2. Conduction（导热）
The best heat-insulating solids own their insulating properties to the air or to other gases contained in cells within the material.（最好的隔热材料在空气和材料细胞中拥有自己的绝热性能。） These cells cause the heat to flow through the solid material through a long tortuous passage. （这些细胞使热量需要通过一个漫长曲折的通道才能流过这个坚实的固体。）In addition, the available cross-sectional area of the solid material is much less than the projected area. （另外，见识的固体材料可用的横截面面积比投影面你少得多。） Experimental evidence shows that many small unicellular pockets of gas are much more effective than a series of connected cells having the same total volume in giving insulating value to a substance. （试验表明，一个物体在给定的总量上具有相同的绝热值上，多小口袋气体单细胞比的一系列连通细胞更加有效）There may be considerable variation in the thermal conductivity of any given insulating material because the conductivity depends on its density, the size and number of its air cells, and its absorbed moisture.（在任给定的绝热材料的导热系数面有很大的差异，这是因为导热系数取决于它的密度，空气细胞的大小和数量，和它吸收的水蒸气。）
6. Fundamentals of industrial Ventilation
（工业通风的基础）
In essence this boils down to heat transfer and mass transfer between the incoming air and air the already within the building.（从本质上讲，这归结于进入的空气和已经在建筑物的空气的传热和传质。） If owing to excessive internal heat production the temperature of the air in the building tends to exceed the specified norms, cooler air is introduced and mixed with the indoor air; the temperature of the air (owning to heat transfer) then remains at the norm. （这是由于建筑物部产热过多导致空气的温度往往超过规定的指标，引入冷的空气引入与室空气混合（由于传热），使空气温度保持不变。）If harmful gases or vapours are released, their concentration is heldwithin specified limits by dilution with the clean incoming air.（如果有害挥发性气体被释放掉，它的浓度将会被在一定围通过引入室外清洁空气来稀释。）
7. Natural Ventilation Fields of Application
（自然通风的应用领域）
The time has long passed when it was necessary to demonstrate the benefits of natural ventilation and justify its application. The proofs were simple and very convincing.
（时间已经过去很久了当它有必要去表明自然通风的好处和证明它的可用性。）They were based on comparisons of mechanical ventilation and natural ventilation. （这是基于自然通风和机械通风的比较。） In hot shops where all the emphasis was laid on mechanical ventilation, and natural air change, being regarded as unimportant, was not taken into account at all.（在热的车间里，所有的重点是机械通风，自然通风被认为是无足轻重的，没有被重视到的。） It was found in all the tests that the volume of natural air change many times exceeded the volume of mechanical ventilation. （很多测试表明，自然通风的换气量几倍于机械通风的换气量。）This revealed the negligible role of general mechanical ventilation despite its heavy installation and running costs. （这表明，全面的机械通风是不会估计到它的很大的装备和运行花费。）Mechanical ventilation in these cases was best used as a corrective to natural ventilation, in the form of air curtains and local air supply or extraction.（在这些情况下，机械通风最好是自然通风的一个补救措施，以空气幕的形式和当地空气的供应和提取。）
9. Comfort and Discomfort（舒适与不舒适）
A particular example is the range effect.（一个特别的
例子这个围的影响。） When an observer experiences a range of stimuli and is asked to rate them on category scale, he tends to rate them by putting the stimuli from the middle of the range into the central categories of the rating scale.（当一个测试员经历了一定围的刺激并且要求把他们分为不同类别围的等级，他倾向于从评定列表围的中间到中央类别投入的刺激来分类。）This has been clearly demonstrated in experiments on the acceptability of noise. （这已经清楚的表明对噪音的可接受性的实验。）Subjects exposed to a range of sound levels tend to place the boundary between acceptable and unacceptable noise at the centre of the range of noise which they have been exposed. （受验者暴露在声音等级的围，往往已经规定了在噪音围的中央的可接受与不可接受噪音的边界。） Thus people who have only been exposed to low noise levels. （因此，人们只暴露在低噪声等级的水平围。） The range effects do not apply only to the range of stimuli provided by the experimenter.（围的影响并不只适用于实验者提供的刺激围。） People carry their own standards with them, based on their general experience, with which they compare a new stimulus. （根据一般的经验，人们具有自己的评价标准来比较新的刺激。） Thus, the meaning of the words comfortable or uncomfortable will not have an absolute value,
