动词不定式和动名词的句法功能比较
一,作主语
⒈不定式作主语
动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下
两种:
(1)把不定式置于句首.如:
To get there by bike will take us half an hour.
(2)用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列
句式中.如:
①It+be+名词+to do
It's our duty to take good care of the old.
②It takes sb + some time +to do
How long did it take you to finish the work
③It+be+形容词+for sb +to do
It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour.
④It+be+形容词+of sb +to do
It is stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says.
⑤It seems(appears)+形容词+to do
It seemed impossible to save money.
在句型③中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:difficult, easy,
hard, important, impossible, necessary 等;在句型④中,常用careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, nice, right, silly, stupid, wise等表示赞扬或批评的词.在不定式前的sb,
可看作其逻辑主语.这一句式有时相当于Sb is+形容词+to do
句式 ,如:It's kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to help me with my English.
⒉动名词作主语
Learning without practice is no good.
动名词作主语时,也常用It句式.如:
①It's +no good(no use, fun, a pleasure, a waste of
time)+doing...
It's no good reading in dim light.
It's no use sitting here waiting.
②It's+形容词+doing
It's dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days.
这样用的形容词有expensive, nice, tiring等,但important, necessary则不适用于这种结构,应用不定式代替,如:It's
important for you to keep fit.
③There is no + doing
There is no saying what will happen next.
在这一结构中,动名词后常带宾语,相当于"It's impossible to..."
结构.
⒊动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别
①不定式作主语经常表示具体动作,常与特定的动作执行者联
系在一起;而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动作,经常不与特定
的动作执行者联系在一起.如:
It's no good eating too much fat.
It's no good for you to eat so much fat.
②动名词结构作主语,可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语.
如:
It's no use your pretending that you didn't know the rules. 二,作宾语
⒈不定式作宾语
①以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语.如:agree, ask, aim,
arrange, choose, decide, demand, expect, fail , help, hope, lean, long, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, wish等,这些词大部分可接that引导的从句.如:
I decided to ask for my money back.
I decided that I would ask for my money back.
When our visit to the farm was over, we expected to start
back on foot.
When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that we
would start back on foot.
②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定
式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:主语+动词+it+补语+to do句式.
如:
We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well.
He feels it his duty to help the poor.
③介词but, except, +to do(do)。其它介词后都须跟动名词。
在这种句型中,如介词前有动词do,后面应接不带to的不定式;
如无do,则接to不定式,即带do不带to, 带to不带do.如:
The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in.
On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV.
⒉动名词作宾语
①以下动词后,只能接动名词作宾语,如:admit, appreciate, consider, delay, enjoy, finish, keep, imagine, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, save, suggest, don't mind, give up, insist, on, put off等.如:
I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town.
You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm to your health.
②动名词作介词的宾语
I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home.
What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech
动名词前的介词有时可以省略,如:have difficulty(in)doing,
have no trouble(in)doing, lose no ti me(in)doing,
prevent/stop...(from)doing, there is no use(in)doing等.
⒊部分动词后面,既可接动词不定式,也可接动名词作宾语,意
义不变.如:begin, continue, start, hat e, like, love, need, require, want等.
在need, require, want后接-ing形式,表示被动意义,也可接不
定式,但要用被动形式,如:Your handwriting needs improving
(to be improved). hate, love, like接不定式表示特定的未来事
件,接动名词表示目前正在进行的活动或一般的行为.
在下列情况下,一般要用不定式:
①hate, like, love前有would(should)时,如:I'd like to have a cup of coffee.
②当谓语动词begin, continue, start等是进行式时,如:The
students are starting to work on the difficult maths problem.
③begin, continue, start与know, understand等状态动词连用
时,如:I soon began to understand what
was happening.
⒋advise, allow, encourage, forbid, permit等动词后接动名词
作宾语,或带不定式作宾语补足语.如:
Our teachers don't permit our swimming in the lake.
Our teachers don't permit us to swim in the lake.
⒌部分动词后接不定式或动名词时,意义差别较大,应根据句子
语境选择使用.
①forget, remember, regret后接不定式,表示现在或未来的动
作,接动名词表示动作已经发生.如:
Don't forget fo post the letter for me.
Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport
Remember to close the windows before you leave.
I remember writing him a letter a year ago.
We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited to attend the meeting.
They regretted ordering these books from abroad.
②mean to do 打算做某事
doing 意味着......
I meant to catch up with the early bus.
This means wasting a lot of money.
③try to do 设法尽力做某事
doing 试着做某事
You should try to overcome your shortcomings.
Try working out the physics problem in another way.
④stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事(不定式作目的状语)
doing 停止做某事
On the way to the airport, I stopped to buy a paper.
You'd better stop arguing and do as you are told.
⑤can't help doing 禁不住......
to do不能帮助干......
They couldn't help jumping up at the news.
Sorry I have lots of work to do. So I can't help to make up the room for you.
⑥go on to do 做不同的事或不同内容的事
doing 继续不停地做某事,指同一动作的继续
He went on to talk about world situation.他接着又谈了世界形
势.
We'll go on fighting so long as there is oppression in the world.
⑦leave off to do 离开某地去干什么(目的状语)
doing停下某事
It's time to leave off talking and to start acting.
