英美文学重点多1

英美文学知识第一节英国文学一、古英语时期的英国文学 (约499-1066)Alliteration – Beowulf《贝奥武甫》- national epicCaedmon (开德蒙)Anthem《赞美诗》1. 诗歌Cynewulf(基涅武甫)Dream of the Rood《十字架之梦》Bede (比德)Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum《英吉利人教会史》2. 散文King Alfred(阿尔弗雷德大帝)Wessex – Father of English Prose (“英国散文之父”);Anglo-Saxon Chronicle《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》二、中古英语时期的英国文学 (14世纪 – 15世纪)1. Allegory – Romance – Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》2. Ballad – The Robin Hood Ballads《罗宾汉民谣集》3. William Langland (威廉•兰格伦)The Vision Concerning Piers the Plowman 《农夫皮尔斯的幻想》4. Geoffrey Chaucer (杰弗里•乔叟)Father of English Poetry (“英国诗歌之父”); The Canterbury Tales《坎特布雷故事集》;- octosyllabic & heroic couplet (八音节英雄双韵体)5. Sir Thomas Malory(托马斯•马洛礼)Le Morte d’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学 (15世纪末 – 17世纪中期)1. Humanism – classic culture2. Thomas More (托马斯•莫尔)Utopia《乌托邦》; The Painful Life of Edward V; Historie of Richard the Third《理查德三世传》3. Thomas Wyatt (托马斯•怀亚特), Henry Howard (亨利•霍华德) – Sonnet4. Philip Sidney (菲利浦•锡德尼)Arcadia《阿卡迪亚》-第一篇田园生活的传奇,“现代长篇小说的先驱”;The Defence of Poesie / Apology for Poetry《诗辩》-人文主义文学的宣言,开创近代英国的文学批评5. Edmund Spencer (埃德蒙•斯宾塞)poet’ poet – Spencerian stanza – 9行(ababbcbcc)8 iambic pentameter + 1 iambic hexameter; The FaireQueene 《仙后》被誉为英国文艺复兴时期“最杰出的史诗” nationalism, humanism, puritanism 6. Christopher Marlowe(克里斯托弗•马娄)Tamburlaine 《帖木耳大帝》; The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus 《浮士德博士的悲剧历史》7. William Shakespeare2首长诗, 154首十四行诗, 37部戏剧长诗Venus and Adonis 《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》;The Rape of Lucrece 《露克丽丝受辱记》十四行诗iambic pentameter – 14 (abab cdcd efef gg)3 quatrains + 1 couplet = Shakespearean sonnet悲剧Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, Macbeth喜剧 A Midsummer Night’s Dream ; The Merchant ofVenice ; As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》; TwelfthNight历史剧Henry VI, Henry IV, Richard III(威廉•莎士比亚)戏剧传奇剧Pericles 《泰尔亲王配力克里斯》;Cymbeline 《辛白林》; The Winter’s Tale ;Tempest 《暴风雨》8. Ben Jonson (本•琼森)comedy of manners (风俗喜剧的奠基人);Every Man In His Humor 《人性互异》9. John Donne (约翰•多恩)Metaphysical Poems (“玄学派”诗歌创始人);Songs and Sonnets 《歌曲与十四行诗》10. George Herbert (乔治•赫伯特)the saint of the Metaphysical school(“玄学派诗圣”);The Temple 《神殿》11. Andrew Marwell (安德鲁•马韦尔)诗风结合了玄学派和古典主义的创作特点;To His Coy Mistress 《致他的娇羞女友》12. Francis Bacon (弗朗西斯•培根)Materialism; Essays 《随笔》(Of Study, OfTruth );The Advancement of Learning 《学术的推进》;The New Instrument 《新工具》四、资产阶级革命及启蒙时期的英国文学 (17世纪末，18世纪 )1. the Enlightenment: liberty, equality, democracy前30年：neo-classicism (崇尚古典文学的创作及美学原则)40年代到80年代：realism2. 18世纪的英国文学80年代以后：sentimentalism & pre-romanticism (崇尚情感)3. John Milton (约翰•弥尔顿)Defence of the English People 《为英国人民而辩》;Second Defence of the Englishpeople 《为英国人民再辩》;Paradise Lost (blank verse, 旧约); Paradise Regained(新约);Samson Agonistes 《力士参孙》(poetical drama, closet73. Tennessee Williams (田纳西·威廉斯)The Glass Menagerie《玻璃动物园》; A Street car Named Desire《欲望号街车》; Cat on a Hot Tin Roof《热铁皮屋顶上的猫》74. Arthur Miller (阿瑟·米勒)All My Sons《都是我的儿子》; The Death of a Salesman《推销员之死》75. Edward Albee (爱德华·阿尔比)The Zoo Story《动物园的故事》; Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? 《谁害怕弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫》76. Sylvia Plath (西尔维亚·普拉斯)自白派; The Colossus and Other Poems《巨人》。

Part one：English LiteratureChapter1 The Renaissance period(14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance。

人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。

2.the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is themeasure of all things。

人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人"为中心，人是万物之灵.3.Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human natureand came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection，and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question，explore，and enjoy。

人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性,并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命,人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。

4.Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the bestrepresentatives of the English humanists。

托马斯。

摩尔，克利斯朵夫。

马洛和威廉。

莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

5.Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England。

英美文学选读要点总结精心整理[英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。

2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。

3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。

4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。

ssance Period
Writer's Features
English Literature
Writings / CN Writings
Writing's Features
1. age: 1500-1660 2. background: stimulated by the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek classic; England's Golden Age, especially in literature; the Church of England broke away from the Catholic Church 3. features: (1)New poetical forms introduced, e.g. blank verse and sonnet; (2) the English drama based itself on the models of Roman and Greek classics and the precedents from Italy and Spain (3)the universal tend of humanism in emphasizing man's dignity and his worldly happiness Edmund Spenser 1. The poet's poet; The Faerie Queen An allegory; "a historical poem" to present the 埃德蒙.斯賓賽 2. Perfect melody; a rare sense of beauty; a splendid 仙后 example of a perfect gentleman; a hero imagination; a lofty moral purity and seriousness; a (The Shepheades Calender 牧 represent one of the 12 virtues; fierce warres dedicated idealism 人日记;Epithalamion 新婚喜 and faithful loves 歌) Christopher 1. perfected blank verse and turned it into the principal Dr Fauctus 1. symbolic of a humanist in the Renaissance; Marlowe medium of English drama 浮士德博士 based on the German legend of a magician 克里斯扥夫.馬洛 2. created a series of images of the Renaissance hero for The Passionate Shepherd to aspiring for knowledge and finally meeting （Blank verse English drama His Love 多情的牧羊人致情 his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to University wit） 人 the Devil William The greatest playwright and the most popular sonnet Sonnets 1. 154 poems; English form Shakespeare writer; a creation of characters; skillful plot construction; 十四行詩 2. The traditional theme of the play is to 威廉.莎士比亞 irony; a good use of a language; skilled in various poetic The Merchant of Venice praise the friendship between Antonio and forms; of three quatrains and a couplet(三节四行诗加一 威尼斯商人 Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of 节偶句); national unity under a mighty and just sovereign Hamlet great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose is a necessity—―The King‘s government must be carried 哈姆雷特 the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew. on‖ (在一个强大英明的君主统治下的国家， 统一是非常 (Venus and Adonis 维纳斯和 Many people today tend to regard the play as 必要的) 安东尼斯; The Rape of a satire of the Christians' hypocrisy and their Lucrece 鲁克丽斯受辱 false standards of friendship and love, their (Each hero has his weekness of nature: Hamlet, the 记;romantic tragicomedies 浪 cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and melancholic scholar-prince, faces the dilemma between 漫悲喜剧;Romeo and Juliet; their unreasoning prejudice against Jews action and mind; Othello‘s inner weakness is made use of Shakespeare's greatest (Shylock).

