英美文学重点多1

英美文学知识第一节英国文学一、古英语时期的英国文学 (约499-1066)Alliteration – Beowulf《贝奥武甫》- national epicCaedmon (开德蒙)Anthem《赞美诗》1. 诗歌Cynewulf(基涅武甫)Dream of the Rood《十字架之梦》Bede (比德)Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum《英吉利人教会史》2. 散文King Alfred(阿尔弗雷德大帝)Wessex – Father of English Prose (“英国散文之父”);Anglo-Saxon Chronicle《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》二、中古英语时期的英国文学 (14世纪 – 15世纪)1. Allegory – Romance – Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》2. Ballad – The Robin Hood Ballads《罗宾汉民谣集》3. William Langland (威廉•兰格伦)The Vision Concerning Piers the Plowman 《农夫皮尔斯的幻想》4. Geoffrey Chaucer (杰弗里•乔叟)Father of English Poetry (“英国诗歌之父”); The Canterbury Tales《坎特布雷故事集》;- octosyllabic & heroic couplet (八音节英雄双韵体)5. Sir Thomas Malory(托马斯•马洛礼)Le Morte d’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学 (15世纪末 – 17世纪中期)1. Humanism – classic culture2. Thomas More (托马斯•莫尔)Utopia《乌托邦》; The Painful Life of Edward V; Historie of Richard the Third《理查德三世传》3. Thomas Wyatt (托马斯•怀亚特), Henry Howard (亨利•霍华德) – Sonnet4. Philip Sidney (菲利浦•锡德尼)Arcadia《阿卡迪亚》-第一篇田园生活的传奇,“现代长篇小说的先驱”;The Defence of Poesie / Apology for Poetry《诗辩》-人文主义文学的宣言,开创近代英国的文学批评5. Edmund Spencer (埃德蒙•斯宾塞)poet’ poet – Spencerian stanza – 9行(ababbcbcc)8 iambic pentameter + 1 iambic hexameter; The FaireQueene 《仙后》被誉为英国文艺复兴时期“最杰出的史诗” nationalism, humanism, puritanism 6. Christopher Marlowe(克里斯托弗•马娄)Tamburlaine 《帖木耳大帝》; The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus 《浮士德博士的悲剧历史》7. William Shakespeare2首长诗, 154首十四行诗, 37部戏剧长诗Venus and Adonis 《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》;The Rape of Lucrece 《露克丽丝受辱记》十四行诗iambic pentameter – 14 (abab cdcd efef gg)3 quatrains + 1 couplet = Shakespearean sonnet悲剧Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, Macbeth喜剧 A Midsummer Night’s Dream ; The Merchant ofVenice ; As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》; TwelfthNight历史剧Henry VI, Henry IV, Richard III(威廉•莎士比亚)戏剧传奇剧Pericles 《泰尔亲王配力克里斯》;Cymbeline 《辛白林》; The Winter’s Tale ;Tempest 《暴风雨》8. Ben Jonson (本•琼森)comedy of manners (风俗喜剧的奠基人);Every Man In His Humor 《人性互异》9. John Donne (约翰•多恩)Metaphysical Poems (“玄学派”诗歌创始人);Songs and Sonnets 《歌曲与十四行诗》10. George Herbert (乔治•赫伯特)the saint of the Metaphysical school(“玄学派诗圣”);The Temple 《神殿》11. Andrew Marwell (安德鲁•马韦尔)诗风结合了玄学派和古典主义的创作特点;To His Coy Mistress 《致他的娇羞女友》12. Francis Bacon (弗朗西斯•培根)Materialism; Essays 《随笔》(Of Study, OfTruth );The Advancement of Learning 《学术的推进》;The New Instrument 《新工具》四、资产阶级革命及启蒙时期的英国文学 (17世纪末，18世纪 )1. the Enlightenment: liberty, equality, democracy前30年：neo-classicism (崇尚古典文学的创作及美学原则)40年代到80年代：realism2. 18世纪的英国文学80年代以后：sentimentalism & pre-romanticism (崇尚情感)3. John Milton (约翰•弥尔顿)Defence of the English People 《为英国人民而辩》;Second Defence of the Englishpeople 《为英国人民再辩》;Paradise Lost (blank verse, 旧约); Paradise Regained(新约);Samson Agonistes 《力士参孙》(poetical drama, closet73. Tennessee Williams (田纳西·威廉斯)The Glass Menagerie《玻璃动物园》; A Street car Named Desire《欲望号街车》; Cat on a Hot Tin Roof《热铁皮屋顶上的猫》74. Arthur Miller (阿瑟·米勒)All My Sons《都是我的儿子》; The Death of a Salesman《推销员之死》75. Edward Albee (爱德华·阿尔比)The Zoo Story《动物园的故事》; Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? 《谁害怕弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫》76. Sylvia Plath (西尔维亚·普拉斯)自白派; The Colossus and Other Poems《巨人》。