They left off to go fishing.
三,做表语
不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作;动名词作表语表示抽
象的一般行为.
①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter.
③What I would suggest is to put off the meeting.
当主语和表语都是不定式时,其含义一是条件,一是结果(例①).
当主语是aim, duty, hope, idea, mistake, plan, purpose, suggestion等为中心词的名词词组(例②)时,或以what引导的
名词性分句(例③),不定式说明主语的内容.
④Our work is serving the people.
⑤What he likes is taking a walk after supper.
⑥The story told by Mr. Wang is interesting.
④⑤句动名词作表语,与主语部分可以转换,如Serving the
people is out work, 而⑥句中是现在分词作表语,说明主语的
性质,状态,现在分词具有形容词的各种特征,另外,动名词作表
语还应与进行时态区别开来.
四,作定语
⒈不定式作定语
不定式在句中作定语,置于被修饰的名词或代词之后.如:
①The next train to arrive is from Washington.
②Have you anything to be taken to your sister
③Do you have anything to say on the question
④Would you please give me some paper to write on
⑤My wish to visit France has come true at last.
不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系:
(1)表示将来的动作(例①).
(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,如是不及物动词,则需加介词
(例④).
(3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,同时与句中其它词之间又有逻
辑上的主谓关系时,尽管有被动含义,却仍用主动语态(例③);
如只有动宾关系,而无逻辑上的主谓关系,则需用被动语态(例
②).
(4)不定式作定语时,一般可转换为定语从句,例①to arrive=that
will arrive.
⒉动名词作定语
①This passage can be used as listening materials.
②The reading room of our school library can hold
800people.
③All moving bodies have energy.
①②句动名词作定语说明一种性能,即:用来......的;第③句为
现在分词作定语,单个分词作定语常置于被修饰词之前,与被
修饰词之间,可构成逻辑上的主谓关系,分词短语作定语常置于
被修饰词之后.如:The man standing at the school gate is Professor Hua.
五,不定式作补足语
⒈作宾语补足语
一些及物动词除要求按宾语外,有时还需要有宾语补足语,说明
宾语的行为,状态,特征,这时意思才相对完整.
(1)常要求不定式作宾补的动词有:allow, ask, advise, beg, cause, drive(强迫),encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, would like(love, hate), order, permit, persuade, teach, tell, want, warn, wish等.如:
①Would you like me to give your regards to Mary
②I want you to understand the whole passage clearly.
(2)部分动词后常接to be+形容词,名词短语等形式,有时to be
可省略,如:believe, consider, discover, find(=consider),
feel(=think), imagine, judge, know, prove, think, suppose,
see(=understand), understand等.
①We all believe John(to be)honest.
②I consider him(to be)one of the best biology teachers of No.
1 Middle School.
但当不定式是完成式时,to不能省略,如:We consider him to
have been foolish.
(3)感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to.
①I didn't hear anyone say anything about it.
②They make the students do too much homework every
day.
这种句式在变为被动语态时,to不能省略,如第②句:The
students are made to do too much homework every day.
(4)help, know后面的"to"可有可无.如:
Would you please help me(to) fill in the tax form
I've never known her(to)be late before.但:He was known to have been to France before.
(5)部分短语动词后,常接不定式作宾补,如:
You may depend on them to be there early.
The Party calls on us to increase production and practise economy.
常这样用的短语动词有:ask for, care for, call on, count on, depend on, wait for, long for(渴望), prepare for, wish for等.
⒉作主语补足语
不定式作主语补足语,和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系.如:
①He was not allowed to enter the classroom for being late.
②The young university student is considered to have great promise.
六,不定式作状语
⒈作目的状语
(1) ①I stayed there to see what would happen.
②Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examined by the doctor.
(2)有时为了强调,不定式前可加in order或so as.如:
Bob took down my telephone number so as(in order)not to
forget it.
有时为强调目的状语可把in order to或不定式置于句首,但so
as to不能这样用.在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为so that,
in order that, 成为目的状语从句,如:
I stayed there so that (in order that)I could see what would happen.
(3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容词,过去分词或动词之后可接不
定式,如:astonished, glad, happy, laugh , pleased, sad, smile, sorry, surprised等.
①We are glad to hear the news.
②I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could
write so well.
在部分形容词后接不定式,用主动形式表示被动意义,这种句型
中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语.如:The question raised by the student is difficult to answer.
The room is really comfortable to live in.
常这样用的形容词有:comfortable, easy, dangerous, difficult, expensive, fit, impossible等.
⒉作结果状语
We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy.
不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中.如:
①so...as to; such...as to
I'm not so stupid(a fool) as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到
会把它写下来.
I'm not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing.
②enough...to
The speed is high enough for us to catch up with the first liner.
③only to
Jane hurried back only to find her mother dying in the hospital.
④too...to
I'm too tired to stay up longer.
但在下列结构中,too...to并非是"太......而不能......"之意.如: ①I'm only too glad to have passed the exam.考试及格我太高
兴了.(too修饰glad to have...,相当于very)
②We have too much to learn.我们要学的太多了(不定式作定
语).
