Inaugural Address肯尼迪就职演说修辞总结

肯尼迪《就职演说》中的语域分析摘要：肯尼迪一九六一年的就职演说被称作是二十世纪最令人难忘的两次美国总统就职演说之一，引起了国际上的广泛关注。

然而当前对政论性演说的研究主要集中于文体学、修辞学领域，从系统功能语言学角度进行的研究显得相对匮乏。

本文从语场、语旨、语式三个方面分析了被奉为政治演说词经典的肯尼迪《就职演说》中的语域，进而发掘了该演说词的语言特征，加深了对演说者演说意图的理解。

文章不仅丰富了政治演说词已经取得的研究成果，而且验证了语域理论用于政治演说词分析的有效性。

关键词：就职演说；语域特征；语域分析一．引言历届美国总统的就职演说的特点较其他形式的公开演说更为突出，表现在其时间的固定性（一月二十日）、地点的固定性（白宫）、演说者身份的固定性（当选为美国总统的人）、听众的固定性（美国民众和世界各国）、内容的相似性（施政纲领、国内国际形势等）。

此类演说均是历任总统先生经过深思熟虑、字斟句酌的成果，因此往往成为学者和研究者们科学研究的语料。

美国第35届总统约翰••菲茨杰拉德•肯尼迪于1961年1月20日发表的就职演说无论是在内容上还是形式上，均堪称政论性演说中的经典。

对该就职演说的研究集中于文体学和修辞学领域，鲜有从语域角度进行的分析。

本文将语域理论运用于对肯尼迪就职演说词的分析，从一个全新的角度探索政治演说词的特点，一方面可以丰富政治演说词已有的研究成果，另一方面可以验证语域理论用于演说词分析的有效性。

二．文献回顾语域是语言学中的一个重要概念，它初是Reid在1956年研究双语现象时提出来的。

英国籍波兰人类学家马林诺夫斯基（Malinowski）把语境分为三类：话语语境（context of utterance）、文化语境（context of culture）和情景语境（context of situation）。

此后韩礼德等人将文化语境与情景语境的概念与语言系统相结合，并在其著作中进行阐释从而形成了语域理论。

肯尼迪总统就职演说篇一：肯尼迪总统就职演说(中英文)肯尼迪总统就职演说（1961年1月20日）inauguraladdressofJohnF.KennedyJanuary20,1961 VicePresidentJohnson,mr.Speaker,mr.chiefJustice,President Eisenhower,VicePresidentnixon,PresidentTruman,Reverendclergy,fellowc itizens:约翰逊副总统、议长先生、首席大法官先生、艾森豪威尔总统、尼克松副总统、杜鲁门总统、尊敬的牧师、同胞们：weobservetodaynotavictoryofpartybutacelebrationoffreedom,symbolizing anendaswellasabeginning,signifyingrenewalaswellaschange.Forihaveswor nbeforeyouandalmightyGodthesamesolemnoathourforebearsprescribedne arlyacenturyandthree-quartersago.我们今天所看到的，并非是某一党派的胜利，而是自由的庆典。

它象征着结束，亦象征着开始；意味着更新，亦意味着变化。

因为我已在你们及万能的上帝面前，依着我们先辈175年前写下的誓言宣誓。

Theworldisverydifferentnow.Formanholdsinhismortalhandsthepowertoab olishallformsofhumanpovertyandallformsofhumanlife.andyetthesamerevo lutionarybeliefsforwhichourforebearsfoughtarestillatissuearoundtheglobe--thebeliefthattherightsofmancomenotfromthegenerosityofthestatebutfromthehandofGod.世界已然今非昔比，因为人类手中已经掌握了巨大的力量，既可以用来消除各种形式的贫困，亦可用以毁灭人类社会。

