财务报表分析外文文献翻译

财务管理专业毕业论文—财务报表分析利用财务会计信息外文翻译26907毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系别专业财务管理班级姓名学号外文出处附件 1.原文;2.译文2012年3月1. 原文Financial statement analysis - the use of financial accountinginformation.Many years. Reasonable minimum current ratio was confirmed as 2.00. Until the mid-1960s, the typical enterprise will flow ratio control at 2.00 or higher. Since then, many companies the current ratio below 2.00 now, many companies can not control the current ratio over 2.00. This shows that the liquidity of many companies on the decline.In the analysis of an enterprise's liquidity ratio, it is necessary to average current ratio with the industry to compare. In some industries, the current ratio below 2.0 is considered normal, but someindustry current ratio must be big 2.00. In general, the shorter the operating cycle, the lower the current ratio: the longer the operating cycle, the higher the current ratio.The current ratio compared to the same enterprise in different periods, and compared with the industry average, will help to dry to determine the high or low current ratio. This comparison does not explain why or why low. We can find out the reasons from the by-point analysis of the current assets and current liabilities. The main reason for the exception of the current ratio should be to find out the results of a detailed analysis of accounts receivable and inventory.Flow ratio better than working capital performance of enterprise short-term solvency. Working capital reflect only current assets and current liabilities, the absolute number of differences. The current ratio is also considered the relationship between the current asset size and the size of the current liabilities, make the indicators more comparable. For example, the current ratio between General Motors and Chrysler Motors Corporation. The comparison between the two companies working capital is meaningless, because the two companies of different sizes.Inventory using LIFO France will flow ratio cause problems, this is because the stock is undervalued. The result will be to underestimate the current ratio. Therefore, when compared to using the LIFO method businesses and other costs of the enterprise should pay particular attention to this.Compare the current ratio, analysts should calculate the accounts receivable turnover rate and commodity inventory turnover. This calculation enables the analysis of proposed liquidity problems exist in shouldReceived the views of the accounts and (or) Inventories. Views or opinions on the current ratio of accounts receivable and the depositwill affect the analyst. If the receivables I receivable and liquidity problems, require current ratio higher. Third, the acid test ratio (quick ratio)The current ratio is the evaluation of the liquidity conditions in the current assets and current liabilities. Often, people expect to get more immediate than the current ratio reflect the situation. The acid test ratio (liquid rate) on the relationship of current assets to current liabilities.To calculate the acid test (quick) ratio. From the current assets excluding inventory part. This is because of the slow flow of inventory, the inventory may be obsolete inventory may also be used as a specific creditor's security. For example, the winery's products to Tibet for a long period of time before sold. If you calculate the acid test (liquid) to including wine obstruct inventory will overestimate the enterprise mobility. Inventory valuation, because the cost data may be related to the current price level difference ...Section VI analytical screening proceduresAuditing Standards Description No. 23. Analytical screening procedures, provides guidance for the use of this procedure in the audit. Analytical inspection program goal is to identify significant changes from the business statistics and unusual items.Analytical screening procedures during the audit can run a different number of times, including the planning phase, the audit of the implementation phase and the completion of the audit stage. Analytical inspection procedures can lead to a special audit procedures, such as: Transverse the same type of analysis of the income statement showsan item, such as cost of sales during that period abnormal. This will lead to a careful review of the project cost of sales. The income statement vertical the same type of analysis by comparison with the previous saddle, can be found already for sale to the harmonious proportions of the amount of commodity costs and sales revenue.Accounts receivable turnover ratio and industry data comparison may show the typical speed of the accounts receivable turnover rate is far below the industry. This shows that a careful analysis of the responseto accounts receivable.4 and debt compared to cash flow has significantly decreased ability to repay the debt with internally generated cash flow is essentially dropped.5 aldehyde test ratio decreased significantly, indicating that the ability to repay current liabilities with current assets other than inventory outside is essentially droppedWhen the auditors found that the report or an important trend thanthe string, the next procedure should be carried out to determine whythis trend. This study (survey) can often lead to important discoveries.......Section VI analytical screening proceduresAuditing Standards Description No. 23. Analytical screening procedures, provides guidance for the use of this procedure in the audit. Analytical inspection program goal is to identify significant changes from the business statistics andunusual items.Analytical screening procedures during the audit can run a different number of times, including the planning phase, the audit of the implementation phase and the completion of the audit stage. Analytical inspection procedures can lead to a special audit procedures, such as: Transverse the same type of analysis of the income statement showsan item, such as cost of sales during that period abnormal. This will lead to a careful review of the project cost of sales. The income statement vertical the same type of analysis by comparison with the previous saddle, can be found already for sale to the harmonious proportions of the amount of commodity costs and sales revenue.Accounts receivable turnover ratio and industry data comparison may show the typical speed of the accounts receivable turnover rate is far below the industry. This shows that a careful analysis of the responseto accounts receivable.4 and debt compared to cash flow has significantly decreased ability to repay the debt with internally generated cash flow is essentially dropped.5 aldehyde test ratio decreased significantly, indicating that the ability to repay current liabilities with current assets other than inventory outside is essentially droppedWhen the auditors found that the report or an important trend thanthe string, the next procedure should be carried out to determine whythis trend. This study (survey) can often lead to important discoveries.2. 译文财务报表分析——利用财务会计信息。

第1篇Executive SummaryThis analysis aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the financial performance of XYZ Corporation over the past fiscal year. By examining the financial statements, including the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement, we can gain insights into the company's profitability, liquidity, solvency, and overall financial health. This report will be presented in both English and Chinese, with key findings and conclusions translated for clarity.I. IntroductionXYZ Corporation, a leading company in the technology industry, has released its financial report for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2022. The report provides a detailed account of the company's financial activities, performance, and position during the period. This analysis will focus on the key financial indicators and ratios, highlighting the company's strengths and weaknesses, and offering recommendations for improvement.II. Financial Statements AnalysisA. Balance SheetThe balance sheet provides a snapshot of the company's financialposition at a specific point in time. The following analysis will focus on the key components of the balance sheet:1. Assets: XYZ Corporation's total assets increased by 15% from the previous fiscal year, driven by a 20% growth in current assets and a 10% increase in non-current assets. This indicates that the company has been successful in expanding its asset base.2. Liabilities: The total liabilities of XYZ Corporation also increased by 12%, with current liabilities growing by 15% and non-currentliabilities by 10%. This suggests that the company has taken on additional debt to finance its growth.3. Equity: The equity of XYZ Corporation increased by 18% over thefiscal year, reflecting the company's profitability and reinvestment in the business.B. Income StatementThe income statement shows the company's revenue, expenses, and net income over a specific period. The following points highlight the key aspects of the income statement:1. Revenue: XYZ Corporation's revenue increased by 20% from the previous fiscal year, driven by strong sales in the technology sector.2. Expenses: The company's expenses increased by 15%, with cost of goods sold (COGS) increasing by 18% and selling, general, and administrative expenses (SG&A) increasing by 12%. This indicates that the company has been able to control its cost of goods sold but has experienced some increases in SG&A expenses.3. Net Income: XYZ Corporation's net income increased by 25% over the fiscal year, reflecting the company's strong operational performance.C. Cash Flow StatementThe cash flow statement provides insights into the company's cashinflows and outflows. The following analysis focuses on the key components of the cash flow statement:1. Operating Cash Flow: XYZ Corporation's operating cash flow increased by 30% over the fiscal year, indicating strong cash-generating capabilities.2. Investing Cash Flow: The company's investing cash flow decreased by 5%, primarily due to lower capital expenditures.3. Financing Cash Flow: Financing cash flow increased by 20%, driven by higher dividends paid to shareholders and an increase in long-term debt.III. Financial Ratios AnalysisA. Liquidity Ratios1. Current Ratio: XYZ Corporation's current ratio increased from 1.5 to 1.8, indicating improved short-term liquidity.2. Quick Ratio: The quick ratio improved from 1.2 to 1.5, suggestingthat the company has a strong ability to meet its short-term obligations.B. Solvency Ratios1. Debt-to-Equity Ratio: The debt-to-equity ratio decreased from 1.2 to 1.0, indicating a more conservative financial structure.2. Interest Coverage Ratio: The interest coverage ratio improved from 5.0 to 6.0, reflecting the company's ability to cover its interest expenses.C. Profitability Ratios1. Gross Profit Margin: The gross profit margin remained stable at 40%, indicating efficient cost management.2. Net Profit Margin: The net profit margin increased from 15% to 20%, reflecting the company's improved profitability.IV. ConclusionXYZ Corporation has demonstrated strong financial performance over the past fiscal year, with significant growth in revenue, net income, and operating cash flow. The company's liquidity and solvency ratios are also healthy, indicating a strong financial position. However, there are areas of concern, such as the increase in SG&A expenses and the need to manage long-term debt.V. Recommendations1. Cost Control: XYZ Corporation should focus on managing SG&A expenses to improve profitability.2. Debt Management: The company should consider strategies to manage long-term debt, such as refinancing or paying down existing debt.3. Investment in Research and Development: Investing in research and development can help the company stay competitive in the technology industry.VI. 中文摘要本报告旨在全面分析XYZ公司过去一个财年的财务表现。

