oracle常用命令大全

第一章：日志管理1.forcing log switchessql> alter system switch logfile;2.forcing checkpointssql> alter system checkpoint;3.adding online redo log groupssql> alter database add logfile [group 4]sql> ('/disk3/log4a.rdo','/disk4/log4b.rdo') size 1m;4.adding online redo log memberssql> alter database add logfile membersql> '/disk3/log1b.rdo' to group 1,sql> '/disk4/log2b.rdo' to group 2;5.changes the name of the online redo logfilesql> alter database rename file 'c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log' sql> to 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';6.drop online redo log groupssql> alter database drop logfile group 3;7.drop online redo log memberssql> alter database drop logfile member 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';8.clearing online redo log filessql> alter database clear [unarchived] logfile 'c:/oracle/log2a.rdo';ing logminer analyzing redo logfilesa. in the init.ora specify utl_file_dir = ' 'b. sql> executedbms_logmnr_d.build('oradb.ora','c:\oracle\oradb\log');c. sql> executedbms_logmnr_add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo01.log',sql> dbms_logmnr.new);d. sql> executedbms_logmnr.add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo02.log',sql> dbms_logmnr.addfile);e. sql> executedbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'c:\oracle\oradb\log\oradb.ora ');f. sql> select * fromv$logmnr_contents(v$logmnr_dictionary,v$logmnr_parameterssql> v$logmnr_logs);g. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.end_logmnr;第二章：表空间管理1.create tablespacessql> create tablespace tablespace_name datafile'c:\oracle\oradata\file1.dbf' size 100m,sql> 'c:\oracle\oradata\file2.dbf' size 100m minimum extent 550k [logging/nologging]sql> default storage (initial 500k next 500k maxextents 500 pctinccease 0)sql> [online/offline] [permanent/temporary] [extent_management_clause]2.locally managed tablespacesql> create tablespace user_data datafile'c:\oracle\oradata\user_data01.dbf'sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;3.temporary tablespacesql> create temporary tablespace temp tempfile'c:\oracle\oradata\temp01.dbf'sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;4.change the storage settingsql> alter tablespace app_data minimum extent 2m;sql> alter tablespace app_data default storage(initial 2m next 2m maxextents 999);5.taking tablespace offline or onlinesql> alter tablespace app_data offline;sql> alter tablespace app_data online;6.read_only tablespacesql> alter tablespace app_data read only|write;7.droping tablespacesql> drop tablespace app_data including contents;8.enableing automatic extension of data filessql> alter tablespace app_data add datafile'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data01.dbf'size 200msql> autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500m;9.change the size fo data files manuallysql> alter database datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf'resize 200m;10.Moving data files: alter tablespacesql> alter tablespace app_data rename datafile'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf'sql> to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';11.moving data files:alter databasesql> alter database rename file 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf'sql> to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';第三章：表1.create a tablesql> create table table_name (column datatype,column datatype]....) sql> tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [pctused integer] sql> [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]sql> storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50)sql> [logging|nologging] [cache|nocache]2.copy an existing tablesql> create table table_name [logging|nologging] as subquery3.create temporary tablesql> create global temporary table xay_temp as select * from xay;on commit preserve rows/on commit delete rows4.pctfree = (average row size - initial row size) *100 /average row size pctused = 100-pctfree- (average row size*100/available data space)5.change storage and block utilization parametersql> alter table table_name pctfree=30 pctused=50 storage(next 500k sql> minextents 2 maxextents 100);6.manually allocating extentssql> alter table table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile'c:/oracle/data.dbf');7.move tablespacesql> alter table employee move tablespace users;8.deallocate of unused spacesql> alter table table_name deallocate unused [keep integer]9.truncate a tablesql> truncate table table_name;10.drop a tablesql> drop table table_name [cascade constraints];11.drop a columnsql> alter table table_name drop column comments cascade constraints checkpoint 1000;alter table table_name drop columns continue;12.mark a column as unusedsql> alter table table_name set unused column comments cascade constraints;alter table table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;alter table orders drop columns continue checkpoint 1000data_dictionary : dba_unused_col_tabs第四章：索引1.creating function-based indexessql> create index summit.item_quantity onsummit.item(quantity-quantity_shipped);2.create a B-tree indexsql> create [unique] index index_name on table_name(column,.. asc/desc) tablespacesql> tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]sql> [logging | nologging] [nosort] storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0sql> maxextents 50);3.pctfree(index)=(maximum number of rows-initial number ofrows)*100/maximum number of rows4.creating reverse key indexessql> create unique index xay_id on xay(a) reverse pctfree 30storage(initial 200ksql> next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;5.create bitmap indexsql> create bitmap index xay_id on xay(a) pctfree 30 storage( initial 200k next 200ksql> pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;6.change storage parameter of indexsql> alter index xay_id storage (next 400k maxextents 100);7.allocating index spacesql> alter index xay_id allocate extent(size 200k datafile'c:/oracle/index.dbf');8.alter index xay_id deallocate unused;第五章：约束1.define constraints as immediate or deferredsql> alter session set constraint[s] = immediate/deferred/default;set constraint[s] constraint_name/all immediate/deferred;2. sql> drop table table_name cascade constraintssql> drop tablespace tablespace_name including contents cascade constraints3. define constraints while create a tablesql> create table xay(id number(7) constraint xay_id primary key deferrablesql> using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace indx);primary key/unique/references table(column)/check4.enable constraintssql> alter table xay enable novalidate constraint xay_id;5.enable constraintssql> alter table xay enable validate constraint xay_id;第六章：LOAD数据1.loading data using direct_load insertsql> insert /*+append */ into emp nologgingsql> select * from emp_old;2.parallel direct-load insertsql> alter session enable parallel dml;sql> insert /*+parallel(emp,2) */ into emp nologgingsql> select * from emp_old;ing sql*loadersql> sqlldr scott/tiger \sql> control = ulcase6.ctl \sql> log = ulcase6.log direct=true第七章：reorganizing dataing expoty$exp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=c:\emp.dmp log=exp.log compress=n direct=ying import$imp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=emp.dmp log=imp.log ignore=y3.transporting a tablespacesql>alter tablespace sales_ts read only;$exp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y tablespace=sales_tstriggers=n