Old English: 450-1066<Beowulf> the national epic of the Anglo-SaonsMedieval English： 1066 - middle 14th century Geoffrey Chaucer-the father of English poetry (wisdom, humor, humanity) <The Canterbury Tales> first time to use 'heroic couplet': 14th –mid 17th started in ItalyA series of historical events:1.rediscovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture2.new discoveries in geography & astrology(占星学)3.the religious reformation & economic expansionThe Renaissance - rebirth or revival- the essence of the Renaissance, the dignity of human being & the importanceof the present lifeBest representatives: Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare The Elizabethan drama: the real mainstream of English Renaissance Most famous dramatists: Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, Ben Jonson- the poets' poet5 quality: 1) a perfect melody 2)a rare sense of beauty 3)a splendidimagination4)a lofty(高尚的) moral purity and seriousness 5)a dedicated idealism<The Shepherdes Calender> lament(哀悼) over the loss of Rosalind<The Faerie Queene>主角：Arthur - who possess 12 virtuesGloriana – the Fairy QueenThe theme is not “Arms and the man,” but something more romantic –“Fierce warresand faithfull loves”READING: excerpt from The Faerie Queene仙后Content: Redcrosse Knight set out on his adventures.–Hyperbole(夸张)Marlowe’s achievement: 1) blank verse无韵诗歌It is Marlowe who brought vitality(活力) and grandeur(伟大) into the blank verse with his “mighty lines,” which carry strong emotions.2) his creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama.(not strong in dramaticconstruction.)→ the pioneer of English drama3 tragedies: <Dr. Faustus> the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness<Tamburlaine> 帖木耳大帝 a play about an ambitious and pitilessoverpowering king.<The Jew of Malta> 马尔他的犹太人non-drama <The Passionate Shepherd to His Love> pastoral(田园的) life ，the mostbeautiful lyrics(抒情诗)READING: 1. excerpt from Dr. Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧A play based on the German legendContent: Faustus is a scholar who has a strong desire to acquire knowledge. By conjuration(念咒文召唤) he call up Mephistophilis, the Devil’s servant. He make a bond(契约) to sell his soul to the Devil in return for 24 years of life in which Mephistophilis to give him everything he desires. Devil’s name is Lucifer.Dominant moral is human rather than religious2. The Passionate(热情的) Shepherd to His Lovethis short poem is considered to be one of the most beautiful lyrics(抒情诗) in Englishliterature.The shepherd(牧羊人) enjoy an ideal country life, cherishing(珍爱) a pastoral(田园的) and pure affection for his love. Strong emotion is conveyed through the beautyof nature.– playwright & poet (above all writers in the past and in the present time)1.<Henry Ⅵ>, <Richard Ⅲ>…2.<Richard Ⅱ>, <Henry Ⅳ>, <Henry Ⅴ>, <King John>…Comedies: <A Midsummer Night’s Dream>, <The Merchant of Venice>, <TwelfthNight> …Tragedy: <Romeo and Juliet> romantic tragedy. To praise the faithfulness of loveand the spirit of pursuing happiness.3.Four tragedies - <Hamlet>, <Othello>, <King Lear> & <Macbeth>4.tragicomedies：<The Tempest>Achievement:A. exploring the characters’s inner mind.- fully reveal the inner conflict of the characters– bring vividness to the charactersB. adroit（精巧的） plot constructionC. Irony is a good means of dramatic presentation. Disguise is an important deviceto create dramatic irony.D. the language.READING： 1. Sonnet 18 (14 line)<Sonnet 18> eternal or immortal（不朽的） beauty, have a faith in the permanence ofpoetry.A nice summer’s day is usually transient(短暂的), but the beauty in poetry can lastfor ever.2.excerpt from The Merchant of Venice<The Merchant of Venice> to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, to expose the insatiable （不知足的） greed and brutality of the Jew.Double plot:(1) Bassanio ask Antonio for a loan so that he might marriage with Portia (2) Antonio borrow money from Shylock, the Jewish usurer. Shylock make a strange bond that requires Antonio to surrender a pound of his flesh if he fail to repay him within a certain period of time. Portia disguised as a young lawyer instructed to judge the case: Shylock can take his pound of flesh, but there is no mention of blood in the bond. Otherwise, his lands and goods will be confiscated(充公) according to he lawof Venice.3．Excerpt from Hamlet<Hamlet> hesitate between fact and fiction, language and action, too sophisticated （复杂的） to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger content: Hamlet, the prince, appearing in a mood of world-weariness（厌世） occasioned by his father’s death and his mother’s hasty remarriage with Claudius, his father’s brother. Hamlet is informed that Claudius has murdered his father and then taken over both his father’s throne and widow. Thus Hamlet is urged to seek revenge. Note: To be, or not to be - to live on in this world or to die; to suffer or to takeaction–Bacon’s essays are famous for their brevity, compactness & powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions（典故）, metaphors（隐喻） andcadence（韵律）.<The Advancement of Learning>man’s understanding consists of three parts: history to man’s memory, poetry to man’s imagination and creation, and philosophy to man’s reason.<Novum Organum> written in Latin on methodology方法论Bacon suggests the inductive reasoning 归纳法 ( i.e. proceeding from the particularto the general)in place of Aristotelian method, the deductive reasoning 演绎法( i.e. proceedingfrom the general to the particular)READING: Of Studies<Of Studies> uses and benefits of study –studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Studies perfect nature, and are perfected by experience. Different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies - studies and experience are complementary (互补) to each other. The correct attitude to reading books - to weigh and consider. How studies exert influence over human character - reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.- break away from love poetry, the diction(用语) is simple, the imagery is from the actual, the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with God, or with himself.A)conceits B)syllogism (三段论)Poetry 早期:<The Songs and Sonnets> holds that the nature of love is the union ofsoul and body.晚期:<Holy Sonnets> <A Hymn to God the Father> religious poemProse: his sermons, which are both rich and imaginative READING: 1. The Sun Rising 2. Death, Be Not Proud ( a sonnet,14 lines)<The Sun Rising> the busy sun is always ready to interfere with other things andeverywhere<Death, Be Not Proud> whatever you are, you can not escape from death. When you are living, you are always in the shadow of death. Death only lasts a moment, our life after death is eternal. The more pleasure the death gives people, not only the pleasure of the rest & the sleep, because 'whom the gods love die young'. Though death is usually considered powerful, it actually provides a rest for a man's body and a birth forhis soul.Achievement: 1)the early poetic works 2) the middle prose(散文Elegy(挽歌) -<lycidas>利西达斯 (his early work)Epic(史诗) - <Paradise Lost> <Paradise Regained>Dramatic poem(诗剧) - <Samson Agonistes>力士参孙 the most perfect example of theverse drama after the Greekstyle in English.READING: excerpt from Paradise Lost<Paradise Lost> the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf. The conflict is between human love and spiritual duty. The freedom of the will is the keystone of Milton’s creed(纲领).Take from the Old Testament, the theme is the “Fall of Man”: Satan rebel against God and are driven from Heaven. He determined to revenge by seduce(引诱) Adam and Eve to eat the fruit from the Tree of Knowledge against God’s instructions. So, Adam and Eve are exiled by God from the paradise.1660-1798 with the publication of Lyrical ballads byWordsworth and Coleridge-the Age of Enlightenment/Reason– the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries,a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality),equality & science (the 18th century)modern English novel–newly rising literary form现实主义小说诞生（the mid-century）Gothic novel(哥特式小说) - mystery, horror & castles (from middle part to the endof century)REAING: The Vanity Fair名利场 an excerpt form The Pilgrim’s Progress (天路历程)<The Pilgrim's Progress>, a 寓言), its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation(拯救) through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils. Its predominant metaphor–life as a journeyone of the first to introduce rationalism to England, for him the supreme value wasorder.READING: excerpt from A n Essay on Criticism(论批评)<An Essay on Criticism> a poem written 对句), criticize the present poem lack of true taste & call on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance, true wit which is best set in a plain (simple & clear) style.- the first writer study of the lower-class people, his language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular(方言).READING: excerpt from Robinson crusoe<Robinson Crusoe> praise the human labor and the Puritan fortitude (清教徒坚韧).→ an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned(放逐) on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finallygets relieved and returns to England.→ Robinson grew from a naïve and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed (缺点) Achievement: 1)a master satirist. <A Modest Proposal> <Gulliver's Travels>2) one of the greatest of English prose, he defined a good style asREADING: excerpt from Gulliver’s Travels(格列佛游记)<Gulliver's Travels> fictional work, four parts – Lilliput, Brobdingnag, FlyingIsland & Houyhnhnm(小人国) (大人国) (飞岛) (有人类理性的马)→ the book is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life.(散文体史诗), the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.He adopted “the third-person narration”.<The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews…> (约瑟夫·安德鲁) <The History of Jonathan Wild the Great> (伟大的乔纳森·怀尔德)<The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling> a masterpiece on the subject of human nature <The History of Amelia> the unfortunate life of an idealized woman, a maudlin(伤感的) picture of the social life at the time.READING: excerpt from Tom JonesBrings the author the name of the “Prose Homer”In a way, Tom and Sophia, stands for a wayfaring(旅行的) Everyman, who is expelled from the paradise and has to go through hard experience to gain a knowledge of himselfand finally to approach perfectness.– the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman, thelast neoclassicist enlightener.<A Dictionary of the English Language> 英语大词典READING: To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield<To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield> the letter is written in a refined and very polite language, with a bitter undertone of defiance and anger. The seemingly peaceful retrospection, reasoning and questioning express, to the best satiric effect, the author’s strong indignation at the lord’s fame-fishing.- the only important of the 18th century <The Rivals> and <The School for Scandal> are regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.READING: excerpt from The School for ScandalA story about two brothers: Joseph Surface and Charles Surface. Charles in love with Maria, Sir Peter Teazle is loved by Lady Sneerwell. The lady instigates(教唆) Joseph to pursue Maria For her Money. Joseph secretly seduce(引诱) Lady Teazle, Sir Peter’s young wife. The play ends with great disgrace for Joseph and Charles wins his lovesand the inheritance of his rich uncle.It is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy(堕落) of the aristocratic-bourgeoissociety in the 18th England.the leader of the sentimental(悲情的) poetry of the day ,especially “The GraveyardSchool”READING:Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard<Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard> reflects on death, the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. He sympathized for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bringhavoc(破坏) on them.△ Romantic - emotion over reason, spontaneous (自发)emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace △ The romantic emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind. △ The romantic period began with： in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth andColeridge's <Lyrical Ballads>end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death△ two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic) and WalterScott (romantic).雕刻家)<Songs of Innocence>: a happy and innocent world from children's eye<Songs of Experience> : a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression witha melancholy (忧郁的opposites<Marriage of Heaven and Hell> marks his entry into maturity.<The book of Urizen>(先知书) prophetic(预言的) book in his later periodHe presents his view in visual images. Symbolism is also a distinctive feature ofhis poetry.READING: 1. The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Innocence)2. The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Experience)3. The Tyger(from Songs of Experience)- the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, simple, spontaneous(自发的),“worshipper of nature”- He defines the poet as a 'man speaking to men', and poetry as 'the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in 'emotion recollected intranquillity'.