管理专业英语复习要点

管综英语知识点总结1. GrammarGrammar is the foundation of any language, and English is no exception. Non-native speakers must pay close attention to verb tense, sentence structure, and word order. A solid understanding of grammar rules allows speakers to convey their thoughts clearly and accurately. Common grammar points to focus on include subject-verb agreement, articles, prepositions, and pronouns.2. VocabularyExpanding one's vocabulary is essential for effective communication in English. Non-native speakers should constantly strive to learn new words, idioms, and expressions. Reading books, watching movies, and listening to English podcasts are great ways to improve vocabulary. It's important to also familiarize oneself with the correct usage and context of new words.3. PronunciationClear and understandable pronunciation is crucial for effective English communication. Non-native speakers should pay attention to vowel and consonant sounds, stress patterns, and intonation. Practice speaking English regularly and seek feedback from native speakers or language instructors to improve pronunciation.4. ListeningStrong listening skills are essential for understanding and responding effectively in English. Non-native speakers should actively engage in listening activities such as watching English-language TV shows, listening to podcasts, and participating in English conversations. It's important to focus on understanding the main ideas, details, and nuances of spoken English.5. SpeakingPracticing speaking is key to building confidence and fluency in English. Non-native speakers should engage in regular conversations with native speakers, participate in English-speaking groups or clubs, and seek out opportunities to speak in professional settings. It's important to pay attention to pronunciation, tone, and body language while speaking.6. ReadingReading is a valuable tool for improving English language skills. Non-native speakers should read a wide range of English materials, including newspapers, magazines, books, and online articles. Reading helps expand vocabulary, improve grammar, and enhance overall language comprehension.7. WritingEffective writing skills are important for conveying ideas, expressing opinions, and communicating in a professional setting. Non-native speakers should practice writing in English by keeping a journal, writing essays, and engaging in email correspondence. It's important to pay attention to spelling, punctuation, and sentence structure.8. Cultural AwarenessUnderstanding the cultural context of English-speaking countries is essential for effective communication. Non-native speakers should familiarize themselves with cultural norms, customs, and social etiquette. This includes understanding non-verbal communication, humor, and cultural nuances that may impact language use.9. Formal and Informal LanguageNon-native speakers should be aware of the differences between formal and informal language use in English. Understanding when to use formal language, such as in business settings or academic writing, and when to use informal language, such as in casual conversations, is crucial for effective communication.10. PragmaticsUnderstanding the pragmatic aspects of English is important for non-native speakers. Pragmatics refers to the appropriate use of language in different social contexts. Non-native speakers should be aware of polite language, indirect communication, and cultural expectations in order to navigate social interactions effectively.In conclusion, mastering English language proficiency is a journey that requires dedication, practice, and ongoing learning. By focusing on grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, listening, speaking, reading, writing, cultural awareness, formal and informal language, and pragmatics, non-native speakers can improve their English communication skills and thrive in the global marketplace. With consistent effort and a positive attitude, non-native speakers can achieve fluency and confidence in English language proficiency.。