现金流量报表分析外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)Quantitative Analysis of the Target Related to Cash Flow StatementWith the example of the trend analysis method applied to the cash flow statement, the authors study the quantitative analysis method of the target related to cash flow statement. So the statement user can knows the current and previous financial condition in the enterprises, correctly evaluate the current and future abilities to pay and repay, find out the problems in financial affairs, and scientifically calculate the future financial conditions. An adequate, efficient basis is provided for scientific decision.1 IntroductionIt was America that first decided to replace statement of changes in financial position with cash flow statement. Afterwards, U.K., Australia, Canada and many other countries and areas followed. To emphasize cash flow statement and overcome the shortcomings of statement of changes in financial position, in January, 1987, FASB in America promulgated financial accounting standards announcement No. 95《Cash Flow Statement》.It requires enterprise to replace the statement of changes in financial position with cash flow statement from July 1988. In September, 1991, British Accounting Standard Board announced financial statement standard No.l 《Cash Flow Statement》too, demands all enterprises.Concerned with the requirements should prepare cash flow statement. In 1992, International Accounting Standard Board announced 《lnternational Accounting Standards No.l》，required to replace statement of changes in financial position with cash flow statement. So now "cash flow statement", "equity-debt statement", and "profit and loss statement" have preliminarily formed the new system of financial accounting statement in enterprise on the worldwide scale.2 Cash Flow Statement2.1 Contents of Cash Flow Statement and Its Compilation PurposeCash flow statement means statement of changes in financial position compiled based on cash and shows operating activities, investment activities and collecting capital activities of the enterprise on account of flow-in and flow-out of cash during a certain period, and shows allaspects of flow-in and flow-out of cash. It is compiled on the cash basis of accounting and belongs to periodic dynamic statement. The basic purpose of compiling cash flow statement is to provide the information of flow-in and flow-out of cash during a current accounting period to shareholders, creditors and other users of the statement to help them correctly make assessment of: ·The Capability of obtaining net cash flow during the future accounting period;·The Capability of repay debts and paying dividend;·The Capability of raising funds;.The reason for engendering the difference of net income and net cash flow; and,·Investment and raising funds activities affecting and not affecting cash during the current period.2.2 Components of Cash Flow(1) Cash flow-inThere are three chief types of economic services flow-in of cash: Reducing other assets except cash adding debts and adding shareholder's right.(2) Cash flow- outThere are three chief types of economic services flow-out of cash: Adding other assets except cash, reducing debts and reducing shareholder's right.2.3 Classification of Cash FlowCash flow within a certain period is classified into the following three types on account of the nature of operation service:The cash flow of operation activities, the cash flow of investment activities and the cash flow of raising funds activities.(1) Cash flow ofoperation activitiesOperation activities mean the main service of an enterprise and other non-investment activities or raising funds activities. It includes:Cash flow-in of operation activities:The input of selling goods and providing labour force; the input of loan interest, stock dividend and bond interest; other input of not belonging to investment activities and raising funds activities.Cash flow-out of operation activities:The cash of paying to suppliers and providers of labour force; the expenditure of salary; theinterest to creditor; the expenditure of tax on income and penalty.(2) Cash flow of investment activitiesInvestment activities mean purchase and selling of long-term asset and other investments without the cape of cash equivalent. It includes:Cash flow-in of investment activities: recovering loan; selling stocks and bonds issued by other companies; selling fixed assets and other productive assets.Cash flow-out of investment activities: providing loan to other enterprises; purchasing stocks and bonds issued by other companies; purchasing fixed assets and other productive assets (including capitalized interest of asset cost).(3) Cash flow of raising funds activitiesRaising funds activities mean the activities to cause the scale and structure of rights and interest capital and other loan to change. It includes:Cash flow-in of investment activities: issuing stocks., bonds and bill; gaining mortgage loans and all kinds of other long-term and short-term loans.Cash flow-out of investment activities: issuing stock interest in cash; repaying loans; preceding expenditure to creditor (including cash expenditure caused by extended long-term debt).2.4 Structure of Cash Flow StatementThere are two methods to compile cash flow statement: direct method and indirect method. The structure of cash flow statement compiled by the two methods is different. This article recommends the basic structure of cash flow Statement compiled by direct method and usually adopted by enterprises. The basic structure of cash flow statement is composed of three parts: Cash flow of operation activities. The data needed by this part may be found in B/S (balance sheet) and income sheet.Cash flow of investment activities. The information needed by this part may be found from the change of current asset account, but the true data need to be adjusted on account of income or loss in income sheet.Cash flow of raising funds activities which may be obtained by analyzing and computing the change of relevant current liability and shareholder's rights and interests account.Non-cash investment and raising funds activities which may be discovered in the supplementary statements to show all aspects of important economic activities.2.5 Compilation of Cash Flow StatementThe information that is needed for compiling cash flow statement includes: beginning balance sheet, final trial balance, other complementary data,etc. Cash flow statement is compiled on account of the original manuscript.3 Quantitative Analysis of Relevant QuotaQuantitative analysis of cash flow statement is to compare, analyze and study relevant data of cash flow statement so as to know the financial position of enterprise, find out the trouble in finance, predict the future financial position and provide the basis for scientific decision.The methods of quantitative analysis of cash flow statement usually include trend analysis, structure analysis, rate analysis, comparative analysis and factor analysis. This article only recommends trend analysis applied to cash flow statement.Trend analysis is an analysis method which forecasts future results by studying a number of continual periods''- financial statement, comparing relevant program's amount of money and analyzing the increase and decrease of some quotas to judge its trend. Applying trend analysis, the user of statement may know the basic trend of relevant program changes, judge whether this trend is advantageous or not and predict the future development of the enterprise.Trend analysis usually computes trend percentages. There are two types of trend percentages:It is illustrated by the cash flow statement of some telecommunication bureau. We compile cash flow statement gathered from 1995 to 1998 of this bureau on account of cash flow statements from 1995 to 1998 of this bureau (statement from 1995 to 1998 omitted). The form of cash flow statement and the data of this bureau in 1998 are shown as in Table 1:Table 1 Cash flow statement of a telecommunication bureau Enterprise：Year:1998 Unit: Thousands of dollars Cash flow Amount1 Cash flow of operationCash flow in:Cash from sales clients 85890Other operation income (12019)Sub-total -f cash flow in 73871Cash flow out:Paying suppliers (40 871)Paying interests (1 287)Paying other expenses (19 585)Paying income tax (2 546)Sub-total of cash flow out (25 119)Net cash of operation 48 7522 Cash flow of investmentCash flow in:Recovery of cash from investment 68 000Recovery of cash relate to 18 500investment activitiesSub-total of cash flow in 86 500Cash flow out:Equipment purchasing (66 676)Sub- total of cash flow out (66 676)Net cash of investment 19 8243 Cash flow of raising fundsCash flow in:Cash from loan 36 220Cash accepting rights and interests 15 081Sub-total of cash flow in 51 301Cash flow out:Cash repayed for debts (16 254)Sub- total of cash flow out (16 254)Net cash of raising funds 35 0474 Effects of exchange fluctuations on cash5 Net increased cash flow 103 623The article only cites the data from 1995 to 1998 to compute the trend percentage by the trend analysis method.Table 2 The total cash flow statementEnterprise: Unit: Thousands of dollars Cash flow 1995 1996 1997 1998 Cash income 187 500 203 136 207 752 211 672 Among: cash m- 68 465 70 125 71 532 73 871 come of operationCash income of 40 680 65 421 76 345 86 500 investmentCash income of 78 355 67 590 59 875 51 301 raising fundsCash expenditure 62 233 79 765 91 815 108 049 including:Cash expenditure 15 908 19 880 22 905 25 119 of operationCash expenditure 32 905 40 895 54 690 66 676 of investmentCash expenditure 13 420 18 990 14 220 16 254Of raising fundsThe data come from the annual accountant statements from 1995 to 1997(omitted).We can compute the constant relative with the year- of 1995 as the base period, see Table 3, and Link relative with previous year as the base period, see Table 4, on account of the total cash flow statement from 1995 to 1998 of this telecommunication bureau.From Table 3, we can conclude that cash flow of the enterprise continuously increases. Cash flow in 1998 was 12.89 percent more than that in 1995，among which the increase of cash income of operation activities was faster than that of general cash income and was 7.90 percent. Cash income of investment activities increases doubly and up to 112.64 percent, which showsthe previous investment gradually expires and then cash income of investment activities increases; but cash income of raising funds activities doesn't increase, on the contrary, 34.53 percent less than that in 1995, which shows the dependence on raising funds gradually reduces. Cash expenditure also gradually increases and cash expenditure in 1998 was 73.62 percent more than that in 1995, among which cash expenditure of investment activities increased by 57.90 percent, which is slower than the general cash flow. Cash expenditure of investment activities increased by 102.63 percent, which shows cash expenditure of investment activities in 1998 was double that in 1995 and the enterprise strengthens investment. Cash expenditure of raising funds activities has increased by 21.09 percent, which shows a huge amount of loans still don't expire or the enterprise does not issue dividends (or distribute interests) to investors.Table 3 Comparison of constant relative index_______________________________________________________________________________ Cash flow 1995 1996 1997 1998(percent) (percent) (percent) (percent) Cash income 100 108.34 110.80 112.89Among: cash incomeof operation 100 102.42 104.48 107.90Cash income ofInvestment 100 160.82 187.67 212.64Cash income ofraising funds 100 86.26 76.42 65.47Cash expenditureincluding: 100 128.17 147.53 173.62Cash expenditure ofOperation 100 124.97 143.98 157.90 Cash expenditure ofInvestment 100 124.28 166.21 202.63 Cash expenditure ofraising funds 100 141.51 105.96 121.09_______________________________________________________________________________Table 4 Comparison of link-relative quota_______________________________________________________________________________ Cash flow 1995 1996 1997 1998(percent) (percent) (percent) (percent) Cash income 100 108.34 102.27 101.89 Cash income ofOperation 100 102.42 102.01 103.27 Cash income ofVestment 100 160.82 116.70 113.30 Cash income ofraising funds 100 86.26 88.59 85.68 Cash expenditure 100 128.17 115.11 117.68 Cash expenditure ofoperation 100 124.97 115.22 109.67 Cash expenditure ofInvestment 100 124.28 133.73 121.92 cash expenditure ofraising funds 100 141.51 74.88 114.30From Table 4, we can conclude not only cash income of enterprise increases continuously, but also its increase speed increases progressively. The increase speed of cash income ofoperation activities and investment activities basically reduce progressively, but cash income of raising funds activities shows a negative increase. Cash expenditure of enterprise also increases progressively, whose speed is basically smooth and steady. Cash expenditure of operationactivities reduces progressively, the increase speed of cash expenditure of investment activities in 1997 was higher than that in 1996. But that in 1998 was lower than that in 1997. Cash expenditure of raising funds activities in 1997 cut down faster than in 1996, but that in 1998 rose again after a fall.4 Trend Forecast AnalysisThe so-called trend forecast analysis means to use regression analysis method, exponential smooth method and so on to analyze and forecast the statement of financial data, analyze its development trend, and this possible development result on this basis.Trend Analysis also includes trend forecast analysis usually with trend linear equation applies.The equation is: y=a+bxWhere a and b are constant, and x is the period coefficient value which is decided by distribution and made ∑x=0 .For ∑ x=0，the distribution value makes little difference whether the number of the period is odd or even.When the number of the period is odd, x may be decided as follows:_______________________________________________________________________________ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 x= -2 -1 0 1 2When the number of the period is even, x may be decided as follow:_______________________________________________________________________________ 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 x = -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 _______________________________________________________________________________ 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 x = +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 +10The constants a and b may be decided by following formula:2n xy b n x =∑∑ y a n =∑The data are obtained from accountant statements from 1979 to 1998 of the telecommunication bureau (accountant statements from 1979 to 1994 omitted).Cash income of operation activities of a telecommunication bureau:Unit: Thousands of dollars Cash flow 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983Cash income ofoperation activities 26 000 28 753 29 875 31 080 35 780Unit: Thousands of dollars Cash flow 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988Cash income ofoperation activities 43123 45 389 47 100 48 200 49 318Unit: Thousands of dollarsCash flow 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 Cash income ofoperation activities 50 897 52 310 55 432 58 765 60 581Unit: Thousands of dollarsCash flow 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Cash income ofoperation activities 65 300 68 465 70 125 71 532 73 871SO:y a n =∑=26 00028 75368 4657012571532738711011896202020++⋯++++= =50 594.8 Thousands of dollars 2n xyb n x =∑∑=()()()222220*10*260009*71 53210*73 871 1 800 12577020*[109910-+⋯++⎡⎤⎣⎦=-+-+⋯++ =2 337.82 Thousands of dollarsthen the forecast trend equation is:y =50 594.8+2 337.82xif the enterprise wants to forecast cash income of operation activities in 1999, then:y =50 594.8+2 337.82*11=76 310.82 Thousands of dollars5 ConclusionBy quantitative analysis of cash flow statement, we can conclude the trend analysis is an analysis method which forecasts the future result by studying a number of continual periods' financial statements, comparing the amount of relevant programs and analyzing the increase and decrease of some quotas to judge its trend. Applying trend analysis, the user of statement may know the basic trend of relevant program changes, judge whether this trend is advantageous or not and predict the future development of the enterprise.Joe Johnson and Larry Brown 1999. “Analysis of cash flow statement” the cap journal; October译文：对现金流量报表相关目标的量化分析本文以适用于现金流量表的趋势的分析方法为例子，通过用定量分析法研究与现金流量表相关的目标。