Part one：English LiteratureChapter1 The Renaissance period(14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance。

人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。

2.the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is themeasure of all things。

人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人"为中心，人是万物之灵.3.Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human natureand came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection，and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question，explore，and enjoy。

人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性,并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命,人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。

4.Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the bestrepresentatives of the English humanists。

托马斯。

摩尔，克利斯朵夫。

马洛和威廉。

莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

5.Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England。

英美文学选读要点总结精心整理[英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。

2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。

3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。

4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。

Old English: 450-1066<Beowulf> the national epic of the Anglo-SaonsMedieval English： 1066 - middle 14th century Geoffrey Chaucer-the father of English poetry (wisdom, humor, humanity) <The Canterbury Tales> first time to use 'heroic couplet': 14th –mid 17th started in ItalyA series of historical events:1.rediscovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture2.new discoveries in geography & astrology(占星学)3.the religious reformation & economic expansionThe Renaissance - rebirth or revival- the essence of the Renaissance, the dignity of human being & the importanceof the present lifeBest representatives: Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare The Elizabethan drama: the real mainstream of English Renaissance Most famous dramatists: Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, Ben Jonson- the poets' poet5 quality: 1) a perfect melody 2)a rare sense of beauty 3)a splendidimagination4)a lofty(高尚的) moral purity and seriousness 5)a dedicated idealism<The Shepherdes Calender> lament(哀悼) over the loss of Rosalind<The Faerie Queene>主角：Arthur - who possess 12 virtuesGloriana – the Fairy QueenThe theme is not “Arms and the man,” but something more romantic –“Fierce warresand faithfull loves”READING: excerpt from The Faerie Queene仙后Content: Redcrosse Knight set out on his adventures.–Hyperbole(夸张)Marlowe’s achievement: 1) blank verse无韵诗歌It is Marlowe who brought vitality(活力) and grandeur(伟大) into the blank verse with his “mighty lines,” which carry strong emotions.2) his creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama.(not strong in dramaticconstruction.)→ the pioneer of English drama3 tragedies: <Dr. Faustus> the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness<Tamburlaine> 帖木耳大帝 a play about an ambitious and pitilessoverpowering king.<The Jew of Malta> 马尔他的犹太人non-drama <The Passionate Shepherd to His Love> pastoral(田园的) life ，the mostbeautiful lyrics(抒情诗)READING: 1. excerpt from Dr. Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧A play based on the German legendContent: Faustus is a scholar who has a strong desire to acquire knowledge. By conjuration(念咒文召唤) he call up Mephistophilis, the Devil’s servant. He make a bond(契约) to sell his soul to the Devil in return for 24 years of life in which Mephistophilis to give him everything he desires. Devil’s name is Lucifer.Dominant moral is human rather than religious2. The Passionate(热情的) Shepherd to His Lovethis short poem is considered to be one of the most beautiful lyrics(抒情诗) in Englishliterature.The shepherd(牧羊人) enjoy an ideal country life, cherishing(珍爱) a pastoral(田园的) and pure affection for his love. Strong emotion is conveyed through the beautyof nature.– playwright & poet (above all writers in the past and in the present time)1.<Henry Ⅵ>, <Richard Ⅲ>…2.<Richard Ⅱ>, <Henry Ⅳ>, <Henry Ⅴ>, <King John>…Comedies: <A Midsummer Night’s Dream>, <The Merchant of Venice>, <TwelfthNight> …Tragedy: <Romeo and Juliet> romantic tragedy. To praise the faithfulness of loveand the spirit of pursuing happiness.3.Four tragedies - <Hamlet>, <Othello>, <King Lear> & <Macbeth>4.tragicomedies：<The Tempest>Achievement:A. exploring the characters’s inner mind.