constraints=n$copy datafile$imp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=ydatafiles=(/disk1/sles01.dbf,/disk2/sles02.dbf)sql> alter tablespace sales_ts read write;4.checking transport setsql> DBMS_tts.transport_set_check(ts_list=>'sales_ts' ..,incl_constraints=>true);在表transport_set_violations 中查看sql> dbms_tts.isselfcontained 为true 是，表示自包含第八章： managing password security and resources1.controlling account lock and passwordsql> alter user juncky identified by oracle account unlock;er_provided password functionsql> function_name(userid in varchar2(30),password in varchar2(30),old_password in varchar2(30)) return boolean3.create a profile : password settingsql> create profile grace_5 limit failed_login_attempts 3sql> password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30sql>password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function sql> password_grace_time 5;4.altering a profilesql> alter profile default failed_login_attempts 3sql> password_life_time 60 password_grace_time 10;5.drop a profilesql> drop profile grace_5 [cascade];6.create a profile : resource limitsql> create profile developer_prof limit sessions_per_user 2sql> cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480;7. view => resource_cost : alter resource costdba_Users,dba_profiles8. enable resource limitssql> alter system set resource_limit=true;第九章：Managing users1.create a user: database authenticationsql> create user juncky identified by oracle default tablespace users sql> temporary tablespace temp quota 10m on data password expire sql> [account lock|unlock] [profile profilename|default];2.change user quota on tablespacesql> alter user juncky quota 0 on users;3.drop a usersql> drop user juncky [cascade];4. monitor userview: dba_users , dba_ts_quotas第十章：managing privileges1.system privileges: view =>system_privilege_map ,dba_sys_privs,session_privs2.grant system privilegesql> grant create session,create table to managers;sql> grant create session to scott with admin option;with admin option can grant or revoke privilege from any user or role;3.sysdba and sysoper privileges:sysoper: startup,shutdown,alter database open|mount,alter database backup controlfile,alter tablespace begin/end backup,recover databasealter database archivelog,restricted sessionsysdba: sysoper privileges with admin option,create database,recover database until4.password file members: view:=> v$pwfile_users5.O7_dictionary_accessibility =true restriction access to view or tables in other schema6.revoke system privilegesql> revoke create table from karen;sql> revoke create session from scott;7.grant object privilegesql> grant execute on dbms_pipe to public;sql> grant update(first_name,salary) on employee to karen with grant option;8.display object privilege : view => dba_tab_privs, dba_col_privs9.revoke object privilegesql> revoke execute on dbms_pipe from scott [cascade constraints];10.audit record view :=> sys.aud$11. protecting the audit trailsql> audit delete on sys.aud$ by access;12.statement auditingsql> audit user;13.privilege auditingsql> audit select any table by summit by access;14.schema object auditingsql> audit lock on summit.employee by access whenever successful;15.view audit option : view=>all_def_audit_opts,dba_stmt_audit_opts,dba_priv_audit_opts,dba_obj_audit_opts16.view audit result: view=>dba_audit_trail,dba_audit_exists,dba_audit_object,dba_audit_session,dba_audit_statement第十一章： manager role1.create rolessql> create role sales_clerk;sql> create role hr_clerk identified by bonus;sql> create role hr_manager identified externally;2.modify rolesql> alter role sales_clerk identified by commission; sql> alter role hr_clerk identified externally;sql> alter role hr_manager not identified;3.assigning rolessql> grant sales_clerk to scott;sql> grant hr_clerk to hr_manager;sql> grant hr_manager to scott with admin option;4.establish default rolesql> alter user scott default role hr_clerk,sales_clerk; sql> alter user scott default role all;sql> alter user scott default role all except hr_clerk; sql> alter user scott default role none;5.enable and disable rolessql> set role hr_clerk;sql> set role sales_clerk identified by commission; sql> set role all except sales_clerk;sql> set role none;6.remove role from usersql> revoke sales_clerk from scott;sql> revoke hr_manager from public;7.remove rolesql> drop role hr_manager;8.display role informationview: =>dba_roles,dba_role_privs,role_role_privs,dba_sys_privs,role_sys_privs,role_tab_privs,session_roles第十二章: BACKUP and RECOVERY1.v$sga,v$instance,v$process,v$bgprocess,v$database,v$datafile,v$sgasta t2. Rman need set dbwr_IO_slaves or backup_tape_IO_slaves andlarge_pool_size3. Monitoring Parallel Rollback> v$fast_start_servers , v$fast_start_transactions4.perform a closed database backup (noarchivelog)> shutdown immediate> cp files /backup/> startup5.restore to a different location> connect system/manager as sysdba> startup mount> alter database rename file '/disk1/../user.dbf'to'/disk2/../user.dbf';> alter database open;6.recover syntax--recover a mounted database>recover database;>recover datafile '/disk1/data/df2.dbf';>alter database recover database;--recover an opened database>recover tablespace user_data;>recover datafile 2;>alter database recover datafile 2;7.how to apply redo log files automatically>set autorecovery on>recover automatic datafile 4;plete recovery:--method 1(mounted databae)>copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf>startup mount>recover datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf;>alter database open;--method 2(opened database,initially opened,not system or rollback datafile)>copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf (alter tablespace offline)>recover datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' or>recover tablespace user_data;>alter database datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' online or>alter tablespace user_data online;--method 3(opened database,initially closed not system or rollback datafile)>startup mount>alter database datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' offline;>alter database open>copy c:\backup\user.dbf d:\oradata\user.dbf>alter database rename file 'c:\oradata\user.dbf'to'd:\oradata\user.dbf'>recover datafile 'e:\oradata\user.dbf' or recover tablespace user_data; >alter tablespace user_data online;--method 4(loss of data file with no backup and have all archive log) >alter tablespace user_data offline immediate;>alter database create datafile 'd:\oradata\user.dbf'as'c:\oradata\user.dbf''>recover tablespace user_data;>alter tablespace user_data online9.perform an open database backup> alter tablespace user_data begin backup;> copy files /backup/> alter database datafile '/c:/../data.dbf' end backup;> alter system switch logfile;10.backup a control file> alter database backup controlfile to 'control1.bkp';> alter database backup controlfile to trace;11.recovery (noarchivelog mode)> shutdown abort> cp files> startup12.recovery of file in backup mode>alter database datafile 2 end backup;13.clearing redo log file>alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1;>alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1 unrecoverable datafile;14.redo log recovery>alter database add logfile group 3 'c:\oradata\redo03.log'size 1000k; >alter database drop logfile group 1;>alter database open;or >cp c:\oradata\redo02.log' c:\oradata\redo01.log>alter database clear logfile 'c:\oradata\log01.log';。