肯尼迪就职演讲内容分析一篇演讲的成功，往往是多种因素的综合，但语言文字方面的修辞运用，则十分重要。

纵观美国各个时期的著名演讲词，都无一例外地运用了各种修辞手段，下面对肯尼迪总统的《就职演说》（Inaugural Address）中的修辞来作一下分析。

“We dare not tempt them with weakness. For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will be never employed.”（翻译：我们不敢已示弱去诱惑他们，因为只有当我们有无可置疑的充足的武力时，我们才能有无可置疑的把握永远不必使用这些武力。

）用红色字体标出的“beyond doubt”采用了重复（repetition）的修辞方法，它的重复，有效地强化了语意，更富节奏感，使演讲更有气势，同时加深了听众的印象。

“Now the trumpet summons us again —not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need: not as a call to battle, though embattled we are；but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle…”(翻译：现在那号角又在召唤我们。

不是号召我们扛起武器，虽然我们需要武器；不是号召我们去作战，虽然我们是准备应战，而是号召我们肩负起一场阴森惨淡的长期斗争的重任…) 这段采用了排比parallelism的修辞，而且将排比与重复（repetition）融合使用，既强调了文章，又使句子显得整齐而不雷同，匀称而不呆板。

讲说出来，既节奏鲜明、铿锵动听，同时又跌宕有致，富于变化。

“…and to remember that, in the past, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.”这一句运用了比喻中的隐喻（metaphor）, 用比喻来阐述道理，使听众于生动的形象中得到启发，受到感染，折服于演说家。

这篇演讲词的条理贫明，框架清晰，独具匠心的语篇结构是其一大特色。

整个语篇框架粗略可以分为两部分。

前半部分是从第一段到第二十段；后半部分是文章的剩余部分。

前半部分主要是向全世界其它国家宣扬美国对它们的外交策略、政治观点、政治立场和政治态度；后半部分则是号召鼓舞美国国内人民团结一致，做好长期斗争的准备，共同对敌，捍卫自由和保卫美国所推崇以及在全世界推行的政治理想、政治信念。

其中前半部分又被清楚明了地分为两个部分，分界线是第十一段。

此段承上启下，标志着前半部分的第一部分的结束和其第二部分的开始。

前半部分的第一部分是他作为总统代表美国对世界上那些与美国为友的国家作出保证；而其第二部分则是对世界上那些与美国为敌的国家提出要求。

前半部分的第一部分(第一段到第十一段)的内部衔接主要是依靠一组排比结构来实现的。

这组排比句是这一部分各个段落联接的主要纽带，使这一部分意义连贯，表达清晰，使演讲者在交际过程中所要表达的意图贯穿整个部分。

这一组排比句中的每句的位置都是在各段的开头，每句的句法结构大致相同，都是将由to作为介词的介宾短语放在句首，后面都是主语 + 谓语 + 宾语的结构。

不仅形成了结构的排比、结构的重复，而且在这些排比中还结合运用了词汇的重复这种修辞手段，“we”和“pledge”在这组排比中重复出现了六次。

这组排比句作为这一部分的衔接手段，主要的联结纽带，使这部分各段意义连贯，成为一个整体，清楚明了地表明这一部分主要是向那些对美国友好的各种不同类型的国家、团体机构作出许诺保证，宣布以约翰肯尼迪为首的新一届美国政府对它们的政策。

此外，排比还是一种句法修饰手段。

所以作者在这里使用这一组排比可谓～举两得，既是一种衔接手段将这部分联结成一个整体，又是一种修辞手法，应用在这里，使意思层层递进，增强了演讲词的气势，表达了强烈的感情，突出了强调的内容。

