1. Geoffrey Chaucer: the greatest poet of Middle English period, the father of English poetry, the foundation of modern English language. The Book of the Duchess /The Romaunt of the Rose /The House of Fame /Troylus and Criseyde /Legend of Good Women /The Canterbury Tales /The Mon k Tale.
2. Thomas More: a greet humanistic leader of early 16th century. /Utopia
3. The first anthology of English lyric poems-----The Songs and Sonnets by Wyatt and Surrey:
4. John Lyly:one of the first of those who sought consciously for an artistic style and whose chief desire was to say a thing well.
Euphues /the Anatomy of Wit
5. Sir Philip Sidney:Arcadia /Astrophel and Stella /Apology for Portry—an eloquent plea for literature.
6. Edmund Spencer: the greatest non-dramatic poet of the Elizabethan Age, the first master of English verse, has been called “poets’poet”Faerie Queene /The Shepherd’s Calender /The Amoretti
7. Ralph Roister Doister by Nicholas Udall
8. The first English comedies-----Gammar Gurton’s Needle by Mr.S
9. The first regular English tragedy-----Gorboduc or Ferrex and Porrex by Thomas Sackvill and Thomas Norton
10. Christopher Marlowe:the most original and most gifted. The greatest predecessor of Shakespeare and the greatest pioneer of English
drama. He first made blank verse the principle instrument of English drama. Created the Renaissance hero for the English drama. Tamburlaine / Dr.Faustus /The Jew of Malta
11. Ben Jonson: the greatest writer of comedy after Shakespeare.
V olpone /The Alchemist /Everyman in His Humour /Sejanus
12. William Shakespeare: the greatest English poet and dramatist Henry /Richard /Hamlet /The Tempest
13. The first English essayist-----Francis Bacon
14. John Donne----- the father of Metaphysical
Song and Sonnet /Devotion Upon Emergent Occasions
15.John Militon: combine Renaissance and the Reformations. Paradise Regained and Samson Agonists
16. John Bunyan:the Pilgrim’s Progress
17. John Dryden: the most important poet the Restoration period and the poet Laureate.
The Medal /Absalom and Achitophel
18.Alexander Pope: Essay on Criticism /Moral Essay /An Essay on Man /The Rape of the Rock /An Heroi-Comical Poem
19.Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travels /The Examiner /The Battle of Books /A Tale of a Tub
20.Samuel Johnson: a poet ,essayist ,literary ,and a lexicographer.
Was called” the great champion of literature”
The Vanity of Human Wished and London /The Lives of Great Poet
21.Oliver Goldmith: one of the original members of the famous “Literature Club”
The Citizen of the World /The Deserted Village /She Stoops to Conquer 22. The first English novel-----Pamela or Virtue Rewarded by Samuel Richardson
23.Henry Fielding: the second but more important novelist of the 18th The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrew /The History of Jonathan Wild the Great /The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling
24.Richard Brinsley Sheridan: The School of Scandal
25. Tobias Smollett-----father of the nautical novel
26. Lawrenence Steren-----a representative of the sentimental school
27. Edmund Burke: “A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and the Beautiful”
the sublime /the beautiful. Sublimity
28. Thomas Paine:“The Rights of Man”
29. Thomas Gray: the most scholarly and well-balanced of all the early romantic poets and the most outstanding of the minor poets of the mid-18 Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
30. Robert Burns: The Tree of Liberty /Scots Wha Hae /The Twa Dogs
31. William Blake: Songs of Innocence /Songs of Experience /Marriage of Heaven and Hell
32. William Wordsworth: the representative poet of the first generation of Romantics and the chief spokesman of Romantic poetry
Lyrical Ballads /Tintern Abbey /Prelude
33.Samuel Taylor Coleridge: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
/Kubla Khan /Christalbel /Biographia Literaria
34.George Gordon Byron: Childe Harold /Don Juan
35. Percy Bysshe Shelley: the most beloved of the Romantic poets
Has been called “the poet’s poet”
Ode to the West Wind /To a Skylark /Prometheus Unbound /A Defense of Poetry
36. John Keats: Ode to a Nightingale /Ode to an Grecian Urn /Isabella
37. William Hazlitt: a master of the familiar essay
Character of Shakspear’s Play /On going on a journey
38. Tomas De Quincey: Confession of an English Opium-Eater
39. Jane Austen: the greatest and best loved novelists.one of the most important pioneers in the English realistic novel.
Pride and Prejudice /Sense and Sensibility /Northanger Abbey /Mansfield Park /Emma /Persuasion
40. Walter Scott：Minister of the Scottish Border/Waverley
41. Three greatest tragic dramatists-----Aeshylus:Prometheus Bound ,Aagamemnon / Sophocles:Oedipus the King ,Antigone / Euripides:Media,Trojan Woman
?Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the value of the society. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.
?Romance: a type of literature which was popular in the Middle Ages, a tale in verse or in prose, embodying the life and adventures of Knights, involving a large amount of fighting as well as a number of miscellaneous adventures and romantic love, reflecting the spirit of chivalry.
?The Middle Ages:An age from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century to the spread of the Renaissance around Europe in the 15th century, so called because it is a transitional period between ancient times and modern times. The Middle Ages’ civilization was founded on cultural heritages of ancient Greece and Rome; traditions of Christianity; Germanic and Scandinavian social modes.