“Lake Poets”: William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge & Robert Southey<The Prelude>(序曲) his masterpiece<To a Skylark> <Tintern Abbey>READING: 1. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud<I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud> the poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils (水仙) and poet's philosophical ideas and mysticalthoughts.2. Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802<Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802> the sonnet describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London, silent, bright, glittering（闪烁的）, smokeless & mildly（柔和的）. It is so touching a sight that the poet expressed hisreligion piety （虔诚）for nature.3. She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways4. The Solitary Reaper<The Solitary Reaper> thanks to poet's rich imagination, the mass of associations, this commonplace happening becomes a striking event, the poet succeeds in making the reader's share his emotion. The poem also shows the poet's passionate love of nature.William Wordsworth and Coleridge: <Lyrical Ballads> Poet can be divided into two groups - the demonic 恶魔的(supernatural) & theconversational- The demonic group includes 3 masterpieces: <The Rime of the Ancient Mariner>,<Chrisabel>, <Kubla Khan>老水手之行克丽斯塔贝尔忽必烈汗Feature: mysticism, demonism with strong imagination, a strange territory - Conversational poem: <Frost at Midnight> <The Nightingale>READING: Kubla Khan'Byronic hero': is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical（暴君的） rules or moral principles. Such a hero appears first in <ChildeHarold's Pilgrimage> 怀尔德·哈罗德游记<Don Juan> （唐璜）(the masterpiece of Byron, a long satirical poem, comic epic) by make use of Juan’s adventures, to present a panoramic（全面） view of different typesof society.READING: 1.Song for the Luddites<Song for the Luddites> 'will die fighting, or live free' Byron show his support of the Luddites who destroyed the machines in their protest against unemployment. The poet's great sympathy of the workers in their struggle against the capitalists isclearly shown.2. The Isles of Greece (from Don Juan)<The Isles of Greece> song by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan and Haidee. 'Fill high the bowl with Samian wine'? By contrasting the freedom of ancient Greece and the present enslavement, the poet appealed to people to struggle for liberty.1) Lyrics（抒情诗）<The Cloud> <Ode to the West Wind> <To a Skylark>云雀颂 the bird, suspended betweenreality and poetic image2) poetic drama （诗剧）<Prometheus Unbound> 解放了的米罗普修斯READING: 1. A Song: Men of England<Men of England> It is not only a war cry calling upon all working people of England to rise up against their political oppressors, but also an address to point out to them the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation.2.Ode to the West Wind<Ode to the West Wind> terza rima, destructive-constructive potential, hopeful, 'I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!', 'If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?' The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality.4 great odes : <Ode on Melancholy>, <Ode on a Grecian Urn>, <Ode to a Nightingale>,<Ode to Psyche>希腊古瓮颂夜莺颂READING: Ode on a Grecian Urn<Ode on a Grecian Urn> the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience (短暂)of human passion, 'Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeter','Beauty is truth, truth beauty'6 novels: <Sense and Sensibility> <Pride and Prejudice> <Northanger Abbey> <MansfieldPark> <Emma> <Persuasion>诺桑觉寺蔓斯菲尔德公园→Story of love and marriage provide the major themes in all her novels.→ 3 types of attitudes in pursuit of marriage:A)who would marry for material wealth and social positionB)who would marry just for beauty and passionC)who would marry for true love with a consideration of the partner’s personalmerit and his economical and social status.→concerning 3 or 4 landed gentry families with their daily routine life: relationships with members of their own family and with their friends, dancing parties,tea parties, picnics, and gossips.READING: excerpt from Pride and prejudice1.Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy : in the end false pride is humbled and prejudicedissolved.2.Collins & Charlotte Lucas: see the reality of marriage as a necessary step if awoman is to avoid the wretchedness(不幸) of aging spinsterhood（未婚妇女身份）.3.Lydia & Wickham: shown the dangers of feckless（不负责任的） relationshipsunsupported by money.4.Mr. & Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Collins, Lady Catherine de Burgh: comic characters＊Common sense and moral propriety（规矩）, again became the predominant preoccupation.Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people.＊Darwin's <The Origin of Species> and <The Descent of Man> shook the traditionalfaith, everything is created by God＊George Eliot, the pioneering woman, was the first novelist that “started puttingall the actions inside”＊Thomas Hardy, that Wessex man who not only expose and criticize all sorts of social iniquities, but finally came to question and attack the Victorian conventions andmorals.＊Robert Browning, created the verse novel, revel and study characters’ inner world(psycho-analytical)- one of the greatest critical realist writers of the VictorianAge- Character-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his works1) child characters 2) horrible and grotesque（可笑的） characters 3) broadly humorousor comical characters- characterized by a mingling(混合) of humor and pathos (悲伤) pathos: little Nell <The Old Curiosity Shop> , little Paul <Dombey and Son><A Tale of Two Cities>READING: excerpt from Oliver Twist雾都孤儿<Oliver Twist> is a boy brought up in the workhouse. One day, as Oliver asked for more food, he was sent to work as an apprentice and then ran away …The novel is famous for its vivid descriptions of the workhouse and life of the underworld（下层社会）in 19th London.The Bronte Sisters - Charlotte, Emily & AnneEmily, a rather reserved and simple girl, was very much a child of nature. Charlotte, is a writer of realism combined with romanticism. Her works are famous for the depiction of the life of the middle-class working women, particularlygovernesses（家庭女教师）.READING: 1. excerpt from Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte<Jane Eyre> 简·爱 Jane Eyre, a plain little orphan, was sent to Lowood, a charity school. There she suffer a lot and 8 years later she left school and became a governess at Thornfield Hall. There she falls in love with the master, Mr. Rochester.- It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e.g. charity institutionsuch as Lowood School- successful introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine, whom represents those middle-class working women struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being.2. excerpt from Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte<Wuthering Heights> 呼啸山庄 a story about 2 families and an intruding(闯入的)stranger.The Earnshaw family (Mr. Earnshaw, his wife, the son Hindley, the daughter Catherine)- HeathcliffThe Linton family ( Mr. Linton, his wife son Edgar, daughter Isabella- invents dramatic monologue(独脚戏), Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人, areal artistHe has the natural power of linking visual pictures with musical expressions, andwith the feelings.<In Memoriam> 悼念<Ldylls of the King> 国王叙事诗 represent a cyclic history of western civilization, which, in Tennyson’s mind, is going on a spiritual decline and will end in destruction.READING: 1. Break, Break, Break 2. Crossing the Bar 3.ULysses<Break, Break, Break> in memory of the death of his best friend, his sadness feeling are contrasted with the carefree, innocent joys of the children and the unfeelingmovement of the ship and the sea waves<Crossing the Bar>过沙洲 we can feel his fearlessness towards death, his faith in God and an afterlife. 'Crossing the bar' means leaving this world and entering thenext world<Ulysses> 尤利西斯 not endure the peaceful commonplace everyday life, old as he is, he persuades his old followers to go with him and to set sail again to pursue a new world and new knowledge, dramatic monologue, 'Myself not least, but honour'd of them all' means I am not the least important, buthonoured by all of them- the most original poet, who improve and mature the dramaticmonologue（戏剧独白）<The Ring and the Book> 指环与书 his masterpiece. Its symbolic meaning, the “ring ”– the goldsmith’s（金匠的） technique of alloying gold（合金） in making rings.The “book”– the hard truthREADING: 1. My Last Duchess 2. Meeting at Night 3. Parting at Morning<My Last Duchess> 我逝去的公爵夫人this dramatic monologue is the duke's speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage, the duke is a self-conceited, cruel and tyrannical（残暴的） man<Meeting at Night> 黑夜相会 the man, a lover, describes the whereabouts of theirmeeting place.<Parting at Morning> 晨别 here describe the sun-rise, the poet unconsciously expresses his helplessness in having to face up his duty as a man.As a woman of exceptional （特有的）intelligence and life experience, she shows a particular concern for the destiny of women. She shows that the need of the individual for expansion and growth has to be brought into harmony with a sense of social responsibility.（人与社会的关系）Naturalistic and psychological novel心理分析READING: excerpt from Middlemarch<Middlemarch>米德尔马契 a sharp contrast is set between the cold, lifeless, dull house and Dorothea who is full of youthful life and vigorDorothea Brooke (a beautiful, intelligent young lady) and Lydgate( a proud, ambitious young doctor), both fail in achieving their goals owing to the social environment as well as their own vulnerabilities.（易受伤）both a naturalistic and a critical realist writerLocal-colored, Wessex, 'novels of character and environment' :the fictional（虚构的） primitive and crude rural region which is really the home place he both lovesand hates.<Tess of the D'Urbervilles> 德伯家的苔丝 experience is as to intensity, and not asto duration（持续）Tess, as a pure woman brought up with the traditional idea of womanly virtues, is abused and destroyed by both Alec and Angel, agents of the destructive force of thesociety.➢The writer concentrated on the private than on the public, more on the subjective than on the objective. They are mainly concerned with the inner being of anindividual.➢The three trilogies（三部曲） of Galsworthy’s Forsyte novels are masterpieces of critical realism in the early 20th century.➢“the Angry Young Men” with lower-middle-class or working class background.Kingsley Amis, John Wain, John Braine and Alan Sillitoe were the major novelists in this group. Osborne, the first “Angry Young Man”➢James Joyce is the most outstanding stream-of-consciousness novelist; <Ulysses> ➢Shaw, is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare.➢Yeats, the leader of the Irish National Theater Movement.dramatist (leading playwright)早期 <Widowers’ Houses> 鳏夫的房产 <Candida> 康蒂坦 <Mrs. Warren’s Profession>华伦夫人的职业<Caesar and Cleopatra>凯撒和克莉奥佩特拉中期 <Man and Superman>人与超人晚期 <Back to Methuselah>回到麦修色拉 <The Apple Cart>苹果车Feature: 1.he makes the trick of showing up one character vividly at the expense ofanother.2. Shaw’s characters are the representatives of ideas, points of view, that shiftand alter, for he is interested in doctrines.3．he inversion（倒装）, a device found in Shaw form beginning to end.4.Action is reduced to a minimum, while the dialogue and the interplay of the mindsmaintain the interest of the audience.READING: excerpt from Mrs. Warren’s Profession about the economic oppression ofwomenA conventional writer, having inherited the traditions of Victorian novelists of thecritical realismPlay: <The Silver Box> 银盒Novels: <The Forsyte Saga>福赛特世家(trilogy三部曲:<The Man of Property>有产业的人<In Chancery>骑虎<To Let>出租) <A Modern Comedy>现代喜剧READING: excerpt from The Man of Property<The Man of Property> Soames Forsyte, wealth is the sole aim of life. Irene, his wife, loves art and cherishes. Aoames asks Bosinney, a young architect, to build a country house for them. Later, Irene and Bosinney fall in love with each other.The novel show the human relationships of the contemporary English society are merely anextension of property relationships.<The Lake Isle of Innisfree>茵尼斯弗利岛 <The Man Who Dreamed of Faeryland>梦见仙境的人<Sailing to Byzantium>驶向拜古廷 explored the problems of death, love, old age andart.READING: 1. The Lake Isle of Innisfree 2. Down by the Salley Gardens<The Lake Isle of Innisfree> Tired of life of his day, Yeats sought to escape into an ideal “fairyland” where he could love calmly as a hermit(隐士) and enjoy the beauty of nature. Here Innisfree is referring to a place for hermitage.<Down by the Salley Gardens>reconstruct an old song from 3 lines imperfectly(不完整地) remembered by an old peasant womanone of the important verse dramatists<The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock> 普鲁弗洛克的情歌<The Waste Land> 荒原the most famous poem，is a poem concerned with the spiritual breakup of a modern civilization in which human life has lost its meaning,significance and purpose.<Ash Wednesday>灰星期三 <Four Quartets>四个四重奏READING: The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock<The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock> dramatic monologue, an ironic contrast。