大一管理学知识点英文Management Knowledge Points in Freshman YearIntroduction:In the first year of college, students majoring in management are introduced to various fundamental concepts and principles in the field. These knowledge points form the foundation for future studies and provide a broad understanding of management principles and practices. This article aims to highlight some key management concepts that are typically covered in a freshman year management curriculum.1. Organizational Behavior:Organizational behavior is the study of how individuals and groups behave within an organization. It explores topics such as motivation, leadership, communication, and decision-making. By understanding human behavior in the workplace, managers can create a more productive and positive organizational culture.2. Principles of Marketing:Marketing principles focus on the process of creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging value offerings to target customers. Students learn about market research, consumer behavior,product development, pricing strategies, and promotional activities. These concepts aid in understanding market dynamics and developing effective marketing strategies.3. Financial Accounting:Financial accounting is an essential aspect of management. Students learn how to prepare financial statements, analyze financial data, and interpret financial reports. This knowledge allows managers to make informed decisions, evaluate organizational performance, and communicate effectively with stakeholders.4. Microeconomics:Microeconomics deals with the analysis of individual economic agents such as consumers, firms, and markets. Students study concepts like supply and demand, market equilibrium, production, costs, and market structures. This helps managers understand how price and quantity decisions are made and how market forces impact business operations.5. Business Communication:Effective communication is crucial within any organization. Students learn how to communicate professionally through variouschannels such as oral presentations, written reports, and interpersonal interactions. Emphasis is placed on improving communication skills, including active listening, clarity, and persuasion.6. Operations Management:Operations management focuses on the design, planning, and control of production processes and operations within an organization. Students learn about supply chain management, quality control, capacity planning, and inventory management. This knowledge ensures efficient utilization of resources and enhanced productivity.7. Business Ethics:Ethics play a vital role in management decision-making. Students explore ethical theories and principles, analyze ethical dilemmas, and learn how to make ethical choices in business contexts. Understanding business ethics is essential for building trust, maintaining reputation, and making responsible managerial decisions.8. Strategic Management:Strategic management involves formulating and implementing long-term goals and initiatives to achieve organizational objectives. Students learn how to analyze the external environment, assess internalcapabilities, and develop strategic plans. This knowledge enables managers to anticipate future challenges, adapt to changes, and seize opportunities.Conclusion:The knowledge points discussed above provide a solid foundation for students pursuing a management degree in their freshman year. These concepts encompass various aspects of management, including organizational behavior, marketing, accounting, economics, communication, operations, ethics, and strategic planning. Mastering these knowledge points in the early stage of education will prepare students for advanced courses and future managerial roles.。