文献信息：文献标题：Financial Statements of a Company as an Information Base for Decision-Making in a Transforming Economy（转型经济中公司财务报表作为决策信息基础的研究）文献作者及出处：Osadchy E A, Akhmetshin E M, Amirova E F, et al. Financial statements of a company as an information base for decision-making in a transforming economy[J].2018(2):339-350.字数统计：英文3583单词，20616字符；中文5831汉字外文文献：Financial Statements of a Company as an Information Base for Decision-Making in a Transforming Economy Abstract In connection with the development of transforming the economy, the need for forecasting and analyzing the consequences of managerial decisions becomes more pressing. To substantiate and evaluate such decisions, a tool for prospective analysis of financial statements of companies is used. In recent years, the content and structure of a company's financial statements have undergone significant changes. With the development of economic relations, the principles of organization and methodology of accounting and reporting are also dynamically changing. The issues of reforming financial statements of a company are constantly discussed at international congresses of accountants and other professional forums.The purpose of the study is to improve the concept of preparing financial statements of a company as an information base for taking decisions in a transforming economy.As a result of the research, the economic essence of company's financial statements is substantiated from the point of view of an integrated approach; the importance of financial statements of an organization for effective management is determined; the main financial and non-financial indicators are systematized; it isproposed to introduce a mandatory requirement for disclosure of non-financial indicators in the corporate reporting system; proposals have been elaborated to improve the methods for analyzing financial statements as a tool for managing a company.Keywords: financial statements; interested users of financial statements; balance sheet; financial indicators.1.IntroductionIn modern conditions, financial statements are the most complete, objective and reliable information base, based on which one can form an opinion on the property and financial position of a company (Thalassinos and Liapis, 2014). In accordance with the legislation, the accounting financial statements are an open source of information, and its composition, content and presentation forms are unified by basic parameters, it becomes possible to develop standard methods to read and analyze it (Suryanto and Thalassinos, 2017).Reporting is used by a company's management as the basis for making managerial decisions. Its data are necessary for the analysis of organization's activities. Thanks to it, it is possible to identify the causes of deviations from the previously established parameters and uncover unused reserves of production. Statistical bodies widely use the annual reports of many companies for various developments that allow determining the direction and level of production's development. The financial accounting data, obtained in the annual report, provide information which is necessary for top managers to finance investment projects.The essence of financial statements' analysis from the position of a user is to review and evaluate the information in the reporting to obtain reliable conclusions about the past state of an organization aiming at foreseeing its functioning in the future. Evaluation of financial statements is a process by which the past and current financial position and performance of the company are assessed. Because of financial statements' analysis, the company's most important characteristics are also determined, which testify, in particular, about its success or the risk of bankruptcy (Izuymov et al.2017). For different users, in terms of the scale of its implementation, the analysis of financial statements depends on a specific goal. At the same time, the analysis and direction of work while analyzing financial statements can be different. Therefore, company's financial statements can be useful for different interested parties (Bondarenko, 2010).Preparation of financial statements is important for the successful conduct of the activities of any enterprise. It is connected not only with summarizing the results of its financial and economic activities for a certain period, but also with determining the quality of company's relations with public authorities that control the conduct of any economic activity in the state, including the activities connected with the receipt of profit (Gapsalamov et al., 2017; Bittman et al., 2017). Thus, depending on how timely the financial statements are presented by the company, there are penalties imposed on it, the frequency and severity of conducted tax audits. It is also an important fact that timely and high-quality financial statements are required to obtain a general picture of a legal entity's performance, its effectiveness, financial stability and other indicators (Korableva and Kalimullina, 2014). That is why the company's financial statements are important for its management and for external bodies.This topic should also be considered due to the fact that a careful study of balance sheets allows us to disclose both the secrets of successful and effective company performance, the reasons for failures and insolvency and identify factors that negatively affect the company's performance. Based on this information, plans can be adjusted and ways to improve the company's activities can be outlined.2.Literature reviewFinancial reporting is a unified system of data on the property and financial position of the company and the results of its activities. Financial statements are prepared based on financial accounting data in accordance with established forms for a certain reporting date. It follows from this definition that the data reflected in the financial statements essentially represent a special type of accounts that are extracted from the current accounting of the summary data on the status and performance of acompany for a certain period (Korableva et al., 2017b).The system of accounting data (indicators) that make up the financial statements should be output directly from the ledger accounts – the most important register of the accounting system. The total of accounting indicators, which the financial accounting consists of, is formed directly or indirectly from the ledger accounts. Therefore, the reporting data grouped in the accounting registers cannot reflect such economic turnover, which were not presented in the current accounts. Hence there is the relationship between financial accounting and financial statements, which means that the resulting totals are transferred to the appropriate reporting forms in the form of synthesized, final indicators of the balance sheet and reflect the value of organization's assets by its composition and placement directions.The approaches of different researchers to the definition and interpretation of the concept of financial statements are considered in the Table 1.Table 1. The concept of financial reportingThrough financial reporting, the main objective of financial accounting is fulfilled, that is to generate complete and reliable information about company's property status and to provide this information to internal and external users (Bondarenko, 2009a).Astrakhantseva et al. (2016), consider cash flow statements as the informationaffecting the analysis of the company's economic security. This allows users to quickly assess changes in the company's net assets and its financial structure including liquidity and solvency (Vasilyev, 2015; Kurbanova et al., 2018).At the same time, Dlasková and Havlícek (2013) investigate the financing of managerial decisions, which becomes one of the fundamental parts of cash management process. Financing solutions in a firm are divided into two categories based on the source of finance (external and internal). The funds provided by external sources are collected by the company through the management of the capital structure, as well as the management of loans and borrowed capital. Internal sources are the company's profits. Therefore, based on sources of funding, the objectives of information users may be different. Thus, a review of modern literature allows us to conclude that research on the effective use of information management system of the company is widely discussed in online sources and various scientific journals.rmation users of company's financial statementsBy classifying users of financial statements' information on the economic basis, it is possible to identify external and internal users of information. The number of users of reporting is constantly changing and varies depending on specific economic conditions, while the interests of users in relation to its information content are quite constant. Users of financial statements are legal entities and individuals that are conditionally divided into two main groups: internal and external users (Figure 1).Figure 1. Internal and external users of the company's financial statementsThe first group includes the following external users:–shareholders of the company, founders, investors, existing and potential owners of the organization's funds, who need to establish an increase or decrease in the share of own funds and assess the efficiency of the resources' use by the company's management;–existing and potential lenders using statements to assess the appropriateness of granting or extending a loan, determining the loan condition, strengthening loan repayment guarantees and assessing the credibility of an enterprise as a client;–legislative bodies;–suppliers and customers, establishing business relationships with the client;–securities exchanges that evaluate the information provided in the reporting when registering the relevant firms, making decisions on the need to change accounting and reporting;–lawyers who need reporting information to assess compliance with contractual terms, compliance with the law in calculating profits and paying dividends, as well as determining the terms of pension provision;–press and information agencies, which require statements to prepare reviews, evaluate development trend and analyze activities of individual companies and industries, calculate generalized indicators of financial activity;–trade and production associations that use reporting for making statistical generalizations across sectors and conducting comparative analysis and performance evaluation at the sectoral level (Grahova and Gapsalamov, 2014);–trade unions, interested in reporting information to determine their salary requirements and terms of employment agreements, as well as to assess the development trends of the industry to which an enterprise belongs;–the state, first, acting by the bodies that check the correctness of drafting documents, calculating taxes and form a tax policy (Puchkova, 2015).The second group is represented by internal users:–company's management (who take managerial decisions);–managers of relevant levels who, according to the financial statements, assess the need for financial resources, the correctness of investment decisions and the effectiveness of the capital structure, determine the main areas of the dividend policy, prepare forecast reporting forms and perform preliminary calculations of the financial performance of the forthcoming reporting periods, assess the possibility of merging with another firm or its acquisition, as well as structural reorganization of the company;–all structural units (branches, representative offices etc.).The study conducted by Ponce et al. (2015) is