英美文学选读复习要点中英文对照Chapter2 The Neoclassical Period(1660-1798)新古典主义1. In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values.总之，这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。

2. The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代，或曰理性时代。

3. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of m odern philosophical and artistic ideas.运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。

4. Enlighteners held that rationality or reason should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a reference to order, reason and rules.启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。

他们大力提倡秩序，理性及法律。

5. As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and m oralizing, became a very popular means of public education.其实，当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念，就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。

6. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those gre at writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and S ir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swi ft, Daniel Defoe, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Sam uel Johnson.英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰.德莱顿，亚历山大.蒲柏，约瑟夫.艾迪森与理查.斯蒂尔（这两位是现代散文的先驱），乔纳森.斯威夫特，丹尼尔.迪福，理查.B.谢立丹，亨利.费尔丁和塞缪尔.约翰逊。

英美文学欣赏（第二版）
大学专业英语系列教材
u 作品欣赏
本篇选读选自《论自然》的第1章《自然》。 在这篇优美的散文 中，作者以充满激情的笔墨描绘了大自然的无限魅力，有着非常鲜明 的观点，再加上时空的转换，先是仰望星空，然后直视地平线，接着 马上来到树林中， 使人产生很强的地理方位感，非常形象。
英美文学欣赏（第二版）
英美文学欣赏（第二版）
大学专业英语系列教材Fra bibliotekAn Appreciation of American Literature
Unit 1 Ralph Waldo Emerson • Nature (Chapter I) Unit 2 American Poets (Ⅰ) Henry Wadsworth Longfellow • A Psalm of Life The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls Walt Whitman • Song of Myself (1, 10)
英美文学欣赏（第二版）
大学专业英语系列教材
Unit 4 Mark Twain • The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (Chapter II) • The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Chapter XXXI) Unit 5 Henry James • The Portrait of a Lady (Chapter XLII) Unit 6 O. Henry • The Gift of the Magi • The Cop and the Anthem Unit 7 F. Scott Fitzgerald • The Great Gatsby (From Chapter III) Unit 8 William Faulkner • A Rose for Miss Emily (I, II, III, IV, V) Unit 9 Jerome David Salinger • The Catcher in the Rye (Chapter XXII) Unit 10 Ernest Hemingway • The Old Man and the Sea (Excerpt)

英美文学鉴赏重点英美文学鉴赏导读一单选题10个10分二文学术语翻译，10中，10英10分三2篇诗歌的分析，写出作家名，诗名，格律metrical pattern，韵律rhyme scheme，诗节stanza from，诗歌类型genre of the poem，修辞figures of speech，主题theme等20分四默写学过的两首诗。

20分五简答题两个questions 20分六论述题两个20分I. Each of the statements below is followed by 4 alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the brackets. (10*1℅=10) ?II. Translate the following former 10 English literary terms into Chinese and the later 10 Chinese literary terms into English.(20*0.5℅=10%)III. Please fill in the missing blanks and answer questions below. (2*12℅=24%)IV. Write down 2 poem you’ve learned from the textbook except the above-cited poems in III. (2*8℅=16%)V. Give brief answers to the following questions. (2*10℅=20%)VI. Short essay questions. （1*15+1*5=20%）1）熟悉Part1 (6-7)，part 2 (2-7), part 3 (2)的专业术语，会互译。

What is Literature：14th century: It means polite learning through reading. A man of literature or a man of letters = a man of wide reading, ―literacy‖18th century: practice and profession of writing19th century: the high skills of writing in the special context of high imagination。