but will be relative to his experience and expectation. （因此，舒服或不舒服的含义，没有一个绝对的值，而是相对于他们的经验和期望。） When Gagge et al. (1976) put young men in an environmental chamber at 48, the subjects reated the environment as slightly uncomfortable.（当Gagge et al.将青年男子放于48的环境实验室中，受验者感觉环境稍不舒适。）There is little doubt that the equivalent environment in an office would be regarded as intolerable. （毫无疑问，在办公室里的等效环境将被认为是不能容忍的。） However, the subjects knew they were in a physiological laboratory, were expecting to sweat, and did not object strongly to the experience. （但是，受试者知道他们在胜利实验室，他们期待汗水，并没有强烈反对这种经验。）
11. Efficiency Is Fashionable Again
（效率又流行起来了）
Two basic types of cogeneration systems are available(热电联产系统的两个基本类型是可用的): (1) topping system, which produces electricity and exhausts thermal energy which is used for district heating or comparable functions.（一流的系统，生产电力和废气热能，这是用于区域供热或类似功能。） (2) bottoming system, which
produces thermal energy for an industrial process or district heating and part of the thermal energy is withdrawn to generate electricity. （底部系统，产生热能用于工业或区域供热，以部分的热能要转回产生热能。） Each system has particular equipment requirements. （每个系统都有特定的设备要求。） Which system is used depends on the special need sand situation of the user.（使用哪种系统取决于用户需求和情况。）
12. Refrigeration （制冷）
It is convenient to classify the applications of refrigeration into the following categories（可以把制冷的应用很便的分为以下几类）: domestic, commercial, industrial, and air conditioning.（住宅，商业，工业和空调。） Sometimes transportation is listed as a separate category.（有时候，交通被列为单独的一类。） Domestic refrigeration is used for food preparation and preservation, ice making, and cooling beverages in the household.（家用制冷是用于视频加工和保鲜，制冰，和在家庭中的冷却饮料。） Commercial refrigeration is used in retail stores, restaurants, and institutions, for purposes the same as those in the household.（商用制冷是用于零售商店，餐馆和机构，目的是和
家用制冷相同。） Industrial refrigeration in the food industry is needed in processing, preparation, and large-scale reservation.（在食品工业面的工业制冷是满足加工，制备，和大型预定面的需求。） This includes use in food chilling and freezing plants, cold storage warehouses, breweries, and dairies, to name a few.（这包括在食物中的冷却和冷冻厂，冷藏仓库，酿酒，乳制品等面的应用。） Hundreds of other industries use refrigeration; among them are ice making plants, oil refineries, pharmaceuticals.（数以百计的行业使用制冷，其中有制冰厂，炼油厂，制药厂。） Of course ice skating rinks need refrigeration.（当然，溜冰场也需要制冷。）
The most widespread method of producing mechanical refrigeration is called the vapor compression system.（机械制冷生产的最有效的法就是所谓的蒸汽压缩系统。）
The equipment may be separate or of the unitary (also called self-contained) type.（该设备可能使单独的或单一（也称为自足）类型。）
14. Floor Heating: Achieving Thermal Comfort in Artificial
Environments
（地板采暖：实现人工环境的热舒适性）
We have touched on improvements in building standards but no amount of insulation can change the laws of physics-heat still rises. （我们已经提及了改善建筑标准，但是没有任绝热的量可以改变热损失的不断上升。）Efficient insulation will, however, serve to trap heat above head level in an area where it can make no contribution to human comfort. （然而，高效保温服务于保留热量在一个区域的热水平，它可以对人们舒适度不做任贡献。） Solving this problem involves a close study of the three types of heat available to us.（解决这个问题，涉及到关于热量供应的三个类型的一个已经完成的研究。） Radiant heat provides the most pleasurable sensation of comfort.（热辐射，提高了舒适的愉悦感。） It contributes to the exhilaration of a walk in the spring sunshine even through the ambient air temperature may be only a few degrees above freezing. （它有助于使走在春天的里很高兴，即使围的空气温度只有零上几摄氏度。） We humans also respond well to conducted heat-thecat-like pleasure that comes from the warmth of a hot water bottle or just cuddling up to another person.（我们人类对于像猫一样导热会有良好的回应，很高兴热量来自暖水袋或者只是蜷缩着身子躺在另外一个人的身边。）Lastly, there is convected heat caused by the effects of the radiation and conduction warming the air and causing it to