considered quite interesting. It is based on the survey and analysis of the questionnaire of 849 information users. The researchers concluded that users of companies' financial statements differ for their reasons for using financial statements (professional or private), in their profession, in their experience and in their point of view (for example, suppliers are interested in the information about the solvency of the analyzed company, investors are interested in the profitability of the company). Therefore, it can be concluded that each user has a certain interest.4.MethodplogyThe theoretical basis of this research is represented by the scientific provisions contained in the works of foreign and Russian scientists, experts in accounting, audit,financial analysis and decision theory (Fedotova et al., 2017). The regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, the provisions of IFRS and GAAP, publications in the periodical press, databases of the Federal State Statistics Service and its territorial body for the Republic of Tatarstan, the results of statistical and sociological research in Russia and abroad, information materials analytical agencies, as well as information resources of the Internet (Kosintseva et. al., 2017). The methodological basis of the research consisted of general scientific methods (dialectical method, methods of system and structural and functional analysis, historical and comparative methods). These methods were used in a different combination and at different stages of the study, depending on the goals and objectives. Surely, it has contributed to ensuring the reliability of the analysis and the validity of the conclusions reached by the authors.5.ResultsTo improve the information content of company's financial statements and systematize the identified indicators, the authors propose the following:–to add to the profit and loss statement additional indicators that reflect income and expenditure indicators, i.e. indicate revenues in the indicator "Proceeds from the sale of products", and in the indicator "Revenue from work and services", respectively, to distribute the cost of goods and services sold in the following indicators: "Cost of sales", "Cost of work performed"; "Cost of services rendered".–in addition to the explanatory notes to the balance sheet and the financial results report, it is recommended to compile the balance sheet and the financial results report in the form of separate subdivisions. The detailed form of the financial results report is a standard financial results report, supplemented with additional lines that classify each indicator for each separate subdivision.–transformation of the balance sheet of Russian companies in accordance with international financial reporting standards. Transformation does not require the mandatory availability of specialized programs and can be performed using spreadsheets, for example, MS Excel. To transform the company's reporting, it isnecessary to develop a common strategy, which can be presented in the following way (Korableva and Kalimullina, 2016).First, there are discrepancies in financial indicators. For this the following is performed:–inventory of stocks at the reporting date, during which their market value is determined;–inventory of accounts receivable to accrue a reserve of doubtful and bad debts;–inventory of capital stock for establishing their net market value and impairment caused by the moral and physical deterioration of current operating assets.Second, three groups of reporting indicators (production, innovative and financial) are identified and systematized. The systematic approach calls for the need to consistently identify and evaluate the main activities of the enterprise. Based on the financial statements, the following activities, performed by the company are distinguished: production; innovative; financial.Third, a transformation model is being developed – a set of spreadsheets into which the financial reporting data is entered, including adjustments. A condition for the stable development of a company in performing each type of activity is the choice of estimated indicators. They should meet the requirements of rationality and sufficiency, since with its help one can characterize the results of one or another sphere of company's functioning. The proposed systematic method makes it possible to evaluate not the established results, but the trends of their appearance, the process itself and the driving forces of its functioning (Figure 2). Only in such a set of indicators is determined the actual development of the company, its true potential in business cooperation and is revealed the full realization of all its interests and its counterparties purposes. Transformation of the reporting enables to achieve the following results:–the ability to automate the accounting process through the introduction of a CRM- system. This will automate the strategy of interaction with customers (clients) to increase sales, optimize marketing and improve customer service by storing customer information and the history of relationships with them, establishing andimproving business procedures and subsequent analysis of results;–saving time and effort (Vasilev and Tuktarova, 2014; Bondarenko, 2009a; Kilinc et al., 2018; Sadykova et al., 2017; Tabachuk et al., 2018);–transparent adjustment system – adjustment postings are immediately reflected in the reporting.The implementation of the proposed activities will maximize the profit and profitability of the company by improving the quality of accounting information.Figure 2. Key indicators characterizing the company's development6.DiscussionThe research by Sakai et al. (2015) considers one of the main determinants of creating information for external recipients (such as investors, banks, insurance companies, treasury administration bodies etc.). The source of such information is the accounting system, consisting of two subsystems: financial accounting (focused on the external recipient of information) and management accounting (providing information to internal recipients).The comparative analysis of Fraser’s et al. (2009) research with the Sakai et al. (2015) method is of interest. The Sakai et al. method was originally proposed toextract causal information on financial indicators that characterize the performance of companies. The results of the comparison showed that the method proposed by Fraser et al. wins the Sakai et al. method and indicates a problem of inaccuracy of the information received by the analyzed companies.The research of Dwi Karya Susilawati (2015) reflects the impact of business ethics, corporate governance, the views of an auditor and owners on the quality of financial statements after they have taken their decisions. This study examines the various ways that lead to the growth of the company. The growth of the company partly depends on the creativity of the employees working in it. It was noted that it is easier to fix the problem of completeness and transparency of information at the very beginning of preparing the statements.7.ImplementationsSummarizing the above-said information, it can be stated that the essence of the company's financial statements is to achieve a balanced state that allows it to carry out expanded reproduction and provide economic relations with other economic entities regarding the formation, distribution and use of resources. The performance of the company should be evaluated in such a way that all those who are connected with it by economic relations should be able to get an answer to the question: how reliable the company as an economic and strategic partner in these relations is, and, consequently, make a management decision on the economic profitability of the continuation or starting joint activities with it.Evaluation of the company's development should be carried out from the position of the system approach. It can be implemented by identifying key indicators that directly or indirectly reflect the perspectives of all stakeholders in the effective operation of the company: owners, management personnel, employees, investors, creditors, society, etc. (Hanias et al., 2012). When evaluating the company's activities, it is more expedient to be guided more by production, innovation and financial indicators. It is they who characterize the company's real ability to constantly develop (Korableva et al., 2017a; Tarman, 2016). It should not be forgotten that in thecompany's scorecard, not only the calculation of indicators is important, but also the identification of the interest of users of analytical information.The author's vision of the application of the system approach is as follows. Financial reporting is the information base of financial analysis, the results of which can be used to manage the financial and economic activities of the company, to assess the effectiveness of its management, to choose the directions for investing capital. Based on the system indicators of financial reporting (financial, investment, innovative), interested users analyze the property and financial position of the organization, its solvency and financial results. Thus, financial reporting allows us to satisfy information requests of all groups of users, which make special demands on its content and order of formation.8.ConclusionsThe increased requirements for the reliability of financial statements have changed the approach to assessing the company's performance as one of the ways to identify and prevent material misstatements in the reporting. The study showed that to ensure the reliability of financial reporting, it is required to use a variety of means, among which a special place is taken by a systematic approach to analytical procedures.The authors believe that analytical work, which plays an important role in identifying and preventing misstatements in the reporting, should take a leading place not only in the accounting work of the company, but also in the work of information users. Therefore, the financial statements of the company can basically satisfy the information requests of all groups of users who raise special demands on its content and the order of its formation.Financial reporting and its analysis serve as a tool for identifying problems of managing the financial and economic activities of the company, to choose the directions for investing in capital and forecasting certain indicators and financial performance in general. Careful study of financial statements permits to disclose both the secrets of successful and effective company's performance, and the reasons forfailures and insolvency. Moreover, it helps to identify factors that adversely affect the company's performance.Based on this information, plans can be adjusted and ways to improve its operations can be outlined. For internal users, the financial statements of the company, as well as the accounting data that formed the basis for its formation, are important indicators both for operational management and for monitoring the safety of their property. The financial statements act as a means for users of reporting information to monitor the company's operations, promptly warn and identify signs of the bankruptcy of the company, form a unified state statistical survey base and macroeconomic indicators that can be used for tax purposes and for other purposes. In conclusion, it should be emphasized that in the context of economic transformation, the expediency of an integrated and systematic approach to the study of the company's financial statements is possible only based on international experience.中文译文：转型经济中公司财务报表作为决策信息基础的研究摘要随着经济转型的发展，迫切需要对管理决策的后果进行预测和分析。