- fully reveal the inner conflict of the characters– bring vividness to the charactersB. adroit（精巧的） plot constructionC. Irony is a good means of dramatic presentation. Disguise is an important deviceto create dramatic irony.D. the language.READING： 1. Sonnet 18 (14 line)<Sonnet 18> eternal or immortal（不朽的） beauty, have a faith in the permanence ofpoetry.A nice summer’s day is usually transient(短暂的), but the beauty in poetry can lastfor ever.2.excerpt from The Merchant of Venice<The Merchant of Venice> to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, to expose the insatiable （不知足的） greed and brutality of the Jew.Double plot:(1) Bassanio ask Antonio for a loan so that he might marriage with Portia (2) Antonio borrow money from Shylock, the Jewish usurer. Shylock make a strange bond that requires Antonio to surrender a pound of his flesh if he fail to repay him within a certain period of time. Portia disguised as a young lawyer instructed to judge the case: Shylock can take his pound of flesh, but there is no mention of blood in the bond. Otherwise, his lands and goods will be confiscated(充公) according to he lawof Venice.3．Excerpt from Hamlet<Hamlet> hesitate between fact and fiction, language and action, too sophisticated （复杂的） to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger content: Hamlet, the prince, appearing in a mood of world-weariness（厌世） occasioned by his father’s death and his mother’s hasty remarriage with Claudius, his father’s brother. Hamlet is informed that Claudius has murdered his father and then taken over both his father’s throne and widow. Thus Hamlet is urged to seek revenge. Note: To be, or not to be - to live on in this world or to die; to suffer or to takeaction–Bacon’s essays are famous for their brevity, compactness & powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions（典故）, metaphors（隐喻） andcadence（韵律）.<The Advancement of Learning>man’s understanding consists of three parts: history to man’s memory, poetry to man’s imagination and creation, and philosophy to man’s reason.<Novum Organum> written in Latin on methodology方法论Bacon suggests the inductive reasoning 归纳法 ( i.e. proceeding from the particularto the general)in place of Aristotelian method, the deductive reasoning 演绎法( i.e. proceedingfrom the general to the particular)READING: Of Studies<Of Studies> uses and benefits of study –studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Studies perfect nature, and are perfected by experience. Different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies - studies and experience are complementary (互补) to each other. The correct attitude to reading books - to weigh and consider. How studies exert influence over human character - reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.- break away from love poetry, the diction(用语) is simple, the imagery is from the actual, the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with God, or with himself.A)conceits B)syllogism (三段论)Poetry 早期:<The Songs and Sonnets> holds that the nature of love is the union ofsoul and body.晚期:<Holy Sonnets> <A Hymn to God the Father> religious poemProse: his sermons, which are both rich and imaginative READING: 1. The Sun Rising 2. Death, Be Not Proud ( a sonnet,14 lines)<The Sun Rising> the busy sun is always ready to interfere with other things andeverywhere<Death, Be Not Proud> whatever you are, you can not escape from death. When you are living, you are always in the shadow of death. Death only lasts a moment, our life after death is eternal. The more pleasure the death gives people, not only the pleasure of the rest & the sleep, because 'whom the gods love die young'. Though death is usually considered powerful, it actually provides a rest for a man's body and a birth forhis soul.Achievement: 1)the early poetic works 2) the middle prose(散文Elegy(挽歌) -<lycidas>利西达斯 (his early work)Epic(史诗) - <Paradise Lost> <Paradise Regained>Dramatic poem(诗剧) - <Samson Agonistes>力士参孙 the most perfect example of theverse drama after the Greekstyle in English.READING: excerpt from Paradise Lost<Paradise Lost> the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf. The conflict is between human love and spiritual duty. The freedom of the will is the keystone of Milton’s creed(纲领).Take from the Old Testament, the theme is the “Fall of Man”: Satan rebel against God and are driven from Heaven. He determined to revenge by seduce(引诱) Adam and Eve to eat the fruit from the Tree of Knowledge against God’s instructions. So, Adam and Eve are exiled by God from the paradise.1660-1798 with the publication of Lyrical ballads byWordsworth and Coleridge-the Age of Enlightenment/Reason– the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries,a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality),equality & science (the 18th century)modern English novel–newly rising literary form现实主义小说诞生（the