Review list1.Research can be defined as the search for knowledge, or as any systematic investigation, with anopen mind, to establish novel facts, solve new or existing problems, prove new ideas, or develop new theories, usually using a scientific method.2.The major steps in conducting research are:1)Identification of research problem2)Literature review3)Specifying the purpose of research4)Selecting an appropriate research method5)Data collection6)Analyzing and interpreting the data7)Reporting and evaluating research3.Typical Dissertation Structure4.How to choose your research topic?-Based on your previous study-Your personal interest-Communications with your fellow students, friends, lecturers, conference attendants, etc.-Previous research (database, etc.)-Should be interesting-Your research area, field, aspect, topic-Should be feasible-Should be important-Should be innovative-Hot topic-Advance research-Practical application-Based on literature review5.Title Requirements●ABC Principles for Titles (accuracy, brevity, clarity)●Being brief and concise●Being specific●Avoiding question titles●Being unified(grammatically symmetrical)●Being standard●Words‟ number limitation (15words max)●Most important key words●Abbreviations (?) unless generally known, eg. AIDS, DNA, LASER, CT, BCG, SARS, etc.6.Introduction and its aimsIntroduction gives the background to the research. It sets out the aims of the study and describes why there is a need for this research.The aims of introduction are1)To give the reader some background informationabout the context of the research andoutline howthe research fits into a more general area of study.2)To show that the problem addressed by your study merits investigation.3)To give the reader information about the aims and objectives of your research.7.Writing flow of Introduction1)Statement of topic2)Brief historical overview3)Main reading sources4)Statement of the objectives of the paper5)Statement of main hypothesis6)Brief outline of main sections (following sections could be mentioned here, but very briefly) 8.Structure of the introduction1)Establish the context2)Identify the “gap”3)State the aims4)Provide an outline of the dissertation structure9.What are research Aims & Objectives?Research aims and objectives are synonymous in dictionariesIn research terms, the word "objective" is sometimes used to mean more detailed aimsThe aim is what you want to achieve, and the objective describes how you are going to achieve that aimIt is not uncommon to have more than one objective to satisfy your research aim10.What is literature review?1) A literature review is a description of the literature relevant to a particular field or topic.2)It is a “report of primary scholarship” and “an interpretation and synthesis of publishedworks”3)It gives an overview of what has been said, who the key writers are, what questions arebeing asked. As such, it is not in itself primary research, but rather it reports on other findings4)Literature review should never be just a list, or accumulation of other research. You have tocriticize them, look at the relationships between the views, or draw out themes.5)How many sources you include will depend to a large extent on the quantity of relevantmaterials available. Where the body of research is so big that inclusion of all relevant works is not practical, it is important to be selective and focus on key studies and those most relevant to your topic.6)The literature review can help you to discover conceptual traditions and frameworks used toanalyse problems.7)The literature review should discuss problems and controversies in your field.8)The literature review should demonstrate that the findings, theory oranalysis that you present are a contribution to a cumulative process in which your work builds on the work of others.9)The literature review should help you to identify gaps in the existing body of research.10)The literature review should be organised around and directly related to thehypothesis/hypotheses or research question(s).11)The literature review should explain which potential areas for inclusion have been omittedand give reasons for this.11.The aims of the literature review are:1) To give the reader the background information needed to understand your research.2) To demonstrate that you are familiar with the literature relevant to your study.3) To establish a connection between your study and previous research.4) To show that your study will extend and develop knowledge in your field.12.Role of literature review1)literature review is carried out to gain an insight into the theoretical background of the topic2)To show awareness of the present state of knowledge of a particular field3)To identify the 'gap' in the research and to provide a foundation for your research. It shouldhelp you define a research question, and show how answering the question will contribute to knowledge - creating a 'research space' for your work4)To demonstrate your scholarly ability to identify relevant information and to outline existingknowledge5)On-going literature review is to keep in pace with the new development and achievement ofrelated research works13.Contents of LR1)Conceptual definitions of key terms;2)An examination of the research topic in light of the theoretical perspective;3) A description of related empirical studies with evaluating comments;4) A critical review of research designs including instruments related to your study;5) A conceptual framework if there is any14.Literature Evaluation1)Authority: is the author identified? Publisher?2)Content: is it supportive to yours? Primary or secondary?3)Timeliness: when is it published? Is it still valid?4)Accuracy: is it peer-reviewed? What methods are adopted?5)Objectivity: is it biased? Is it a fact or opinion or debate?15.Reasons for including citations1)To acknowledge intellectual property and avoid plagiarism2)To enable the reader to check their interpretation of the sources3)To acknowledge other authors‟ achievements4)To give their statements greater authority. Citations are therefore tools of persuasion5)To create a “research space” for themselves. In oth er words, their account of whathas been done leads to the identification of a gap in existing research.16.Reporting verbs17.Integral