财务报表舞弊上市公司会计舞弊外文文献翻译文献出处：Amara I, Amar A B, Jarboui A. Detection of Fraud in Financial Statements: French Companies as a Case Study[J]. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 2013, 3(3): 40-51.翻译后中文字数：7240第一部分为译文，第二部分为原文。

默认格式：中文五号宋体，英文五号Times New Roma，行间距1.5倍。

财务报表舞弊的检测：以法国公司为例摘要：本研究的目的是检验“舞弊三角”元素对财务报表舞弊行为的影响。

我们使用2001年至2009年期间的SBF250中的80家法国公司的样本数据，使用逻辑回归方法进行分析。

研究发现，对经理施加绩效考核的压力是导致财务报表舞弊的因素之一。

与财务困难（债务，流动性）和审计事务所规模等因素与舞弊无关。

关键词：舞弊，舞弊三角，压力，机会1.引言如今，全球经济经历了一系列金融危机，导致市场、投资者和舆论对公司账户的不信任。

在这里，只要强调一个事实，即安然公司，一家前美国的能源商品和服务公司，已经为所有社会伙伴造成了70万亿美元的损失。

因此，上述的借口带来了随之而来的经济危机，这种危机已经蔓延到全球所有新兴计划。

例如，广泛宣传的丑闻是Worldcom，Parmalat，Ahold 等的案例（Rezaee，2005年）。

当然，上面列出的财务丑闻不是商界信任危机的唯一原因。

影响经济的真正祸患无疑是“舞弊”。

所有的操作在一定程度上是固有的共同之处：它包括欺骗，违反了对社区造成损害的行为和法规。

正如Rouff（2003）所述，“舞弊是一种故意行为，其作者是一个真正的罪犯”。

企业财务状况评价外文文献及翻译摘要本文通过对国内外财务状况评价相关外文文献的调研和翻译，总结了不同学者对企业财务状况评价的方法和指标，以及其对企业经营决策和风险管理的影响。

同时，还分析了现有文献中的研究局限，并提出了相应的进一步研究方向。

引言企业财务状况的评价在企业经营决策和风险管理中具有重要的作用。

随着全球经济的不断发展，企业财务状况评价的方法和指标也得到了不断的完善和更新。

本文旨在通过对国内外相关文献的调研和翻译，探讨企业财务状况评价的相关内容。

方法本文通过检索相关数据库和学术期刊，筛选了一批与企业财务状况评价相关的外文文献。

然后，进行了文献综述和内容翻译，并总结出其中的关键信息和研究成果。

结果1. 企业财务状况评价方法根据文献翻译和分析，目前学者们在企业财务状况评价方面主要采用以下方法：- 财务比率分析：通过对企业财务报表的比率分析，评估企业的偿债能力、盈利能力、运营效率等方面的状况。