mid-century）Gothic novel(哥特式小说) - mystery, horror & castles (from middle part to the endof century)REAING: The Vanity Fair名利场 an excerpt form The Pilgrim’s Progress (天路历程)<The Pilgrim's Progress>, a 寓言), its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation(拯救) through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils. Its predominant metaphor–life as a journeyone of the first to introduce rationalism to England, for him the supreme value wasorder.READING: excerpt from A n Essay on Criticism(论批评)<An Essay on Criticism> a poem written 对句), criticize the present poem lack of true taste & call on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance, true wit which is best set in a plain (simple & clear) style.- the first writer study of the lower-class people, his language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular(方言).READING: excerpt from Robinson crusoe<Robinson Crusoe> praise the human labor and the Puritan fortitude (清教徒坚韧).→ an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned(放逐) on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finallygets relieved and returns to England.→ Robinson grew from a naïve and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed (缺点) Achievement: 1)a master satirist. <A Modest Proposal> <Gulliver's Travels>2) one of the greatest of English prose, he defined a good style asREADING: excerpt from Gulliver’s Travels(格列佛游记)<Gulliver's Travels> fictional work, four parts – Lilliput, Brobdingnag, FlyingIsland & Houyhnhnm(小人国) (大人国) (飞岛) (有人类理性的马)→ the book is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life.(散文体史诗), the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.He adopted “the third-person narration”.<The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews…> (约瑟夫·安德鲁) <The History of Jonathan Wild the Great> (伟大的乔纳森·怀尔德)<The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling> a masterpiece on the subject of human nature <The History of Amelia> the unfortunate life of an idealized woman, a maudlin(伤感的) picture of the social life at the time.READING: excerpt from Tom JonesBrings the author the name of the “Prose Homer”In a way, Tom and Sophia, stands for a wayfaring(旅行的) Everyman, who is expelled from the paradise and has to go through hard experience to gain a knowledge of himselfand finally to approach perfectness.– the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman, thelast neoclassicist enlightener.<A Dictionary of the English Language> 英语大词典READING: To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield<To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield> the letter is written in a refined and very polite language, with a bitter undertone of defiance and anger. The seemingly peaceful retrospection, reasoning and questioning express, to the best satiric effect, the author’s strong indignation at the lord’s fame-fishing.- the only important of the 18th century <The Rivals> and <The School for Scandal> are regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.READING: excerpt from The School for ScandalA story about two brothers: Joseph Surface and Charles Surface. Charles in love with Maria, Sir Peter Teazle is loved by Lady Sneerwell. The lady instigates(教唆) Joseph to pursue Maria For her Money. Joseph secretly seduce(引诱) Lady Teazle, Sir Peter’s young wife. The play ends with great disgrace for Joseph and Charles wins his lovesand the inheritance of his rich uncle.It is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy(堕落) of the aristocratic-bourgeoissociety in the 18th England.the leader of the sentimental(悲情的) poetry of the day ,especially “The GraveyardSchool”READING:Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard<Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard> reflects on death, the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. He sympathized for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bringhavoc(破坏) on them.△ Romantic - emotion over reason, spontaneous (自发)emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace △ The romantic emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind. △ The romantic period began with： in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth andColeridge's <Lyrical Ballads>end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death△ two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic) and WalterScott (romantic).雕刻家)<Songs of Innocence>: a happy and innocent world from children's eye<Songs of Experience> : a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression witha melancholy (忧郁的opposites<Marriage of Heaven and Hell> marks his entry into maturity.