Oracle常⽤SQL命令创建表空间1.创建默认表空间WLP_DATCREATE TABLESPACE "MYSPACE" DATAFILE'D:\oracle\oradata\orcl\data/WLP_DAT.dbf' SIZE 32M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 32MLOGGING EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO;2.创建临时表空间WLP_TEMP（⽤于缓存,可以不建）ALTER TABLESPACE "TEMP" ADD TEMPFILE'D:\oracle\oradata\orcl\data/WLP_TEMP.dbf' SIZE 32m REUSE autoextend on next 32m;创建⽤户并授权1CREATE USER "WLPING" PROFILE "DEFAULT"2 IDENTIFIED BY "123456"3DEFAULT TABLESPACE "MYSPACE" //默认指定表空间4TEMPORARY TABLESPACE "TEMP" //指定缓存表空间5 ACCOUNT UNLOCK; //⽤户⾮锁定67GRANT EXECUTE ON dbms_comparison TO "WLPING";8GRANT UNLIMITED TABLESPACE TO "XIR_MD";9GRANT "CONNECT" TO "XIR_MD";10GRANT "RESOURCE" TO "XIR_MD";1112-- GRANT DBA TO XIR_MD;PROFILE：Oracle系统中的profile可以⽤来对⽤户所能使⽤的数据库资源进⾏限制，使⽤Create Profile命令创建⼀个Profile，⽤它来实现对数据库资源的限制使⽤，如果把该profile分配给⽤户，则该⽤户所能使⽤的数据库资源都在该profile的限制之内。

