山大英语专升本三(2)

SHANDONG UNIVERSITY COLLEGE ENGLISH TESTFOR NON-ENGLISH MAJORS OF CONTINUING EDUCATION（本科第3册）2I. Vocabulary and Structure (15%)There are 30 questions in this section. For each of the questions, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the ONE that best answers the question.1. Agricultural experts always caution farmers to irrigate in regions receiving only light rainfall. DA. remindB. teachC. findD. warn2. The manager ___C_______ one of the hotel servants of stealing the money.A. complainedB. blamedC. accusedD. scolded3. For a beauty competition you need a pretty face and a good _____D_______.A. formB. formationC. frameD. figure4. The officer said he had a good ____A______ to arrest the beggar.A. mindB. headC. heartD. spirit5. During the storm we took _____C_______ in the doorway of a shop.A. rescueB. comfortC. shelterD. guard6. He was last seen in public on the _____B_____ of his daughter’s wedding.A. eventB. occasionC. chanceD. affair7. Confused by the situation, he couldn’t make his own ___A______.A. judgmentB. paymentC. complaintD. resentment8. He ____A ___ his right hand in a car accident.A. lostB. had lostC. has lostD. losed9. It is __A_ ___ to walk on the top of the wall.A. dangerousB. seriousC. notoriousD. vigorous10. Analytical chemistry lays __ D____ on the development of precise methods ofanalyzing the chemical composition of substances.A. heavyB. focusC. centerD. emphasis11. The __A_ ____ among the various sciences is determined by the nature of science.A. interdependenceB. interchangeC. interventionD. interview12. One of the main characters in Shakespeare’s play A Merchant in Venice is the__C_ ____ Shylock.A. greasyB. greatC. greedyD. greeting13. Some measures must be taken to preserve the ___C______ of the soil.A. wealthB. futilityC. fertilityD. rich14. The only songs officially approved by the Puritans were very simple hymns. DA. originallyB. reluctantlyC. unanimouslyD. formally15. Benjamin Franklin was not the first to suggest the relationship between lightning and the electricity, but his experiment with a kite was original.DA. defineB. confirmC. examineD. propose16. Many of Edith Wharton’s best stories were completed under great personal strain.DA. povertyB. privacyC. resentmentD. tension17. For three weeks the country has enjoyed very unusual winter ___B_ ____ and sunshine.A. heatB. warmthC. hotD. icy18. We are right to give these movements every __A____ __.A. encouragementB. enpowermentC. engrossmentD. enchantment19. Civilisation consists A having a constructive attitude.A. ofB. onC. aboutD. in20. Robert worked hard so that he could get ahead D the others.A. fromB. forC. withD. of21. A key B the back door is always kept on a high ledge above the door.A. forB. toC. ofD. on22. ___D___ __ he was worried, he tried to appear calm.A. DespiteB. UnlessC. YetD. Although23. ___D__ ___ kind of food you like, you can get it in London.A. WhatB. WhichC. TheD. Whatever24. Neighbours ought to respect __B_ _____.A. himselfB. one anotherC. each oneD. to each other25. If only everything ___B_ ____ out as we wanted it to in life!A. worksB. workedC. is workingD. has worked26. His name was on the __B__ ____ of my tongue, but I just couldn’t remember it.A. endB. tipC. pointD. edge27. She asked for the __B_____ _ of her holidays into September.A. impressionB. extensionC. expansionD. expression28. Before 1949, the Chinese working class suffered from _ D_______.A. propertyB. weaknessC. angerD. poverty29. Apart from its tourist attraction, Niagara Falls is also famous for its ___C_____ of electricity through water power.A. realizationB. makingC. generationD. building30. Please don’t get mad D me. I was only trying to help.A. onB. toC. atD. againstII. Cloze (10%)There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the ONE that best fits into the passages.Until very recently there was not medical help available for many kinds of diseases or injuries of important(31)C parts of the body. People (32)B some kinds of heart disease or kidney disease used to become weaker and weaker (33)D they died. Older people with broken bones often did not get (34)A again. When large blood (35)C broke, it usually (36)B death. But in the last twenty years incredible medical (37) A has been made in fixing damaged internal parts of the body.Nowadays metal can be used to (38)A bones together and plastic can be used to C (39) holes in blood vessels. A small machine called a pacemaker can be (40)B inside a person’s chest to help the heart beat correctly.Some new machines are used outside the (41)A to help treat serious health problems. One is the heart-lung machine which can (42)C the work of a person’s heart and lungs while (43)C fix a damaged heart. People with serious kidney disease (44)D to have little hope, but now the (45) A kidney machine can do the kidney’s work for it. The patient has to be C (46) to the machine about twice a week for a period of eight hours. During that time, the machine (47)D his/her blood.Doctors have learned how to use human body (48)C to save lives also. Everyone is familiar with blood transfusions (49)D patients who have lost a lot of blood. Badly burned persons often need new skin, and doctors can transplant skin (50)D the uninjured parts of their bodies to the burned parts.31. A. external B. inside C. internal D. outside32. A. in B. with C. of D. over33. A. before B. to C. after D. until34. A. well B. good C. work D. start35. A. tubes