Citations and non- integral CitationsIntegral citations include the name of the author and the date of publication as a grammatical part of the sentence.There are four main patterns1) Researcher as subject of the sentence2) Researcher as agent of a passive sentence3) Researcher as part of a reporting phrase4) Researcher as part of a possessive noun phraseIn non-integral citations, the name of the author appears in parenthesis, normally after the citing sentence, or is referred to elsewhere, usually by a number.Integral citation gives more prominence to the author(s) whereas non-integral citation gives more emphasis to the ideas themselves.Integral Citation has the advantage of allowing the writer to comment (in terms of expressing agreement / disagreement / doubt) on the finding of others through the use of reporting verbs such as …claim‟ or …suggest‟.Non-integral citation is also useful when citing a number of sources in a single sentence due to the fact that this method avoids interrupting the sentence with a long list of names.18.Order of citationsThere are three main ways to sequence the citations…1) Distant to Close –Work is cited in an order which becomes more specific to the study.2) Chronologically –Often used when following the development of an area of research over time3) Various Approaches –Different approaches to a field of research are grouped together. Within each group, the citations can then be ordered by distant to close or chronologically.19.Aims of the method section1) To show you are able to choose an appropriate procedure.2) To show you understand the procedure and its limitations3) To show the procedure has no flaws which will lead toincorrect results.4) To record what you did in the order you did it in.5) To enable other researchers to replicate the work if necessary20.Research philosophy: positivism, interpretevism, criticism21.Research approach is defined as the path of conscious scientific reasoning. It connects thephilosophy and methods. There are generally two approaches: Inductive approach and deductive approach22.Research strategy: qualitative, quantitativeResearch methods: survey (interview, questionnaire), case study, action research, observation, experiment23.Moves in the method section24.Interview is a purposeful conversation between two people where questions are asked bythe interviewer to obtain information from the interviewee and the purpose is to find out what is on someone's mind.25.Types of interviewStructured interview, semi-structured interview, unstructured interview26.A survey is a very commonly used method in business research (both academic and commercial)which gathers data mainly from people using an instrument like questionnaire. It can elicit people's views of what they think, believe, or feel. It is particularly useful for collecting a large amount of data, but it must be based on a sample which has been scientifically chosen to represent the larger population27.Types of case studyExploratoryDescriptiveExplanatory28.Sources of information used in case study:Direct observation, interviews, documents (letters, newspaper articles, administrative records, Archival records: Census records, survey records, name lists), physical artifacts, participant observation29.Aims of the results section1) To present the findings of your study in both figures and written text.2) To comment briefly on the most important/interesting findings.3) To show your reader that you understand the significance of the results you obtained.30.Data coding is a systematic way to condense extensive data sets into smaller analyzable unitsthrough the creation of categories and concepts derived from the data31.Moves in the results section1) Location of findings2) Statement of findings3)Comments32.The functions of comments1) Discuss the implications of the findings.2) Explain possible reasons for the findings.3) Compare the findings with the results of other studies4) Evaluate the findings in relation to the hypothesis.33.Aims of the discussion section1) To demonstrate that you are aware of the significance ofthe results.2) To show that you are aware of any limitations or gaps inthe results.3) To explain or speculate about the results.4) To show how the findings relate to the original aims orhypotheses of the study.5) To give advice on further research34.Moves in the discussion section1) A restatement of the main hypotheses or aims.2) An overview of the main findings.3) A consideration of the findings in relation to existing research.4) An explanation of the findings, particularly those that do notsupport or only partially support the hypothesis.5) Limitations of the study.6) Implications or practical applications of the study.7) Recommendations for future research.35.Aims of the conclusions section1) Summarise your research2) Relate your findings to your hypothesis3) State the limitations of your research4) State the implications of your research5) Identify applications of the findings6) Highlight the importance of your research7) Give recommendations for further research36.References tell the reader where an idea, prior results and data have come from. It is importantthat you refer all such sources. It is a conventional courtesy to reference the originators of key ideas or theories or models, even if you modify them37.Research ethics is about how the researcher advances human knowledge without doing harm toothers. The harm includes various aspects of academic scandal, including scientific misconduct(such as fraud, fabrication of data and plagiarism), whistle blowing, etc.38.Plagiarism refers to using the work of others without acknowledgment (e.g. words, concepts,ideas, data, designs, images, computer programmes, music).Plagiarism includes reproducing someone else‟s work, whether it is published article, chapter of a book, a paper from a friend or some file, or whatever. Plagiarism also includes the practice of employing another person to alter or revise the work which a student submits as his/her own, whoever that other person may be.39.An abstract tells the readers the key points of the paper. The research motives, purposes, method,key results and conclusions are presented precisely and concisely in either structured or unstructured formats as per different journals.。