⒊不定式短语还可作独立成分,用于句首,句中或句末.如:
To tell the truth, the play was a great disappointment tome. 常见的短语有to be exact(确切地说),to begin with(首先),to do him justice(说句对他公道的话),to be sure(真的)等等.
七,动词不定式,动名词的其它用法
⒈疑问词+不定式结构
疑问词who, what, which, when, where, whether, how后可接
不定式构成不定式短语,在句中作主语,宾语,表语等.如:
①When to leave for London has not been decided yet.
②Mr. Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there.
③I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well.
④The question was where to get the medicine needed.
以上例句中疑问词+不定式部分,均可转换为相应的从句形式.
如:①When we shall leave...③...how I
could learn...
经常在这种结构中使用的动词有:consider, decide, discover, explain, find out, forget, hear, know, lea rn, observe, understand, wonder等.
⒉动词不定式的时态,语态
(1)时态
①一般式:动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后,
有时表示同时发生.如:
I hope to become a university student this year.(to become
发生在hope之后)
We often hear Dick play the piano in the next room.(play和hear同时发生)
②完成式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前.如:
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.
We are too young to have seen the old society.
③进行式:表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生.如:
The teacher happened to be correcting our papers when I
came in.
They seemed to be discussing something important.
(2)语态
如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承
受者,不定式一般要用被动语态形式.如:
It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.(不定式作主语)
It was impossible for lost time to be made up.(不定式作主语)
I wish to be sent to work in the country.(不定式作宾语)
Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired (不定式作定
语)
He went to the hospital to be examined.(不定式作状语)
在There be结构中,修饰主语的不定式可用被动,也可用主动.
如:There are still many things to take care of (to be taken care of).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同,如:These is nothing
to do now.( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to
be done now.(We can do nothing now.)
⒊动名词的时态,语态
(1)时态
①一般式:动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指,也可与谓
语动词同时发生,或发生在谓语动作之前 ,之后.如:
We are interested in collecting stamps.
I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time. We are not afraid of dying.
②完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前.如:
Imagine having travelled on the moon.
We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time.
(2)被动语态
①如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者,动
名词要用被动语态,动名词的被动语态有一般式与完成式之
分.如:
The young man came in without being noticed.
He prided himself on having never been beaten in class.
②有些动词后的动名词用主动形式,但表示被动意义.如:
The bike needs repairing.
If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well.
⒋在口语中,为避免重复,常用"to"代替不定式结构,有时甚至可
以把to省略.如:
①-Did you go to visit the Great Wall
-No, I wanted to, but there wasn't enough time.
②-Would you like to come to a party
-I'd love to.
③-Don't make any mistakes in your homework, will you
-I'll try not to.
④-Try to be back by 12, won't you
-OK, I'll try.
另外,be going to, ought to, used to等也常用于这一结构中.
⒌在why引起的问句中,省略"to".如:
Why spend such a lot of money
Why not wait for a couple of days
⒍当两个或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用时,只在第一个不
定式前加"to".如:
It's quite necessary for us to read more and have more practice.
⒎"to"在下列短语中是"介词",后接动名词或名词形式.如: devote...to, face up to(勇敢地面对),look forward to(盼
望),object to(反对),take to(养成习惯,对......感兴趣;开始从事某种活动),be used to(习惯于)，pay attention to(注意),stick to(坚持)，lead to(导致)等.