B. flutes C. vessels D. pipes36. A. mended B. meant C. intended D. tended37. A. progress B. program C. process D. problem38. A. keep B. maintain C. attain D. hold39. A. mix B. suit C. fix D. fit40. A. located B. placed C. moved D. pushed41. A. body B. heart C. kidney D. lung42. A. meet B. do C. make D. get43. A. scientists B. physicians C. surgeons D. experts44. A. using B. being used C. use D. used45. A. artificial B. artful C. natural D. national46. A. attacked B. fixed C. tied D. attached47. A. claims B. cleans C. clears D. purifies48. A. bits B. fragments C. parts D. pieces49. A. for B. of C. to D. on50. A. of B. on C. off D. fromIII. Reading Comprehension (40%)There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some True-False questions or Multiple-Choice questions. Choose among A, B, C, and D or between T and F to answer each question. Write the letter of your choice on your Answer Sheet.Passage 1Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers, whereas the people who really helped civilization forward are often never mentioned at all. We do not know who first set a broken leg, or launched a seaworthy boat, or calculated the length of the year, or manured a field; but we know all about the killers and destroyers. People think a great deal of them, so much so that on all the highest pillars in the great cities of the world you will find the figure of a conqueror or a general or a soldier. And I think most people believe that the greatest countries ruled over them as conquerors. It is just possible they are, but they are not the most civilized. Animals fight; so do savages; hence to be good at fighting is to be good in the way in which an animal or a savage is good, but it is not to be civilized. Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most efficiently—this, after all, is what conquerors and generals have done—is not being civilized. People fight to settle quarrels. Fighting means killing, and civilized peoples ought to be able to find some way of settling their disputes other than by seeing which side can kill off the greater number of the other side, and then saying that that side which has killed most has won. And not only has it won, but, because it has won, it has been in the right. For that is what going to war means; it means saying that might is right.That is what the story of mankind has on the whole been like. Even our own age has fought the two greatest wars in history, in which millions of people were killed or mutilated. And while today it is true that people do not fight and kill each other in the streets—while, that is to say, we have got to the stage of keeping the rules and behaving properly to each other in daily life—nations and countries have not learnt to do this yet, and still behave like savages.But we must not expect too much. After all, the race of men has only just started. From the point of view of evolution, human beings are very young children indeed, babies, in fact, of a few months old. Scientists reckon that there has been life of some sort on the earth in the form of jelly-fish and that kind of creature for about twelve hundred million years; but there have been men for only one million years, and there have been civilized men for about eight thousand years at the outside. These figures are difficult to grasp; so let us scale them down. Suppose that we reckon the whole past of living creatures on the earth as one hundred years; then the whole past of man works out at about one month, and during that month there have been civilizations for between seven and eight hours. So you see there has been little time to learn in, but there will be oceans of time in which to learn better. Taking man’s civilized past at about seven or eight hours,we may estimatehis future, that is to say, the whole period between now and when the sun grows too cold to maintain life any longer on the earth, at about one hundred thousand years. Thus mankind is only at the beginning of its civilized life, and as I say, we must not expect too much. The past of man has been on the whole a pretty beastly business, a business of fighting and bullying and gorging and grabbing and hurting. We must not expect even civilized peoples not to have done these things. All we can ask is that they will sometimes have done something else.51. In the first sentence, the author says that C .A.most history books were written by conquerors, generals and soldiersB.no one who really helped civilization forward is mentioned in any historybookC.history books tell us far more about conquerors and soldiers than about thosewho helped civilization forwardD.conquerors, generals and soldiers should not be mentioned in history books52. Most people believe that the greatest countries are C .A.those that built the highest pillarsB.those that were beaten in battle by the greatest number of other countriesC.those that were ruled by the greatest number of conquerorsD.those that won the greatest number of battles against other countries53. The author says that civilized people C .A.should not have any quarrels to settleB.should not fight when there are no quarrels to settleC.should settle their quarrels without fightingD.should settle their quarrels by seeing which side can kill off the greaternumber of the other side54. “Even our own age has fought the two greatest wars in history.” The authorsays this in order to show that our own age is B .A.different from those