1.cardinal rankings: one of the two ways to measure utility. In this way, numerical values are assigned to represent utility.基数排列：衡量效用的两种方法之一，用这种方法，数值就被用来代表效用2.ordinal rankings: one of the two ways to measure utility. In this way, utility is measured without a specified unit. Ordinal rankings providethe order of preference without absolute scale of difference in preference.序数排列：一个效用的测量两种方式。

在这种方式中，它是没有指定的单元测试。

3.perfect substitution: refers to the products in very much similar qualities that a consumer would just as soon have one as the other.完全替代品：是指产品在非常相似，消费者宁愿有一个为其他的品质4.order promising（订单承诺）: to grant a customer to ship or deliver an order.5.market-oriented system : a system in which price , output, and volume decisions are made through the interaction of supply and demandmarket forces rather than by a central government authority.市场经济体系：在价格，输出系统，和体积的决定是通过市场供求的力量，而不是由一个中央政府机构的相互作用6.trade credit : credit between resellers. usually a seller trusts a buyer and allows the buyer to pay later but within certain period.贸易信贷:信贷之间通常,.卖方信任一个买家,并允许买方付款后但在一定时期内。

管理专业英语复习要点（一）Filling Blanks（填空题）（必须用英文）1.he management has four basic functions: _______2.Researcher Robert L. Katz has found that managers must possessthree critical management skills. These are: _________3.We can break the classical approach into two subcategories: ____4._____________are some of the obvious forces in anorganization's external environment.5.The planning involves four fundamental elements: __________.6.___________ are the manager's means of implementing plans.7.Four ingredients are common to MBO programs: ____________8.Problems are usually of three types: ________________9.Four Principles of Organizing: ________________.10.Most organizations have four basic functions: _____________.二、Basic Definition1.Management：2.Efficiency：3.Effectiveness4.Human resources5.Planning6.MBO:7.Persuasion/doc/b93930762.html,anization9.satisfying rule三、Judgement(True or False)四、Translation(英文翻译)1.Management, therefore, is concerned with minimizing resourcecosts. Although efficiency is important, it is not enough simply tobe efficiency. Management is also concerned with effectiveness./doc/b93930762.html,anizing includes determining what tasks are to be done, who isto do them, how the tasks are to be grouped, who reports to whom, and where decisions are to be made3.Leading includes motivating employees, directing the activities ofothers, selecting the most effective communication channel, andresolving conflicts among members.4.The general administrative theorists, on the other hand, wereconcerned with the overall organization and how to make it moreeffective.5.The interests of any one employee or group of employees shouldnot take precedence over the interests of the organization as awhole。

管理类考研英语二核心单词管理类考研英语二的核心单词涉及多个领域，包括经济、管理、商业等。

以下是一些可能的核心单词和短语，但请注意，这只是一个大致的列表，并不全面。

同时，为了应对考试，你还需要掌握更广泛的词汇，并理解其在不同上下文中的用法。

1. Economy (经济)economy: 经济market: 市场demand: 需求supply: 供应price: 价格competition: 竞争consumer: 消费者producer: 生产者inflation: 通货膨胀deflation: 通货紧缩recession: 经济衰退growth: 增长2. Management (管理)management: 管理leadership: 领导力strategy: 战略planning: 计划organization: 组织coordination: 协调control: 控制motivation: 激励communication: 沟通3. Business (商业)business: 商业company: 公司enterprise: 企业firm: 商行corporation: 大公司partnership: 合伙企业entrepreneurship: 创业精神innovation: 创新brand: 品牌marketing: 市场营销4. Finance (财务)finance: 财务capital: 资本investment: 投资return: 回报risk: 风险profit: 利润loss: 损失budget: 预算cost: 成本revenue: 收入5. Other Important Terms (其他重要术语)globalization: 全球化technology: 技术information: 信息knowledge: 知识human resources: 人力资源culture: 文化diversity: 多样性sustainability: 可持续性development: 发展trend: 趋势这些单词和短语在管理类考研英语二中经常出现，掌握它们对于理解和分析阅读材料以及写作都非常重要。