?The Renaissance: a great cultural and intellectual movement against feudalism and hierarchy which began in the 14th century in Italy and then swept the whole Europe, a movement with one key
note--- humanism and two striking features--- the revival of classic culture of ancient Greece and Rome; the reform in church which stressed humanity instead of divinity.
?Tragedy: a general term for a literary work in which the protagonist meets an unhappy or disastrous end. Unlike comedy, tragedy depicts the actions a central character that is usually dignified or heroic. Through a series of events, the main character or tragic hero fell down. The causes of a tragic hero’s downfall vary. In traditional dramas, the cause can be hate, a flaw in character, or an error in judgment. In modern dramas, where the tragic hero is often an ordinary individual, the causes range from moral or psychological weakness to the evils of society.?Sonnet: a poem consisting of 14 lines usually in iambic pentameter with various rhyme schemes, including Patrician Sonnet or Italian Sonnet consisting an octave in which the theme and a problem is put forward with a rhyming scheme abba, abba, and a sestet with an answer to the theme rhymed cde, cde; Shakespearean Sonnet / English Sonnet consisting of three quatrains: with a rhyming scheme abab, cdcd, efef, and a couplet rhyming gg, with a surprise conclusion or a shift of idea.
?Tragicomedy: a play in which there is a mixture of tragic and comic scenes. Usually it is a play with a human conflict and
hopeful ending.
?Romanticism:a movement or tendency in literature, philosophy, music and art in Western Europe during most of the 19th century, beginning as a revolt against classicism. It is associated with vitality, powerful emotion, limitless and dreamlike ideas.
?Ode（颂歌）: A complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subject. Odes are often written for a special occasion, to honor a person or a season or to commemorate an event. Two famous odes are Percy Bysshe Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wild” and John Keats’s “Ode on a Grecian Um.”
?Alliteration（头韵）: a form of initial rhyme, or “head rhyme ”
the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are next to or close to each other; one dominating device for rhyming in old English poetry for rhythm and onomatopoeia.
?Heroic Couplet（英雄双行体/英雄双韵体）: a pair of rhyming iambic pentameter lines with a measure of poetry consisting of one weak / short beat and one strong / long beat, invented by Geoffrey Chaucer and perfected by Alexander Pope in Neo-classic Age.?Ballad（歌谣）: a lyric poem generally of three eight-line stanzas with a concluding stanza of four lines. The lines of a ballad are
iambic or anapestic tetrameter rhyming ababbcbc, and last stanza of bcbc. Originally folk ballads was one of the earliest forms of literature, written by unknown writers, transmitted orally from generation to
?Humanism: a literary and philosophical system of thought which attempted to place the affairs of mankind at the center of it’s concerns, which was based on a new reading of Greek and Roman literature, an affirmation of the importance of Platonic philosophy, and a reinterpretation of the writings of Aristotle, and played an important part as a key note of The Renaissance.
?The Renaissance hero:one hero created by Christopher Marlowe in his drama, such a hero always individualistic and full of ambitions, facing bravely the challenge from both gods and men, who embodies Marlowe’s humanistic idea of human dignity and capacity. Different from the tragic hero in medieval plays who seeks the way to heaven through salvation and God’s will, he is against conventional morality and contrives to obtain heaven on earth through his own efforts. With the endless aspirations for power, knowledge, and glory, the hero interprets the true Renaissance spirit. Both Tamburlain and Faustus are typical in possessing such a spirit.
?Comedy: a general term for a literary work that ends happily with
a healthy amicable armistice or ceasefire between the protagonist
and society. Unlike tragedy, the comic protagonist may be a person of ordinary character and ability, and need not achieve the heroic stature of the protagonist in a tragedy. Comedies are often concerned, at least in part with exposing human folly, and frequently depict the overthrow of rigid social fashions and customs. Wit, humor and a sense of festivity are found in many comedies.
?Blank verse:verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter, the verse form used in some of the greatest English poetry, including that of William Shakespeare and John Milton.?Neoclassicism: In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. The tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be molded after the classic works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers (Homer, Virgil, and so on)
?Byronic (拜伦式的主角):a proud and mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. To some extent, such a hero is modeled on the life and personality of Byron himself. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, the “Byronic hero” would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs incorrupt society,
and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies. The conflict is usually one of rebellious individuals against outworn social systems and conventions.
?Elegy: A poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual. It may also be a lament over the passing of life and beauty or a meditation on the nature of death. An elegy is a type of lyric poem, usually formal in language and structure, and solemn or even melancholy in tone. One of the greatest elegies in English is Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s In Memoriam（悼亡诗）
1. Renaissance Literature:The Renaissance Literature has the main traits as follows: (1) It emphasizes the dignity of man, affirms and eulogizes humanity; (2) It advocates the full expression of individualism and the fulfillment of one’s abilities, against the despotic rule of feudalism; (3) It affirms the earthly achievement, as well as man’s desire for happiness and pleasure; (4) It has the Renaissance melancholy, the puzzling doubts and a profound mistrust of man’s own powers.
2. Characterization of Hamlet: Hamlet is a typical image of humanists by William Shakespeare. He possessed perfect and strong character of the Renaissance. He took revenge for his father. But in fact he wanted to punish the evil and encourage the good. He took it as a business to reform
society.