My definition:In the widest sense it is just about anything written. In the more specialized sense, it is the art that use language as a medium and characterized by beauty of expression and form and by universality of intellectual and emotional appeal.What is poetry?A literary form Written in linesCompressed contentRich imageryBeautiful harmonyGreat artistic appeal Sonnet十四行诗：an exact form of poetry in 14 lines of iambic pentameter intricately rhymed.玄学派诗歌：The term ―metaphysical poetry‖ is commonly used to name the work of the 17th –century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.Ode颂:an elaborately formal lyric poem, often in the form of a lengthy ceremonious address to a person or abstract entity, always serious and elevated in tone. Imagism and Ezra PoundAn image is ―that whichpresents an intellectual andemotional complex in aninstan t of time‖.(1) Direct treatment of the‗thing‘ whether subjectiveor objective.(2) To use absolutely noword that does notcontribute to thepresentation.(3) As regarding rhythm:to compose in the sequenceof the musical phrase, notin the sequence of ametronome.什么是小说：A work of fiction is anarrative that originates inthe imagination of theauthor.Sometimes the stories are―true‖, but more often theyare not.Some fiction—historical orautobiographical fiction, forexample—may focus onreal people and the plotmay be grounded in actualevents, but the waycharacters interact and howthe plot unfolds are theauthor‘s own invention.The purpose of fiction aremainly for entertainment,instruction, and aestheticpleasure of the reader小说要素：Plot SettingPoint of view ThemeTone Irony StyleLost Generation垮掉的一代：applied to the disillusionedintellectuals and aesthetesof the years following theFirst World War, whorebelled against formerideals and values;代表人物：Francis Scott FitzgeraldEzra PoundSherwood AndersonWilliam FaulknerErnest Hemingway什么是戏剧：A drama is a work ofliterature or a compositionwhich delineates life andhuman activity by means ofpresenting various actionsof, and dialogues between agroup of characters. And itis designed for theatricalpresentation戏剧要素：Plot Character ThoughtDiction Music Spectacle戏剧分类：TragedyComedyTragicomedyMelodramaProblem playFarceFatancy。

Part one：English LiteratureChapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance。

人文主义是文艺复兴的核心.2.the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is themeasure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。

3.Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human natureand came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection，and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore，and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己,而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。

4.Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the bestrepresentatives of the English humanists.托马斯。

摩尔，克利斯朵夫。

马洛和威廉。

莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

5.Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国.6.The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段.7.The goals of humanistic poetry are: skillful handling of conventions, force oflanguage, and, above all，the development of a rhetorical plan in which meter，rhyme，scheme，imagery and argument should all be combined to frame the emotional theme and throw it into high relief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的熟练运用，语言的力度与气概，而最重要的是发展了修辞模式，即将格律,韵脚(式），组织结构，意象(比喻，描述）与议论都结合起来勾画出情感主题,并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。

Part one: English Literature Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。

2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conceptionthat man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。

3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalthuman nature and came to see that human beings were gloriouscreatures capable of individual development in the direction ofperfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despisebut to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。

4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare arethe best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

英美文学史复习标准版1（盎格鲁萨克逊时期到盎格鲁罗曼）时期划分c---century---Early&Medieval literature: The Anglo-Saxon period(5c-11c)和The Anglo-Norman period(11c-15c)---Renaissance(16c) 文艺复兴---Revolution&Restoration (17c)资产阶级革命与王权复辟---Enlightenment (18c)启蒙运动---Romantic Period(1798-1832 19c) 浪漫主义时期一．The Anglo-Saxon period(496-1066)1.pagan异教徒Christian基督徒2.代表作：The song of Beowulf《贝奥武甫》异教徒诗歌（national epic 民族史诗，英国史上第一部史诗）采用了暗喻（metaphor）和押头韵（alliterate）的手法。

内容：讲述了挪威一个勇士贝奥武甫与怪物格伦德尔搏斗，使其断臂而死。

怪物之母为子复仇，又被他追踪杀死。

后来他做了国王。

一次火龙来犯，他挺身斩龙，伤中而死。

人民为他举行了隆重的丧礼。

三次战斗 a.与格伦德尔Grendelb.与格伦德尔的母亲Grendel’s motherc.与火龙firedrake二．The Anglo-Norman period（1066-1350）1.Romance传奇描写的是骑士的冒险精神和典雅爱情，表现骑士为获得荣誉、保护宗教或赢得贵妇人的爱情而到处冒险的骑士精神的文学。

2.代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》押头韵（alliterate）描写的是古代亚瑟王属下一个“圆桌骑士”Knights of the Round 的奇遇。