大一管理学英文版知识点With the advancement of globalization and the increasing interconnectivity of businesses across the world, a solid understanding of management principles has become crucial for professionals in various fields. As a result, learning the foundations of management in the English language has become increasingly important for students pursuing degrees in business and related fields. In this article, we will explore some key knowledge points covered in a first-year management course, focusing on the English version of the materials.1. Introduction to ManagementThe first topic covered in a management course typically delves into the fundamental concepts and theories of management. This includes an overview of the role of managers, the functions they perform, and the skills required to be an effective manager. Moreover, students will learn about the different management levels within an organization, from top-level executives to frontline supervisors.2. PlanningPlanning is a critical function of management that involves setting goals, determining strategies, and developing action plans to achieve organizational objectives. Under this topic, students will learn aboutvarious planning tools and techniques, such as SWOT analysis, PESTEL analysis, and SMART goals. Additionally, they will explore the concept of strategic planning and its importance in guiding an organization's long-term direction.3. OrganizingOrganizational structure and design play a significant role in the success of any business. In this section, students will study different organizational structures, such as functional, divisional, and matrix structures, and their advantages and disadvantages. They will also learn about the process of job design, including job specialization, job rotation, and job enrichment, and how it affects employee motivation and productivity.4. LeadingEffective leadership is essential for motivating and inspiring employees to achieve organizational goals. In this section, students will learn about different leadership styles, such as autocratic, democratic, and transformational leadership. They will also explore the importance of communication, teamwork, and motivation in effective leadership, as well as the challenges that leaders may face in managing diverse teams.5. ControllingControlling is the final step in the management process, focusing on measuring and evaluating performance to ensure that objectives are being met. Students will learn about various control techniques, such as financial statements analysis, budgeting, and variance analysis. Additionally, they will study the concept of quality control and how it can be implemented to ensure product or service excellence.6. Human Resource ManagementHuman resource management (HRM) is a critical area of management that deals with the recruitment, selection, training, and development of employees. Under this topic, students will learn about the different HRM functions, including job analysis, performance appraisal, and compensation management. They will also explore the challenges and legal considerations associated with managing human resources in a diverse and dynamic workforce.7. Operations ManagementOperations management focuses on the efficient and effective delivery of products and services. In this section, students will study the concepts of process design, capacity planning, quality management, and supply chain management. They will also explore the role of technology, such as automation and digitization, in optimizing operations and improving business performance.8. Ethical and Social ResponsibilitiesIn today's socially conscious world, organizations are expected to operate with ethical and social responsibilities. This topic introduces students to ethical theories and decision-making frameworks, such as utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics. They will also examine real-world case studies and discuss the ethical dilemmas faced by organizations in areas such as corporate governance, sustainability, and corporate social responsibility.In conclusion, a first-year management course covers a wide range of topics that are essential for building a strong foundation in the field. From understanding the basic concepts and functions of management to exploring topics like leadership, HRM, and ethics, students gain a comprehensive understanding of the principles and practices necessary for successful management. Mastering these knowledge points in English equips students with the language skills needed to excel in the global business environment and communicate effectively with professionals from diverse backgrounds.。