?Hamlet reveals the struggle between progressive humanist thought and anti-revolutionary feudal powers reflects the spirit of the Renaissance through conflict between Hamlet and Claudius. The famous soliloquy by Hamlet reflects his contradictory psychology.
Hamlet used to be a kind-hearted, quick-minded and energetic youth and he felt furious over the dark society.
3. Neo-classic literature：The neo-classic literature has the following
traits: (1) Writers stressed reason rather than emotion, form rather than content. (2) Most of the writing were didactic and satirical. (3) Closed couplet was the only possible verse form for serious work in order to achieve elegance, correctness, appropriateness and restraint (4) It is almost exclusively a "town" poetry, catering to the interests of the society in great cities. (5) It is entirely wanting in all those elements that are related with the "romantic". (6) It is unsympathetic towards the "rude" masters of old literature--- towards Chaucer, Spencer, and even Shakespeare, and it is especially hostile towards everything that belonged to the Middle Ages with its chivalrous extravagance, visionary idealism, and strong religious faith.
4. Analysis of “Ode to the West Wind”:The image “the west wind”
indicates that it can be “destroyer” (which can destroy old world) and be “preserver” (which can keep mew world). Such an image
symbolizes death and rebirth. Through setting such a image, the lyric eulogizes the dynamic power of “the west wind”, reveals the poet s thirst for freedom, and his confidence in a bright future for revolution. To better express the theme, the poet uses the following poetic devices: (1) open syntactical chain; (2) parallelism; (3) rhetoric devices like metaphor, in form of noun and verb, simile, personification, repetition. And the perfect unity between sound and sense is illustrated in rhythm which is marked with the rapid movement of intonation: each stanza has three lines.
5.Analysis of “The Daffodils”: William Wordsworth is regarded as
a “worshipper of nature”. He can penetrate to the heart of things and give readers the very life of nature. “The Daffodils” (“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”) is perhaps the most anthologized poem in English Literature, and one that takes us to the core of Wordsworth’s beliefs. To him, nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstances. It is nature that gives him “strength and knowledge full of peace.” The poem mentioned above is a perfect combination of nature and the poet’s emotion.
6. Victorian literature: (1)an age of realistic prose:it is an essentially an age of prose ,especially of the novel (2)the literature in this age ,seem to depart fro purely artistic standard and to be activated by a definite moral purpose (3)shared a general optimistic outlook on the
world ,owing to a sense of satisfaction in the industrial and political preeminence of England during this period.
7.Analysis of Beowulf:The epic Beowulf (《贝奧武甫》) is the earliest heroic poetry, the most important poem now preserved, a combination of historical and legendary materials, a mixture of paganism and Christian elements. The only copy was written in Wessex dialect and it resembled Aeneid a national epic of ancient Rome. The epic Beowulf reflects value of clan society（氏族社会）, the highest merit is loyalty and bravery. Faithfulness to king means faithfulness to clan, and warriors perfect them by fighting bravely. It also presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people fought against the hostile forces of nature under the leadership of awise and mighty leader. It reveals the human being's irresistible will and determination to overwhelm any evil forces as well. What's more, it tells readers that everyone including Beowulf can not avoid the natural law: from birth to death. In this aspect, this epic is non-Christian. But on the other hand, this is a Christian writing.
8. Analysis of the Canterbury Tale s:begins with a general prologue that explains the occasion for the narration of the tales and gives a description of the pilgrims who narrate the tales, and then follow the twenty-four tales that make up the bulk of the book, plus separate prologues and the “links” that accompany some of the tales.
9. The Special Qualities of Romanticism:(1) Spontaneity:(2) Subjectivism(3) Singularity(4) Worship of Nature(5) Simplicity(6) A dominating note of melancholy(7) Romantic poets loved to use a freer verse form, not the s tandard form of “heroic couplet” preferred by neo-classic writers.
10.Analysis of “Kubla Khan” by S. T. Coleridge: As the subtitle indicates, this poem is “a vision in a dream”, “a fragment” of a poem with lines lost because of the interruption of a visitor. It came into being as a fact as much as a poetic fact. It would seem that the mind quite naturally makes poems, as it makes dreams, without intention, without effort of the conscious mind, without thought, without revision or any awareness of the rules of literature.
11.Analysis of “She Walks in Beauty” by G..G.. Byron: It is a love lyric, which contains three stanzas of iambic tetrameter, with a rhyme scheme ababab. The lyric eulogizes beauty physical, temperamental and spiritual (senses and spirit) bit by bit through use of some effective techniques: metaphor, parallelism, antithesis, rhymes (single rhyme/masculine rhyme, internal rhymes) and sound devices like alliteration.
12. Analysis of “Ode to Autumn”by John Keats:One of Keats’s great talents is his skill in the description and compliment of beauty. His “Ode to autumn” expresses this idea.In this ode, Keats celebrates
the world of nature in the autumn season, with “Autumn” personified as a figure in various autumnal landscapes. The whole poem achieves its goal in three ways: the fruitfulness of autumn, the sound of autumn and the color of autumn. This ode consists of three stanzas. The first two stanzas appear to paint rather positive pictures of good “season of mists and mellow fruitfulne ss.”