- 资产负债表分析：通过对企业资产负债表的分析，揭示企业的资产结构、债务水平和净资产价值等方面的情况。

- 现金流量分析：通过对企业现金流量表的分析，探讨企业的现金流入流出情况以及可持续性问题。

- 经验判断和专家评估：通过对企业经营情况的判断和专家的评估，综合考虑多个因素对企业财务状况的影响。

2. 企业财务状况评价指标研究发现，在企业财务状况评价中，常用的指标包括：- 流动比率：反映企业短期偿债能力的指标。

- 速动比率：更加严格地评估企业短期偿债能力的指标。

- 盈利能力指标：如净利润率、毛利率等，用于评估企业的盈利水平。

- 储蓄比率：评估企业的盈利再投资能力的指标。

- 负债比率：反映企业债务水平和承担风险的指标。

3. 对企业经营决策和风险管理的影响学者们的研究表明，企业财务状况评价对企业经营决策和风险管理有重要影响。

合理评估企业财务状况可以帮助企业制定更加科学的经营决策，提高企业效益和竞争力。

同时，对企业财务状况的评价还可以帮助企业及时发现和应对潜在的经营风险，降低经营风险带来的不确定性。

Essentials for Financial Statements Analysis Gibson.C.H. Journal of Financial Statement Analysis Vol.12 No.2,2009 Overview of financial statements analysisThe analysis of financial data employs various techniques to emphasize the comparative and relative importance of the data presented and to evaluate the position of the firm. These techniques include ratio analysis, common size analysis, review of descriptive material, and comparisons of results with other types of data. The information derived from these types of analyses should be blended to determine the overall financial position. No one type of analysis supports overall findings or serves all types of users. You have to select two listed companies existing in the same industry (e.g. Unilever and Proctor and Gamble in the food and personal care products, etc) Get their financial statements for the most recent three years and Perform the afore-mentioned analysis.Financial Analysis techniques such as ratio analysis and common size financial statements can provide valuable insight into a company’s operations, risk characteristics, and valuation beyond what is readily apparent by examining raw data. When data is presented analytically, differences across time periods, interrelationships of financial statement accounts and comparisons among companies, are more easily understood. An effective analysis encompasses both computations and interpretations. A well reasoned analysis differs from a mere complication of various pieces of information, computations, tables, and graphs by integrating the data collected into a cohesive whole. Analysis of the past performance, for example, should address not only what happened but also why it happened and whether it advanced company’s strategy. Some of the key questions to address include:●What aspects of performance are critical for this company tosuccessfully compete in the industry?●How well did the company’s performance meet these critical aspects?(This is established through computations and comparison withappropriate benchmarks, such as the company’s own historicalperformance or competitors’ performance.)●What are the key causes of this performance, and how would thisperformance affect the company in the future?●What is the likely impact of trends in the company, industry, andeconomy on the future cash flows?●What are your recommendations as an analyst?Financial Analysis TechniquesThe following techniques can help you in achieving the overall objective of financial statement analysis of the companies.1. Ratio AnalysisRatio Analysis Ratio analysis is the calculation and comparison of ratios which are derived from the information in a company's financial statements. Financial ratios are usually expressed as a percent or as times per period.a) Liquidity RatiosLiquidity ratios measure a firm’s ability to meet its current obligations. These include Current Ratio, Acid Test Ratio, Sales to Working Capital, Working capital.b) Leverage RatiosLeverage ratios measure the degree of protection of suppliers of long term funds. These include Time Interest Earned, Fixed Charge Coverage, Debt Ratio, Debt / Equity Ratio, Debt to Tangible Net worth Ratio, Current Worth / Net worth Ratio, Total Capitalization Ratio, Fixed Asset Ratio / Equity Ratio, Long term Assets versus Long term Debt.c) Profitability RatiosProfitability ratios measure the earning ability of a firm. These include Net Profit Margin, Return on Assets, DuPont Return on Assets, Operating Income Margin, Operating Assets Turnover, Return on Operating Assets, Sales to Fixed Assets, Return on Investment (ROI), Return on Total Equity, Gross Profit Margin.d) Activity RatiosActivity ratios measure a firm's ability to convert different accounts within their balance sheets into cash or sales. These include Accounts Receivable Turnover。

