翻译中英汉句子对比讲解

【译文】他心中的所谓文化，与人的精神心灵有关， 不能用物质的丰富，甚至艺术文明来衡量。他跟东 方人交往很久，也同情东方人；在东方人心目中， 文化也是如此。
2. 英汉句法结构对比
Comparison in English and Chinese Sentence Structure
2.1 英汉句子结构的互换
【译文】遗传和行为的继承一直是支配环境的惟一方 式， 当这种继承第一次被有意识的选择打破时， 人类历史便开始了。
B. 调整空间顺序
英汉两种语言一般都遵循由上到下、由左到右、 由里到外的顺序排列；
【译文】由于中学成绩优异，他免费上了北京大学。
例2：His weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade.
【译文】她很疲惫，也感到越ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ越热，于是决定一遇 到有阴凉的地方就坐下来休息。
【译文】我想，如果一个人思路不清，写起文章来也 会杂乱无章；如果他性情多变、喜怒无常，他的文 章也会充满奇思妙想；如果他思路敏捷，能由眼前 之事联想到上百件事，除非他有很强的自我约束力， 他的文章就会满篇是比喻联想。
2．I sincerely hope that your congratulations will be matched by your collective endeavor to seek a just and practical solution to the problem which has bedeviled the United Nations for so many years.
3. They often do not realize that bribery in various forms is on the increase in many countries and, in some, has been a way of life for centuries.
4. Culture to him, as to the Orientals, with whom he lived so much and sympathized so deeply, was an affair of the spirit and of mind not to be measured by material progress, or, even by the arts.
2. I sincerely hope that your congratulations will be matched by your collective endeavor to seek a just and practical solution to the problem which has bedeviled the United Nations for so many years.
例：The little cares, fears, tears, timid misgivings, sleepless fancies of I don’t know how many days and nights, were forgotten, under one moment’s influence of that familiar, irresistible smile. (Thackeray:
课堂互动1： 翻译句子，注意语序、语态特点
1．I suppose that if a man has a confused mind he will write in a confused way, if his temper is capricious his prose will be fantastical, and if he has a quick, darting intelligence that is reminded by the matter in hand of a hundred things, he will, unless he has great self-control, load his pages with metaphor and simile.
汉语重意合是指汉语句子主要通过字 词的意义连结起来: punctuations。
例：Accomplishment is often deceptive because we don’t see the pain and perseverance that produced it. So we may credit the achiever with brains, brawn or lucky break and let ourselves off the hook because we fall short in all three.
但S-V-O句子结构是人类语言最优化的结构， 最符合人类的认知顺序，使用最为广泛。
A. 调整时间顺序 英语叙述其从句可在主句之前，也可 在主语之后，
而汉语则按事情发生的先后顺序来叙述。
例：Human history began when the inheritance of genetics and behavior which had until then provided the only way of dominating the environment was first broken through by conscious choice.
这种句子成分的位置调换在汉语中较少见。
例：The saga of the White Star liner Titanic, which struck an iceberg and sank on its maiden voyage in 1912, carrying more than 1 300 passengers to their deaths, has been celebrated in print and on film, in poetry and song.
• 句法的理解与翻译
• Syntactic understanding and translation
1. 英汉句子语言特征对比
Comparisons between English and Chinese syntactic Features
1.1 英语重形合，汉语重意合
英语重形合是指英语语言符号之间有 较强的逻辑关系: connectives; prepositions; relatives
说明英汉两种语言写作在篇章结构方面和 句子互译方面的差异。
例：Harvard Business School opened in the early 20th century, and pioneered the case-study method of teaching—making use of real-world scenarios, instead of relying on academic theory—a methodology that has remained the bases for many MBA programmes around the world today.
【译文】他们通常没意识到在很多国家，行行色色的 贿赂行为正日益增多。在某些国家，这已成为人 们几百年来的生活方式。
4．Culture to him, as to the Orientals, with whom he lived so much and sympathized so deeply, was an affair of the spirit and of mind not to be measured by material progress, or, even by the arts.
Vanity Fair)
【译文】他那熟悉的笑容有一股不可抵抗的魔力， 多少天来牵肠挂肚、淌眼抹泪，心里疑疑惑惑，晚 上胡思乱想睡不着，一看见他，顷刻之间就把一切 忧虑忘得精光。（杨必译）
1. I suppose that if a man has a confused mind he will write in a confused way, if his temper is capricious his prose will be fantastical, and if he has a quick, darting intelligence that is reminded by the matter in hand of a hundred things, he will, unless he has great self-control, load his pages with metaphor and simile.
A. 英语简单句可转换成汉语复合句
B. 英语并列句、复合句可转换成汉语简单句
A. 英语简单句可转换成汉语复合句
例1：His superior grades at high school enabled him to enroll at the tuition-free Beijing University.
【译文】成就常常使人产生错觉，使人只看到功成名 就，却看不到成就的来之不易，和为之所付出 的艰辛困苦，总以为成功者之所以成功是因为 人家身体棒、脑子灵、运气好，从而为自己找 借口开脱，说自己没有获得成功是因为自己不 具备上述这三条。
1.2英语爱化零为整，汉语喜化整为零
英国人写文章往往化零为整，而中国人则 化整为零。
【译文】使我苦恼的是我做这种工作经验不多。
例3：He was very clean and his mind was open.
【译文】他为人单纯而坦率。
2. 2 英汉句子顺序的调整
“语义表达没有明确的从左向右或从上到下 的顺序，但语义在句法上尤其是横向组合关系 上有具体的线性体现。
语序的实质是根据思维之流来安排句法单位 的排列顺序” 。
【译文】我们诚恳地希望，你们在表示祝贺之后，能 作出相应的共同努力，以便寻求一个公正可行的办 法，来解决这个多年来一直困扰着联合国的问题。
3．They often do not realize that bribery in various forms is on the increase in many countries and, in some, has been a way of life for centuries.
【译文】哈佛商学院成立于20世纪初，它开了个案研 究教学法之先河，即在教学中运用现实生活中的案例， 而不是单纯依靠学术理论，这种方法业已成为当今世 界MBA课程的基础。
1.3英语语序变换多，汉语语序较固定
英语为了获得句子形式上的平衡或修辞上 的强调效果，经常将句中的某些成分的位置进 行调整，
如主谓倒装、宾语后置、或与其它成分的 位置调换等，以产生修辞上的生动效果。
B. 英语并列句、复合句可转换成汉语简单句 例1：He doesn’t know what life means to him.
【译文】他不知道人生的意义。
例2：What troubles me is that I don’t have much experience in this kind of work.
【译文】白星公司的班轮泰坦尼克号在1912年处女 航中因撞上冰山而沉没，船上1 300多名乘客遇难。 此后关于她的种种传说便成为各种刊物、电影以及诗 歌、歌曲的内容而广为流传。
1.4 英语多被动，汉语常用主动
英语重物称，常采用无生命词汇作 主语，所以多被动句，并且不指出动作 的执行者；
汉语重人称，习惯用表示人或物的 词汇作主语，大都以主动句的形式出现。