rise.（最后，对流换热所导致的辐射影响和传导变暖的空气，使其上升。）By using all three types of heat in association we can achieve very high levels of thermal comfort.（通过协会所使用的三种类型的热，我们可以达到非常高水平的热舒适性能。） The normal criterion for heating design is to achieve a specified air temperature against the given heat loss of the building at a specified outside ambient temperature. （采暖设计的一般准则，是实现指定的空气温度针对指定的外界环境温度的建筑热损失。） When designing a floor heating system, however, lower air temperatures may be acceptable because of the higher level of overall radiation and the added benefit of conduction from warm, friendly floors.（然而，当设计地板采暖系统，较低的气温是可以被接受的，这是因为较高的整体辐射和来自地面暖和的友好的热传导所引起额外的好处。）
17. Operation and Maintenance of the Airconditioning
plant
（操作和维修的空调厂）
The basis of any planned maintenance scheme is a filing system whereby the checks and services to be carried out on any piece of plant come to light at the appropriate time.
（任计划的维修案的基础都是一个备案系统，任一部分设备在合适的时候都要进行检查和服务。）This can be done by a card index system or by using a computer. （这可以用卡片索引系统或者计算机来做。）When staff complete a piece of maintenance they ought to note down anything which they see to be in need of attention or likely to be in need of attention in the near future, such as a bearing running hot which would eventually fail. （在工作人员完成维修后，他们应该标明他们觉得应该注意什么或者在不久的将来什么可能需要注意。） This enables the repair to be carried out at a convenient time, rather than in a period when everything seems to fail at once.（这要使维修在一个便的时期，而不是在一个任事情看起来马上要失败的时候。）
In the case of a resistor, the voltage-current relationship is given by Ohm’s law, which states that the voltage across the resistor is equal to the current through the resistor multiplied by the value of the resistance. 就电阻来说, 电压—电流的关系由欧姆定律决定。欧姆定律指出:电阻两端的 电压等于电阻上流过的电流乘以电阻值。 2]It may be that the inductor voltage rather than the current is the variable of interest in the circuit. 或许在电路中,人们感兴趣的变量是电感电压而不是电感电流。 Viewed in this light, it will be found that the analysis of three-phase circuits is little more difficult than that of single-phase circuits. 这样看来,三相电路的分析比单相电路的分析难不了多少。 At unity power factor, the power in a single-phase circuit is zero twice each cycle. 在功率因数为 1时,单相电路里的功率值每个周波有两次为零。 It should be noted that if the polarity of point Awith respect to N ( is assumed for the positive half-cycle, then when used in the same phasor diagram should be drawn opposite to, or 180? out of phase with, . 应该注意,如果把 A 点相对于 N 的极性(定为正半周,那么在用于同一相量图中时就应该画得同相反,即相位差为 180? One problem with electronic devices corresponding to the generalized amplifiers is that the gains, AU or AI, depend upon internal properties of the two-port system. 对应于像广义放大器这样的电子装置,一个问题就是增益 AU 或者 AI ,它们取决于两输入端系统的内部特性。
AHU =air handling unit 空调箱 air conditioning load空调负荷 air distribution气流组织 air handling unit 空气处理单元 air shower 风淋室 air-side pressure.drop空气侧压降aluminum accessories in clean room 洁净室安装铝材 as-completed drawing 修改竣工图 layout 设计图 brass stop valve 铜闸阀 canvas connection terminal 帆布接头centigrade scale 摄氏温度 chiller accessories水冷柜机排水及配料chiller assembly水冷柜机安装工费 chiller unit 水冷柜机基础 clean bench 净化工作台 clean class 洁净度 clean room 洁净室无尘室 correction factor修正系数 DCC=dry coil units 干盘管 district cooling 区域供冷 direct return system异程式系统displacement ventilation置换通风 drawn No.图号 elevation立面图 entering air temp进风温度entering water temp进水温度 Fahrenheit scale 华氏温度 fan coil unit 风机盘管 FFU=fan filter units 风扇过滤网组 final 施工图 flow velocity 流速 fresh air supply 新风供给 fresh air unit 新风处理单元 ground source heat pump地源热泵 gross weight 毛重 heating ventilating and air conditioning 供热通风与空气调节 HEPA=high efficiency particulate air 高效过滤网 high efficiency particulate air filters高效空气过滤器 horizontal series type水平串联式hot water supply system生活热水系统humidity 湿度 hydraulic calculation水力计算 isometric drawing轴测图 leaving air temp 出风温度leaving water temp出水温度 lood vacuum pump中央集尘泵 NAU=make up air handling unit schedule 外气空调箱 natural smoke exhausting自然排烟 net weight 净重 noise reduction消声 nominal diameter 公称直径 oil-burning boiler燃油锅炉 one way stop return valve 单向止回阀operation energy consumption运行能耗pass box 传递箱 particle sizing and counting method 计径计数法 Piping accessories 水系统辅材 piping assembly 配管工费 plan 平面图 RAC=recirculation air cabinet unit schedule 循环组合空调单元 ratio controller 比例调节器 ratio flow control 流量比例控制 ratio gear 变速轮 ratio meter 比率计 rational 合理性的，合法的；有理解能力的rationale （基本）原理；原理的阐述rationality 有理性，合理性rationalization proposal 合理化建义 ratio of compression 压缩比 ratio of expansion 膨胀比 ratio of run-off 径流系数 ratio of slope 坡度 ratio of specific heat 比热比 raw 生的，原状的，粗的；未加工的 raw coal 原煤 raw cotton 原棉 raw crude producer gas 未净化的发生炉煤气 raw data 原始数据 raw fuel stock 粗燃料油
Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings. A wider definition would include within its scope the design of the total built environment, from the macro level of town planning, urban design and landscape to the microlevel of furniture and product design. Architecture, equally importantly, also refers to the product of such a design. 建筑学（或建筑设计）是设计建筑的艺术和科学。一个更广泛的定义是包括建筑范围内的总体环境设计，宏观上包括城市规划，城市和景观设计，微观上包括家具和产品设计。建筑也是指像这样设计而成的产品. Architecture is a multi-disciplinary field, including within its fold mathematics, science, art, technology, social sciences, politics, history, philosophy, and so on. In Vitruvius' words, "Architecture is a science, arising out of many other sciences, and adorned with much and varied learning: by the help of which a judgment is formed of those works which are the result of other arts". 建筑是一个多学科领域，包括在其倍数学，科学，艺术，技术，社会科学，政治，历史，哲学，等等。维特鲁威认为"建筑学是产生于多种学科的一门科学，充满了深邃且丰富的学问：建筑学是人们借助于多学科融合而成的知识体系而形成的一种判断体系，是其他艺术成果发展的结晶。 Theory is the result of that reasoning which demonstrates and explains that the material wrought has been so converted as to answer the end proposed. 理论是推理的结果，它展示并解释了那些已经加工过的材料再被转变是为了达到最终合理的结果. 自己翻译的不是很准仅供参考by:肖莹莹 In Europe in the Classical and Medieval periods, buildings were not attributed to specific individual architects who remained anonymous. Guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trade. 古典和中世纪时期在欧洲，建筑不会由那些特定的不知名的个体建筑师设计。建筑都是由工匠门所组成的公会去设计建造. by肖莹莹 With the Renaissance and its emphasis on the individual and humanity rather than religion, and with all its attendant progess and achievements, a new chapter began. 随着文艺的复兴越发的强调人本主义，而不是宗教，与此同时也取得了很大的进步和成就，一个新的篇章开始了。
1.Our big old house was closely related with the joys and sorrows of four generations. 2.I planted these roses a long, long time ago before your mother was born. 3.Many sons left home to fight against the Fascist Nazi. 4.Take the first friendly greeting and always keep it deep in your heart. 1.He has prepared answers to the questions that he expects to confront during the interview. 2.His sad story touched us so deeply that we nearly cried. 3.The two of them are walking hand in hand along the river bank, chatting, laughing, and looking happy. 4.When he heart the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes. 5.People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect have much in common. 6.Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years. 7.He finally gave in to his daughter’s repeated requests to further her education abroad. 8.We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday. 9.Although we have parted from eah other, I hope that we will remain good friends and that we will care for and help each other just as we did in the past. 10.At that critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics which would make it possible to conquer the enemy. Unit 2 1.A gracious manner adds the greatest splendour to your image. 2.I firmly believed the note my guest sent me didn’t take long to write. 3.The simple phrase “Excuse me.” made most of your irritation disappear. 4.Being on time is a virtue which belongs not only to the past but also to the present. 5.Y ou shouldn’t accept the other person’s presence without thinking of its importance. 6.Good manners produce the same feelings or actions in others. 