常用oracle数据库命令
1. 启动Oracle数据库
$ sqlplus /nolog
SQL> connect / as sysdba
SQL> startup
3. 创建表空间
创建表空间的命令是：
SQL> create tablespace 表空间名 datafile '路径名' size 大小;
6. 创建用户
7. 删除用户
删除用户的命令是：
8. 授权用户
SQL> grant 权限 to 用户名;
9. 撤销用户的权限
11. 查看表结构
查看表结构的命令是：
SQL> desc 表名;
SQL> create table 表名 (列名数据类型, 列名数据类型, …);
13. 删除表
14. 插入数据
插入数据的命令是：
SQL> update 表名 set 列名=新值 where 某条件;
18. 创建索引
20. 查看索引
21. 查询相关信息
查询相关信息的命令是：
SQL> select * from v$session; -- 查看会话 22. 查看数据库版本
24. 备份数据库
$ exp 用户名/密码 file=备份文件路径备注：以上命令均需要在Oracle登录后进行。

oracle查询实例命令以下是一些Oracle数据库中常用的查询实例命令示例：1.查询表的所有数据：SELECT * FROM table_name;2.查询指定列的数据：SELECT column1, column2, ... FROM table_name;3.查询满足特定条件的数据：SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE condition;4.对结果进行排序：SELECT * FROM table_name ORDER BY column_name [ASC|DESC];5.使用聚合函数进行数据统计：SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name; -- 统计行数SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name; -- 求和SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name; -- 平均值SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name; -- 最大值SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name; -- 最小值6.连接多个表进行查询：SELECT t1.column1, t2.column2 FROM table1 t1 JOIN table2 t2 ON t1.id = t2.id;7.使用条件进行分组：SELECT column1, COUNT(*) FROM table_name GROUP BY column1;8.使用LIKE进行模糊查询：SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE column_name LIKE 'keyword%';以上只是一些常见的查询示例，实际查询命令会根据具体的表结构和查询需求而有所不同。

在使用Oracle数据库时，请根据具体情况和需求构建和调整查询语句。

oracle数据库语句汇总在Oracle数据库中，有许多常用的SQL语句可以用于查询、插入、更新和删除数据。

下面列举了一些常见的Oracle数据库语句，以供参考。

1. 查询表中的所有数据：```SELECT * FROM 表名;```2. 查询表中的特定字段数据：```SELECT 字段1, 字段2, ... FROM 表名;```3. 查询表中满足特定条件的数据：```SELECT * FROM 表名 WHERE 条件;```4. 对查询结果进行排序：```SELECT * FROM 表名 ORDER BY 字段 ASC/DESC;```5. 对查询结果进行分组：```SELECT 字段1, 字段2, ... FROM 表名 GROUP BY 字段;```6. 对查询结果进行统计：```SELECT COUNT(*) FROM 表名;```7. 插入数据到表中：```INSERT INTO 表名(字段1, 字段2, ...) VALUES (值1, 值2, ...);```8. 更新表中的数据：```UPDATE 表名 SET 字段1 = 值1, 字段2 = 值2 WHERE 条件;9. 删除表中的数据：```DELETE FROM 表名 WHERE 条件;```10. 创建新表：```CREATE TABLE 表名 (字段1 数据类型,字段2 数据类型,...);```11. 修改表结构：```ALTER TABLE 表名 ADD (字段数据类型); ```12. 删除表：DROP TABLE 表名;```13. 创建索引：```CREATE INDEX 索引名 ON 表名 (字段);```14. 删除索引：```DROP INDEX 索引名;```15. 创建视图：```CREATE VIEW 视图名 AS SELECT * FROM 表名 WHERE 条件; ```16. 删除视图：```DROP VIEW 视图名;17. 创建存储过程：```CREATE PROCEDURE 存储过程名ISBEGIN-- 存储过程的具体逻辑END;```18. 调用存储过程：```EXEC 存储过程名;```以上是一些常见的Oracle数据库语句，可以满足大部分基本的数据操作需求。