<The book of Urizen>(先知书) prophetic(预言的) book in his later periodHe presents his view in visual images. Symbolism is also a distinctive feature ofhis poetry.READING: 1. The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Innocence)2. The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Experience)3. The Tyger(from Songs of Experience)- the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, simple, spontaneous(自发的),“worshipper of nature”- He defines the poet as a 'man speaking to men', and poetry as 'the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in 'emotion recollected intranquillity'.“Lake Poets”: William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge & Robert Southey<The Prelude>(序曲) his masterpiece<To a Skylark> <Tintern Abbey>READING: 1. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud<I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud> the poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils (水仙) and poet's philosophical ideas and mysticalthoughts.2. Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802<Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802> the sonnet describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London, silent, bright, glittering（闪烁的）, smokeless & mildly（柔和的）. It is so touching a sight that the poet expressed hisreligion piety （虔诚）for nature.3. She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways4. The Solitary Reaper<The Solitary Reaper> thanks to poet's rich imagination, the mass of associations, this commonplace happening becomes a striking event, the poet succeeds in making the reader's share his emotion. The poem also shows the poet's passionate love of nature.William Wordsworth and Coleridge: <Lyrical Ballads> Poet can be divided into two groups - the demonic 恶魔的(supernatural) & theconversational- The demonic group includes 3 masterpieces: <The Rime of the Ancient Mariner>,<Chrisabel>, <Kubla Khan>老水手之行克丽斯塔贝尔忽必烈汗Feature: mysticism, demonism with strong imagination, a strange territory - Conversational poem: <Frost at Midnight> <The Nightingale>READING: Kubla Khan'Byronic hero': is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical（暴君的） rules or moral principles. Such a hero appears first in <ChildeHarold's Pilgrimage> 怀尔德·哈罗德游记<Don Juan> （唐璜）(the masterpiece of Byron, a long satirical poem, comic epic) by make use of Juan’s adventures, to present a panoramic（全面） view of different typesof society.READING: 1.Song for the Luddites<Song for the Luddites> 'will die fighting, or live free' Byron show his support of the Luddites who destroyed the machines in their protest against unemployment. The poet's great sympathy of the workers in their struggle against the capitalists isclearly shown.2. The Isles of Greece (from Don Juan)<The Isles of Greece> song by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan and Haidee. 'Fill high the bowl with Samian wine'? By contrasting the freedom of ancient Greece and the present enslavement, the poet appealed to people to struggle for liberty.1) Lyrics（抒情诗）<The Cloud> <Ode to the West Wind> <To a Skylark>云雀颂 the bird, suspended betweenreality and poetic image2) poetic drama （诗剧）<Prometheus Unbound> 解放了的米罗普修斯READING: 1. A Song: Men of England<Men of England> It is not only a war cry calling upon all working people of England to rise up against their political oppressors, but also an address to point out to them the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation.2.Ode to the West Wind<Ode to the West Wind> terza rima, destructive-constructive potential, hopeful, 'I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!', 'If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?' The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality.4 great odes : <Ode on Melancholy>, <Ode on a Grecian Urn>, <Ode to a Nightingale>,<Ode to Psyche>希腊古瓮颂夜莺颂READING: Ode on a Grecian Urn<Ode on a Grecian Urn> the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience (短暂)of human passion, 'Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeter','Beauty is truth, truth beauty'6 novels: <Sense and Sensibility> <Pride and Prejudice> <Northanger Abbey> <MansfieldPark> <Emma> <Persuasion>诺桑觉寺蔓斯菲尔德公园→Story of love and marriage provide the major themes in all her novels.→ 3 types of attitudes in pursuit of marriage:A)who would marry for material wealth and social positionB)who would marry just for beauty and passionC)who would marry for true love with a consideration of the partner’s personalmerit and his economical and social status.