1.I am sorry I am late; I was at a meeting and couldn’t get away. 2.At the concert whnever a singer finished singing a beautiful song, the audience would burst into loud cheers to show their appreciation. 3.As a stylish dresser, she is always wearing stylish clothes, but she seldom cares about what she eats or drinks. 4.The nurse tells me that the doctors have done wonders for your heart disease. 5.When awarding the prize, the chairman complimented the winner on his great contribution to mankind. 6.This problem has bothered the experts for many years. 7.The crowd of demonstrators melted away when the police arrived. 8.Since punctuality is a good habit, we should pay much attention to it and make great efforts to cultivate this good habit. 9.The old man cherishes that girl, as if she were his own daughter. 10.It is just a routine physical checkup, nothing to get worried about.
第一课土木工程学 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中，土木工程师设计，建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水，同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计，建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。
第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握 第一部分： 1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法 2 专业英语Specialty English 3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering 4 土木工程Civil Engineering 5 地下工程Underground Engineering 6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering 7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering 8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering 9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering 10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics 11 交通工程Traffic Engineering 12 港口工程Port Engineering 13 安全性safety 17木结构timber structure 18 砌体结构masonry structure 19 混凝土结构concrete structure 20 钢结构steelstructure 21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure 22 素混凝土plain concrete 23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete 24 钢筋rebar 25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete 26 静定结构statically determinate structure 27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure 28 桁架结构truss structure 29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure 30 近海工程offshore engineering 31 静力学statics 32运动学kinematics 33 动力学dynamics 34 简支梁simply supported beam 35 固定支座fixed bearing 36弹性力学elasticity 37 塑性力学plasticity 38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity 39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics 40 土力学soil mechanics 41 水力学hydraulics 42 流体力学fluid mechanics 43 固体力学solid mechanics 44 集中力concentrated force 45 压力pressure 46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure 47 均布压力uniform pressure 48 体力body force 49 重力gravity 50 线荷载line load 51 弯矩bending moment 52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress 54 应变stain 55 正应力normal stress 56 剪应力shearing stress 57 主应力principal stress 58 变形deformation 59 内力internal force 60 偏移量挠度deflection 61 settlement 沉降 62 屈曲失稳buckle 63 轴力axial force 64 允许应力allowable stress 65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis 66 梁beam 67 壳shell 68 板plate 69 桥bridge 70 桩pile 71 主动土压力active earth pressure 72 被动土压力passive earth pressure 73 承载力load-bearing capacity 74 水位water Height 75 位移displacement 76 结构力学structural mechanics 77 材料力学material mechanics 78 经纬仪altometer 79 水准仪level 80 学科discipline 81 子学科sub-discipline 82 期刊journal ,periodical 83文献literature 84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号 85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号 86 卷volume 87 期number 88 专着monograph 89 会议论文集Proceeding 90 学位论文thesis, dissertation 91 专利patent 92 档案档案室archive 93 国际学术会议conference 94 导师advisor 95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis 96 博士研究生doctorate student 97 研究生postgraduate 98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引 99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引 100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引 101 题目title 102 摘要abstract 103 全文full-text 104 参考文献reference 105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation 106 主题词Subject 107 关键字keyword 108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会 109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署
