文献综述、提纲、开题报告写作要求
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文献综述包含的内容
1)介绍有关的概念以及综述的范围,扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点。2)已经完成的相关研究,各方的观点,知名学者的意见。根据需要可按年代顺序综述,可按不同的问题进行综述,还可按不同的观点进行比较综述。
3)需要进一步探究的问题总结。
4)本文将提出的问题以及在相关问题上本文将作的探究和预期的学术贡献。5)参考文献。
撰写文献综述需注意的事项
1)文献综述绝不是文献的简单堆积,应与自己的论题结合起来,既要综合、叙述,又要比较、评价,两者紧密结合,不能只“述”不“评”。
2)文献综述应尽可能比较全面地反映该领域国内外的研究现状。
3)应该客观地将相关论著的内容表述出来,不能随便把自己的观点强加给作者。进行评论时,要把自己的观点与文献的观点分开,不能将两者混淆起来。
4)应该洞察出目前的研究的不足之处,并提出自己的观点。
写好文献综述的技巧
文献综述常用语
1. 用以表明某人的观点或所做的研究:state, indicate, discuss, describe, observe, find, show, propose, suggest
2. 用以表示某人所强调的观点或补充说明:add, note, pay particular attention to, emphasize, go on to say, begin by, conclude by
3. 用以说明某人所坚持地论点:argue, contend, maintain, believe
4. 用以表达某人未经正式的观点:claim, allege, imply
5. 提出该领域尚未解决的问题和需要进一步研究的重点
Although much work has been done on…, more studies need to be conducted to…Little research has been done on…
Few studies have examined…
None of the findings indicate…
Although much research has been devoted to…rather less attention has been paid to…
While many studies have examined… far fewer have examined…
However, research to date has mostly concentrated on…/ been limited to…/ been
restricted to…/suffered from…/ overlooked…/ neglected to consider…/ failed to consider…/ disregarded…/ignored…
Attempts to establish a link between … and… are limited/ inconclusive/ incomplete/ unconvincing/ questionable/ unsatisfactory/ misguided/ flawed
Thus it would be of interest to learn how…
It would seem, therefore, that further investigation is needed in the area of… in order to confirm…
Previous work shows that the …method is useful for analyzing…. This paper uses the …method to further explore…
Recent developments in the use of …technology clearly has great potential in…. In this paper, we demonstrate how…
6. 表达论文和研究的意义
This research will contribute to the field by…
This research may provide insights into…
It is hoped that this study will provide further insights into…
The results of this study should be useful in…
This topic was indentified as being of importance to teachers in providing them the necessary background to…
The results of this research have the potential to…
论文提纲的构成
毕业论文的提纲一般包括论文标题, 中心论点(thesis statement)及内容纲要三个部分。
中心论点(thesis)是对一篇论文最集中的概括,既说出了论文的论题是什么,也说出了作者要对论题发表什么意见。例如一篇论文的标题是Color Symbolism in The Great Gatsby,中心论点是The color symbolism is conspicuous in revealing the theme of The Great Gatsby---the disillusionment of the American Dream。论文内容纲要是提纲的主要内容, 决定了整个论文的谋篇布局。内容纲要应始终围绕中心论题, 明确从哪些方面或角度, 采取怎样的先后顺序, 运用什么具体手段对该论题进行充分有效的论证。
拟写提纲的步骤
1)用醒目的字体写论文标题和中心论点。
2)围绕该中心论点列出已经掌握的材料和形成的观点。
3)根据一定的组织原则对这些材料和观点进行合理的编排。
4)对提纲的逻辑性、连贯性和整体性作全面的审视,剔除与主题无关的材料,增加论证中不可或缺的观点。
提纲内容的组织形式
1)总分总式
绪论、本论(提出分论点和论据)、结论
2)推进式
提出问题、叙述现象、分析原因找出症结、解决问题
3)结构式