of the pastB.not much better than those of the pastC.much better than those of the pastD.not so civilized as those of the past55. The scale which the author uses for representing time is A .A.one month=one million yearsB.one hundred years=eight thousand yearsC.one year=one million yearsD.one month=twelve hundred million yearsPassage 2The environment is everything that surrounds us: plants, animals, buildings, country, air, water—literally everything that can affect us in any way. The environment of a town, with its buildings and traffic and its noise and smells, where everyone is on top of everyone else, is a far cry from that of the countryside, with its fields and crops, its wild and domestic animals and its feeling of spaciousness. And the environment differs in different parts of the world.Ecology is the science of how living creatures and plants exist together and depend on each other and on local environment. Where an environment is undisturbed, the ecology of an area is in balance, but if a creature is exterminated or an alien species introduced, then the ecology of the district will be upset—in other words, the balance of nature will be disturbed.Man is a part of the environment and has done more to upset the ecology during his short span on earth than any other living creature. He has done this by his ignorance, his greed, and his wastefulness. He has poisoned the atmosphere and polluted both land and water. He has squandered the earth’s natural resources with no thought for the future, and he has thought out the most destructive ways of killing his fellow men—and every other sort of life at the same time.Since man has done so much damage, it is up to man to try to put matters right—if it is not already too late. If there is to be any remedy for our ills, that remedy ultimately lies in the hands of the young, and the sooner they start doing something about it, the better.One of the main causes of the earth’s troubles is that the world is overpopulated and that this overpopulation is growing at an ever-increasing rate. At the same time we are using up our natural resources—fuels and mineral ores—at an ever-increasing rate with no hope of replacing them.For many years the earth has been unable to provide enough food for these rapidly expanding populations and the position is steadily deteriorating since the fertility of some of our richest soils has been lost and vast areas that were once fertile lands have turned into deserts. And the trouble with deserts is that they tend to creep outwards on to the fertile soils. What is now the northern Sahara Desert fed much of the civilised world 2,500 years ago.Even at this moment many of the earth’s natural treasures are being destroyed, many valuable animals and plants are being killed off, and it is becoming increasingly difficult to grow enough food to pr eserve much of the earth’s population from starvation. The situation is getting out of hand. Time is running out. But with your help, we may be able to reverse the trends which threaten our very existence.56. The environment of a town, …, is a far cry from that of the countryside…A. a great deal different fromB. a long distance fromC. a loud cry fromD. a cry from distance57. Man is a part of … and has done more to upset the ecology…B.A. turn…overB. cause…to be disturbedC. cause…to worryD. cause confusion to…58. … he has thought out the most destructive ways of killing his fellow men…B.A. colleaguesB. other members of the mankindC. countrymenD. men working for him59. If there is to be any remedy for our ills, that remedy ultimately lies in. A…A. bad deedsB. illnessC. diseaseD. sickness60. One of the main causes … is…that this overpopulation is growing at an ever-increasing rate. CA. valueB. costC. speedD. charge or paymentPassage 3The people who lived in Rome 2,000 years ago were already complaining about the noise in their city. They couldn’t sleep, they said, with all that traffic in the streets. For them, noise was merely a disturbance. For us it has become a real danger. We know that the sounds of an average city are loud enough to cause serious damage to the inhabitants’ hearing—in the United States, one person out of twenty has suffered some hearing loss. And all over the world the situation is getting worse all the time, since noise increases with the population.Noise has also increased enormously in the 20th century with the development of machines. We live surrounded by loud planes, trucks, motorcycles, buses, electric tools, radios, pneumatic drills—that roar day and night up to 90 or 100 decibels. The decibel is the unit used to measure the loudness of sound. A normal conversation reaches 55 decibels, thunder roars at 70 decibels, a jet plane goes to 100 decibels and more, and an ordinary subway train, approaching the station, can be twice as loud as the loudest jet. The average discotheque reaches around 118 decibels. At 120 decibels the ear stops hearing sound, and pain starts.Unfortunately, the human ear does not judge clearly the degree of loudness of a noise. A sound ten decibels louder than another one is felt as twice as loud, when in fact it is ten times louder. Since we cannot measure the increase or decrease of noise, we never know to what danger we are exposed.But it is not only our hearing that is threatened. It has been established that loud noises, over a period of time, cause loss of sleep, anger, and many mental and physical