建筑学专业英语翻译 1.1 新建筑时代的文化融合 Since the 1990s, China has obviously speeded up its steps to open the architectural field to the outside world. That is fully testified by its extensive adoption of the competition mechanism,introducing intern ati onal bidd ing for some importa nt con structi ons. As a result, visi ons of domestic architects have been expanded, t heir mentality updated, and a number of prominent masterworks created.The successful biddi ng for quite a few major projects by foreig n architects marks the begi nning of Chin a's accession into the international community in the architectural sector. 自20 世纪90 年代开始，中国明显力口快了向世界开放建筑领域的步伐，此事通过中国广泛采纳竞争机制，为一些重要建筑引入国际招标可以得到充分证 实。由此，国建筑师的眼见得以被扩充，心态得到升华，大量的知名建筑被创造。大量的重要建筑项目被国外的建筑师成功中标，标志着在建筑面中国融入国际社会的开始。 Just like the country's accession into the World Trade Organization, which originally provoked controversies among some Chinese people who worried aboutabout the fate of the domestic enterprises, only a temporary sacrifice of domestic architectural sectors can create cha nces for theirfuture success in ever- in creas ing intern ati onal competiti ons. 正如中国加入世界贸易组织一样，一些中国人担心国企 业的命运，只是暂时牺牲国建筑行业，在不断增加的国际竞争中创造未来的成功几会。 We still remember the words sighed out by a participating Chinese group of architects after the first round of review of the desig ning biddi ng for the Nati onal Cen ter for the Perform ing Arts. "We admit our in feriority to foreign competitors," they said. 我们还记得一个参与表演艺术中心投标的中国团队的建筑师们在 第一轮审查之后的叹气。我们承认相比外国竞争对手我们的劣势，“他们说。
Unit 1 1. 他相当足球明星的梦想随着时间的推移慢慢消退了。 His dream of becoming a football star faded out as time went by. 2. 一架波音747 飞机没有升到足够的高度以飞越那座高山，转瞬间一头撞向大山爆炸了。机上无人生还。 A Boeing 747 aircraft didn 't gain enough height to clear the mountain. In a twinkling, it crashed into the mountain and blew up. No one survived the accident. 3. 学生们可以很容易地获得图书馆的资源，所以他们应该充分地利用好图书馆。Students have easy access to the resources in the library, so they are supposed to make the best of it. 4. 当时世界上最豪华的游轮泰坦尼克号在她前往美国的途中撞到了冰山，结果轮船沉没在大西洋中，成百上千的人死于这场海难。 Titanic, the most luxurious ship in the world at that time , hit an iceberg when she was under way to the US. Consequently, the ship sank into the Atlantic Ocean and thousands of people died in this shipwreck. 5. 每天夏天，游客们都涌向这一著名的海滩。来此享受日光浴的游客像沙丁鱼一样挤满了海滩。 Every summer, all the tourists pour into this famous beach. They lie packed like sardines on the beach to enjoy the sunbathing. 6. 他们曾经到圣路易斯去过一次，对于哪里的新奇事物稍微知道一个大概，可是现在他们的光荣时代已经成过去了。他们从此自知没趣，再也不说话了，而且每逢这个毫不留情的机匠走过来的时候，他们就知道赶快躲开。 The have been to St. Louis once and have a vague general knowledge of its wonders, but the day of their glory is over now. They lapse into humble silence and learn to disappear when the ruthless engineer approaches. Unit 2 1. 有些网络专家认为因特网可以防止战争、减少污染，还能克服种种形式的不平等。Some cyber gurus claim that the Internet will prevent wars, reduce pollution, and combat various forms of inequality. 2. 不可否认，因特网可以增进交流，但他却无法消除战争，因为战争的爆发并不仅仅是由于不同种族间缺乏充分理解而引起的。 Although the Internet undeniably fosters communication, it will not put an end to war, since wars are by no means caused simply by the failure of different peoples to understand each other adequately. 3. 只有当网上的活动能够真正取代现实世界中的行为时，因特网才能帮助节约能源，减少污染。 The Internet can help reduce energy consumption and pollution only if doing things online genuinely displaces real-world activities. 4. 穷人不用因特网并不是因为他们买不起，而是因为他们缺乏必要的技能来有效地利用它，所以提高老百姓的文化水平要比给他们提供上网机会更有意义。 The poor are not shunning the Internet because they cannot afford it. The problem is that they lack the skills to exploit it effectively. Therefore, it makes more sense to aim for universal literacy than universal Internet access.