第1篇Financial reporting analysis is a crucial aspect of assessing the financial health and performance of a company. This review delves into various aspects of financial reporting analysis, including its significance, methodologies, and challenges. By examining the existing literature, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the subject.IntroductionFinancial reporting is a process through which companies communicate their financial performance and position to stakeholders. Financial reporting analysis involves the examination and interpretation of financial statements to assess the company's profitability, liquidity, solvency, and overall financial health. This analysis is vital for investors, creditors, and other stakeholders to make informed decisions.Significance of Financial Reporting Analysis1. Investor Decision-Making: Financial reporting analysis helps investors evaluate the profitability, stability, and growth prospects of a company. By analyzing financial statements, investors can determine the fair value of stocks and make informed investment decisions.2. Credit Risk Assessment: Financial reporting analysis is crucial for creditors in assessing the creditworthiness of a company. By analyzing financial ratios and trends, creditors can determine the likelihood of default and set appropriate interest rates.3. Regulatory Compliance: Financial reporting analysis ensures that companies comply with regulatory requirements. By analyzing financial statements, auditors and regulators can verify the accuracy and completeness of financial reports.4. Performance Evaluation: Financial reporting analysis enables managers to evaluate the performance of their company and identify areas for improvement. By comparing financial ratios and trends over time, managers can assess the effectiveness of their strategies and operations.Methodologies of Financial Reporting Analysis1. Horizontal Analysis: Horizontal analysis involves comparing financial statements over multiple periods to identify trends and patterns. This method helps in assessing the growth rate and stability of a company's financial performance.2. Vertical Analysis: Vertical analysis involves expressing each item ina financial statement as a percentage of a base figure, typically total assets or total liabilities and equity. This method helps in understanding the composition and structure of a company's financial position.3. Ratio Analysis: Ratio analysis involves calculating and interpreting various financial ratios to assess a company's profitability, liquidity, solvency, and efficiency. Common ratios include current ratio, debt-to-equity ratio, return on assets, and return on equity.4. Cash Flow Analysis: Cash flow analysis involves examining a company's cash inflows and outflows to assess its liquidity and financial stability. This analysis helps in understanding the sources and uses of cash and identifying potential cash flow issues.Challenges in Financial Reporting Analysis1. Complexity of Financial Statements: Financial statements can be complex and contain technical jargon, making it challenging for individuals without a financial background to understand them.2. Earnings Manipulation: Companies may manipulate their financial statements to portray a better financial position than reality. This can be done through various accounting practices, such as aggressive revenue recognition or deferred expenses.3. Volatility of Financial Markets: Financial markets can be volatile, making it difficult to assess the long-term performance of a company based on short-term results.4. Limited Access to Information: Some companies may not providesufficient information in their financial reports, making it challenging to conduct a comprehensive analysis.ConclusionFinancial reporting analysis is a vital tool for assessing the financial health and performance of a company. By examining financial statements, stakeholders can make informed decisions regarding investment, credit, and regulatory compliance. However, the complexity of financial statements, potential earnings manipulation, and market volatility pose challenges to effective financial reporting analysis. It is essentialfor individuals to stay updated with the latest methodologies and techniques to conduct a thorough and accurate analysis.References1. Ball, R., & Brown, P. (1968). An empirical evaluation of accounting income numbers. Journal of Accounting Research, 6(1), 159-178.2. Ohlson, J. A. (1995). Earnings, book values, and dividends: Implications for valuation. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 19(2), 293-324.3. Dechow, P. M., Hwang, W., & Subramanyam, K. R. (1995). The value relevance of accounting information: Price and return effects ofearnings announcements. The Accounting Review, 70(1), 59-82.4. Beaver, W. H. (1968). Financial reporting and control. Prentice-Hall.5. Ohlson, J. A., & Ohlson, L. A. (2005). Earnings management: A behavioral view. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 39(1), 3-28.第2篇Abstract:This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the literature on financial report analysis. It explores various methodologies, tools, and techniques used in the analysis of financial reports, including ratio analysis, horizontal analysis, vertical analysis, and cash flow analysis.The paper also discusses the importance of financial report analysis in decision-making processes, the challenges faced by analysts, and the impact of technology on the field. Furthermore, it examines the ethical considerations involved in financial reporting and analysis.Introduction:Financial report analysis is a critical tool for stakeholders, including investors, creditors, and management, to assess the financial health and performance of an organization. It involves the examination of financial statements, such as the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement, to extract meaningful insights. This literature review aims to synthesize the existing research on financial report analysis, highlighting key methodologies, challenges, and future directions.Methodology:The review is based on a comprehensive search of academic databases, including Google Scholar, JSTOR, and ScienceDirect, using keywords such as "financial report analysis," "financial statement analysis," "ratio analysis," "horizontal analysis," "vertical analysis," and "cash flow analysis." The selected articles are categorized based on their methodologies, focus areas, and contributions to the field.Literature Review:1. Ratio Analysis:Ratio analysis is one of the most widely used tools in financial report analysis. It involves the calculation of various ratios, such asliquidity ratios, solvency ratios, profitability ratios, and efficiency ratios, to assess the financial performance and stability of a company (Hickman & Warren, 2003). According to research by Ball & Brown (1968), ratio analysis can be a powerful tool for predicting future financial performance.2. Horizontal Analysis:Horizontal analysis, also known as trend analysis, involves comparing financial data over multiple periods to identify trends and patterns(Shannon, 2004). This methodology is particularly useful for identifying changes in financial performance over time and for assessing the effectiveness of management decisions (Hillson, 2001).3. Vertical Analysis:Vertical analysis, or common-size analysis, involves expressingfinancial statement items as a percentage of a base figure, typically total assets or total sales (Dunstan & Hyett, 1997). This approach allows for the comparison of financial statements across different companies or over time, providing a clearer picture of the relative importance of different items (Friedman, 1986).4. Cash Flow Analysis:Cash flow analysis is essential for understanding the cash-generating ability of a company. It involves examining the cash inflows and outflows from operating, investing, and financing activities (Harvey, 2003). According to research by Solt, 2001, cash flow analysis iscrucial for assessing the financial sustainability of a company and for making investment decisions.5. Technological Advancements:The advent of technology has significantly impacted financial report analysis. Advanced software and tools, such as Excel, SAP, and Oracle, have made it easier to perform complex analyses and generate accurate reports (Smith & Watson, 2010). Moreover, the rise of big data analytics has enabled analysts to extract more meaningful insights from large datasets (Davenport & Patil, 2012).6. Ethical Considerations:Ethical considerations play a crucial role in financial report analysis. Analysts must ensure the accuracy and reliability of their analyses, avoid conflicts of interest, and maintain confidentiality (Ott & Mace, 2007). The ethical implications of financial reporting and analysis are further emphasized by research by Dechow et al. (1996).7. Challenges and Future Directions:Despite the advancements in financial report analysis, severalchallenges remain. These include the complexity of financial reporting standards, the availability of quality data, and the need for continuous learning and adaptation (Baker & Nair, 2006). Future research should focus on developing new methodologies, improving data quality, and addressing ethical concerns (Atrill & McLaney, 2016).Conclusion:Financial report analysis is a vital tool for stakeholders to assess the financial health and performance of an organization. This literature review has explored various methodologies, tools, and techniques used in financial report analysis, highlighting the importance of ratio analysis, horizontal analysis, vertical analysis, and cash flow analysis. The review also discusses the impact of technology, ethical considerations, and challenges in the field. As the financial landscape continues to evolve, it is crucial for researchers and practitioners to stay informed about the latest developments and advancements in financial report analysis.References:- Atrill, P., & McLaney, E. (2016). Financial management for non-financial managers. Financial Times/Prentice Hall.- Baker, R. C., & Nair, V. (2006). Challenges in financial reporting and analysis. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 25(5), 747-765.- Ball, R., & Brown, P. (1968). An empirical evaluation of accounting income numbers. Journal of Business, 41(2), 71-91.- Davenport, T. H., & Patil, D. J. (2012). Big data: A revolution that will transform how we live, work, and think. Harvard Business Review Press.- Dechow, P. M., Hermalin, B., & Welch, I. (1996). The quality of accounting information and the cost of capital. Journal of Accountingand Economics, 21(1), 1-33.- Dunstan, P., & Hyett, C. (1997). Vertical analysis: A forgotten tool? Accounting and Business Research, 27(4), 259-268.- Friedman, M. (1986). A monetary history of the United States, 1867-1960. Princeton University Press.- Harvey, C. R. (2003). The cash flow statement: An analysis and interpretation guide. John Wiley & Sons.- Hillson, D. (2001). Financial analysis: An introduction to concepts, tools, and techniques. Financial Times/Prentice Hall.- Hickman, K. C., & Warren, J. D. (2003). Financial accounting. John Wiley & Sons.- Ott, C. M., & Mace, T. E. (2007). Ethical decision-making in accounting. John Wiley & Sons.- Shannon, D. (2004). Financial statement analysis. John Wiley & Sons.- Solt, G. T. (2001). Cash flow statement analysis: A comprehensive guide to interpreting cash flow statements. John Wiley & Sons.- Smith, J., & Watson, D. (2010). Management accounting. Financial Times/Prentice Hall.第3篇IntroductionFinancial reporting is a crucial aspect of corporate governance and transparency. It provides stakeholders with essential information about an organization's financial performance, position, and cash flows. This literature review aims to analyze various aspects of financial reports, including their structure, content, and the impact they have on investors, creditors, and other stakeholders. The review will cover key theories, methodologies, and findings from existing literature.Structure and Content of Financial ReportsFinancial reports typically consist of several key components, including the balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement, and notes tothe financial statements. These components provide a comprehensive overview of an organization's financial health and performance.1. Balance Sheet: The balance sheet presents a snapshot of an organization's financial position at a specific point in time. It lists the organization's assets, liabilities, and equity. Assets representwhat the organization owns, liabilities represent what it owes, and equity represents the owners' claim on the assets.2. Income Statement: The income statement provides information about an organization's revenues, expenses, and net income over a specific period. It shows how much revenue the organization generated and how much it spent to generate that revenue.3. Cash Flow Statement: The cash flow statement tracks the inflows and outflows of cash within an organization over a specific period. It is divided into three sections: operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities. This statement helps stakeholders understand the organization's liquidity and cash-generating ability.4. Notes to the Financial Statements: These notes provide additional information and explanations to the financial statements. They include details about accounting policies, significant accounting estimates, and other relevant information that is not presented in the primaryfinancial statements.Theoretical FrameworkSeveral theories have been developed to explain the purpose and impactof financial reporting. The following are some of the key theories:1. Information Asymmetry Theory: This theory suggests that there is a significant information gap between managers and investors. Financial reporting is seen as a mechanism to reduce this information asymmetryand provide investors with better decision-making information.2. Agency Theory: Agency theory focuses on the relationship between principals (investors) and agents (managers). Financial reporting isseen as a way to monitor and control the actions of managers to ensure they act in the best interest of the owners.3. Stakeholder Theory: Stakeholder theory emphasizes the importance of considering the interests of all stakeholders, including employees, customers, suppliers, and the community. Financial reporting is seen as a means to communicate with these stakeholders and demonstrate social responsibility.Methodologies for Analyzing Financial ReportsSeveral methodologies can be used to analyze financial reports, including:1. Horizontal Analysis: This method involves comparing financial data over different periods to identify trends and patterns. It helps stakeholders understand how an organization's financial performance has changed over time.2. Vertical Analysis: This method involves expressing each item in the financial statements as a percentage of a base figure, such as total assets or total revenues. This allows stakeholders to compare the relative importance of different items within the financial statements.3. Ratio Analysis: This method involves calculating various financial ratios to assess an organization's financial performance and stability. Common ratios include liquidity ratios, profitability ratios, and solvency ratios.Impact of Financial Reports on StakeholdersFinancial reports have a significant impact on various stakeholders:1. Investors: Investors use financial reports to evaluate the financial health and performance of potential investments. They rely on this information to make informed decisions about buying, holding, or selling stocks and bonds.2. Creditors: Creditors use financial reports to assess the creditworthiness of a borrower. They analyze the financial statements todetermine the likelihood of repayment and the risk associated with lending money.3. Regulatory Bodies: Regulatory bodies, such as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), require organizations to file financial reports to ensure compliance with financial reporting standards and regulations.4. Employees: Employees may use financial reports to assess thefinancial stability and growth prospects of their employer. This information can influence their decision to join, stay with, or leave the organization.5. Community and Environment: Financial reports can also provideinsights into an organization's impact on the community and environment. This information can be used to evaluate the organization's social and environmental responsibility.ConclusionFinancial reports play a critical role in providing stakeholders with essential information about an organization's financial performance and position. This literature review has explored the structure and content of financial reports, the theoretical framework underlying them, methodologies for their analysis, and their impact on various stakeholders. Understanding the importance of financial reporting is crucial for effective decision-making and governance in organizations.References- Ball, R., & Brown, P. (1968). An empirical evaluation of accounting income numbers. Journal of Accounting Research, 6(1), 159-178.- DeFond, M. L., & Francis, J. (2000). The role of accounting information in capital markets: Some implications of the economic theory of information. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 29(1), 3-37.- FASB (Financial Accounting Standards Board). (2018). Accounting standards codification. Norwalk, CT: FASB.- Ohlson, J. A. (1995). Earnings, book values, and dividends: Implications for valuation. Journal of Accounting Research, 33(1), 1-36.- Van Der Stede, W. A. (2014). Financial accounting theory and practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.。

哈佛分析框架与企业财务分析外文文献翻译This article explores the Harvard analysis framework and its n in corporate financial analysis。

The Harvard analysis framework is a strategic management tool that helps businesses analyze their internal and external environments to identify opportunities and threats。

When applied to financial analysis。

the framework can help businesses identify financial strengths and weaknesses and develop strategies to improve their financial performance。

This article provides an overview of the Harvard analysis framework and its key components。

and discusses its n in corporate financial analysis.nIn today's competitive business environment。

it is essential for businesses to have a thorough understanding of their internal and external environments。