13.Analysis of Sonnet 18 and 116 by William Shakespeare: Sonnets by William Shakespeare shows a peak in his creation of poetry. He wrote altogether 154 sonnets which were praised by Francis Meres as “sugared sonnets” .Sonnets 1-126 are written for a handsome young man and Sonnets 127-152 for a dark lady, the poet’s mistress. All these sonnets have two themes: short life and temporary youth and beauty; lasting love and friendship, and boundless power of poetry.
?Sonnet 18 is one of sonnets by William Shakespeare. The poem begins with a rhetorical question “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day”. It takes the form of dramatic monologue to persuade his beloved young handsome man to get married so that his descendants can prosper and flourish.
《研究生英语英美文学欣赏》课程简介 课程编号： 课程名称：研究生英语英美文学欣赏 学时与学分：34学时/1学分 时间：2013-2 ---- 2013-7 教学对象：全日制非英语专业研究生 教师：刘晓燕等 课程描叙 一、课程性质和任务 本课程的目的是为培养理解和鉴赏英国和美国文学原著的能力而设置一门选修课程，旨在使学生掌握英国和美国文学源流和发展的基础上，通过阅读代表性的英国和美国文学作品，理解作品的内容，学会分析作品的艺术特色，并努力掌握正确评价文学作品的标准和方法，增强对作品中表现的社会生活和人物感情的理解，提高语言基本功和阅读文学作品的能力和鉴赏水平，提升整体人文素质。本课程的主要内容包括英国和美国文学史上代表作家的简要介绍和作品选读，结合英国和美国文学各个历史断代的主要历史背景，文学文化思潮和流派，社会政治、经济、文化等对英国和美国文学史上最具有影响、最具有代表性的作家的作品中的艺术特色、主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格和思想意义等进行深入地分析。 本课程主要为英美文学欣赏课，课堂讲授与研讨相结合。教师布置学生课前对作家生平、历史背景、和阅读材料进行研究，课堂上进行重点阅读和分析。本课程要求学生大量阅读，结合课堂上所讲授的英美文学的基本知识点和文学理论批评方法，体会经典文学作品的语言精妙之处、人物塑造方法、情节架构、文学修辞手法、写作技巧等等，并进而了解历史时代背景、文化知识、社会政经形势等。此外，本课程还要求学生能积极参与课堂讨论，鼓励新观点和新视角，能运用文学理论批评方法研究作品，学期中将不定期地布置相关作业，学期末将以学术论文的形式考查学习效果。 二、课程的教学内容及学时分配 第1学时英国文艺复兴时期简介 重点：文艺复兴；人文主义；主要作家和艺术特色 第2-3学时莎士比亚（I）（II） 重点：要重点理解莎士比亚思想和创作风格的变化，了解莎士比亚十四行诗的特点，品味莎士比亚作品的特色，能够对莎士比亚部分作品进行现代阐释。 第4学时弗朗西斯·培根和约翰·多恩 重点：理解培根的“论学习”的主要内容和修辞手法的运用；理解玄学派诗歌在16、17世纪的发展，其文艺宗旨与当时的文艺思潮的区别。
“英美文学作品赏析”课程简介 一、课程简介 “英美文学作品赏析”(“Appreciation of British and American Literary Works”)是依据教育部颁布的《大学英语课程教学要求》中的较高要求，为非英语专业大学生开设的“语言文化”类课程。课程以阅读名家名作精彩片段为主，以欣赏相关作品音频、视频片段为辅，通过阅读、讲授、讨论、表演、诵读、赏析等生动活泼的形式，使学生了解英美两国文学简史，理解经典作品的主要艺术特色。本课程从考勤、学习过程、期末开卷考试三方面评估学生的学习情况。通过听、读、说、写、译的综合训练，致力于培养学生运用英语学科基础知识、运用文学常识鉴赏评析作品的能力。在轻松愉快的氛围中，提高学生的团队合作、创造性思维、跨文化交际能力，增强学生对英美文学、文化的兴趣与感悟力，促进学生语言基本功和人文修养的提高。 二、课程内容 课程共48学时，主要内容为：
三、课程考核 本课程的考查方式为：过程管理评估+期末考试评估 过程管理部分的考核构成学生平时成绩，占期末总成绩的40%；期末考试卷面成绩占期末总成绩的60%，即： 学生学期成绩=平时成绩40%+期末考试成绩60% 平时成绩=出勤40%+课堂表现20%+作业40% （作业包括翻译、课堂陈述、课堂表演、写作等灵活多样的形式） 期末考试方式：开卷考试（内容：英美文学常识，作品选段理解，作品选段分析等）四、选课指南 “英美文学作品赏析”是一门文化素养课。课程信息量大、文化内涵丰富，意图拓宽学生知识面，加深其英美国家文化底蕴，提高其人文修养。课程组在教学中力图做到精选作家、作品选段，精心选择相应的音频、视频选段，自制优美的PPP课件，精心组织教学活动，力争通过诵读、观赏、跟读、翻译、表演、陈述等丰富多彩的活动调动同学们的积极性，使其积极参与课堂活动。不少同学反映该课程对他们的英语学习和知识扩展有很大帮助，对英美作家的心路历程和写作历程感受颇深，自己“受益匪浅”。摘录同学评价如下： *“我学习到了很多，更收获到了自己心里憧憬已久的东西，感觉很是幸福。” “该课给了我接触文学，了解文学的机会。在现在这个物欲横流的社会，……我们需要一
What’s symbolism? 1）Symbolism is a movement in literature and the visual arts that originated in France in the late 19th century. In literature, symbolism was an aesthetic movement that encouraged writers to express their ideas, feelings, and values by means of symbols or suggestions rather than by direct statements. Hawthorne and Melville are masters of symbolism in America in the 19th century. 2）举例。
48. “Young Goodman Brown ”is one of Hawthorne ’s most profound tales. What is the allegorical meaning of Brown, the protagonist? What does Hawthorne set out to prove in this tale? How does Melville comment on Hawthorne ’s manner of concerning with guilt and evil?