non-destructive test 非破损检验 non-load—bearingwall 非承重墙 non—uniform cross—section beam 变截面粱 non—uniformly distributed strain coefficient of longitudinal tensile reinforcement 纵向受拉钢筋应变不均匀系数 normal concrete 普通混凝土 normal section 正截面 notch and tooth joint 齿连接 number of sampling 抽样数量 O obligue section 斜截面 oblique—angle fillet weld 斜角角焊缝 one—way reinforced(or prestressed)concrete slab “单向板” open web roof truss 空腹屋架， ordinary concrete 普通混凝土(28) ordinary steel bar 普通钢筋(29) orthogonal fillet weld 直角角焊缝(61) outstanding width of flange 翼缘板外伸宽度(57) outstanding width of stiffener 加劲肋外伸宽度(57) over-all stability reduction coefficient of steel beam·钢梁整体稳定系数(58) overlap 焊瘤(62) overturning or slip resistance analysis 抗倾覆、滑移验算(10) P padding plate 垫板(52) partial penetrated butt weld 不焊透对接焊缝(61) partition 非承重墙(7) penetrated butt weld 透焊对接焊缝(60) percentage of reinforcement 配筋率(34) perforated brick 多孔砖(43) pilastered wall 带壁柱墙(42) pit·凹坑(62) pith 髓心(?o) plain concrete structure 素混凝土结构(24) plane hypothesis 平截面假定(32) plane structure 平面结构(11) plane trussed lattice grids 平面桁架系网架(5) plank 板材(65) plastic adaption coefficient of cross—section 截面塑性发展系数(58) plastic design of steel structure 钢结构塑性设计(56) plastic hinge·塑性铰(13) plastlcity coefficient of reinforced concrete member in tensile zone 受拉区混凝土塑性影响系数
Exhibition Hall Art Gallery In Bonn 波恩美术展览馆 这个建筑坐落在波恩市博物馆的旁边,非常地醒目，它是另一个建立在这个庞大正方形基础上的建筑，（它的）平行六面体的每条底边均长达95.7米，该建筑还有一个高11米的平台，可以栽种树木，有一个可供展览的花园以及恍如天堂般的曲径小道；上面还建有三个突出的焦点——3痤园锥体塔楼，屹立在开阔的风景线上，3面用于内部采光的天窗就是该建筑的标识了。 主通道位于东北方，通向与博物馆共享的公共区域，布满了像迷宫一样呈网状分布的小型植物。沿着弗里德里希·埃伯特大道，往东北方向或有些阻碍——11根柱子分列于两痤恢宏大厦之间，柱上点缀着一些纵向的充满韵律感的浮雕，象征并代表着十一个领域所取得的丰功伟绩。从这些柱子开始，地面上的一道时髦的白色线条引领着人们直达入口，一条又长又窄的阶梯将人们从这个区域引向最高的天台。 这个入口门厅是虚化处理的平行六面体结构，穿过它的就来到另一个外部天井，门厅的表面朝两个方向分别布满了光滑的波纹状和对角形斜纹。 这个正方形基础，已按9×9m的网形布局进行过调整，分为一个沿边的环状带和四个内部区域，即入口门厅，有观众席的讨论区，主馆和中央大厅。 外围的地带包括办公室，商店，会议室，图书馆，经典画廊。它露出了它自己在屋顶上覆盖了西南一半的天窗，（通过天窗）将自己从花园中分离出来。 展览的地方提供了一个独特的可供小型、中型、大型房间单独使用的同时，其或以不同方式合并的系统。 主馆是一个大的、呈长方形、两层高的空间，它被在两个侧面的天窗和对面角落里的锥形光明塔照亮。在中央大厅，有一个双跑的楼梯爬上墙壁、庭院和内部的双重空间。两者结合起来形成的中心广场的空间被上层的房间包围。在背叠式风格里，在这个楼层和双重空间里，可以找到对应的第二光塔的圆形大厅。第三个(光塔的圆形大厅）位于建筑的东北- 西南轴上，这个轴线包含了一个集合在门厅和礼堂之间的部分大厅、一个在东南外立面上的三层双跑楼梯的后门。
