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Associative Meaning
Collocative meaning
Thematic meaning
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(1) Conceptual meaning
Also called ‘denotative’ or ‘cognitive’ meaning.
Refers to logical, cognitive or denotative content.
Time: the language of the 18th c., etc. Province: language of law, of science, of
advertising, etc. Status: polite, colloquial, slang, etc. Modality: language of memoranda, lectures, jokes,
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Step mother
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(3) Social meaning
What a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.
Dialect: the language of a geographical region or of a social class.
pretty: girl, boy, woman, flower, garden, colour, village, etc.
handsome: boy, man, car, vessel, overcoat, airliner, typewriter, etc.
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(7) Thematic meaning
A multitude of additional, non-criterial properties, including not only physical characteristics but also psychological and social properties, as well as typical features.
Smith. They stopped at the end of the corridor. At the end of the corridor, they stopped.
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4. The Theory of Reference
Words → Meaning: Words ‘name’ or ‘refer to’ things -- Platonic
Chapter Five Meaning
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1. The Study of Meaning
Semantics:
The meaning of words: Lexical semantics
The meaning of sentences: Propositional meaning, compositional meaning
Meaning has been studied for thousands of years by philosophers, logicians and linguists. E.g. Plato & Aristotle.
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Logicians and philosophers have tended to concentrate on a restricted range of sentences (typically, statements, or ‘propositions’) within a single language.
Many taboo terms are result of this.
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(6) Collocative meaning
The associations a word acquires on account of the meanings of words which tend to occur in its environment.
Any characteristic of the referent, identified subjectively or objectively, may contribute to the connotative meaning of the expression which denotes it.
The linguistic approach is broader in scope, aiming to study the properties of meaning in a systematic and objective way, with reference to as wide a range of utterances and languages as possible.
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Geoffrey Leech (1974, 1981). Semantics: The Study of Meaning. Seven types of meaning:
Conceptual meaning
Connotative meaning
Social meaning Affective meaning Reflected and meaning
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The five clocks by Martin Joos
Frozen Formal Consultative Casual Intimate
Formal <----------------------------Байду номын сангаас-> Informal
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(4) Affective meaning
Reflecting the personal feelings of the speaker, including his attitude to the listener, or his attitude to something he is talking about.
What is communicated by the way in which a speaker or writer organizes the message, in terms of ordering, focus, and emphasis.
Mrs Bessie Smith donated the first prize. The first prize was donated by Mrs Bessie
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What is the meaning of life?
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What does ‘capitalist’ mean to you?
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What does ‘cornea’ mean? The transparent, convex, anterior portion of
the outer fibrous coat of the eyeball that covers the iris and the pupil and is continuous with the sclera.
Words→Concepts→Things: Ogden & Richards thought/concept/image
symbolizes
refers to
symbol (word)
stands for
referent (object)
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airplane
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5. Sense
‘Meaning’ is not some kind of ‘entity’ separate from language.
Linguistic semantics vs. Logical semantics/philosophical semantics
Pragmatics:
The meaning of utterances
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2. Semantic Meaning
Semantics is the study of meaning in language.
Arises in cases of multiple conceptual meaning, when one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense.
When you hear ‘click the mouse twice’, you think of Gerry being hit twice by Tom so you feel excited.
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3. The meaning of meaning
C. K. Ogden & I. A. Richards (1923).
The Meaning of Meaning.
John means to write. A green light means to go.
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Health means everything. His look was full of meaning.
Will you belt up.
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‘Colorful’ meaning
Commendatory tough-minded resolute, firm shrewd childlike wiseman
man of usual talent portly, stout, solid, plum
Concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it denotes, or refers to.
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(2) Connotative meaning
The communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content.
slender, slim
Derogatory ruthless obstinate sly, crafty childish wiseguy freak fleshy, fat, tubby lean, skinny, lanky, weedy,
scraggy
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(5) Reflected meaning
You’re a vicious tyrant and a villainous reprobate, and I hate you for it!
I’m terribly sorry to interrupt, but I wonder if you would be so kind as to lower your voices a little. or
That words ‘have meaning’ means only that they are used in a certain way in a sentence. There is no ‘meaning’ beyond the meaning of individual words and sentences.
etc. Singularity: the style of Dickens, etc.
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domicile: very formal, official residence: formal abode: poetic home: general
steed: poetic horse: general nag: slang gee-gee: baby language
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Involving the ‘real world’ experience one associates with an expression when one uses or hears it.
Unstable: they vary considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the individual.