**ELIZABETH **4. A comparison of the three giants: William Dean Howells; Mark Twain; and Henry James They are the three dominant figures of the realistic period. The forerunner of American Realism is Howells. Though the three writers wrote more or less at the same time, they differed in their understanding of the “truth.”While Mark Twain and Howells seemed to have paid more attention to the “life”of the Americans, Henry James had apparently laid a greater emphasis on the “inner world”of man. Though Twain and Howells both shared the same concern in presenting the truth of the American society, they had each of them different emphasis. Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they lived, while Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories. This particular concern about the local character of a region came about as “local colorism,”a unique variation (变体) of American literary realism.
Part One：English Poetry 1.William Shakespeare Sonnet 18 ?Why does the poet compare `thee` to a summer?s day? And who could `thee` be? Because summer?s day and thee both represent beauty . thee could be beauty, love. ?What picture have you got of English summer, and could you explain why? Warm, beautiful, sunshine. Because summer is the best season of a year ,the most beautiful season. It is like our May. ?How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line? Thee is more beautiful than summer. ?What makes the poet think that “thou” can be more fair than summer and immortal? Because humanism is more eternal than summer and immortal. ?What figures of speech are used in this poem? Simile, metaphor, personification, oxymoron and so on . ?What is the theme of the poem? Love conquers all, Beauty lives on. 2. Thomas Nashe Spring ?Read the poem carefully, pay attention to those image- bearing words, and see how many images the poet created in the poem and what sense impressions you can get from those images. There is “Blooms each thing, maids dance in a ring, the pretty birds do sing, the palm and may make country houses gay, Lambs frisk' and play, the shepherds pipe all day, And we hear aye birds tune this merry lay, The fields breathe sweet, the daisies kiss our feet, Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit, In every street these tunes bur ears do greet!” The “Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit，”impressions me most because of the harmony of the people?s relationship. ?Can you point out and explain the sound and their musical effect in the poem? In the Poem, each section has four lines, each line has ten syllables ( five tone step ) . In order to give the reader a spring breeze , streams , flowers , winding , Song Xin texture of sound and light flavor, Naixi greater uses English word S , z , f , V , R , L , and θconsonants means. In Naixi's poem, the use of phonological is also very harmonious, very smooth , very mellow. Section I of the poetry has Three pairs [ ing ] , section II of the poem has three pairs [ ei ] and the third quarter has three pairs [ i : ]. 3.John Donne A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning ?What is a “valediction” any way? Is the speaker in the poem about to die? Why does the speaker forbid mourning? No, it is about the lover s?separation. As the poem metaphors, the poet believed he and his wife?s love is sacred, he didn?t hope they cry when separation comes, let their love be stained by the ordinary and mundane.
北外英美文学专业初试复试备考经验及 03—06真题 准备考研的时间不长，只有三个月，总结起来两大经验吧，细节和节奏。细节是说考研要做个有心人，要勤看别人的经验，即使不是一个方向的。因为虽然准备的内容不同，但过程都是一样的（讲到底也只有专二不同）。学习别人的经验自己才能避免走别人的弯路，犯别人犯过的错误。节奏是说时间的充分利用，时间不在长短而在效率的高低，要根据自己的情况制定合适的复习计划。在这里给大家小小的鼓励一下：永远不要觉得时间不够用，也永远不要觉得这是不可能完成的的任务。当然要基于自身实力和现实的考虑，我相信大家都明白我的意思。等到真正做到了，你就是那个“传说”。 政治：六十多分没什么经验。。。。。。总的感觉是过线不拉分就好因为进入复试政治和二外就不算分了，不要给自己太大的压力，不要浪费过多的时间，节省下来精力好好看专业。 法语：学校用的是很老的橘黄色皮的《法语》，先复习一遍，把忘掉的知识捡回来。然后把历年真题研究一遍，考察的知识点就那么多，有的题基本没变隔年又考一次。从图书馆借来新大学法语1-3，从头到尾梳理知识点整理笔记。因为知道考什么，所以看得有重点。借书的好处之一就是“书非借不能读也”，借来的总要还，有压力就看得快了，而且借的书都少都有点笔记，看看也是很好的。
基英：分阅读，翻译和写作三个部分。像名字一样就是考察英语的基础，所以投机取巧是不可取的，要稳扎稳打地不间断复习。阅读--每天精读一篇1500字左右的新闻，有用的词句整理出来，有兴趣的段落翻一翻，阅读是最好的输入方式，扩大阅读量不言而喻，也对写作和翻译大有益处。翻译--练了叶子南里面几个靠谱的文章，订在一起没事看看，每翻译一篇都会看到自己逐步的进步，翻译得逐渐成熟。写作—写作看的是内容、结构和语法。虽然在考场上不可能三方面都完美，但是写的时候有这样的意识在脑子里，偏也偏不到哪里去。基础自认为还是不错的，所以每天的复习就是一个routine，保持对英语的娴熟度，主要的精力都集中在复习专业上了。 专业：文学选段匹配+小说分析，今年取消了逻辑题。虽然文学的复习范围没边没沿，文学著作浩如烟海；但是恶俗的讲一句，只要是考试，它就有它的侧重点和一定的规律。文学选段匹配--本着上一原则，我把历年真题找来统计了一下每年考得上都是谁的作品，集中在哪几部作品上。统计过后发现大概十人左右而且都是大家Mark Twain, Charles Dicke ns, Wordsworth…然后就拜读他们的大作就好了。小说的话要先看看写作风格，像总考的adventures of huckleberry finn，如果没读过现读是来不及的，但只要了解马克吐温的写作风格，就会在看到南方方言的第一时间想到他老人家。诗歌
