语法专题：现在完成时和初中时态小结
a. 读故事，悟语法——现在完成时的理解
【You have lost your whole life.】
Once a learned man was in a boat. He was going to cross the river.“Do you know math” he asked the boating man. “No, sir,” the boatman answered.
“Then you have lost one quarter of your life,” said the learned man. !
“Do you know history” he asked again. “No, sir,” said the boatman.“Then you have lost half of your life,” said the learned man.
“Do you know painting” he continued. “I don’t know that, either,” said the boatman.
“Then you have lost three quarters of your life.”
Just then a strong wind came and turned the boat upside down.
“Do you know how to swim” asked the boatman. “No,” answered the learned man.
“Well then,” said the boatman, “you have lost your whole l ife.”
/
【A birthday present】
Helen: Mum, I’m going to send you a present for your birthday Mum: Thanks, dear! What is it？
Helen: A nice teapot.
Mum: But I’ve got a nice teapot.
Helen: No, you haven’t. I’ve just broken it!
—
【A terrible tennis player】
When Alan was young, he played football a lot, and he was very good at it, but then he went and worked in a town, and there was no team for him there, so he stopped playing. Then he began to get fat, so he thought, “I’ve stopped playing football, a nd now I’m getting fat. What am I going to do” He thought about it for a few days, and then he said to himself, “I know I’ll play tennis.” He had a few lessons, and then played for a few days.
He met a nice girl at the tennis club one day, and they played a game of tennis against another man and woman. Alan played very badly, and was
very angry with himself.
“I’ve never played as badly as this before,” he said to the girl.“Oh,” she said. “You have played before, haven’t you”
~
【I didn’t want to wal k home.】
Mrs. Brown’s old grandfather lived with her and her husband. Every morning he went for a walk in the park and came home at half past twelve for his lunch. But one morning a police car stopped outside Mrs. Brown’s house at twelve o’clock, and two policemen helped Mr. Brown to get out. One of them said to Mrs. Brown, “The poor old gentleman lost his way in the park and telephoned to us for help, so we sent a car to bring him home.” Mrs. Brown was very surprised, but she thanked the policemen and they left.
“But, Grandfather,” she then said, “you have been to that park nearly every day for twenty years. How did you lose your way there” The old man smiled, closed one eye and said, “I didn’t quite lose my way.
I just got tired and I didn’t want to walk home.”
—
【Everything will soon be all right.】
An old man died and left his son a lot of money. But the son was a foolish young man, and he quickly ran out of all the money, so that soon he had nothing left. Of course, when that happened, all his friends left him. When he was quite poor and alone, he went to see Nasreddin, who was a kind, clever old man and often helped people when they had troubles.
“My money has finished and my friends have gone,” said the yo ung man. “What will happen to me now” “Don’t worry, young man,” answered Nasreddin. “Everything will soon be all right again. Wait, and you will soon feel much happier.”
The young man was very glad. “Am I going to get rich again then” he asked Nasreddin.
“No, I didn’t mean that,” said the old man. “I meant that you would soon get used to being poor and to having no friends.”
【How many lights are there】
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In England nobody under the age of eighteen is allowed to drink in a public bar.
Mr. Thompson used to go to a bar near his house quite often, but he never took his son, Tom, because he was too young. Then when Tom had his eighteenth birthday, Mr. Thompson took him to his usual bar for the first time.
They drank for half an hour, and then Mr. Thompson said to his son, “Now, Tom, I want to teach you a useful lesson. You must always be careful not to drink too much. And how do you know when you’ve had enough Well, I’ll tell you. Do you see those two lights at the end of the bar When they seem to have become four, you’ve had enough and should go home.”
“But, Dad,” said Tom, “I can only see one light at the end of the bar.”
b. 现在完成时时态解析
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1. 现在完成时的含义
基本格式: I/We/They have done …
He/She/It has done …
（1）表示已经/曾经做过了某事（“已经”/“曾经”）：动作已完成，不再持续。
I have done/finished my homework already.
~
He has been to Beijing (three times).
（2）表示持续（“已经”）：一个动作（或开始的状态）开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或者可能还要继续下去（也可能到此结束）。
He has been/lived in Jining since 10 years ago / for 10 years.
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（3）表示影响或结果（“已经”）：一个过去发生的动作已经完成，并且对现在仍有影响或产生了结果。
He has left Jining already. = He has been away from Jining already.
He has gone to Beijing.
2. 现在完成时表示的时间范畴
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3. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
（1）He lived in Jining for ten years.
He has lived in Jining for ten years.
（2）I saw him 10 years ago.
I have seen him 10 years before.
~
I haven’t seen him for 10 years.
（3）She had her breakfast yesterday morning. She has had her breakfast already.
（4）He was in Jining last year.
He has been in Jining since last year.
￥
4. 现在完成时的标志词解析
already
yet
just
ever
:
never
recently
these days
since
since 10 years ago
ever since then
|
for
for 10 years
for a long time
up to now
so far
till now
]
in the past/last few years/months/weeks
once / twice / three times / a couple of times / several times / many times
5. 延续性动词和非延续性动词
延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，而且这个动作是可以延续下去的或产生持久影响的。如stay, live, learn, study, work, wait, watch, sing, read等。
非延续性动词也称短暂性动词、瞬间动词或终止性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如：open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, leave, get to, move, borrow, buy, die, finish等。
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现在完成时常跟表示一段时间的时间状语，如for +一段时间、since +时间点、during the past/last+一段时间等，因此谓语必须是一种状态或表示延续性的动作，也就是延续性动词及其短语，或表示状态的词或短语。
非延续性动词及其短语的肯定形式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用，而否定形式就可以和表示一段时间的状语连用，因为否定本身就是可以延续的，如：She hasn’t heard from her sister for two weeks. hear from是“收到……的来信”的意思，是短暂性动词短语，但其否定形式时则表示一种可以持续的状态（没有收到信的状态），因此可以跟表示一段时间的状语连用。
① He died 10 years ago.