龙源期刊网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/dc4013228.html, 动名词与动词不定式用法例析 作者：朱小峰 来源：《初中生世界(初二年级)》2007年第01期 英语中某些动词后可跟动名词或动词不定式，有时两者意思差别不大，有时却截然不同。现分别例析如下： 一、两者意思相似，但稍有差别 1．start／begin doing sth．(或to do sth．) 析：start／begin doing sth．与start／begin to do sth．两者均表示“开始做某事”，一般可通用，但指开始一项长期或习惯的活动时，多用doing形式，例如： (1)I started／began learning(或to learn)English in 1992． 我学英语开始于1992年。 (2)How old were you when you first started playing football? 你第一次踢足球时多大? 2．like doing sth．(或to do sth) 析：like doing sth．与like to do sth．两者均表示“喜欢做某事”，有时可以通用，但表示一般性或抽象的多次性行为多用doing形式；表示某一特定场合具体的动作时，多用to do形式。类似此用法的动词还有hate(憎恨)，love(爱、喜欢)，prefer(更喜欢)等，例如： (1)For example，Lily likes to dance(或dancing)，but I like to sing(或singing)． 例如，莉莉喜欢跳舞，但我喜欢唱歌。 (2)He likes(hates)swimming，but he doesn’t like(hate)to swim today． 他喜欢(讨厌)游泳，但他今天不喜欢(讨厌)游泳。
英语语法：动名词的句法功能 动名词的句法功能 动名词是非谓语动词的一种，它由动词原形加-ing构成，形式上与现在分词相同。动名词除具有动词性质外，还具有名词的性质。动 名词在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、宾语补足语等，但不能 用作谓语(故称动名词为非谓语动词)。 一、动名词用作主语 Saving is getting. 节约即增收。 Finding work is difficult these days. 现在找工作可不容易。 Being lost can be a terrifying experience. 迷路有时很可怕。 【注】动名词作主语时，有时可用it作形式主语： It’s hard work climbing mountains. 爬山是费劲的事。 It’s fun being taken to the zoo. 被带去逛动物园很有意思。 用it代替动名词作形式主语的两个常用句型： It’s no use saying any more about it. 再谈这事没有用。 Is it any good trying to explain? 试图作些解释有用吗? 二、动名词用作表语 My favorite sport is swimming. 我最喜欢的运动是游泳。 His job is looking after sheep. 他的任务是看羊。 Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
【注】不定式和动名词均可用作主语和表语，两者的区别是：动名词多指笼统的、抽象的概念，而不定式则多表示具体的、一次性的动作。 三、用作宾语 Excuse me for coming late. 对不起我来晚了。 Most students enjoy asking questions in English. 多数学生都喜欢用英语提问。 【注】动词用作介词宾语时，通常只用动名词形式，而不用不定式形式，典型的例外是表示“除外”的except和but(它们后接动词作宾语时通常用不定式)。 四、动名词用作宾语补足语 Can we call this serving mankind? 这能叫为人类服务吗? I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul. 我管这叫做拆东墙补西墙。 【注】动名词用作宾语补足语时，主要动词通常是call。 五、动名词用作定语 We need a new working method. 我们需要一种新的工作方法。 The doctor told me not to take sleeping pills. 医生叫我不要服*。 【注】与不定式和现在分词作定语不同，动名词作定语不以短语的形式出现，而且总是位于被修饰名词之前(在很多情况下构成合成名词)，用以表示被修饰名词的用途、目的和场合： reading room 阅览室 operating table 手术台 swimming pool游泳池 singing competition歌咏比赛
不定式和动名词做主语的区别 不定式和动名词都可在句子中作主语，一般说来, 有下面几点须给予注意： (1)不定式一般表示具体的、特定的行为，通常表示一种意愿、目的或者未完成的事情。；而-ing分词一般表示抽象的、一般的行为通常表示已经知道的事实或者经验。 如： To complete the program needs much effort. 完成这项计划需要很大的努力。 Riding a bike can make a man smart. 骑单车能使一个人敏捷。 (2)在疑问句中，只能用动名词的复合结构作主语。如： Is his speaking reasonable? 她的说话有道理吗？ (3)在某些句型中通常要用动名词短语作主语。如：It is no use doing…/ It is no goo d doing…/ It is useless doing…/ It is worthwhil e doing…如： It is no use talking your trouble to a man like him. 跟他那样的人谈你的烦恼没有用。 (4)一般说来，作主语和表语的非谓语动词形式应一致，即：或同时为不定式，或同时为-ing分词。如： Seeing is believing. 眼见为实(from https://www.doczj.com/doc/dc4013228.html,)。 但是，在现代英语中，当表语用来说明主语的特定意义或具体内容时，主语和表语的非谓语动词的形式可以不一致，即，主语用动名词，而表语用动词不定式。如：Waving your hand is to say “Good-bye”. 挥手就是说“再见”。 Nodding your head is to say “Yes”. 点头就是说“对，是的”。
接不定式和动名词含义不同的动词 1. remember(记得)，forget(忘记)，regret(后悔)后接不定式指该不定式所表示的动作还未发生，后接动名词(有时可用完成式)，则指该动名词所表示的动作已经发生。比较。如：Remember to post the letter. 记住把这封信寄了。(“寄信”未发生) I remember posting the letter. 我记得寄了那封信。(“寄信”已发生) He forgot to pay me the money. 他忘记要给我付钱了。(“付钱”未发生) He forgot paying me the money. 他忘记曾给我付过钱。(“付钱”发生了) 2. try 后接不定式表示设法做某事，接动名词表示做某事试试(看有什么效果)。如： I’ll try to come tomorrow. 我明天设法来。 Let’s try knocking at the back door. 咱们敲敲后门试试。 3. mean 后接不定式表示打算(想要)做某事，接动名词表示意味着(要)做某事。如： He means to be a teacher. 他打算当老师。 He did not mean to hurt you. 他不是有意要伤害你。 This illness will mean going to hospital. 得了这种病就意味着要住院。 4. stop 后接动名词表示停止做某事，接不定式表示停下正在做的事去做另一事。如： He stopped speaking, and there was not a sound in the room. 他停止讲话，房里一点声音也没有了。 He stopped to listen, but there was no more sound. 他停下来听，但再也没有听到什么声音。 【注】后接不定式时，不定式不是宾语，而是目的状语。 5. can’t help后接动名词表示禁不住去做某事，接不定式表示不能帮助做某事。如： He couldn’t help crying when he heard the news. 他听到这个消息时禁不住哭了。 The medicine can’t help to get rid of your cold. 这药不能帮你治好感冒。 6. go on 后接不定式表示做完某事后接着做另一事，接动名词表示继续做正在做的事。如： You oughtn’t to go on living this way. 你不应该再这样生活下去了。 Go on to do the other exercises after you have finished this one. 做完这个练习后, 请接着做其他的练习。 【注】也人认为go on doing sth中的doing是现在分词而不是动名词。