英美文学欣赏知识点100句 1.The work that presented,for the first time in English literature,a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales. 首次在英国文学，中世纪英国社会的全面逼真的画面，创造了从各行各业生动的人物整体画廊是杰弗里·乔叟的坎特伯雷故事集。 2. Geoffrey Chaucer is regarded as the father of English poetry. 乔叟被看作是英国诗歌之父。 3. The verse form of heroic couplet was introduced into English poetry and employed in the poem with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature by Geoffrey Chaucer. 3.英雄对联的诗体被引入英国诗歌和诗与真正的轻松和魅力，第一次在英国文学的杰弗里·乔叟的历史就业。 4. The Canterbury Tales presents a whole gallery of vivid characters,the team of pilgrims,people from all walks of life,including 31 members altogether. 4.坎特伯雷故事呈现生动的人物整体画廊，朝圣者的队伍，来自各行各业，其中包括31名成员共有人。 5. Generally,Renaissance refers to the intellectual movement during the period between 14th and mid-17th centuries,its essence was humanism. 5.一般来说，文艺复兴是指智力运动在14和中17世纪之间的时期，它的本质是人文精神。 6. English Renaissance Period was an age of poetry and drama.
一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066) 1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒) 2、代表作:The Song of Beowulf(national epic民族史诗)metaphor alliteration。 3、Angles, Saxons and Jutes. 二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) 1、The Roman Conquest: In 1066, the Duke of Normandy William led the Norman army to invade England. The result of this war was William became the king of England. After the conquest, feudal system was established in English society.Chivalry was introduced by the Normans into England. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight头韵 2、传奇ramances：描写骑士的冒险精神和典雅爱情文学。seek adventures , fighting for his lord in battle,humility,honor,sacrifice,brave,honesty,love with women 三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)（反封建、反教会、追求个性自由） 1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父 2、purely English(the London dialect伦敦方言) 3、heroic couplet英雄双韵体
Old English Literature 古英语文学 （450-1066年） Beowulf （贝奥武甫）---The first English national epic 中世纪英语文学（1066-1500） Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟，c. 1343–1400) was an English poet. He is remembered for his The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》, called the father of English litera ture―英国文学之父‖William Langland (朗格兰，1330?-1400?),the author of the 14th-century English long narrative poem Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》. 文艺复兴（16-17世纪） William Shakespeare (莎士比亚，1564-1616), English poet and playwright, his surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems Venus and Adonis 《维拉斯和阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece.《鲁克丽丝受辱记》 Shakespeare‘s greatest works: greatest tragedies are King Lear 《李尔王》,Macbeth《麦克白》,Hamlet《哈姆雷特》, Othello 《奥赛罗》,Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 grea t comedies: A Midsumme r Night‘s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》,As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》,The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》, Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》 great historical plays: Richard III 《理查三世》,Henry IV 《亨利四世》, Henry V 《亨利五世》, Henry VII 《亨利八世》 John Milton (弥尔顿, 1608-1674)was an English poet and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost《失乐园》, Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson 《力士参孙》. 18世纪文学和新古典主义 Alexander Pope (浦柏,1688-1744 ) is generally regarded as the greatest English poet of the eighteenth century, best known for his satirical epigram 讽刺隽语and heroic couplet英雄双韵体.His major works include mock epic satirical poem An Essay on Man 《人论》and An Essay on Criticism 《论批评》 Daniel Defoe ( 笛福，1660—1731)was an English writer who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》, spokesman for middle-class people Henry Fielding (菲尔丁, 1707 ---1754) ，an English novelist known for his novel:The History of Tom Jones. Jonathan Swift (斯威夫特,1667-1745), was an Anglo-Irish novelist, satirist. He is remembered for novel such as Gulliver‘s Travels《格列佛游记》. Richard Sheridan ( 谢立丹，1751—1816), Irish playwright ,known for his satirical play School of Scandal(造谣学校). He was a represntative writer of Comedies of Manners. Laurence Sterne (斯特恩,1713—1768 ), an English novelist. He is best known for his novel Tristram Shandy （《商第传》）. Oliver Goldsmith （哥尔德斯密斯，1728-1774）English novelist, known for his novel Vicar of Wakefield (《威克菲尔德牧师传记》) Thomas Gray (托马斯?格雷1716—1771 )，an English poet, author of Elegy Written in a
英语专八英美文学常识汇总
3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea. 英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。 the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters. 迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。 "the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain. 1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。 gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands. 盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。 the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.