This understanding can help businesses identify opportunities and threats。

哈佛分析框架与企业财务分析外文文献翻译毕业设计附件外文文献翻译：原文+译文文献出处：Andrew G. The study of Harvard analysis framework and corporate financial analysis. American Journal of sociology, 2016, 2(4): 283-301.原文The study of Harvard analysis framework and corporate financial analysisAndrew GAbstractAn effective financial analysis framework should not only learn how to use accounting data, and be good at using the accounting data. Enterprises to implement its business strategy are based on the accounting data, and ignore the enterprise environment and strategic analysis. Thus, to a more comprehensive understanding of enterprise operating performance, but also extends the traditional financial analysis object by the financial statements for the entire financial report and related institutional environment, build a new financial analysis framework is more and more necessary.New analysis framework should be more with strategic vision, focus on the development strategy of the enterprise, takes the enterprise's competitive position, USES the method of management related problem analysis, financial statement analysis and analysis of organic combination of enterprise development strategy, analysis of enterprise internal and external management environment, combined with the overall development of the enterprise strategic and long-term interests, analyze the contentof the more widely and more wide, to the enterprise management decision making will be more valuable. Harvard analysis framework and harvard analysis framework arises at the historic moment, standing in a strategic point of view, is not limited to the company's financial statements, to analyze the opportunities and threats from external environment, and the enterprise internal strengths and weaknesses, the analysis of financial situation improved prediction is scientific, pointed out the direction of future development for the enterprise.Keywords: Harvard analysis framework, the electric power enterprise, strategy, financial analysis1 IntroductionThe development needs of an enterprise financial analysis for its help, financial analysis has attracted the attention of the enterprise, experts and scholars are also constantly explore the solution to the financial analysis, financial analysis framework of research in recent years, more and more. Harvard analysis is the sublimation of traditional financial analysis, the framework from the management strategy of enterprises, analyzes the financial data of the enterprise, accounting analysis, find out enterprise possible false results, and then adopt some methods to improve the quality of accounting information, and on the basis of financial analysis, realistic analysis of the results, and then forecast the prospect of the enterprise. The traditional financial analysis framework is in the long-term practice of financial analysis and theoretical summary and form, it is main analysis object with financial statements, although joined the financial comprehensive analysis model or system, but still with quantitative analysis as the basic characteristics of neglect or some important financial information cannot be effectivelyincorporated into the analysis framework. Traditional analysis framework is mainly analysis enterprise's financial statements, is basically a state of "report on report". And commonly used analysis methods mainly include ratio analysis, comparative analysis, trend analysis and DuPont financial analysis system, etc., mainly through the calculation and comparison of the financial statement data, draw the corresponding index data, then the results of comparative analysis and factor analysis, heavy "quantity" is not "quality", the lack of the nature of the analysis of a problem. Traditional analysis, with emphasis on the internal situation, the main process flows of the enterprise, asset utilization ability, debt paying ability, profitability analysis, and ignore the external business environment. And analysis based on financial statements and financial statements is a summary of the business in the past, and this analysis has the obvious lag. The traditional financial analysis framework to analyze the data on the enterprise accounting statements cannot havesatisfied the needs of the development of enterprises now.2 Literature reviewCommon methods of financial analysis can be summarized as three kinds: DuPont financial analysis method, economic value added and balanced scorecard method. DuPont financial analysis method the enterprise net assets yield level decomposition to the product of a number of financial ratios, by using the inner relationship between financial indicators, comprehensive management of the enterprise financial management system and the economic benefit of this evaluation. It can help enterprise management more clearly see the determinants of return on net assets, and the sales net profit margin and total asset turnover, the correlation relationship between the debt ratio, provides aclear overview to management whether the company assets management efficiency and maximize shareholder returns roadmap. Economic value added theory init ially by Merton miller and Franco’s dial, two famous economists put forward. Later in the United States, tang, consulting company realized that this method is to evaluate the value of the company a good method, so the company will set up the method to promote worldwide. Economic value added is the company's operating profit after tax and the difference between the costs of capital; it takes into account the opportunity cost of capital economic profits, rather than accounting profit. It will force the company decision-makers high attention to the cost of capital. Put forward by Robert Kaplan, the balanced scorecard, which is based on enterprise strategy as the guidance, through finance, customer, operations and staff from four aspects and performance indicators of cause and effect, comprehensive management and the enterprise integrated performance evaluation system. Because of its advanced and has a certain reliability, so has been the favor of some companies. This kind of evaluation method to evaluate the quality of people to have certain request, because the choice of evaluation index need to refer to the company all aspects of characteristics, in order to fully reflect the company's financial position and operating results.In this increasingly mature, on the basis of financial analysis methods, scholars began to pay attention to these methods can be incorporated into a complete financialanalysis system, in order to form a frame structure, support for the enterprise economic operation.ErichHelford analysis framework is divided into introduction, operation analysis, investment analysis, financing analysis, value analysis several part.Summarizes the enterprise system, decision background and its relationship with financial statements and analysis tools, discussed including investment analysis, capital cost and financing options, and stock and enterprise value assessment, etc.Elisha based on the traditional financial analysis framework, which based on the analysis of enterprise debt paying ability, assets operation ability, profit ability and development ability, added into some of the industry analysis and the analysis of competition strategy. It includes business strategy analysis, accounting analysis, financial statement analysis and prospect analysis of four parts.The main points of the frame is in the business strategy analysis under the premise of accounting analysis, financial analysis and prospect analysis, shows that it is in a macro view more open order detail analysis, not only do detail analysis. Clyde P to financial analysis framework is divided into three parts, the first part of the financial accounting environment, the analysis of the data and the relationship between the enterprises the main activities, etc;The second part of accounting analysis, from the generally accepted accounting principles, analysis the connotation of the accounting item and quality; The third part of financial analysis, namely from the profitability, risk, prediction and evaluation of enterprise financial position and operating results are analyzed.3 Harvard theory analysis frameworks3.1 Strategic analysisStrategic analysis is the logical starting point of financial statement analysis, is also a Harvard analysis framework and other different parts of the financial analysis. Financial statement analysis is through the strategy analysis to the business activities of enterprises qualitative analysis of its economic significance,but also to accounting analysis and financial analysis for providing realistic background. Its main from the industry analysis and competitive strategy analysis of the two sides is analyzed. Can make use of porter five analysis, industry analysis to analyze the profitability of theindustry, by analyzing the existing and potential competitiveness, and negotiation ability, in the buying and selling market for investors to the data analysis of the industry has an overall grasp. Through the analysis of the industry development stage, the industry technological change speed, the product difference and integration, the buyer the seller number and relative size, industry market boundaries, total market and growth prospects, such as analysis, can see the nature of the industry and its status and role in the national economy. Sometimes, according to the characteristics of different industry life cycle for analysis. Must analysis the enterprise competition strategy analysis the characteristics of the industry and competitiveness problems. Choose attractive strong industry is part of business success, however, the real key to the success or failure of the enterprise is the enterprise the selected cost leadership strategy or differentiation strategy enforcement of whether to make a difference. Cost advantages including at a lower cost to provide the same product or service ability, a large number of mass production scale, production efficiency, etc.Difference advantage to supply a unique product or service cost is lower than the price, consumers preferred to buy a better product quality, more product variety, better customer service, etc.3.2 Accounting analysisAccounting analysis aims to evaluate financial statementdisclosure of accounting information to the enterprise actual reflect the degree of operating conditions. Through the evaluation of enterprise accounting policies and accounting estimates whether appropriate, can assess the enterprise accounting information distortion degree. Through the analysis of the notes to financial statements, understand accounting statements behind digital detailed composition and not reflected in the information on accounting statements, by analyzing industry transverse and longitudinal analysis of the enterprise financial data that may exist in the water, and then to certain adjustment of financial data, and according to the adjusted data to the financial statements, so that they can more accurately grasp the enterprise the management condition. Accounting analysis steps in turn have to identify the key accounting policies, evaluating accounting flexibility, evaluationstrategy, accounting disclosure quality evaluation, recognize danger signals and finally eliminate the distortion of accounting information. Accounting analysis method can have the audit report to analysis, abnormal profit excluding method, cash flow analysis, related party transactions rejecting method eliminating method and the virtual assets.3.3 Financial analysisThe main content of financial analysis is to enterprise's debt paying ability, operation ability, and profit ability; create cash flow capacity using the method of financial ratio analysis and cash flow analysis to analysis and research. Is the purpose of financial analysis using the financial data to evaluate the performance of enterprise at present and the past, in order to better know and enterprise strategy is linked to performance. Ratio analysis is mainly used to evaluate the enterprise product marketperformance and financial policy. Cash flow analysis is mainly used to evaluate enterprise asset liquidity and financial flexibility. Analyze the corporate profitability and growth is one of the major problems of financial statement analysis and evaluation. Through the analysis of the problem can be used to develop product strategy and financial strategies. Product strategy, operation and management, including analysis of revenues and expenses management, working capital and the management of fixed assets investment management. Management of finance strategy including the analysis of debt and equity structure of financing strategy, dividend payments and profit distribution of dividend policy. Conduct financial analysis and accounting information distortion phenomenon is more common, so the Harvard analysis under the framework of financial analysis are not independent accounting data, but according to the result of step in the accounting analysis, namely the financial statements of the enterprise artificial out financial analysis, and the related parameters of the accounting statements and peer enterprises horizontal comparison, and analysis enterprise's position in the industry and its realistic situation.译文哈佛分析框架与企业财务分析研究Andrew G摘要一个有效地财务分析框架不仅要学习如何使用会计数据，而且要善于运用非会计数据。