英汉对比与翻译(全)

他不怕死。 He does not hear to die. fear
Examples of Negative Transfer
2、他一天只吃两顿饭。 He only eat two meal a day. eats meals 我去年到北京去了三次。 I go to Beijing 3 time last year. Went times Morphological transfer （词形迁移） 词形迁移） Neither nouns nor verbs have inflections in Chinese. 在汉语中，名词和动词都没有形态变化。
人到齐就开会。 The meeting will begin when all are here. 不要人云亦云。 Don’t say what others have said. Tense （时态） 帐单撕碎了。 The bill was torn to pieces. 问题解决了。 The problem was solved. Voice （语 态） 你再说一个字， If you should say one more 我马上走。 word, I would go at once. 你死了， If you should die, I would go and 我去当和尚。 be a monk. Mood （语气）
人在阵地在。 The position will not be given up so long as we are still living. 人无远虑， If one has no long-term considerations, 必有近忧。 he will find trouble at his doorstep.
Part One
Language Transfer in FL Learning: Interference or Facilitation?
外语学习中的语言迁移： 外语学习中的语言迁移： 干扰还是促进？ 干扰还是促进？
What Is Language Transfer?
Transfer is the influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously acquired . Odlin (1989: 27) 迁移是由于目标语与已经习得的语言之 间的相似和差异而产生的 影响。 奥德林
Examples of Negative Transfer
5、他建议我接受这个报价。 He suggested me to accept this offer . He suggested that I (should) accept this offer . He suggested my (me) accepting this offer . Syntactical transfer (句型迁移) The verb jianyi, the Chinese equivalent of ‘suggest’, can be used in VOC pattern in Chinese. Suggest的汉语对应词“建议”在汉语中可以用 “动词+宾语+补语”的结构。
Native Language Transfer Does Exist.
• The age of the learner: adulthood • The socio-cultural context
Two Types of Transfer
• Negative Transfer • Positive Transfer (负迁移) （正迁移） Errors arise from Errors decrease by analogy. analysis. 类推会产生错误。 分析能减少错误。
Please translate the following:
你再说一个字，我马上走。 If you should say one more word, I would go at once. 你死了，我去当和尚。 If you should die, I would go and be a monk.
Collocation transfer (搭配迁移) 搭配迁移) The noun renkou, the Chinese equivalent of ‘population’, can have a numerical pre-modifier. Population的汉语对应词“人口”在汉语中可以 用前置数词来修饰。
Two Types of Transfer
• Negative Transfer (负迁移) Errors arise from analogy. 类推会产生错误。 • Positive Transfer （正迁移） Errors decrease by analysis. 分析能减少错误。
We could turn negative transfer (interference) into positive (facilitation) by making analysis on differences between the two languages and arouse the learner’s awareness of avoiding or reducing errors from analogy. 我们可以通过分析两种语言的差异，提高学生避免 或减少类推错误的意识，把负迁移（干扰）转化为正迁 移（促进）。
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation
左 飚
上海海事大学 zuobiao212@
欢迎光临
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
Three Parts
1. Language transfer 2. Linguistic contrast 欢迎光临 3. Contrast and translation
Causes: • analogical use of one’s prior knowledge of the mother tongue 母语先知结构的类推运用 • scanty knowledge of differences between the two languages 对两种语言的差异所知甚少 • unconscious falling back on the mother tongue speech habit 不自觉地回归母语的言语习惯
Please translate the following:
人到齐就开会。 The meeting will begin when all are here. 不要人云亦云。 Don’t say what others have said. 帐单撕碎了。 The bill was torn to pieces. 问题解决了。 The problem was solved.
(Condition 条件 条件)
病来如山倒， Sickness comes like an avalanche, 病去如抽丝。 but goes like reeling silk.
(Contrast, Opposition 对照、转折 对照、转折)
我来他已去。 He had left when I arrived.
Examples of Negative Transfer
1、这位作家喜欢晚上写作。 The writer likes writing at light. night
Phonological transfer (语音迁移) 语音迁移) The sound /n/ does not exist in some Chinese dialects and /l/ serves as a substitute. 在有些中国方言（如南京方言）中没有/n/这个辅音，而 用/l/来替代。
Examples of Negative Transfer
6. -- Your English is wonderful. -- No, no. My English is still poor. -- Your English is wonderful. -- Thank you, but I still need to improve my English. Pragmatic transfer (语用迁移) The negative reply to a compliment is considered in Chinese as modest and courteous. 对赞扬的否定回答在汉语中被视为谦虚有礼貌。
Chinese
Lacking inflection in the strict sense 缺少严格意义的 形态变化 老师们、同学们 我的爸爸、你的妈妈 认真的态度、 认真地学习
English
Retaining some inflections 保留一些形态变化 v.（动词）: tense, aspect, voice, mood n.（名词）: number, case, gender pron.（代词）: person, gender, case, number adj.（形容词）: degree ad.（副词） : degree
Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning. 对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。
Negative Transfer (负迁移): Interference (干扰)
Examples of Negative Transfer
3、据说上海有一千六百万人口。
Shanghai is said to have sixteen million population. Shanghai is said to have a population of sixteen million. Shanghai is said to have sixteen million people.
Part Two
A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese 英汉语对比研究
Difference Between
Comparative Study and Contrastive Study
Comparative Study lays emphasis on the similarities between languages and applies the diachronic method of 。 Contrastive Study lays emphasis on the differences between languages and applies the synchronic method of research. 对比研究着重寻找 语言间的不同点，运用 共时的研究方法。
Examples of Negative Transfer
4、要采取措施缩小贫富差距。 Measures must be taken to narrow the gap between the poor and the rich. the rich and the poor Word order transfer (词序迁移) 东南西北 衣食住行 饥寒交迫 或迟或早 废寝忘食 田径项目 悲欢离合 水陆交通 生老病死