1.A novel is a highly stylized prose account of fictional reality in the form of story with profundity for the purpose of changing the reader’s mind by the aid of the reader’s active involvement while providing entertainment and superior truth of life. 2.Character is an invented personality to resemble but never to equal a real person in life. Characters refer to people, animals, things, etc. in a literary work presented as people. 3.A plot is a particular arrangement of happenings in a novel that is aimed at revealing their causal relationships or at conveying the novelist’s ideas. 4.The theme of a novel is its controlling idea or its central insight about human beings and life. 5.Epistolary novel is a novel which consists of the letters the characters write to each other. 6.Roman a Clef is a novel with a key, and the key is usually a famous figure or, in some cases, the author. 7.Nonfictional novel is a novel that depicts real events with techniques of fiction. 8.Anagnorisis refers to the recognition by the tragic hero of some truth about his or her identity or actions that accompanies the reversal of the situation in the plot, the peripeteia. 9.Catharsis refers to the the purging of the emotions of pity and fear that are aroused in the viewer of a tragedy. 10.Hamartia refers to the "tragic flaw" of the hero such as "sin," "error," "trespass,“and "missing the mark". 11.A ballad refers to a short simple narrative poem often relating a dramatic event (folk and literary). 12.A narrative poem is one that mainly tells a relatively complete story. 13.A sonnet is a lyric invariably of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme. 1）Petrarchan Sonnet: Italian sonnet; Named after Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374), the Italian poet; Introduced into English poetry in the early 16th century by Sir Thomas Wyatt; Structure: an octave with the rhyme pattern abbaabba and a sestet of various rhyme patterns such as cdecde, cdcdcd or cde edc.; Octave: projecting and developing a subject in the octave; sestet: executing a turn 2）Shakespearean Sonnet: Elizabethan sonnet; English sonnet; Developed first by Henry Howard (1517-1547) ; Structure: 3 quatrains and a terminal couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg; 1st quatrain: introducing an idea; 2nd quatrain: complicating it; 3rd quatrain: complicating it still further; final epigrammatic couplet: resolving the whole thing 3）Spenserian Sonnet: a variant on the English Sonnet; Named after the 16th Century poet Edmund Spenser; Structure: 3 quatrains and a couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc cdcd ee. 14.Rhyme refers to the repetition of the stressed vowel sound and all succeeding sounds. 15.Rhythm is communicated by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables 16.Image refers to the element in a poem that sparks off the senses, the representation of sense experience through language
1.现实主义、批判现实主义（代表人物、作品，以及每部作品讲了什么故事）P276—比如《匹克威克外传》主要讲什么？P281 《双城记》主要讲什么？P298 《大卫科波菲尔》主要讲什么？P292 2.其中自传体形式的作品有哪些？ 3.傲慢与偏见的第一个名字：first impression(Pride and prejudice现) 4.三姐妹指的是？ 5.19世纪有名小说名利场副标题：“A Novel Without a Hero”作者：William Makepeace Thackeray P303 6.18th浪漫主义作家、代表作P211 反对什么,反抗什么思想？ 7.Pop代表作有哪些？P134 剪发记？ 8.玄学诗派有哪些人物组成？Leading Feature? P116 9.乌托邦is written in form of ?P33 10.Universal Wicks大学才子是谁？P50 11.中世纪文学流行的是? 主题特征骑马精神P8？ 12.最著名作家：乔叟P19 13.对于三次征服的概念（1）罗马征服P1 （2）英国人征服P2（3）诺曼征服P5 14.人民大宪章什么时候出现？时间：1837年
1.John Milton He was born in London in 1608. He is a master of the blank verse, and a great stylist. And he is famous for his grand style.But his style is never exactly natural. He devoted almost twenty years of his best life to the fight for political, religious and personal liberty as a writer. His famous works are Paradise lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes. 2.Romance Romance was the most prevailing kind of literature of the upper class in feudal England in the Medieval Ages. It is a long composition in verse or in prose which describes the life and chivalric adventures of a noble hero. The central character of romances is the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapon. The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances. 3.the Enlightenment It is the philosophical and artistic movement growing out of the Renaissance and continuing until the nineteenth century. It was an optimistic belief that humanity could improve itself by applying logic and reasons to all things. Typically, these enlightenment writers would use satire to ridicule what they felt illogical errors in government, social