第一篇基本操作--解锁用户alter user 用户account unlock;--锁定用户alter user 用户account lock;alter user scott account unlock;--创建一个用户yc 密码为a create user 用户名identified by 密码；create user yc identified by a;--登录不成功，会缺少create session 权限，赋予权限的语法grant 权限名to 用户；grant create session to yc;--修改密码alter user 用户名identified by 新密码；alter user yc identified by b;--删除用户drop user yc ;--查询表空间select *from dba_tablespaces;--查询用户信息select *from dba_users;--创建表空间create tablespace ycspacedatafile 'E:\oracle\app\product\11.2.0\dbhome_1\oradata\ycspace.dbf'size 2mautoextend on next 2m maxsize 5moffline ;--创建临时表空间create temporary yctempspacetempfile 'E:\oracle\app\product\11.2.0\dbhome_1\oradata\ycspace.dbf'size 2mautoextend on next 2m maxsize 5moffline ;--查询数据文件select *from dba_data_files;--修改表空间--1、修改表空间的状态--默认情况下是online,只有在非离线情况下才可以进行修改alter tablespace ycspace offline ; --离线状态，不允许任何对象对该表空间的使用，使用情况：应用需要更新或维护的时候；数据库备份的时候alter tablespace ycspace read write;--读写状态alter tablespace ycspace online;alter tablespace ycspace read only; --只读，可以查询信息，可以删除表空间的对象，但是不能创建对象和修改对象。

Oracle常⽤命令⼤全（很有⽤，做笔记）⼀、ORACLE的启动和关闭1、在单机环境下要想启动或关闭ORACLE系统必须⾸先切换到ORACLE⽤户，如下su - oraclea、启动ORACLE系统oracle>svrmgrlSVRMGR>connect internalSVRMGR>startupSVRMGR>quitb、关闭ORACLE系统oracle>svrmgrlSVRMGR>connect internalSVRMGR>shutdownSVRMGR>quit启动oracle9i数据库命令：$ sqlplus /nologSQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production on Fri Oct 31 13:53:53 2003Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.SQL> connect / as sysdbaConnected to an idle instance.SQL> startup^CSQL> startupORACLE instance started.2、在双机环境下要想启动或关闭ORACLE系统必须⾸先切换到root⽤户，如下su － roota、启动ORACLE系统hareg －y oracleb、关闭ORACLE系统hareg －n oracleOracle数据库有哪⼏种启动⽅式说明：有以下⼏种启动⽅式：1、startup nomount⾮安装启动，这种⽅式启动下可执⾏：重建控制⽂件、重建数据库读取init.ora⽂件，启动instance，即启动SGA和后台进程，这种启动只需要init.ora⽂件。

2、startup mount dbname安装启动，这种⽅式启动下可执⾏：数据库⽇志归档、数据库介质恢复、使数据⽂件联机或脱机，重新定位数据⽂件、重做⽇志⽂件。

