langue & parole
• 4) competence & performance
its duality
• 举例1:/k/ ,/a:/, /p/---- carp or park • 举例2:England, defeated, France • England defeated France. • France defeated England.
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• 4)Displacement(替代性):
4. scope of linguistics
(语言学的研究范围)
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• 1. design feature of language(语言的定义特征)
defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication
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1. design feature of language 语言定义特征
• 1)Arbitrariness(任意性) • 2)Duality(二层性) • 3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性) • 4)Displacement(移位性) • 5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性)
• 定义:language is passed on from generation to generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct.
• 反例:印度狼孩
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3. Design feature 定义特征
• 1)Arbitrariness(任意性) • 2)Duality(二层性) • 3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性) • 4)Displacement(移位性) • 5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性)
• 如何记忆: 五性,创意遗传
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• 1)Arbitrariness(任意性): • 定义:the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to
their meaning.
• 举例: • 书, book, livre • 喜欢,like,aimer
• 举例: Sounds > syllables > words > phrases > clauses > sentences> texts/discourses
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• 3) Creativity/Productivity(创造性): • 定义:Language can be used to create new meanings because of
descriptive statement.
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• 2). Synchronic(共时性) vs. Diachronic (历时性)
• synchronic: takes a fixed instant as its point of observation.
• diachronic: the study of a language through the course of its history.
英语语言学语言学知识点
Байду номын сангаас
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Important Distinctions in Linguistics
• 举例: • Don't say X. • People don't say X. • The first is a prescriptive command, while the second is a
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• 1) Descriptive (描述性) vs. Prescriptive (规定性) • Descriptive: describing how things are. • prescriptive: prescribing how things ought to be
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• 举例: • 研究1800年的英语发音 • Synchronic studies (共时性研究)
• 研究1800-1900的法语语法变化 • Diachronic studies (历时研究)