基本情节是：某年圣诞节，亚瑟王在自己的宫廷里举行宴会。

英美文学重点知识归纳Old En glish: 450-1066Medieval English : 1066 - middle huma nity)<Beowulf > the national epicof the An glo-Sa onsChaucer-thefatherofEn glishpoetry<The Can terbury Tales > first time touse ' heroiccouplet 'The R en aissa nee Period : 14th —mid 17thstarted inItaly 1. 2. 3.series of historical rediscovery of new discoveries the religiousThe Ren aissa nee Huma nismeve nts: ancientRoman &in geography & Greek culture astrology(占星学)reformation & economic expansionrebirth or revivalthe esse nee of the Ren aissa nee, the dig nity ofhuman being & the importa nee of the prese ntlifeBest represe ntatives: Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare The Elizabetha n drama: the real mai nstream of En glish Ren aissance14th centuryGeoffrey (wisdom, humorre, Ben Jonson5 quality:sple ndid imag in ati on4）a lofty （高尚的） moral purity and serious ness <The Shepherdes Calender > lament （哀 悼） over the loss of Rosali nd<The FaerieQuee ne>主角：Arthur - who possess 12 virtuesGloria na- the Fairy Quee nThe themeisnot “Arms and the man,” butsomething moreroma ntic — “ Fierce warres andfaithfullloves”READING excerpt from The Faerie Queenef 山后er of En glishdrama Hyperbole （夸张）Most famous dramatists:Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeathe poets' poet1） a perfect melody2）a rare sense of beauty 3）a5）a dedicated idealismContent:Redcrosse Knightset out on his adve ntures.Christopher Marlowe“ Uni versityWits ”，thepioneSpenserMarlowe's achieveme nt: 1）blankverse无韵诗歌It is Marlowe who brought vitality（活力）and grandeur（伟into the bla nk verse with his “mighty lines , ” which ca rry stro ng emotio ns.2）his creatio n of the Ren aissaneehero for En glish drama.（not strong in dramatic con struetion.）pion eer of En glish drama3 tragedies: <Dr. Faustus > the human passion for kno wledge,power and happ inessvTamburlaine > 帖木耳大play about an ambitious and pitiless overpoweri ng ki ng.<The Jew of Malta ＞马尔他的犹太人non-drama <The Passi on ate Shepherd to His Love> pa storal（田园的）life ，the most beautiful lyrics（抒情诗）READING: 1. excerpt from Dr.Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧A play based on the Germa n legendContent: Faustus is a scholar who has a stro ng desire to acquire kno wledge. By conjurati on（念咒文召唤）he call up Mephistophilis, the Devil 's serva nt. He makea bond（契约） to sell his soul to the Devil in returnfor24 yearsof life in which Mephistophilis to give him everyth ing hedesires. Devil ' s name is Lucifer.Dominant moral is huma n rather tha n religious2. ThePassi on ate(热情的）Shepherd to His Lovethis short poem iscon sidered to be one of the most beautifullyrics （ 抒情诗） inEn glish literature.The shepherd(牧羊人） enjoy an idealcountrylife, cherish ing( 珍爱） a pastoral(田园的）and pure affecti onforhis love. Str ongemoti onis conveyed through the beauty ofn ature.prese nt time)<The Merchant of Venice >, < Twelfth Night > … Tragedy:vRomeo and Juliet > romantictragedy.To praise the faithfu In ess of love and the spirit ofpursuing happ in ess.WilliamShakespeare pla ywright & poet (above all writersin thepastand inthe1. <He nry W >, vRichard2.vRichard n >, <Henry IV >, <Henry V >, <Ki ng Joh n>Comedies: vA MidsummerNight 's Dream>,3. Four tragedies -<Hamlet>, <Othello>, vKing Lear> & <Macbeth>4. tragicomedies : <The Tempest〉Achieveme nt:A. exploring the characters ' s inner mind.soliloquy（独白） or mono logue - fully reveal the inner con flict of the charactersgon trasts - br ing vivid ness to the charactersB. adroit （精巧的）plot con structi onC. Irony is a good means of dramatic presentation. Disguiseis an importa nt device to create dramaticir ony.D. the Ian guage.READING 1. So nnet 18 （14 line）vSonnet 18> eternal or immortal （不朽的）beauty, have a faith in the perma nence of poetryA nice summe r s day is usuallytran sie nt（短暂的）,but the beauty in poetry can last for ever.2.excerpt from The Merchant of Venice<The Merchant of Venice > to praise the frien dship betwee n A ntonioand Bassa nio, to idealize Portia ahero ine of great b eauty, wit and loyalty, to expose the in satiable （不知足的）greed and brutality of theJew.Double plot:(1) Bassa nio ask Antonio for a loa n so that he might marriage with Portia(2) Anton io borrow money from Shylock, the Jewish usurer. S hylock make a strange bond that requiresAntonio to surrendera pound of his flesh if he fail to repay him within acerta in period of time. Portiadisguised as a young lawyer in structed to judge the case: Shylock can take his pound of flesh, but there isno men tio n of blood in the bon d. Otherwise, his lands and goods will be con fiscated( 充公)accord ing tohe law of Veni ce.3. Excerpt from Hamlet<Hamlet> hesitate betwee n fact and ficti on, Ian guage and act ion, too sophisticated （复杂的）to degradehis nature tothe conven tionalrole of a stage revengercontent: Hamlet, the prin ce, appeari ng in a mood of world-w eari ness (厌世) occasi oned by his father 'sdeath and his mother's hasty remarriage with Claudius, his father 's brother. Hamlet is in formed thatClaudius has murdered his father and the n tak en over both his father ' s thr one and widow. Thus Hamlet i surged to seek reve nge.r to die; to suffer or to take acti onby experienee. D ifferent ways adoptedn dati on for moder n scie nee example ofthat genre inEn glishHis Essays is thefirstliterature.Bacon's essaysare famous for their brevity, compact ness & powerfu In ess, well-arra nging and en rich in gby Biblicalallusiofouessayist, lay the and cade nee (韵律).ns （典故），metaphors （隐喻）Fra ncis—philosopher, scie ntist, agin atio nand creatio n,and philosophy to man s reas on.<Novum Organum> written in Latin on methodology 方法论Bacon suggests the in ductive reasoning 归纳法（i.e. proceed ingfrom the particulartothe gen eral) in place of Aristotelia nmethod, the deductive reas oning 法（i.e.proceed ingfrom the gen eral totheparticular)READING: Of Studiesf three to<Of Studies > uses and ben efitsparts: history 演绎 Note: To be, or not to beto live on in this world<The Advancement of Learning> man s understanding consists o man smemory, poetry to man s im of study — studies serve for delight, fororn ame nt, and forability.Studiesperfectn ature, and are perfectedby differe nt people to pursuestudies - studies and experienee are compleme ntary （互补） to each other. The correct attitude to read in gbooks -to weigh and con sider. How studies exert in flue nee over hum an character - read ing maketh a fullma n, conference a ready man, and writi ng an exact man."Metaphysical poetry ” （玄学诗）-break away from love poetry, the diction（用语）i s simple, theimagery is from the actual, the form isfrequently an argument with the poet' s beloved, with God, or withhimself.A）conceits B）syllogism （三段论）Poetry 早期:< The Songs and Sonn ets > holds that the n ature of love is the union of soul and body.晚期:<Holy Sonnets><A Hymn to God the Father> religious poemProse: his serm ons, which are both rich and imag in ativeREADING: 1. The Sun Rising 2. Death, Be Not Proud（ a sonn et,14 lin es）<The Sun Rising > the busy sun is always ready to interfere with other things and everywhereafter the Greek style i n En glish.READING: excerpt from Paradise Lostadow of death. Death on ly lasts a mome nt, our life after death is eternal. The morepleasure the death gives people,not only the pleasure of the rest & the sleep, because 'w hom the godslove die youn g'. Though death is usually con sid ered powerful, it actually provides a rest for a man's bodyand a birthfor his soul.from death.When you are living,you arealways in the shAchieveme nt: 1）the early poetic works 2） the middle prose （散文）3）thelast great poemsElegy （挽歌）-< lycidas >利西达斯 （his early work ） Epic （史诗）-<Paradise Lost > < Paradise Rega in ed> Dramatic poem （诗剧）- <Sams onAgoni stes ＞力士参 John | Milton 孙 the most perfectvDeath,Be Not Proud 〉 whatever you are,you can not escapeexample of the versedramavParadise Lost > the only gen erally ack no wledged epic in Engl ish literature since Beowulf. The conflict isbetween human Iove and spiritual duty. The freedom of the will is the ke ysto ne of Milt on 's creed(纲领).Take from the Old Testame nt, the theme is the “ Fall of Man”：Satan rebel against God and are driven fromHeaven. He determined to revenge by seduce(弓丨诱) Adam and Eve to eat the fruit from the Tree ofKnowledge against God s instructions. So, Adam and Eve are exiled by God from the paradise.The | Neoclassical Period : 1660-1798 with the publicati on of Lyrical ballads by Wordsworth an dColeridge- a revival of in terest in the old classical works,order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感)&accuracythe Age of Enlightenment/Reason —the movement was a furth erance of the Ren aissa nee of the 15th a nd 16th cen tries,a progressive in tellectual moveme nt, reas on (ratio nality), equality& scienee (the 18th century)modern English novel - newly rising literary form 现实主义小说诞生(the mid-century )Gothic novel (哥特式小说)- mystery, horror & castles (from middle part to the end of cen tury)John | punyan.REAING: The Vanity Fair 名利 场 an excerpt form The Pilgrim ' s <The Pilgrim's Progress >, a religious as a journeyone of the first to in troduce rati on alismto En gla nd, forhim the supreme value was orderREADING: excerpt fromA n Essay on Criticism （论批评）<AnEssay on Criticism> apoem writte ninheroic couplets(对句），criticizethe prese ntpoem lack oftruetaste& callAlexa nderPope on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers forProgress （天路历程）allegory(its purpose is to urge peopleto abide by Christia ndoctri nes and seek salvatio n(拯 救) throughcon sta nt struggleswiththeir ownweaknesses and all kinds ofsocial evils. Its predo minantmetaphor — lifeguida nee, true wit which is bestset in a plain (simple & clear) style.eople, rnacular(thehis Ian guage方言）.first writer study of theis smooth, easy, colloquiala ndREADING: excerpt from Robinson crusoe<Rob inson Crusoe > praise the human laborlower-classand themostlyPuritanvefortitude （清教徒坚韧）.T an adve nture story, Robinson, n arrates how he goes to s ea, gets shipwrecked and maroon ed(放逐)ona Ion ely isla nd, struggles to live for 24-years there and fin ally gets relieved and returns to En gland.T Robinson grew from a na?ve and artless youth into a sh rewd and harde ned man, tempered bynumeroustrials in his ev en tful life.Jon atha n SwiftIn his opi nion, human nature is seriously and permanently f lawed (缺点)Achieveme nt:1)amaster satirist . < A Modest Proposal >vGulliver's Travels >2) one of the greatest of En glish prose, he defi ned a good Europea n life.<The History ofthe Adve nturesof Joseph Andrews … > (约瑟夫•安德鲁）<The History of Jon atha n Wild the Great > （伟大的乔纳森•怀尔德） <The History ofTom Jones, a Foun dling> a masterpiece on the subject ofhuman nature<The History of Amelia > the iun fort un atelife of an idealized woman, a maudlin(伤感的) pictureofthesociallifeat thetime.style. He n arrati onadopted “ thethird-pers ond styleas “ Proper words inproper placesREADING: excerpt from Gulliver ' s Travels （格列佛游记） vGulliver'sTravels > fictionalwork, four partsLilliput,Brobd ingnag,Flyi ng Isla nd& Houyhnhnm（小人国）大人book iscriticismsand 飞岛）one satiresof theof all（有人类理性的马 most effective aspects inand devastat ing thethenEn glishanto write 诗），thefirst to give the moder n structure andHenry | Fielding was the firstno vel its aaREADING: excerpt from Tom JonesBrings the author the name of the “ Prose Home”In a way, Tom and Sophia, stands for a wayfaring（旅行的） Everyma n, who is expelled from the paradisea nd has togo through hard experienee to gain a knowledge of himselfand fin ally to approach perfect ness.SamueJohnson - the author of the firstE nglish dicti onarylby an En glishma n, the last n eoclassiciste nlighte ner.