英文管理学原理重点整理【推荐】Introduction:Management is a crucial aspect of any organization, involving the coordination and administration of tasks to achieve the organization's goals. This detailed summary will explore various management principles that are essential for effective management.1. Planning:Planning is the process of setting objectives and determining the best course of action to achieve them. Key points to consider include:Goal Setting: Establish clear, specific, and achievable objectives.Strategic Planning: Develop a longterm plan to align the organization with its vision.Tactical Planning: Create shortterm plans to support the strategic objectives.Contingency Planning: Anticipate potential challenges and develop alternative courses of action.2. Organizing:Organizing involves structuring resources and tasks to accomplish the organization's goals. Key aspects include:Division of Labor: Assign tasks based on individuals' skills and expertise.Departmentalization: Group activities into departments to enhance efficiency.Delegation: Empower employees by assigning authority and responsibility.Span of Control: Determine the appropriate number of subordinates a manager can effectively supervise.3. Leading:Leading involves influencing and motivating employees to achieve the organization's goals. Key elements include:Leadership Styles: Explore different leadership styles (e.g., democratic, autocratic, transformational) and their impact on employees.Motivation: Understand motivational theories (e.g., Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Herzberg's twofactor theory) to inspire employees.Communication: Establish open, effective communication channels to foster collaboration and understanding.Conflict Resolution: Address and resolve conflicts to maintain a harmonious work environment.4. Controlling:Controlling involves monitoring, measuring, and correcting activities to ensure the organization's goals are met. Key points to consider are:Performance Standards: Set clear standards to evaluate performance.Performance Measurement: Regularly assess performance against established standards.Feedback: Provide constructive feedback to employees to improve performance.Corrective Actions: Take necessary actions to address performance gaps and deviations from standards.5. Decision Making:Effective decisionmaking is crucial for managers. Key aspects include:Types of Decisions: Differentiate between programmed and nonprogrammed decisions.DecisionMaking Process: Follow a systematic approach (e.g., identifying the problem, generating alternatives, evaluating options, selecting the bestalternative, implementing the decision, and evaluating the outcome).Information Gathering: Collect relevant data and information to make informed decisions.Risk Analysis: Assess potential risks and uncertainties associated with different alternatives.6. Human Resource Management:Managing human resources effectively is vital for organizational success. Key points include:Recruitment and Selection: Attract and hire qualified individuals who align with the organization's values and requirements.Training and Development: Invest in employees' skills and knowledge development to enhance their performance.Performance Appraisal: Regularly assess employees' job performance and provide feedback.Compensation and Benefits: Design competitive compensation packages to attract and retain talent.7. Organizational Behavior:Understanding how individuals and groups behave within an organization is essential. Key aspects include: Individual Behavior: Explore factors influencing individual behavior (e.g., personality, values, attitudes).Group Dynamics: Study how groups form, develop, and interact within the organization.Organizational Culture: Foster a positive culture that aligns with the organization's values and objectives.Change Management: Implement strategies to manage organizational change effectively.8. Strategic Management:Strategic management involves longterm planning and implementation of strategies to achieve competitive advantage. Key points include:Environmental Analysis: Assess the internal and external factors affecting the organization.Strategy Formulation: Develop strategies to capitalize on strengths, opportunities, and resources.Strategy Implementation: Translate strategies into actionable plans and initiatives.Evaluation and Control: Monitor the effectiveness of strategies and make necessary adjustments.Conclusion:These comprehensive notes on management principles provide a detailed understanding of the key concepts and practices required for effective management. By applying these principles, managers can enhance their decisionmaking, leadership, and overall organizational performance. Remember that management is an ongoing process, and continuous improvement is essential for achieving longterm success.。