1.意大利著名旅行家马可。波罗曾这样叙述他印象中的杭州：“这是世界上最美妙迷人的城市，它使人觉得自己社在天堂。”在中国，也流传着这样的话：“上有天堂，下有苏杭。”杭州的名气主要在于风景如画的西湖。西湖一年四季都美不胜收，宋代著名诗人苏东坡用“淡妆浓抹总相宜”的诗句来赞誉西湖。在杭州，您可以饱览西湖的秀色，也不妨漫步街头闹市，品尝一下杭州的名菜名点，还可购上几样名特土产。 The famous Italian traveler Marco Pole was so impressed by the beauty of Hangzhou that he described it as “the mist fascinating city in the world where one feels that one is in paradise.” In China, there has been a century-old popular saying praising the city: In Heaven there is Paradise; on Earth there are Suzhou and Hangz hou.” Hangzhou’s fame lies mainly in its picturesque West Lake. As it is beautiful all the year round, the West Lake was compared by Su Dongpo, a celebrated poet of the Song Dynasty, to a beauty “who is always charming in either light or heavy makeup.” In Hangzhou, you will not only find the lake a perfect delight to the eye but also find it a joy to stroll along the busy streets, taste famous Hangzhou dishes and buy some special local products. 2.在设备制造期间，雇主的代表有权对根据合同提供的全部工程设备的材料和工艺进行检查、研究和检验，同时检查其制造进度。这一切应在工作时间内于承包商的工厂里进行。如果工程设备正在其它第三方工厂制造，承包商应为卖方代表获得他能在该工厂进行此类检查、研究和检验的许可。此类检查、研究或检验不应解除承包商在合同中的任何义务。 The Employer’s representative shall be entitled during manufacture to inspect, examine and test the materials and workmanship and check the progress of manufacture of all Plants to be supplied under the Contract. This shall take place on the Contractor’s promises during working hours. If the plant is being manufactured on other premises, the Contractor shall obtain permission for the Employer’s representative to carry out such inspection, examination and testing on those premises. 3. 雇主或项目经理提交给承包商的雇主的图纸，技术规格以及其它资料仍应为雇主的财产。除非是为了合同的需要，未经雇主同意，承包商不得使用、复制这些材料或将之传递给第三方。 承包商应对承包商的图纸中的任何错误或遗漏负责，除非他们可归因与雇主或项目经理提供的不正确的雇主图纸或其它书面资料。项目经理对承包商的图纸的批准不应解除本款规定的承包商的任何责任。 The Employe r’s drawings, specification and other information submitted by the Employer or the Project Manager to the Contractor shall remain the property of the Employer. They shall not, without the consent of the Employer, be used, copied or communicated to a third party by the Contractor unless necessary for the purposes of the Contract. The Contractor shall be responsible for any errors or omissions in the Contractor’s Drawings unless they are due to incorrect Employer’s Drawings or other written information supplied by the Employer or the Project Manager. Approval by the Project Manager of the Contractor’s drawings shall not relieve the Contractor from any responsibility under this Sub-Clause.