<A Dictionary of the English Language> 英语大词典READING: To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield<To the Right Hono rable the Earl of Chesterfield > the lette r is writte n in a refined and very politela nguage, with a bitter un dert one of defia nee and an ger. The seem in gly peaceful retrospecti on, reas oningand questio ning express, to thebest satiric effect, the author ' s stro ng in dig nati on at the lord ' s fame-fishing.Sherida n the only importa nt En glish dram of the 18th cen turyatist<The Rivals > and <The School for Scan dal > are regarded as important links between the masterpiecesof Shakespeare and th ose of Ber nard Shaw.READING: excerpt from The School for ScandalA story about two brothers: Joseph Surface and Charles Surface. Charles in love with Maria, Sir PeterTeazle is lovedby Lady Sn eerwell. The lady in stigates（教唆） Joseph to pursue Maria For her Mon ey.Joseph secretly se duce（弓丨诱）Lady Teazle, Sir Peter' s young wife. The play ends with great disgrace forJoseph and Charles wins his loves and the in herita nee of his rich un cle.It is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy（堕落）of the aristocratic-bourgeois society in the 18th E ngla nd.Thomas Gray|the leader of the sen time ntal（悲情的） poetry of the day ,especially “ The Graveyard School”READING Elegy Writte n in a Cou ntry Churchyard<Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard > reflects on death,the sorrows of life, and the mysteries ofhuma n life with a touch of his personalmelancholy. He sympathized for thepoor and the unknown, butmocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc（破坏）on them.The RomanticPeriod△ Roma ntic emotio n over reason, spontan eous发）emotio n, a cha nge from the outer world of socialcivilizat ion to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry shouldbe free from all rules, imag in ation, n ature,com mon place△ The romantic emphasized the special qualities of each ind ividual ' s mind.△ The romantic period began with : in 1798 the publicationof Wordsworth and Coleridge's vLyricalBallads >end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott 's death△ two major no velists of the Roma ntic period are Jane Austen （realistic）and Walter Scott （roma ntic）.William Blake poet & engraver（雕刻家）vSongs of Innocence >: a happy and innocent world from child ren's eyevSongs of Experienee > : a war and repressi on with world of misery, poverty, disease, a mela ncholy （忧有E的）tone from men eyes. Childhood, paradoxes, a pairi ng of oppositesvMarriage of Heaven and Hell > marks his entry into maturity2. The Chimney Sweeper (from3. The Tyger (from Songs of Experienee )Robert SoutheyREADING: 1. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud<The book of Urizen >(先知书)prophetic(预言的) book in his later periodHe presents his view in visual images.Symbolism is also adisti nctive feature of his poetry.READING: 1.The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Innocence )Songs of Experienee )the lead ingfigureof theEn glishroma ntic poetry,simple,spontan eous( 自发的）, “ worshipper ofnature ”He definesthe poet as a 'ma n speak ing to men', and poetry as 'the spontan eous overflow of powerfulfeeli ngs, which orig in ates in'emoti on recollected in tranq uillity'.“Lake PoetsWilliam Wordsworth,Samuel Taylor Coleridge &<The Prelude >(序曲)his masterpiece <To a Skylark > <TinternAbbey><I Wan dered Lon ely as a Cloud > the poet is very cheerfulwith recalli ng the beautiful sights. In thepoem on the beauty ofnature, the readeris presented a vivid picture oflively and lovely daffodils （水仙）andpoet's philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.2. Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802vComposed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3,1802> the sonnet describes a vivid picture of abeautiful morni ng in London, sile nt, bright, glitteri ng（闪烁的），smokeless & mildly （柔和的）. It is sotouch ing a sight that the poet expressed hisreligio n piety （虔诚）for n ature.3. She Dwelt Among theUn troddenWays4. The Solitary Reaper<The Solitary Reaper〉 tha nks to poet's rich imag in ati on, themass of associati ons, this com mon placehappe ning becomes a s triking eve nt, the poet succeeds in making the reader's sha re his emotion. Thepoem also shows the poet's passi on ate lo ve of n ature.Samuel Taylor Coleridge - super natural, remoteWilliam Wordsworth and Coleridge: < Lyrical Ballads >Poet can be divided into two groups - the demonic 恶魔的（super natural） & the con versati onal-The dem onic group in cludes 3 masterpieces: <The Rime of the Ancient Mariner >, < Chrisabel >, < Kubla Khan>老水手之nge territory<Don Juan> （唐璜）READING: 1.Song for the Luddites 克丽斯塔贝尔忽必烈汗Feature: mysticism, dem onism with str ong imag in ati on, a straConversational poem: < Frost at Mid ni ght > < The Nighti ngale READING: Kubla KhanGeorgeByron |'Byronic hero': is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of n obi e orig in, aga inst tyrannical （暴君的）rules ormoral prin ciples. Such a hero appears first in <Childe Harold's Pilgrimage 怀尔德•哈罗德游记（the masterpiece of Byro n, long satirical poem, comic epi c） by make use ofJuan 's adve ntures, to prese nt a pan oramic （全面）view of differe nt types of society.vSong for the Luddites > 'will die fighting,or live free' Byron show his support of the Luddites whodestroyed the mach ines in their protest a gainst un employme nt. The poet's great sympathy of the worker sin their struggle aga inst the capitalists is clearly show n.2. The Isles of Greece (from Don Juan )Shelley1) Lyrics (抒情诗)<The Cloud> <Ode to the West Wind 〉<To a Skylark >云雀 颂 the bird, suspe nded betwee n realitya nd poetic image 2) poetic drama (诗居 U)vPrometheus Un bou nd> 解放了的米罗普修斯 READING: 1. A Song: Men of England <Men of England > It is not only a war cry calling upon allwork ing people of En gla nd to rise up aga in sttheirpoliti<The Isles of Greece> song by a Greeksin ger atthe wedding of Don Jua n and Haidee.'Fillhighthebowl with Samia nwi ne'? Bycon trastingthe fr eedom of an cie nt Greece andthe prese nt en slavement,thepoetappealed to people to struggle for liberty.Percy Bysshecal oppressors, but also an address to point out to themthe in tolerable injusticeof econo micexploitati on.2. Ode to theWest Wind<Ode to theWest Wind 〉 terzarima,destructive-c on structivepote ntial, hopeful, 'I fall upon thethor nsof life!I bleed!','IfWin tercomes, can Spring be farbehi nd?'The author express his eager nessto enjoytheboun dless freedomfrom thereality.<Ode to a Night in gale >, < Ode toPsyche >希腊古瓮颂READING: Ode on a Grecian Urn<Northa nger Abbey 〉<Ma nsfield Park> <Emma> <Persuasi on>4 great odes :< Ode on Melancholy >, < Ode on a Grecia n Urn>,夜莺颂<Ode on a GrecianUrn> the contrastof art and the tra nsie nee （短暂）of 'Heard melodies are sweet, but those 'Beauty is truth,truth beauty'6 no vels: <Se nse and Sen sibility> <Pridebetwee n the perma nence huma npassi on, un heard are sweeter',and Prejudice>JohnAuste n诺桑觉寺蔓斯菲尔德公园T Story of love and marriage provide the major themes in all her no vels.T 3 types of attitudes in pursuit of marriage:A）who would marry for material wealth and social posi tionB）who would marry just for beauty and passi onC）who would marry for true love with a con siderati on of the partner ' s personal merit and hiseconomical andsocial status.T con cer ning 3 or 4 Ian ded gentry families with their daily routi ne life: relatio nships with members of theirow n family and with their frien ds, dancing parties, tea parties, pic n ics, and gossips.READING: excerpt from Pride and prejudice1. Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy : in the end false pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved.2. Colli ns & Charlotte Lucas: see the reality of marriage as a necessary step if a woman is to avoid thewretche dness（不幸）of agingspinsterhood （未婚妇女身份）.3. Lydia & Wickham: show n the dan gers of feckless （不负责任的） relatio nshipsun supported bym oney.4. Mr.Mrs. Benn et, Mr.Colli ns,Lady Catheri ne de Burgh: comicharactersc Mar> shook Periodand •k •k •k GodGeorge list that:1836-1901 moral propriety （规 became the predominant preoccupation. all con cer nedabout the fateoftheCriticalre com mon p<The Origin the traditi onalEliot, of Species > andfaith,everything<The Descent of iscreatedbythe pioneering woman, was astarted putt ing all the acti onsThomas Hardy, that Wessex man who not criticize all sorts of social iniq uities,to questi on and attack the Victoria n thefirstnove■■ I力in sideonly expose butfi nallyconven ti ons and als.Robert Brow ning created the verse novel ,andcame morrevel and study characters 'innerworld （psycho-a nalytical ）y, the daughter Catheri ne)- Heathcliffriters of theVictoria nAgehis works1） child characters 2） horrible and grotesque（可笑的） characters 3） broadly humorous orcomicalcharacters-characterizedby amingling （混合） ofhumor andpathos （悲伤）pathos: little Nell <The Old Curiosity Shop> , little Paul vDombey and Son>Emily, a rather reserved and simple girl, was very much a child of n ature.Charlesone of the greatestcritical realistday,as Oliver asked formore food, he wasse nt towork as an appre ntice and the nran away …Thenovelisfamous for its vivid descripti ons of theworkhouse and lifeof thvOliver Twist > is a boy broughtup in the workhouse.Onee un derworld （下层社会） in 19th Lon don.-Character-portrayal isthe most disti nguish ingfeature of<A Tale of Two Cities > READING: excerptfrom Oliver Twist 雾都孤儿 The Bron teThe Bron te SistersCharlotte, Emily & AnneCharlotte, is a writer of realism comb ined with roma nticism.Her works are famous for the depicti on ofthe life of themiddle-class work ing wome n, particularly governesses （家庭女教师）.READING: 1. excerpt from Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte<Ja ne Eyre> 简•爱Jane Eyre, plain little orphan, was sent to Lowood, charity school. There shesuffer a lot and8 years later she left school and became a gover ness at ThornfieldHall. There she falls ini ove with the master,Mr. Rochester.It is no ted for its sharp criticism of the existingsociety, e.g. charity in stitutionsuch as Lowood Schoolsuccessful in troducti on to the Englishnovel the first govern ess heroine,whom represents those middle-class work ingwome n struggli ng for recog nitionof their basic rights andequality as a human being.2. excerpt from Wutheri ng Heights by Emily Bro nte vWutheri ng Heights ＞呼啸山a story about 2 families and an in trud ing( 闯入stranger.The Earnshaw family (Mr. Earnshaw, his wife, the son HindleThe Linton family ( Mr. Linton, his wife son Edgar, daught er Isabellay, the daughter Catheri ne)- Heathcliff。