→concerning 3 or 4 landed gentry families with their daily routine life: relationships with members of their own family and with their friends, dancing parties,tea parties, picnics, and gossips.READING: excerpt from Pride and prejudice1.Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy : in the end false pride is humbled and prejudicedissolved.2.Collins & Charlotte Lucas: see the reality of marriage as a necessary step if awoman is to avoid the wretchedness(不幸) of aging spinsterhood（未婚妇女身份）.3.Lydia & Wickham: shown the dangers of feckless（不负责任的） relationshipsunsupported by money.4.Mr. & Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Collins, Lady Catherine de Burgh: comic characters＊Common sense and moral propriety（规矩）, again became the predominant preoccupation.Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people.＊Darwin's <The Origin of Species> and <The Descent of Man> shook the traditionalfaith, everything is created by God＊George Eliot, the pioneering woman, was the first novelist that “started puttingall the actions inside”＊Thomas Hardy, that Wessex man who not only expose and criticize all sorts of social iniquities, but finally came to question and attack the Victorian conventions andmorals.＊Robert Browning, created the verse novel, revel and study characters’ inner world(psycho-analytical)- one of the greatest critical realist writers of the VictorianAge- Character-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his works1) child characters 2) horrible and grotesque（可笑的） characters 3) broadly humorousor comical characters- characterized by a mingling(混合) of humor and pathos (悲伤) pathos: little Nell <The Old Curiosity Shop> , little Paul <Dombey and Son><A Tale of Two Cities>READING: excerpt from Oliver Twist雾都孤儿<Oliver Twist> is a boy brought up in the workhouse. One day, as Oliver asked for more food, he was sent to work as an apprentice and then ran away …The novel is famous for its vivid descriptions of the workhouse and life of the underworld（下层社会）in 19th London.The Bronte Sisters - Charlotte, Emily & AnneEmily, a rather reserved and simple girl, was very much a child of nature. Charlotte, is a writer of realism combined with romanticism. Her works are famous for the depiction of the life of the middle-class working women, particularlygovernesses（家庭女教师）.READING: 1. excerpt from Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte<Jane Eyre> 简·爱 Jane Eyre, a plain little orphan, was sent to Lowood, a charity school. There she suffer a lot and 8 years later she left school and became a governess at Thornfield Hall. There she falls in love with the master, Mr. Rochester.- It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e.g. charity institutionsuch as Lowood School- successful introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine, whom represents those middle-class working women struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being.2. excerpt from Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte<Wuthering Heights> 呼啸山庄 a story about 2 families and an intruding(闯入的)stranger.The Earnshaw family (Mr. Earnshaw, his wife, the son Hindley, the daughter Catherine)- HeathcliffThe Linton family ( Mr. Linton, his wife son Edgar, daughter Isabella- invents dramatic monologue(独脚戏), Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人, areal artistHe has the natural power of linking visual pictures with musical expressions, andwith the feelings.<In Memoriam> 悼念<Ldylls of the King> 国王叙事诗 represent a cyclic history of western civilization, which, in Tennyson’s mind, is going on a spiritual decline and will end in destruction.READING: 1. Break, Break, Break 2. Crossing the Bar 3.ULysses<Break, Break, Break> in memory of the death of his best friend, his sadness feeling are contrasted with the carefree, innocent joys of the children and the unfeelingmovement of the ship and the sea waves<Crossing the Bar>过沙洲 we can feel his fearlessness towards death, his faith in God and an afterlife. 'Crossing the bar' means leaving this world and entering thenext world<Ulysses> 尤利西斯 not endure the peaceful commonplace everyday life, old as he is, he persuades his old followers to go with him and to set sail again to pursue a new world and new knowledge, dramatic monologue, 'Myself not least, but honour'd of them all' means I am not the least important, buthonoured by all of them- the most original poet, who improve and mature the dramaticmonologue（戏剧独白）<The Ring and the Book> 指环与书 his masterpiece. Its symbolic meaning, the “ring ”– the goldsmith’s（金匠的） technique of alloying gold（合金） in making rings.The “book”– the hard truthREADING: 1. My Last Duchess 2. Meeting at Night 3. Parting at Morning<My Last Duchess> 我逝去的公爵夫人this dramatic monologue is the duke's speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage, the duke is a self-conceited, cruel and tyrannical（残暴的） man<Meeting at Night> 黑夜相会 the man, a lover, describes the whereabouts of theirmeeting place.