He _________ _________ __________ for 10 years / since 10 years ago.
② He borrowed the book 2 weeks ago.
He _________ _________ the book for 2 weeks.
③ He bought the motorbike a month ago.
&
He _________ _________ the motorbike for a month.
④ He arrived here three days ago.
He _________ _________ here since three days ago.
⑤ They turned off the light 2 hours ago.
The light _________ __________ _________ for 2 hours.
They turned on the light 2 hours ago.
The light _________ __________ _________ for 2 hours.
⑥ The film began 30 minutes ago.
:
The film _________ __________ _________ for 30 minutes.
⑦ He left here 2 years ago.
He _________ __________ ___________ from here for 2 years.
⑧ They opened the door an hour ago.
The door __________ __________ ___________ for an hour.
They closed the door an hour ago.
The door __________ __________ ___________ for an hour.
⑨ He joined the army last year.
|
He ___________ ___________ ___________ the army for a year.
= He __________ __________ _________ ______________ for a year.
= It __________ ____________ a year since he joined the army.
= It ___________ a year since he joined the army.
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c. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
1. He lived in Jining for ten years.
He has lived in Jining for ten years.
2. I saw him 10 years ago.
【
I have seen him 10 years before.
I haven’t seen him for 10 years.
3. She had her breakfast yesterday morning.
She has had her breakfast already.
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d. 初中所要求的时态小结
一般过去时
过去进行时
、
一般现在时
现在进行时
￥
现在完成时
（现在完成进行时）
"
一般将来时
e. 综合时态对照理解和练习
1. 我每天做家庭作业。
）
他每天做家庭作业。
你每天做家庭作业吗
2. 我现在正在做家庭作业。
他现在正在做家庭作业。
他们现在正在做家庭作业。
你（们）现在正在做家庭作业吗
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3.（1）我明天要做家庭作业。
你明天要做家庭作业吗
（2）我打算明天做家庭作业。
他打算明天做家庭作业。
4. 我昨天做了家庭作业。
你昨天做家庭作业了吗
）
5. 我昨天晚上9:00正在做家庭作业。
他们昨天这个时候正在做家庭作业。
你昨天这个时候正在做家庭作业吗
6. 我已经做完了家庭作业。
她已经做完了家庭作业。
你已经做完家庭作业了吗
)
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f. 常用不规则动词变化表
cost（花费）cost cost cut（切，割）cut cut hit（碰撞）hit hit
let（让）let let put（放）put put read（读）read read hurt（伤害）hurt hurt set（日落）set set shut（关闭）shut shut
beat（揍，打败）beat beaten
run（跑）ran run come（来）came come become（变成）became become （挖）dug dug hold（举行，举办，掌握）held held win（赢）won won have/has（有）had had make（制造）made made catch（抓住）caught caught
hear（听见）heard heard meet（遇见）met met teach（教）taught taught
keep（保持）kept kept feed（喂）fed fed bring（带来）brought brought sleep（睡）slept slept lend（借出）lent lent buy（买）bought bought sweep（扫）swept swept send（传送) sent sent think（想）thought thought feel（感觉）felt felt spend（花费）spent spent fight（战斗）fought fought shoot（射击）shot shot build（建设）built built seek（寻找）sought sought leave（离开）left left mean（意思是）meant meant sell（卖）sold sold
lose（丢失）lost lost deal（处理）dealt dealt tell（告诉）told told say（说）said said stand（站）stood stood spit（吐痰）spat spat
pay（付）paid paid understand（明白）understood understood sit（坐）sat sat
lay（下蛋）laid laid light（点燃）lit lit find（找到）found found learn（学习）learnt/learned learnt/learned found（建立）founded founded shine（照耀）shone/shined shone/shined smell（闻）smelled/smelt smelled/smelt
dream（做梦）dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed burn（燃烧）burned/burnt burned/burnt hang（悬挂）hung hung stick（刺，戳）stuck stuck ｛hang（吊死）hanged hanged｝ dig（挖，掘）dug dug
（平躺）lay lain｛lie（说谎）lied lied｝do（做）did done go（去）went gone
blow（吹）blew blown begin（开始）began begun drive（驾驶）drove driven throw（扔）threw thrown drink（喝）drank drunk eat（吃）ate eaten
grow（生长）grew grown ring（铃响）rang rung fall（落下）fell fallen know（知道）knew known sing （唱）sang sung give（给）gave given
fly（飞）flew flown swim(游泳) swam swum rise（上升）rose risen
draw（画）drew drawn break（打破）broke broken see（看见）saw seen show（显示）showed shown speak（说，讲）spoke spoken rise（上升）rose risen choose（选择）chose chosen wear（穿）wore worn ride（骑）rode ridden wake（醒）woke woken bear（生，忍受）bore born write（写）wrote written steal（偷）stole stolen tear（撕）tore torn hide（藏）hid hidden am/is（是）was been are（是）were been bite（咬）bit bitten
sit（坐）sat sat babysit（临时照看小孩）babysat babysat get（得到，到达）got got/gotten forget（忘记）forgot forgotten
take（拿走）took taken mistake（弄错）mistook mistaken shake（摇晃）shook shaken
（能）could will（将要）would shall（将要）should may（可以）might 对付）dealt dealt freeze（冷冻，凝固，结冰）froze frozen flee（逃走）fled fled lead（领导，引导，带领）led led
shoot（射击，投篮）shot shot stick（刺，插，戳）stuck stuck