选择10X2分填空10X3分名词解释5X4分简答5X4分论述1X10分选择&填空各章重要知识点：包扌臣各历史时期的文学流派特点标志，重要的代表作家及主要作品，作品的主要情节和主要人物。

名词解释&简答BeowulfepicalliterationballadRomanceHeroic CoupletsBlank VerseChaucer and The Canterbuiy Tales WilliamShakespeare&his great works SonnetMetaphysical PoetsThe RenaissanceEnlightenment RomanticismCritical RealismImagismModernismThe Stream of Consciousness 诗歌格律韵式辨析John Milton and Paradise LostJohn Bunyan and The Pilgrim? sProgress HumanismEnlightenmentNeoclassicismSentimantalism浪漫主义的重要诗人和代表作Byronic HeroesDramatic MonologueCritical RealismOedipus Complex 论述ChaucerShakespeareJohn MiltonHenry FieldingCharles DickensJane AustenThomas HardyRenaissance特点：1. There was a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and an expression of the general dissatisfaction at the Catholic and feudal ideas.2eHumanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.Representative Figures1） Thomas More Utopia2） Thomas Wyatt He was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.3） John Lyly the novel Eupheus gave rise to the term "euphuisrrT（绮丽体）euphuism refers to an affectedly elegant literary style of the late 16th and early 17th centuries, characterized by elaborate alliteration, antitheses（对照）,and similes（明喻）•4） Christopher Marlowe Timur （《巾占木丿L》）he is known for his magnificent blank verse,《帖木儿》是一部英雄剧，塑造了一个叱咤风云却又野心勃勃的征服者形象，充分体现了文艺复兴时期的巨人精神。

Part one: English LiteratureChapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance。

人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。

2.the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is themeasure of all things。

人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心,人是万物之灵.3.Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human natureand came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection，and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question，explore，and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命,人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑,探索以及享受.4.Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the bestrepresentatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔,克利斯朵夫。

马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

5.Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England。

Summit of RomanticismAmerican TranscendentalismWhat is Transcendentalism?Transcendentalism is the summit of the Romantic Movement in the history of American literature in the 19th century.Emerson declares Transcendentalism means idealism. The word “transcendental” denotes “whatever belongs to the class of intuitive thought". Knowledge can be obtained through mental process apart from experiencesDoctrines (features) of Transcendentalism1.The Transcendentalists place emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most importantthing in the universe.2.The Transcendentalists stress the importance of the individual. The ideal type of man is theself-reliant individual through the perfection of whom the regeneration of society can be achieved.3. The Transcendentalists have a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.Nature is the garment of the Oversoul.InfluencesThe Transcendentalist movement has a small membership and only lasted for a few years, but it has exerted great impact in the country.(1)It served as an ethical guide to life for a young nation and brought about the idea that human can be perfected by nature.(2)It advocated idealism that was greatly needed in a rapidly expanded economy.(3)It helped to create the first American renaissance –one of the most prolific periods in American literature.WeaknessTranscendentalism was never a systematic philosophy. It borrowed from many sources and reconciled few of them.It resulted far more often in rampant individualism than in a democracy of mutual helpfulness and equal opportunity. People used it to justify their acquisitiveness and left it up to the principle of compensation to balance the rest of the account.What are the sources of Transcendentalism?1．German and French idealism, originating from Schelling, Fichte, Kant and Thomas Carlyle 2．French eclecticism, especially that of Cousin, Collard, Gerando and Jouffroy3. Oriental mysticism, represented by Hindu works, those of Confucius and Mencius4. American Puritanism, represented by Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin FranklinEmphasis on the individualRalph Emerson believes in “the infinitude of the private individual”Franklin’s belief : “the least of men can rise”and “a man of tolerable abilities can work great changes and accomplish great affairs among mankind.”Ralph Waldo Emerson爱默生(1803—1882)Works ：1) Nature«论自然»regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism2) The American Scholar«论美国学者»regarded as "America's Declaration of Intellectual Independence"3) Poet «诗人»Point of view1.firm belief in the transcendence of the “Oversoul”.2.regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man3.the infinitude of man4.Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world, and that he makesthe world by making himself.An Excerpt from NatureIntroductionPhilosophically considered, the universe is composed of Nature and the Soul. Strictly speaking, therefore, all that is separate from us, all which Philosophy distinguishes as the NOT ME, that is, both nature and art, all other men and my own body, must be ranked under this name, NATURE.Henry David Thoreau梭罗(1817—1862)Works1) Civil Disobedience«论公民之不服从»2) A Plea for John Brown«为约翰·布朗申辩»3) A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers«在康科德与梅里马克河上一周»4) Walden«沃尔登湖»：• a collection of nature essays• a great Transcendentalist work.• a book about man, what he is, and what he should be and must be.•full of ideas expressed to persuade his neighbors out of their complacency(自满) Thoreau’s Point of View：1.did not like the way a materialistic America was developing and was strongly outspoken(直言的) on the point2.hated the human injustice as represented by the slavery system3.saw nature as a genuine restorative(有助健康的), healthy influence on man’s spiritualwell-being4.had faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man5.was very critical of modern civilization6.He was impatient with his fellowmen who did not want to spend so little time on theself-improvement.7.had trust in the futureNathaniel Hawthorne (霍桑)(1804—1864)Hawthorne’s Major Works:1. Two collections of short stories:Twice-told Tales 《故事新编》Mosses from an Old Manse«古宅青苔»2. The Scarlet Letter«红字»masterpiece3) The House of the Seven Gables《七个尖角阁的屋子》4) The Blithedale Romance 《福谷传奇》5) The Marble Faun 《大理石雕像》Short stories:Young Goodman Brown《小伙子古德曼·布朗》The Minister’s Black Veil 《教长的黑面纱》The Birthmark 《胎记》Hawthorne’s point of viewHawthorne is influenced by Puritanism deeply. He was not a Puritan himself, but he had Puritan ancestors who played an important role in his life and works.Melville : “霍桑描述黑暗的庞大力量，是由于受到加尔文派教义关于与生俱来的堕落与原罪思想的阻碍。

学习目标1. The Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主义2. The Victorian Period(1836-1901)维多利亚时期3. The Romantic Period in American Literature浪漫主义时期The Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主义The Romantic period is an age of poetry.浪漫主义时代也是诗歌的时代。

The Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主义浪漫主义代表诗人布莱克William Blake，华兹华斯Wordsworth Wordsworth，科勒律治Coleridge，拜伦Byron，雪莱Percy Bysshe Shelley及济慈John KeatsThe Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主义William Blake威廉.布莱克Songs of Innocence 《天真之歌》Songs of Experience《经验之歌》The Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主义William BlakeMarriage of Heaven and Hell《天堂与地狱的结合》It plays the double role both as a satire and a revolutionary prophecy.布莱克的《天堂与地狱的结合》一诗标志着他创作上的成熟，并担负了讽喻与革命预言的两重角色。

The Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主义William Wordsworth威廉.华兹华斯：Wordsworth defines the poet as a“man speaking to men,”and poetry as“the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility.”华兹华斯认为诗人是对着广大人民讲话的人，而诗歌是强烈情感的自发流露，发乎情，止乎静。