英文管理学原理重点整理(二) Introduction:In Part II of the management principles, we will delve deeper into various aspects of management, including planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. These principles are essential for effective management and contribute to the success of organizations. This summary will provide a comprehensive understanding of each principle, with a focus on practical applications and realworld examples.1. Planning:Planning is the process of setting goals, determining the best course of action, and allocating resources to achieve those goals. It is the foundation of all management functions and provides direction for the organization.a. Types of Plans:Strategic Plans: Longterm plans that define the organization's mission, vision, and objectives.Tactical Plans: Shortterm plans that outline specific actions to achieve strategic goals.Operational Plans: Daytoday plans that guide routine activities and processes.b. Planning Techniques:SWOT Analysis: Analyzing an organization's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.Scenario Planning: Developing alternative plans based on different possible future scenarios.Decision Trees: Graphical representation of decisions and their potential outcomes.c. Importance of Planning:Reduces uncertainty: Planning helps anticipate future challenges and allows for proactive decisionmaking.Enhances coordination: It ensures that different departments and individuals work towards common goals.Improves resource allocation: Planning helps in efficient allocation of resources, leading to cost savings and increased productivity.2. Organizing:Organizing involves arranging and structuring the resources and activities of an organization to achieve its goals. It ensures that the right tasks are assigned to the right individuals and departments.a. Organizational Structure:Functional Structure: Departments are grouped based on functions or activities (e.g., marketing, finance).Divisional Structure: Organizational units are created based on products, services, or geographic regions.Matrix Structure: A combination of functional and divisional structures, where employees report to multiple managers.b. Delegation of Authority:Delegation is the process of granting decisionmaking authority to subordinates.It allows managers to focus on strategic issues and empowers employees, increasing their motivation and job satisfaction.c. Span of Control:The number of subordinates a manager can effectively supervise.A wide span of control promotes efficiency, while a narrow span allows for closer supervision and greater control.3. Leading:Leading involves influencing, motivating, and guiding individuals and teams towards the achievement of organizational goals. Effective leadership is crucial for creating a positive work environment and driving performance.a. Leadership Styles:Autocratic Leadership: A leader makes decisions without consulting subordinates.Democratic Leadership: Involves subordinates in decisionmaking and values their input.Transformational Leadership: Inspires and motivates followers to exceed their own selfinterests for the good of the organization.b. Motivation Theories:Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Identifies five levels of human needs, from basic physiological needs to selfactualization.Herzberg's TwoFactor Theory: Explains that hygiene factors (e.g., salary, job security) prevent dissatisfaction, while motivators (e.g., recognition, growth opportunities) lead to satisfaction and increased performance.c. Communication:Effective communication is essential for leadership.It involves listening, conveying messages clearly, and ensuring understanding among team members.4. Controlling:Controlling is the process of monitoring, evaluating, and correcting activities to ensure that organizational goals are achieved. It provides feedback on performance and enables continuous improvement.a. Performance Standards:Establishing clear, measurable standards against which performance can be assessed.Standards can be based on quality, quantity, cost, or time.b. Performance Evaluation:Regular assessments of individual and team performance.Methods include performance appraisals, selfassessments, and 360degree feedback.c. Corrective Actions:Taking corrective measures when performance deviates from standards.This may involve additional training, coaching, or changes in processes or resources.Conclusion:This detailed summary of management principles (Part II) provides an indepth understanding of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. These principles are interconnected and crucial for effectivemanagement. By applying these principles, managers can enhance organizational performance, foster a positive work environment, and achieve strategic goals. Remember, management is both an art and a science, requiring a combination of theoretical knowledge and practical skills.。

工程管理专业英语考试重点工程管理专业英语是工程管理专业学生的重要课程之一，对于未来从事工程管理相关工作以及进一步深造都具有重要意义。

以下将为大家详细介绍工程管理专业英语考试的重点。

一、专业词汇专业词汇是考试的基础。

工程管理领域涵盖了众多的专业术语，如project management（项目管理）、cost control（成本控制）、quality management（质量管理）、risk assessment（风险评估）、resource allocation（资源分配）等。

学生需要熟练掌握这些词汇的拼写、发音和含义，并能够在阅读、写作和翻译中准确运用。

二、工程管理理论与方法了解工程管理的相关理论和方法也是考试的重点。

这包括项目生命周期（project life cycle）、关键路径法（critical path method）、挣值管理（earned value management）等。

对于这些理论和方法，不仅要知道其名称，还要理解其原理、步骤和应用场景。

三、合同与法律条款在工程管理中，合同和法律条款起着至关重要的作用。

考试可能会涉及到各类合同的类型，如 construction contract（建筑合同）、supply contract（供应合同）等，以及合同中的关键条款，如 terms andconditions（条款和条件）、liability and indemnification（责任与赔偿）等。

此外，还需要了解相关的法律法规，如 construction law（建筑法）、labour law（劳动法）等。

四、商务沟通与信函写作能够进行有效的商务沟通和撰写专业信函是工程管理人员必备的技能。

考试可能会要求学生根据给定的情境，撰写商务邮件、报告、备忘录等。

这就需要掌握正确的格式、语气和常用的表达。

例如，开头的称呼（Dear Sir/Madam）、结尾的祝颂语（Best regards）等。