英美文学鉴赏 ——从人物的语言角度赏析鉴赏一篇文章，我们可以从不同的角度去分析，而作品中人物的语言描写就 是一个比较常见的角度。 语言描写是塑造人物形象的重要手段，一段精彩的语言描写可以鲜明地展示人物的性格，生动地表现人物的思想感情，深刻地反映人物的内心世界，让读者“如闻其声，如见其人”，使读者留下深刻的印象。 语言描写包括人物的独白和对话。作品中出现的独白是人物心理活动的表现。莎士比亚的四大悲剧之一《哈姆雷特》中有这样一段经典的独白：“To be, or not to be- that is the question:Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer……”父亲突然死亡，叔叔继位并且娶嫂为妻，与此同时，一个深夜，父亲冤死的鬼魂出现，让他复仇，之前精神的痛苦已使哈姆雷特的精神颓唐，而鬼魂揭露的真相又加重了他的心理负担。在这样的情况下，哈姆雷特的内心才有这样一段独白。这段独白反映了当时哈姆雷特内心的痛苦与纠结，他既希望可以可走出黑暗，但又摆脱不了对死亡的恐惧。语言描写不仅反映了人物的心理活动，而且还预示并推动了整个故事的发展，从这段独白来看，我们不难看出接下来哈姆雷特会不惜一切代价复仇，而最终以悲剧收尾。 相比于独白，以对话形式出现的语言描写更常见。从这些对话中，我们可以了解到人物的一些性格特征。在马克?吐温的小说《汤姆?索亚历险记》中，有这样一段对话：“喂，汤姆，让我来刷点儿看看。”汤姆想了一下，正打算答应他；可是他立刻又改变了主意：“不，不行，本，我想这恐怕不行。要知道，波莉姨妈对这面墙是很讲究的，这可是当街的一面，不过要是后面的，你刷刷倒也无妨，姨妈也不会在乎的。是，她对这道墙是非常讲究的。刷这墙一定得非常精心。我想在一千，也许在两千个孩子里，也找不出一个能按波莉姨妈的要求刷好这道墙的。”“是吗？哎，就让我试一试吧。我只刷一点儿，汤姆，如果我是你的话，我会让你试试的。”“本，我倒是愿意，说真的。可是，波莉姨妈，唉，吉姆想刷，可她不叫他刷，希德也想干，她也不让希德干。现在，你知道我该有多么为难？要是你来摆弄这墙，万一出了什么毛病……”本来是一件谁都不想干的苦差事，可是经过汤姆这么一渲染，就有人傻傻地上当了，自愿帮他刷墙。从这一段对话中，我们可以发现汤姆是一个有智慧的人，并且善于利用他的智慧。马克?吐温在这个地方就为下文汤姆带领小伙伴们去历险并取得一定的成功做了铺垫。 语言描写时加入了说话者的语气、动作和神态，使人物性格更加鲜明，让读者有亲临现场，亲眼目睹此番情景的真切感受，更符合生活的真实。通过分析作品中人物的语言描写，我们可以去了解一个人，从而去理解整部作品。 110204218 王磊
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理3 I). Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文 11. He is regarded as Father of the American short stories.他是美国浪漫主义文学代表作家之一,美国短篇小说之父。 12. With the publication of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Irving won a measure of international fame on both sides of the Atlantic.1819年至1820年，欧文出版了《见闻札记》，该书为欧文获得了欧美两大洲的文学荣誉。 13. A History of New York---He parodies or imitates Homer.《纽约史》在多方面模仿了荷马。 14. Like the two famous personae he created, Diedrich Knickerbocker and Geoffrey Crayon, Irving remained a conservative and always exalted a disappearing past.他所创造的两个人物Diedrich Knickerbocker和Geoffrey Crayon和他一样，都停留在对过去的事情的津津乐道上。 15. We hear rather than read, for there is musicality in almost every line of his prose. We seldom learn a moral lesson because he wants us amused and relaxed.他的作品行文优美流畅，犹如音乐。他的作品寓教于乐，给人以轻松安逸之感，如入梦境。 16. He is worth the honor of being“the American Goldsmith”for his literary craftsmanship.在创作艺术方面他堪称是“美国的近匠”。 17. “rip van winkle”—Here, Irving’s pervasive theme of nostalgia for the unrecoverable past is at on ce made unforgettable.“瑞普.凡.温克尔”---欧文在此表达了对一去不复返的东西十分依恋，笔触生动，令人难忘。 (II). Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫.华尔多.爱默生 18. New England Transcendentalism, which is unanimously agreed to be the summit of the Romantic period in the history of American literature.在美国浪漫主义时期的文学中，新英格兰的超验主义是不可或缺的。 19. Emersonian Transcendentalism is actually a philosophical school which absorbed some ideological concerns of American Puritanism and European Romanticism, with its focus on the intuitive knowledge of human beings to grasp the absolute in the universe and the divinity of man.爱默生的超验主义实际上是在吸收美国清教思想，强调人类具有本能的掌握宇宙绝对真理和人的神性而形成的一个哲学流派。 20. In his essays, Emerson put forward his philosophy of the over-soul, the importance of the individual, and Nature.爱默生的文章提出了超灵哲学,个人及自然的重要性。 21. Emerson id a ffirmative about man’s intuitive knowledge, with which a man can trust himself to decide what is right and to act accordingly.爱默生相信人的直觉知识。人类可以利用自己的直觉决定是非并采取相应得行动。 22. The ideal individual should be a self-reliant man.一个理想的个人应是自助自立的人。 23. “Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.”“回到自然中去吧，沉浸在自然的影响中吧，你将重新获得精神的完整。” 24. In 1845, a great transcendentalist work Walden was born.1845年，写成了超验主义的伟大作品《沃尔登》。