也由于排比甸式整齐，节奏分明，使演讲词读起来韵律分明，铿锵有力，展现了新任总统排山倒海的气魄。

肯尼迪就职演说 Inaugural Addressjohn f. kennedyinaugural addressdelivered 20 january 1961vice president johnson, mr. speaker, mr. chief justice, president eisenhower, vice president nixon, president truman, reverend clergy, fellow citizens:we observe today not a victory of party, but a celebration of freedom -- symbolizing an end, as well as a beginning -- signifying renewal, as well as change. for i have sworn before you and almighty god the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three-quarters ago.the world is very different now. for man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. and yet the same revolutionary beliefs for which our forebears fought are still at issue around the globe -- the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state, but from the hand of god.we dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution. let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of americans -- born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, supportany friend, oppose any foe, to assure the survival and the success of liberty.this much we pledge -- and more.to those old allies whose cultural and spiritual origins we share, we pledge the loyalty of faithful friends. united there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. divided there is little we can do -- for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder.to those new states whom we welcome to the ranks of the free, we pledge our word that one form of colonial control shall not have passed away merely to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny. we shall not always expect to find them supporting our view. but we shall always hope to find them strongly supporting their own freedom -- and to remember that, in the past, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.to those people in the huts and villages of half the globe struggling to break the bonds of mass misery, we pledge our best efforts to help them help themselves, for whatever period is required -- not because the communists may be doing it, not because we seek their votes, but because it is right. if a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.to our sister republics south of our border, we offer a special pledge: to convert our good words into good deeds, in a new alliance for progress, to assist free men and free governments in casting off the chains of poverty. but this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. let all our neighbors know that we shall join with them to oppose aggression or subversion anywhere in the americas. and let everyother power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house.to that world assembly of sovereign states, the united nations, our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace, we renew our pledge of support -- to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective, to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak, and to enlarge the area in which its writ may run.finally, to those nations who would make themselves our adversary, we offer not a pledge but a request: that both sides begin anew the quest for peace, before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.we dare not tempt them with weakness. for only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.but neither can two great and powerful groups of nations take comfort from our present course -- both sides overburdened by the cost of modern weapons, both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom, yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind's final war.so let us begin anew -- remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof. let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us.let both sides, for the first time, formulate serious and precise proposals for the inspection and control of arms, and bring theabsolute power to destroy other nations under the absolute control of all nations.let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors. together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths, and encourage the arts and commerce.let both sides unite to heed, in all corners of the earth, the command of isaiah -- to "undo the heavy burdens, and [to] let the oppressed go free."¹and, if a beachhead of cooperation may push back the jungle of suspicion, let both sides join in creating a new endeavor -- not a new balance of power, but a new world of law -- where the strong are just, and the weak secure, and the peace preserved.all this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days; nor in the life of this administration; nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. but let us begin.in your hands, my fellow citizens, more than mine, will rest the final success or failure of our course. since this country was founded, each generation of americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty. the graves of young americans who answered the call to service surround the globe.now the trumpet summons us again -- not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need -- not as a call to battle, though embattled we are -- but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle, year in and year out, "rejoicing in hope; patient in tribulation,"² a struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself.can we forge against these enemies a grand and global alliance, north and south, east and west, that can assure a morefruitful life for all mankind? will you join in that historic effort?in the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger. i do not shrink from this responsibility -- i welcome it. i do not believe that any of us would exchange places with any other people or any other generation. the energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it. and the glow from that fire can truly light the world.and so, my fellow americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.my fellow citizens of the world, ask not what america will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.finally, whether you are citizens of america or citizens of the world, ask of us here the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you. with a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love, asking his blessing and his help, but knowing that here on earth god's work must truly be our own.。

