初中英语语法基础知识总结
一、名词
1．可数名词
可数名词是指能计数事物名称的词，包括个体名词和集体名词，有单、复数形式。复数名词构成法如下：
以s，x，ch，sh结尾的名词加-es（除stomach）。
以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，要变y为-ies。但以元音字母加y结尾时直接加-s。以f或fe结尾的名词须直接加-s的，如：beliefs，proofs。变f或fe为-ves的，如：knives，leaves，wives，lives，thieves．wolves，shelves，。注意handkerchief的复数可直接加-s。也可变f为-ves。
以o结尾直接加-s，如：zoos，pianos，kilos，photos，autos，radios。加-es，如：Negroes，heroes，potatoes。
复数不规则的名词，如：man—men，woman—women，foot—feet，goose—geese，ox—oxen，child—children，tooth—teeth等。
单复数形式一样的名词，如：Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，means，works等。
2．不可数名词
不可数名词一般没有单复数之分，它包括物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词。以-ics结尾的表示学科名称的名词一般用做单数。
某些以-s结尾的表示单一事物的专有名词常用做单数。
3．名词的所有格
(1) “’s”所有格。一般名词后加“’s”。如：Tom’s brother’s bag。
以-s或-es结尾的复数名词，在名词右上方加“’”。如：the workers’ organization。以-s结尾的专有名词所有格，若以读音[Z]结尾，一般可在名词右上方加“’”，也可加“’s”。如：Dickens’/Dickens’s cup。
如果一样东西为两个人共有，则只有后一个名词加“’s”；如果不是共有的，两个名词后都要加“’s”。如：Tom and Mary’s room（共有）；Mary’s and Tom’s cups（不共有）。
(2) 表示无生命东西的名词，通常采用of+名词的结构来表示所有关系，总的来讲of所有格是’s所有格的一种替换形式。如：the class—room of the school。
(3) 表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词，也可以加“’s”来构成所有格。如：t oday’s newspaper。
一、基本型
写出下列名词的复数形式：
1. pencil-box ___________
2. wife _______
3. Sunday________
4. city______
5. dress _______
6. Englishman ________
7. match _______ 8. Chinese ________9. zoo ________
10. exam________ 11. German __________
12. I have a lot of ________(作业) to do every day.
13. His _______(裤子) are new, but mine are old.
14. It is the best one of the _________ (照片) in my family.
15. Are they building any _______ (图书馆) in the city?
16. Can you cut this big pear into two _______(半)?
17. At the end of _______(八月), you must get ready for the new school year.
二、提高型来源：
1.June 1st is ____ Day all over the world.
A. Child’s
B. Childs’
C. Children’s
D. Childrens’
2.September 10th is ___ Day in China, isn’t it?
A. Teacher’s
B. Teachers’
C. Teacher
D. Teache r of
_____ is made of _____.
A. Glass; glass
B. A glass; glass
C. Glasses; glasses
D. A glass; glasses
3.This is _______ news.
A. such a good
B. a very good
C. so good a
D. such good
4.What ______ it is! Let’s go swimming.
A. a fine weather
B. fine day
C. a fine day
D. bad weather
5.They like Chinese _____.
A. food and peoples
B. foods and people
C. foods and people
D. food and people
6.Lucy and I go to school _____ every day.
A. on feet
B. on foot
C. by foots
D. by buses1
7. What are you listening to, Jane? ____ or ____?
A. a music; a news
B. music; news
C. music; news
D. music; a news
8.How many ____ and ____ are there in your class?
A. boy student; girl ones
B. girls students; boys ones
C. boys student; girl one
D. girl students; boy ones
9..A group of ____ are talking with two ___ over there.
A. Frenchmen; Germans
B. Frenchmen; Germen
C. German; Frenchmen
D. Germans; Frenchmans
10.. That bus driver drank two _____.
A. glass of water
B. glasses of waters
C. cups of tea
D. cup of tea
11.. Mrs. Smith is an old friend of _______.
A. Bob’s mother
B. Bob’s mother’s
C. mother of Bob
D. Bob mother’s
12.. The tall man with a big nose is _______ teacher.
A. Tom and Carl
B. Tom’s and Carl’s
C. Tom and Carl’s
13.esterday a few _____ came to visit some ______ in Shantou.
A. German; places of interest
B. Germans; places of interests
C. Germans; places of interest
D. Germen; places of interest
14.hen autumn comes, ______ of most trees turn yellow and then fall down.
A. leaf
B. leafs
C. leave
D. leaves
二、冠词