<Parting at Morning> 晨别 here describe the sun-rise, the poet unconsciously expresses his helplessness in having to face up his duty as a man.As a woman of exceptional （特有的）intelligence and life experience, she shows a particular concern for the destiny of women. She shows that the need of the individual for expansion and growth has to be brought into harmony with a sense of social responsibility.（人与社会的关系）Naturalistic and psychological novel心理分析READING: excerpt from Middlemarch<Middlemarch>米德尔马契 a sharp contrast is set between the cold, lifeless, dull house and Dorothea who is full of youthful life and vigorDorothea Brooke (a beautiful, intelligent young lady) and Lydgate( a proud, ambitious young doctor), both fail in achieving their goals owing to the social environment as well as their own vulnerabilities.（易受伤）both a naturalistic and a critical realist writerLocal-colored, Wessex, 'novels of character and environment' :the fictional（虚构的） primitive and crude rural region which is really the home place he both lovesand hates.<Tess of the D'Urbervilles> 德伯家的苔丝 experience is as to intensity, and not asto duration（持续）Tess, as a pure woman brought up with the traditional idea of womanly virtues, is abused and destroyed by both Alec and Angel, agents of the destructive force of thesociety.➢The writer concentrated on the private than on the public, more on the subjective than on the objective. They are mainly concerned with the inner being of anindividual.➢The three trilogies（三部曲） of Galsworthy’s Forsyte novels are masterpieces of critical realism in the early 20th century.➢“the Angry Young Men” with lower-middle-class or working class background.Kingsley Amis, John Wain, John Braine and Alan Sillitoe were the major novelists in this group. Osborne, the first “Angry Young Man”➢James Joyce is the most outstanding stream-of-consciousness novelist; <Ulysses> ➢Shaw, is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare.➢Yeats, the leader of the Irish National Theater Movement.dramatist (leading playwright)早期 <Widowers’ Houses> 鳏夫的房产 <Candida> 康蒂坦 <Mrs. Warren’s Profession>华伦夫人的职业<Caesar and Cleopatra>凯撒和克莉奥佩特拉中期 <Man and Superman>人与超人晚期 <Back to Methuselah>回到麦修色拉 <The Apple Cart>苹果车Feature: 1.he makes the trick of showing up one character vividly at the expense ofanother.2. Shaw’s characters are the representatives of ideas, points of view, that shiftand alter, for he is interested in doctrines.3．he inversion（倒装）, a device found in Shaw form beginning to end.4.Action is reduced to a minimum, while the dialogue and the interplay of the mindsmaintain the interest of the audience.READING: excerpt from Mrs. Warren’s Profession about the economic oppression ofwomenA conventional writer, having inherited the traditions of Victorian novelists of thecritical realismPlay: <The Silver Box> 银盒Novels: <The Forsyte Saga>福赛特世家(trilogy三部曲:<The Man of Property>有产业的人<In Chancery>骑虎<To Let>出租) <A Modern Comedy>现代喜剧READING: excerpt from The Man of Property<The Man of Property> Soames Forsyte, wealth is the sole aim of life. Irene, his wife, loves art and cherishes. Aoames asks Bosinney, a young architect, to build a country house for them. Later, Irene and Bosinney fall in love with each other.The novel show the human relationships of the contemporary English society are merely anextension of property relationships.<The Lake Isle of Innisfree>茵尼斯弗利岛 <The Man Who Dreamed of Faeryland>梦见仙境的人<Sailing to Byzantium>驶向拜古廷 explored the problems of death, love, old age andart.READING: 1. The Lake Isle of Innisfree 2. Down by the Salley Gardens<The Lake Isle of Innisfree> Tired of life of his day, Yeats sought to escape into an ideal “fairyland” where he could love calmly as a hermit(隐士) and enjoy the beauty of nature. Here Innisfree is referring to a place for hermitage.<Down by the Salley Gardens>reconstruct an old song from 3 lines imperfectly(不完整地) remembered by an old peasant womanone of the important verse dramatists<The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock> 普鲁弗洛克的情歌<The Waste Land> 荒原the most famous poem，is a poem concerned with the spiritual breakup of a modern civilization in which human life has lost its meaning,significance and purpose.<Ash Wednesday>灰星期三 <Four Quartets>四个四重奏READING: The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock<The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock> dramatic monologue, an ironic contrast。

