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Sentences
Syntax - arrangement of words in sentence Influence of Latin grammar Move toward “simplicity” - Bacon > Orwell Shakespeare created stage pictures out of poetry - issues of verse and prosody
Shakespeare’s vocabulary: 29,000 words (twice that of the average Am.college student) Many of his words have since dropped/changed from common usage: bisson (blind), proper (handsome), cousin (kinsman), silly (innocent)
A reading
Banquo speaks to his son Fleance Heaven = an economical household in which all sources of light are extinguished Powerful force (like lead) summons Banquo to sleep - but he cannot Lines have resonance: husbandry, candles, summons, lead Dagger appears in next few lines and later in the play
verbs with inflected endings hath, doth, goeth forms were in transition from medieval to modern pronoun problem - thee, thou, thy, thine familiar vs.. formal - thou and you
Density and richness Characters express thoughts through abundant, powerful images and metaphors Figurative language: pleases the mind and senses - expresses one idea in terms of another Connotative imagery: highly suggestive network of pictures and ideas resonating with other images, ideas, themes in play
Foreshadowing
Banquo foreshadows the hallucinated dagger that appears in Macbeth’s soliloquy Also the actual dagger Macbeth carries away from the murder End of scene - ringing bell summons Macbeth to commit the murder Lead - heaviness, foreboding the shadows the early scenes
Shakespeare’s Dramatic Language
Rhetoric, Wordplay, Forms
Shakespeare’s Language
Source of pleasure or Obstacle to appreciation?
Biblioteka Baidu
Qualities of Shakespeare’s verse
Lady Macbeth
Goes mad Fears the dark Carries a candle Darkness - moral darkness -evil - principal theme of the plays
Early Modern English
Technical difficulties for modern readers
• Katherine and Petruchio
Vocabulary
Another stumbling block for modern readers Linguistic exuberance of the age
Lyle’s Euphues: The Anatomy of Wit
Macbeth
There’s husbandry in heaven, Their candles are all out. Take thee that too. [Gives him his belt and dagger.] A heavy summons lies like lead upon me, And yet I would not sleep. (2.1.4-7)
iambic pentameter rhythm, emphasis characterization
Let’s look at Hamlet
The Ghost speaks:
Sleeping within my orchard, My custom always of the afternoon, Upon my secure hour thy uncle stole, With juice of cursed hebona in a vial, And in the porches of my ears did pour The leprous distillment. (1.5.59-64)