动词不定式、动名词的用法和区别 动词不定式：动词不定式是由to + 动词原形构成，在句中起名词，形容词和副词的作用，可以担任除谓语以外的其它任何成分。 1. 动词不定式作主语： To mast a language is not an easy thing. / To teach English is my favorite. 动词不定式作主语时可以放在后面，而用it 作形式主语放在原主语的位置上。 It's very kind of you to have given us much help. 2. 动词不定式作宾语： 某些及物动词可以用动词不定式作宾语，这些动词有decide, begin, help, begin, want, wish, like, forget, learn, ask. I like to help others if I can. 3. 动词不定式作宾语补语。 We expect you to be with us. 我们希望你和我们在一起。/ Please ask him to come here quickly.请叫他快过来。 4. 动词不定式作表语： What I should do is to finish the task soon. / The most urgent thing is to find the boy immediately. 5. 动词不定式作定语： There are many ways to solve the problem. / I have something important to tell you. 6. 不定式作状语： We went to the hospital to see our teacher. / She is making a test to get a kind of useful medicine from a Tibet flower. 动词不定式的否定形式：not + to + 动词原形 The teacher told us not to swim in that river. 老师告诉我们不要在那条河里游泳。 It's unfair not to tell us. 没告诉我们真是不公平。 带疑问词的不定式： 疑问词who, what,which,when, where, how, why 可以加在不定式的前面，构成不定式短语，使含义更加具体。Where to go is not known yet. I don't know when to begin.。 Can you tell me where to get the battery. Do you know how to get to the station. 带逻辑主语的不定式： 动词不定式可以带有自己的逻辑主语，构成方法是：for + 逻辑主语+ 不定式。 注意：逻辑主语用宾格形式，for 本身无实际意义，它只表明后面的主语从逻辑上分析是不定式的主语。 It's necessary for us to help each other. / There are much work for me to finish, 动词不定式的被动形式：表示不定式动词同所修饰的名词是被动关系。 He is the man to be examined. 他是受检查的人。/ There are much work to be done. 有好多工作要做。 ●动名词 动名词是由动词原形+ ing 构成，同现在分词形式一样，在句中可作主语，宾语，表语和定语。 1) 动名词作主语： Talking like that is not polite. / Learning from others is important . / Putting on more clothes is not so good . （注：动名词可以象动词不定式一样，用it作形式主语，而把动名词写在后面做真正的主语。）It's no use waiting here, let's go home. / It's very difficult climbing this mountain. 2) 动名词作表语 The nurse's job is looking after the patients. 3)动名词作宾语 有些动词须用动名词来作宾语,它们是begin, mind, suggest, finish, stop, need, enjoy, miss, keep. Please stop smoking in the house. / I like reading in the forest. / Do you mind my opening the windows? 4）动名词作定语 She is studying in the reading room. / He slept in the sleeping bag. （动名词的否定形式：not + 动名词） He pretend not knowing it at all. 他假装全然不知。/ We considered not doing it now. 我们考虑现在不做这件事。 动名词的被动形式：当动名词和它的逻辑主语是被动关系时，用动名词的被动形式来表示。）His being looked down upon made him sick. / I can't really stand being treated like that.
动名词的语法特征及用法 动名词由动词加－ing词尾构成，既有名词的特征，又有动词的特征。了解动名词的语法特征可帮助学习者深入理解动名词的意义，从而正确使用动名词。 一、动名词的名词特征 动名词的名词特征表现在它可在句子中当名词来用，作主语、宾语、表语、定语。例如： Beating a child will do more harm than good．打孩子弊大于利。（作主语） Do you mind answering my question？你不介意回答我的问题吧？（作宾语） To keep money that you have found is stealing．把拾到的钱留起来是偷盗行为。（作表语） No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room．阅览室里不许大声说话。（作定语） 在动名词担任这些句子成分时，学习者需注意的是： 1、有些动词后只能用动名词作宾语，构成固定搭配，需特别记忆。常见的这类动词有：admit（承认），advise（建议），allow（允许）， appreciate（感激），avoid（避免），can't help（禁不住），consider（考虑），deny（否认），dislike（不喜欢），enjoy（喜欢），escape（逃脱），excuse（原谅），feel like（想要），finish（结束），give up（放弃），imagine（想象），involve（包含），keep（保持），mind（介意），miss（错过），permit（允许），practise（练习），quit（停止），recollect （记得），recommend（推荐），suggest（建议），stop（停止），resent（对……感到愤恨、怨恨），risk（冒……危险），cannot stand（受不了）等。例如： We do not permit smoking in the office．我们不允许在办公室吸烟。 In fighting the fire，he risked being burnt to death．在救火中，他冒着被烧死的危险。 She denied having stolen anything．她否认偷过任何东西。 I suggest doing it in a different way．我建议换一个方法做这件事。 2、动名词常用于一些固定句型中，常见的有：It is no use ／no good．．．；It is a waste oftime．．．；It is fun ／nice ／good．．．；There isno．．．（不可以／不可能……）等。例如： It is no use asking him．He doesn't know any more than you do． 问他也没用，他并不比你知道得更多。 It's no fun being lost in rain．在雨中迷路可不是好玩的。 It's a waste of time your reasoning with him．你和他讲道理是在浪费时间。