Oracle数据库语句大全一．入门部分1.创建表空间create tablespace schooltbs datafile ‘D:\oracle\datasource\schooltbs.dbf’ size 10M autoextend on;2.删除表空间drop tablespace schooltbs[including contents and datafiles];3.查询表空间基本信息select *||tablespace_name from DBA_TABLESPACES;4.创建用户create user lihuaidentified by lihuadefault tablespace schooltbstemporary tablespace temp;5.更改用户alter user lihuaidentified by 123default tablespace users;6.锁定用户alter user lihua account lock|unlock;7.删除用户drop user lihua cascade;--删除用户模式8.oracle数据库中的角色connect,dba,select_catalog_role,delete_catalog_role,execute_catalo g_role,exp_full_database,imp_full_database,resource9.授予连接服务器的角色grant connect to lihua;10.授予使用表空间的角色grant resource to lihua with grant option;--该用户也有授权的权限11.授予操作表的权限grant select,insert on user_tbl to scott;--当前用户grant delete,update on er_tbl to scott;--系统管理员二．SQL查询和SQL函数1.SQl支持的命令：数据定义语言（DDL）:create,alter,drop数据操纵语言（DML）:insert,delete,update,select数据控制语言（DCL）:grant,revoke事务控制语言（TCL）:commit,savepoint,rollback2.Oracle数据类型字符，数值，日期，RAW，LOB字符型char:1-2000字节的定长字符varchar2:1-4000字节的变长字符long:2GB的变长字符注意：一个表中最多可有一列为long型Long列不能定义唯一约束或主键约束long列上不能创建索引过程或存储过程不能接受long类型的参数。

oracle19c常用命令数据库启动、关闭和状态检查•启动数据库：SqlSQL> STARTUP; # 启动数据库，默认为读写模式SQL> STARTUP MOUNT; # 只装载数据库但不打开SQL> STARTUP OPEN READ ONLY; # 以只读模式打开数据库•关闭数据库：SqlSQL> SHUTDOWN; # 正常关闭数据库，等待所有会话结束SQL> SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE; # 立即关闭数据库，断开所有会话SQL> SHUTDOWN TRANSACTIONAL; # 在事务结束后关闭数据库SQL> SHUTDOWN ABORT; # 强制立即关闭数据库，可能导致数据丢失•查看数据库状态：SqlSQL> SELECT DATABASE_STATUS FROM V$INSTANCE;SQL> SELECT INSTANCE_NAME, STATUS FROM V$INSTANCE;用户管理•创建用户并分配表空间：SqlCREATE USER username IDENTIFIED BY password DEFAULTTABLESPACE users QUOTA UNLIMITED ON users;•给用户授权：SqlGRANT connect, resource TO username;GRANTdba TO username; # 授予数据库管理员权限表空间操作•创建表空间：SqlCREATE TABLE SPACE new_tbs DATAFILE'/path/to/datafile.dbf' SIZE 100M AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 50M MAXSIZE UNLIMITED;•删除表空间（需先离线）：SqlALTER TABLE SPACE tbs_name OFFLINE;DROP TABLESPACE tbs_name INCLUDING CONTENTS ANDDATAFILES;PDB(可插拔数据库)管理•创建PDB：SqlCREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb_nameADMIN USER admin_user identified by passwordFILENAME '/path/to/pdb.xml';•开启/关闭PDB：SqlALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb_name OPEN;ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb_name CLOSE;其他常用操作•查询当前登录用户：SqlSELECT USER FROM DUAL;•备份数据库：Bashrman target / # 进入RMAN恢复管理器BACKUP DATABASE; # 执行全库备份•查询数据库版本信息：SqlSELECT * FROM v$version;数据查询与操作•查询表数据：SqlSELECT * FROM your_table;-- 或者特定列SELECT column1, column2 FROM your_table;•插入数据：SqlINSERT INTO your_table (column1, column2) VALUES('value1', 'value2');•更新数据：SqlUPDATE your_table SET column1 = 'new_value'WHEREcondition;•删除数据：SqlDELETE FROM your_table WHERE condition;索引管理•创建索引：SqlCREATE INDEX idx_your_table_column1 ONyour_table(column1);•删除索引：SqlDROP INDEX idx_your_table_column1;触发器和序列•创建序列：SqlCREATE SEQUENCE seq_your_sequenceSTART WITH1INCREMENT BY1NOMAXVALUE;•使用序列：SqlINSERT INTO your_table (id, column1) VALUES(seq_your_sequence.NEXTVAL, 'value1');•创建触发器：SqlCREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trg_your_triggerBEFORE INSERT ON your_tableFOR EACH ROWBEGIN:NEW.column1 := seq_your_sequence.NEXTVAL;END;事务控制•开始事务：SqlSET TRANSACTION;•提交事务：SqlCOMMIT;•回滚事务：SqlROLLBACK;•保存点设置与恢复：SqlSAVEPOINT your_savepoint;ROLLBACK TO your_savepoint;SQL性能分析•查看执行计划：SqlEXPLAIN PLAN FOR SELECT * FROM your_table;SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY); 数据库审计•开启审计：SqlAUDIT ALL BY user_name BY ACCESS;•查看审计记录：SqlSELECT * FROM SYS.AUD$;。