英美文学选读复习要点中英文对照Chapter2 The Neoclassical Period(1660-1798)新古典主义1. In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values.总之，这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。

2. The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代，或曰理性时代。

3. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of m odern philosophical and artistic ideas.运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。

4. Enlighteners held that rationality or reason should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a reference to order, reason and rules.启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。

他们大力提倡秩序，理性及法律。

5. As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and m oralizing, became a very popular means of public education.其实，当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念，就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。

6. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those gre at writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and S ir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swi ft, Daniel Defoe, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Sam uel Johnson.英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰.德莱顿，亚历山大.蒲柏，约瑟夫.艾迪森与理查.斯蒂尔（这两位是现代散文的先驱），乔纳森.斯威夫特，丹尼尔.迪福，理查.B.谢立丹，亨利.费尔丁和塞缪尔.约翰逊。

英美文学鉴赏重点英美文学鉴赏导读一单选题10个10分二文学术语翻译，10中，10英10分三2篇诗歌的分析，写出作家名，诗名，格律metrical pattern，韵律rhyme scheme，诗节stanza from，诗歌类型genre of the poem，修辞figures of speech，主题theme等20分四默写学过的两首诗。

20分五简答题两个questions 20分六论述题两个20分I. Each of the statements below is followed by 4 alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the brackets. (10*1℅=10) ?II. Translate the following former 10 English literary terms into Chinese and the later 10 Chinese literary terms into English.(20*0.5℅=10%)III. Please fill in the missing blanks and answer questions below. (2*12℅=24%)IV. Write down 2 poem you’ve learned from the textbook except the above-cited poems in III. (2*8℅=16%)V. Give brief answers to the following questions. (2*10℅=20%)VI. Short essay questions. （1*15+1*5=20%）1）熟悉Part1 (6-7)，part 2 (2-7), part 3 (2)的专业术语，会互译。

What is Literature：14th century: It means polite learning through reading. A man of literature or a man of letters = a man of wide reading, ―literacy‖18th century: practice and profession of writing19th century: the high skills of writing in the special context of high imagination。

My definition:In the widest sense it is just about anything written. In the more specialized sense, it is the art that use language as a medium and characterized by beauty of expression and form and by universality of intellectual and emotional appeal.What is poetry?A literary form Written in linesCompressed contentRich imageryBeautiful harmonyGreat artistic appeal Sonnet十四行诗：an exact form of poetry in 14 lines of iambic pentameter intricately rhymed.玄学派诗歌：The term ―metaphysical poetry‖ is commonly used to name the work of the 17th –century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.Ode颂:an elaborately formal lyric poem, often in the form of a lengthy ceremonious address to a person or abstract entity, always serious and elevated in tone. Imagism and Ezra PoundAn image is ―that whichpresents an intellectual andemotional complex in aninstan t of time‖.(1) Direct treatment of the‗thing‘ whether subjectiveor objective.(2) To use absolutely noword that does notcontribute to thepresentation.(3) As regarding rhythm:to compose in the sequenceof the musical phrase, notin the sequence of ametronome.什么是小说：A work of fiction is anarrative that originates inthe imagination of theauthor.Sometimes the stories are―true‖, but more often theyare not.Some fiction—historical orautobiographical fiction, forexample—may focus onreal people and the plotmay be grounded in actualevents, but the waycharacters interact and howthe plot unfolds are theauthor‘s own invention.The purpose of fiction aremainly for entertainment,instruction, and aestheticpleasure of the reader小说要素：Plot SettingPoint of view ThemeTone Irony StyleLost Generation垮掉的一代：applied to the disillusionedintellectuals and aesthetesof the years following theFirst World War, whorebelled against formerideals and values;代表人物：Francis Scott FitzgeraldEzra PoundSherwood AndersonWilliam FaulknerErnest Hemingway什么是戏剧：A drama is a work ofliterature or a compositionwhich delineates life andhuman activity by means ofpresenting various actionsof, and dialogues between agroup of characters. And itis designed for theatricalpresentation戏剧要素：Plot Character ThoughtDiction Music Spectacle戏剧分类：TragedyComedyTragicomedyMelodramaProblem playFarceFatancy。

Part one：English LiteratureChapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance。

人文主义是文艺复兴的核心.2.the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is themeasure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。

3.Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human natureand came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection，and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore，and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己,而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。

4.Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the bestrepresentatives of the English humanists.托马斯。

摩尔，克利斯朵夫。

马洛和威廉。

莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

5.Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国.6.The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段.7.The goals of humanistic poetry are: skillful handling of conventions, force oflanguage, and, above all，the development of a rhetorical plan in which meter，rhyme，scheme，imagery and argument should all be combined to frame the emotional theme and throw it into high relief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的熟练运用，语言的力度与气概，而最重要的是发展了修辞模式，即将格律,韵脚(式），组织结构，意象(比喻，描述）与议论都结合起来勾画出情感主题,并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。