动名词作主语和动词不定式做主语的区别? 动词不定式与动名词的区别：）to+V 放句首为动词不定式，用法与V+ing差不多，多用于后面所说的事情还没有发生。例：To be a author is my dream. V+ing 放句首是动名词，其相当于名词，例：Doing lots of exercise is good for health. 一般来讲，to+ v. 表主动，表将来，表一次行动作。-ing 表主动，表进行。动词不定式与动名词的一些用法：）不定式与动名词都可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但用法不尽相同。1．作主语一般情况下,不定式与动名词作主语可以互换,也常常可以用it充当形式主语,而把不定式和动名词放在句子的后半部分。但二者也有区别,不定式常常指某次具体的、将要发生的行为;而动名词则表示一般的、抽象的行为。例如: To save money now is not easy. 现在攒钱不容易。Saving money is a good habit. 攒钱是个好习惯。2．作定语不定式多为后置定语,动名词多为前置定语;不定式多表示将来的动作,动名词只能表示事物的属性、用途等。例如: He is looking for a room to live in.他正在找一间房子去住。Take these sleeping pills and you\'ll sleep better. 吃了这种安眠药,你会睡得更好。3．作宾语：有些动词后只能跟不定式作宾语,不能跟动名词作宾语;有些动词后常跟动名词作宾语,不能跟不定式作宾语;有些动词后跟不定式和动名词作宾语皆可, 1、动名词做主语往往表示普通的、一般的行为，不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为。例 如：Collecting inform ation about children’s health is his job. 收集有关儿童健康的信息是他的工作。It’s necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher. 与一位有经验的老师讨论这个问题是有必要的。2、常用不定式做主语的句型有：（1）It’s difficult (important, necessary) for sb. to do （2）It’s kind (good, friendly, polite, careless, rude, cruel, clever, foolish, brave) of sb. to do. 3、常用动名词做主语的句型有：It’s no good (use, fun) doing. It’s (a) waste of time one’s doing.另:1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象) It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体) (2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。 不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(经验) Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验) (3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。It took me only five minutes to finish the job. Ⅰ.动名词和不定式做主语的相同点 1.不定式短语和动名词做主语时，常常为了保持句子的平衡，用it来做形式主语，如： It is not easy to learn English well. It is no use asking him for help. 2.如果主语用了不定式,表语和宾语也要用不定式;主语用了动名词,表语和宾语也要用动名词,这在英语中称为对称性,如: To see is to believe. = Seeing is believing. (眼见为实) It is better to stay home than _A__ out. A. to go B. going C. go D. gone
动词不定式和动名词的句法功能比较-初中语法
————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期: ?
初中英语动词不定式和动名词用法比较?一、作主语 ⒈不定式作主语?动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种：?(1)把不定式置于句首。如: ?Tｏgｅt ｔherｅbｙbike ｗｉｌl take ｕs ｈａlf aｎhoｕｒ.?(2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。如：?①It＋bｅ+名词+to ｄｏ?It＇s ouｒduty tｏtake gooｄcａre of the oｌｄ. ②Iｔtaｋｅs ｓb+soｍe tｉｍe+ｔo do Ｈow long did iｔtakｅyou tｏｆiniｓh the wｏｒk? ③Iｔ+bｅ+形容词＋for sｂ＋to do ?It ｉs dｉffiｃult fｏｒuｓto finiｓh writiｎｇthe compositionｉn a quarｔer ｏｆan hour. ?④It+be+形容词+oｆsｂ＋to do It is stupid of ｙoｕｔo wｒｉtｅdown ｅverythｉｎｇthｅｔeaｃheｒｓaｙｓ.?⑤Ｉｔseｅmｓ（a ｐpｅars）+形容词+tｏｄo It ｓeemed ｉｍｐoｓｓｉble ｔo saveｍoｎｅy. 在句型③中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：diffｉculｔ,ｅaｓy,haｒd，ｉmpoｒtant，ｉｍpoｓｓｉｂｌe,ｎecessary 等；在句型④中，常用cａrｅless，clever,gｏｏd,fooliｓh,hoｎest,kind,lazy,ｎiｃe,riｇｈt,sｉlｌy,ｓtupi ｄ,wise等表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的ｓb，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb ｉs＋形容词＋to do 句式,如:It'skｉnｄｏf ｙou to hｅｌp mｅwｉth my Enｇｌｉsh.=You are kind to ｈelｐme witｈmy Ｅnglish. ?⒉动名词作主语?Ｌearning ｗithoｕt practice ｉs ｎo gooｄ. 动名词作主语时，也常用It句式。如: ①Ｉt's +no gｏod(no use,ｆun，a ｐleasure,a waste ｏf time)＋doｉng… ?Ｉt'ｓno goｏd ｒｅadiｎg ｉn dim light. It＇s no usｅsitｔiｎg hｅre waｉｔiｎg. ②Ｉｔ'ｓ＋形容词＋doing ?It＇ｓdangerous swimminｇiｎtｈe ｓea iｎｗｉndy ｄays. ?这样用的形容词有ｅxpensive,nice,ｔirｉng等,但ｉmpｏrｔant,ｎecｅssary则不适用于这种结构，应用不定式代替，如:It'ｓｉmｐｏｒtant for ｙoｕto keep ｆit. ③Ｔheｒe is nｏ+doiｎg ?There ｉs no ｓａyiｎg wｈat will hａｐpｅnｎext． 在这一结构中，动名词后常带宾语，相当于"It＇s iｍposｓible to…＂结构。 ⒊动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别 ①不定式作主语经常表示具体动作,常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起;而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动作,经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。如: ?Iｔ's no good eａting too mｕｃh fａt．?It'sｎo good for yoｕto eaｔso mｕｃh fat. ?②动名词结构作主语，可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语。如：?Ｉt's noｕse ｙoｕｒpｒｅteｎdinｇthat you didn't knｏwｔhe ruleｓ. ?