problems. Such problems have been observed among factory workers, prisoners in large prisons, and people who drive heavy trucks, operate pneumatic drills, or go frequently to rock-and-roll concerts.Is there a solution? We do know how to build quieter machines, if the public wants them. But merchants point out that people who buy motorcycles, for instance, prefer the loudest ones because they sound more powerful. Some cities are trying to enforce more strictly their anti-noise laws. In Memphis automobilists are fined fifty dollars for honking; they may lose their right to drive if they do it again. People who carry noisy radios in public places may lose them if they are caught with them.Actually, it will take everybody’s efforts to keep city noises from increasing. Even so, say the experts, in twenty years the cities will be twice as loud as they are today because of the growth of the population. The inhabitants will have to shout to be heard at the dinner table. Unless, of course, they have all become completely deaf.61. The sounds of an average city won’t cause serious damage to the inhabitants’ hearing. F62. The development of machines is the only cause of the increase of noise.F63. The human ear cannot judge the loudness of a noise clearly. T64. We don’t know how to build quieter machines. F65. If everybody makes his efforts to keep city noises from increasing, the cities will become quieter in twenty years. FPassage 4Why all the fuss about inflation? True, some people are paying higher prices for goods, but this clearly means that some people are also being paid more. The problem is that inflation redistributes economic welfare. Those who have fixed incomes—perhaps a pension or interest from bonds—suffer because the standard of living their incomes will buy falls lower and lower. Workers whose salaries are fixed by law or by long-term contracts are injured in the same way. At the same time debtors and employers are better off. Old debts are being repaid with cheap money, money that can be earned with a fraction of the effort that they represented when borrowed initially. Employers are profiting because the prices of their products are rising while the cost of the most important input—labor—remains unchanged at the contracted wage. But inflation also affects the distribution of income in more subtle ways. Since the American tax system is progressive—since it takes a larger share of incomes in taxes as incomes increase—inflation redistributes income from private households to the public sector.Widespread use of labor contracts, which often extend over three or more years, has recently resulted in reductions in the real wages paid to some workers. This in turn has made production more profitable. If prices paid to firms rise with inflation while wages are fixed by a contract negotiated earlier, the firm will earn greater profits and wish to expand its output. Inflation affects both the functional distribution of income (the allocation between wages and profits) and the level of employment. This phenomenon may be analyzed formally within the framework of thetheory of wage determination. If wages and prices are stated in nominal terms, the effect of inflation is to increase the marginal revenue product of labor. Marginal revenue product, you will recall, is the increase in total revenue that results from hiring an additional worker. If prices rise, so will marginal revenue product. But wages have been set after nights of shrill bargaining by union and management representatives, and the nominal wage rate remains constant in spite of the rise in prices. Workers are worse off, of course; moreover, the most profitable levels of employment and production increase. In order to restore equilibrium, the firm must increase employment until the nominal wage is again equal to marginal revenue product.Inflation also affects the level of national income. Through its effects on the share of incomes going into taxes, inflation changes the value of the multiplier. Over the past decade this change has been significant. Also, by altering the size of distribution of incomes, inflation is likely to influence the marginal propensity to consume, at least in the short run. Finally, inflation at home reduces the competitiveness of exports in foreign markets and, if not matched by foreign inflation, increases the attractiveness of imports. Both of these phenomena reduce domestic aggregate demand and thereby lower equilibrium between national income and employment. The net effect of inflation on national income is unclear. Some of its consequences are expansionary (its effects on labor markets), but others are contractionary (its impact on net exports). The precise implications of inflation thus depend on how strong each of these effects is.66. During inflation debtors and employees are better off. T67. As a result of inflation, employers are profiting because the prices of their products are rising, but the cost of labor remains unchanged at the contracted wage. T68. Long-term labor contracts protect labors from being injured by inflation. F69. Inflation also affects the level of national income by changing the value of the multiplier between incomes and taxes. T70. Inflation in a country discourages both export and import. TIV. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. (10%)71. In Japan’s capital city of Tokyo, earthquake danger limits the height of building.在日本首都东京，地震危险限制了建筑高度。