Name:张莉Number: A32009011009Course:修辞学Teacher:葛老师Date: 2012-5-5 An Analysis of the Inaugural Address of John F. KennedIn 1961 when the cold war was reaching its peak and there was also the wide-spread movement of national liberation throughout the world, JFK became the 35th president of the United States, the youngest man---and the first Catholic---ever elected to the office. Cocksure and bellicose, this young president delivered his Inaugural Address with a flourish of rhetoric. Millions of his audience were reportedly moved by JFK's inaugural address, not by what JFK was saying, but by how he phrased it. His address is a very good example of the power of words.Kennedy’s speech is designed to convince and to persuade. To convince the American people and the world that the president and his team were capable of leadership; to persuade the allies to stand with the United States; to persuade the newly independent countries and other poor third world countries that the new administration would be friendly to them…All of these themes will be revealed from the following analysis:(1) First, the speech’s words are chosen in a deliberate way.For instance, there are some adjective words concerning convinces and persuade in the speech: “steady, powerful”in paragraph 13; “fruitful”in paragraph 23; “solemn”in paragraph 1; “peaceful” in paragraph 9. Words are various from verbs to nouns: such as “loyalty, power, commit”; “pledge”in paragraph5, 7, 10, 8…in order to show speaker's passion and draw audience's attention. It makes the speech appeal to emotion. The words “us, me, our” convey a kind of team spirit and makes the team’s inner differences smaller; make people feel more comfortable and thus it is easier to gain their support.(2) Second, syntactically, there are various types of sentences in this speech.Grammatically, there are 20 simple sentences like “the world is very different now”in paragraph2; compound sentences like “ask not what your country can do for you; askwhat you can do for your country” in paragraph 25; complex sentence like “since this country was founded, each generation of Americans has been…national loyalty” in paragraph 21; compound-complex sentences like “for only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.”in paragraph 12.Functionally, apart from a lot of declarative sentences like “this much we pledge--and more” in paragraph 5, there are also 14 imperative sentences like “let both…”in paragraph 15—18, they gave rise to resonance and increased speaker's tone.Short sentences are also used to make the meaning easy to understand.With the help of different types of sentences, the whole essay was displayed in an appropriate way.(3) Third, the speech is rich in figures of speech. Both phonetic and syntactic figures of speech are adopted.Phonetically, alliteration, consonance and pun are used, which makes the speech more rhythmic, appealing and witty.Alliteration often produces some aesthetic appeal and helps readers to remember. There are more than 27 cases of alliteration in the speech:”...we shall p．ay any p．rice, b．ear any b．urden...to assure the s．urvival and the s．uccess of liberty”in paragraph 4; “...the s．ame high s．tandards of s．trength and s．acrifice...l．ead the l．and we l．ove (i)paragraph 27; “p．recise p．roposals” in paragraph 16 and so on. The use of alliterationhelps to catch audience’s attention and strengthen the expressive force.The typical example of consonance is in paragraph 4”well．or ill．”;” cultura l．andspiritual．” in paragraph 6...Pun is reflected by the word “judge”. It is a homophone. It refers to a person in thespeech, but actually, it implies the right action, which is accepted by lots of people inthe world.Syntactically, the speech’s use of repetition and parallelism helps to make thelanguage musical, emphatic, attractive and memorable.Repetition is the dominate figure in the speech. It runs through the whole speech,in paragraph 6, 7,8,10,11,17,18... “To those...”5 times;” let both...” 4 times. Through therepetition, Kennedy’s attitudes towards different countries are revealed. It is beneficial to convince and persuade those countries to stand with America. Besides, it strengthens the speech’s emotions and tone and also the artistic appeal of the language.There are more than 20 cases of parallelism in the speech: in paragraph1, 3, 4, 14, 22 and so on. Among which in paragraph15, 16, 17, 18 repetition and parallelism are used together to help audience catch his thought of speech, thus makes is easy to convey his ideas. “Let both sides explore...”and “Let both sides...”and“Let both sides seek...”and“Let both sides unite ...” which makes the speech a powerful appeal.Anaphora is used in paragraph 14:”So let us begin anew… Let us never negotiate…Let us never fear …”it is a kind of repetition of the same word at the beginning of successive clauses, sentences or verses. Anaphora and Parallelism are often used jointly to gain more emphasis to convey strong emotions. The above sentence in paragraph 14 is also a case in point. Through the adoption of the two rhetorical devices, the strong emotions of appealing is revealed.In conclusion, the above paragraphs analyze the sp eech “Inaugural Address” both lexically and syntactically. Figures of speech are also analyzed in detail with examples. Furthermore, Kennedy's inaugural address is a great classic. It’s successful.。