二、作宾语 ⒈不定式作宾语?①以下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语。如:aｇｒeｅ,ask,aiｍ,aｒｒangｅ,cｈｏｏsｅ,ｄecide,ｄeｍanｄ，expect，fａil ,heｌp,hopｅ,lean,ｌong,?ｍａnａge，offer，ｐｌan,prｅpaｒe,prｅtend，prｏmisｅ,refuse,ｗish等,这些词大部分可接thaｔ引导的从句。如: ?I decideｄto ask foｒmy moｎey back． I ｄecided that Iｗoｕldａｓk ｆor my mｏney bａｃk. Ｗhen ｏur vｉsit to thｅｆarm ｗａs ovｅr,ｗｅexpecteｄto startback on fooｔ. When ｏur vｉsit to the fａrｍｗaｓovｅr, ｗｅexpectｅd thａtｗｅwould start baｃk on foot. ?②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语ｉt代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，即:主语+动词+ｉｔ+补语+to do句式。如: Wｅthｉｎk ｉt qｕｉteｉmｐoｒｔanｔfor us to lｅarn a forｅignｌaｎguaｇｅｗeｌl． Hｅｆeels iｔhiｓdutｙtｏhｅlp the poor. ?③介词bｕｔ，exｃｅｐｔ,besides+to ｄｏ（ｄo）?在这种句型中，如介词前有动词do,后面应接不带tｏ的不定式；如无dｏ，则接ｔo不定式，即带dｏ不带to,带ｔo不带dｏ。如：?Ｔhｅenｅmｙsoldiｅrs ｈad no chｏiｃe ｂut to gｉve in. On Sｕｎday afteｒnooｎＩｈaｄnothing to dｏbｕt wａtｃhＴV. ⒉动名词作宾语?①以下动词后,只能接动名词作宾语，如：aｄmｉｔ,appｒeｃｉａte,ｃｏnsideｒ,deｌay,en ｊoy，finish,keeｐ， ｉmaｇine,miｎd,ｍiss,practｉse，,riｓk,ｓave,sｕggｅst，mｉnd,gｉve up,insｉｓt,on, pｕt off等。如:?Ｉsuｇgｅst sｐenｄiｎg ｏｕr suｍmer vaｃatioｎｉn a ｓeasiｄｅtown. You mustｇｉve up smokｉｎｇ, fｏｒit dｏesｔoo muｃh haｒm toyoｕr heaｌth. ?②动名词作介词的宾语
动词不定式语法单选题 【真题在线】 1. Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears ________ everything. A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told 2. I feel it is your husband who ________ for the spoiled child. A. is to blame B. is going to blame C. is to be blamed D. should blame 3. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are striving ________ their products more competitive. A. to make B. making C. to have made D. having made 4. An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered ________ clear warnings before firing any shots. A. to issue B. being issued C. to have issued D. to be issued 5. It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just ________ a look at the sports stars. A. had B. having C. to have D. have 6. Energy drinks are not allowed ________ in Australia but are brought in from New Zealand. A. to make B. to be made C. to have been made D. to be making 7. There is nothing more I can try ________ you to stay, so I wish you good luck. A. being persuaded B. persuading C. to be persuaded D. to persuade 8. If there's a lot of work ________, I'm happy to just keep on until it is finished. A. to do B. to be doing C. done D. doing 9. David threatened ________ his neighbor to the police if the damages were not paid. A. to be reported B. reporting C. to report D. having reported 10. Thai is the only way we can imagine ________ the overuse of water in students' bathrooms. A. reducing B. to reduce C. reduced D. reduce 11. Today we have chat rooms, text messaging, emailing… but w e seem ________ the art of communicating face-to-face. A. losing B. to be losing C. to be lost D. having lost 12. The students are looking forward to having an opportunity ________ society for real-life experience. A. explore B. to explore C. exploring D. explored 【随堂检测】 (A)
--
-- 教学过程 一、课堂导入 本堂知识是高考中比较重要的考点,也是各地常考的考点,掌握好这张语法，不仅对做单选题有帮助,对于更好地理解完型、阅读和写作文都有帮助。 --
-- 二、复习预习 复习上一单元的知识点之后，以达到复习的效果。然后给学生一些相关的单选或其他类型题目，再老师没有讲解的情况下,让学生独立思考，给出答案与解释,促进学生发现问题，同时老师也能发现学生的盲点，并能有针对性地进行后面的讲课。 --
-- 三、知识讲解 知识点1:分词用作表语 (1) 有的用作表语的分词具有形容词性质,有的甚至已转化为形容词。 --
-- (２）现在分词和动名词作表语的区别：现在分词作表语主要表示主语的性质和特征，而动名词作表语则主要是对主语内容的进一步说明和解释： Ｍｙjoｂis ｉｎtereｓtｉng. 我的工作很有趣。 My ｊob isｔｅａｃhinｇmaths. 我的工作是教数学。 另外，动名词作表语时它可与主语交换位置，而现在分词作表语则不可与主语交换位置: 误:Inｔeｒesｔinｇiｓmy joｂ． 正：Ｔｅａchinｇmaths ｉs mｙｊob. 还有，作表语的现在分词不能带宾语,而作表语用的动名词可以带宾语（如上例)。 知识点2：分词用作定语 --
-- 单个的分词作定语可以置于被修饰词语之前,但若是分词短语作定语则应置于被修饰名词之后：Theｒe is a gｅntlｅmaｎaｓkｉng toｓee you. 有一位先生要求见你。 Sｈe boughｔa compｕter ｐroduced iｎChina. 她买了一台中国生产的电脑。 --
动词不定式和动名词是英语非谓语动词的两个重要部分 一、作主语 1、不定式作主语：动词不定式可直接用作主语, 句子的谓语动词常用单数。 To get there by bike will take us half an hour. 对于主语较长的不定式，可以用it 作形式主语。例如： It's our duty to take good care of the old.How long did it take you to finish the work It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour. It seemed impossible to save money.It's kind of you to help me with my English. 2、动名词作主语：动名词也可直接用作主语，或者用it 作形式主语。例如： Learning without practice is no good.It's no good reading in dim light.It's no use sitting here waiting.It's dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days.There is no saying what will happen next. 3、动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别 (1)不定式作主语经常表示具体动作，或者表示将要进行的动作。而动名词作主语经常表示 抽象的一般性的动作。例如：It's no good for you to eat so much fat. ( 有具体的人for you) It's no good eating too much fat. ( 泛指 ) (2) 不定式的逻辑主语常用 of, for 表示；动名词逻辑主语则常用物主代词、名词、代词表示。例如：It is stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says. (of you) It's no use your pretending that you didn't know the rules. (your) The doctor suggested them having their health check-up once a year. 二、作宾语 1、不定式作宾语 (1) 以下动词后 , 一般只用不定式作宾语 .如 :agree, attempt ， apply， ask, aim, arrange, beg ，choose, decide, demand, expect, fail , help, hope, lean, long, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, wish afford 等。 I decided to ask for my money back. I decided that I would ask for my money back. When our visit to the farm was over, we expected to start back on foot. When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that we would start back on foot. (2)不定式可先用 it 做形式宾语。 2、动名词作宾语 (1)以下动词后 , 一般只用动名词作宾语 , 如 :admit, appreciate, consider, delay, enjoy, finish, keep, imagine, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, save, suggest, don't mind, give up, insist, on, put off 等。 I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town. You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm to your health. (2)介词后只能接动名词做宾语 I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home. What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech (3)少数特殊结构中只用动名词做宾语。它们可以看作是省略的介词的形式。例如： have difficulty prevent/stop (in) doing sth. have ? (from) doing sth. no trouble (in) doing sth.lose no ti me (in) there is no use (in) doing sth. doing sth. 3、不定式与动名词做宾语的区别 (1)动词后是接不定式还是动名词作宾语，主要是根据使用习惯。有些动词后一般只接不定
不定式与动名词专题练习 1．I don't allow _____ in my drawing room. I don't allow my family _____ at all. A. smoking；to smoke B. to smoke；smoking C. to smoke；to smoke D. smoking；smoking 选A。allow要用动名词做宾语，用动词不定式作宾语补足语。 2．Your clothes need _____. A. washed B. to be washed C. to wash D. being washing 选B。need to be done相当于need doing, 表示被动语态。 3．This bike is not worthy _____. A. to be repaired B. of repairing C. to repair D. repairing 选A。be worthy to be done的意思是"某事值得被做"。 4．_____ provides us with essential nutrients, while _____ provides us with oxygen. A. To eat; breathing B. Ea ting; to breathe C. Eating; breathing D. Eaten; breathed 选C。while是并列连词，连接两个并列的动名词结构。 5．Rebecca was unhappy for _____ the first chance to go abroad. A. not having been given B. not having given C. not giving D. having been given 选A。not having been done是动名词的完成被动式的否定形式，表示动作发生在谓语动词之前，而且是被动的。 6．_____ is better to love than _____. A. That; to be loved B. That; be love C. It; be loved D. It; to be loved 选D。It在句中作形式主语；than连接两个并列的动词不定式。 7．I've got the loaf；now I'm looking for a bread knife _____. A. cutting it by B. cutting it with C. to cut it with D. to cut it by 选C。动词不定式作后置定语；with表示工具；by表示手段。 8．I'm glad _____ by him yesterday. A. not be seen B. to not have been seen C. not to have been seen D. not to have seen 选C。not to have been done是动词不定式的完成被动式的否定形式，表示动作发生在谓语动词之前。 9．-What do you think about English? -It's a difficult language _____. A. speaking B. to be spoken C. to speak D. spoken 选C。可以在不定式前加上for sb.作为逻辑主语，因此是主动的。 10．He would rather stay at home than _____ out with you. A. go B. to go C. going D. goes