Analysis of land use and land cover spatial pattern based on Markov chains modelling

esri 10m land cover和modis土地利用分类Esri 10m Land Cover ClassificationEsri 10m Land Cover Classification is a dataset that provides detailed information about the land cover classes present in a geographic area. This dataset is widely used in various fields including urban planning, environmental management, and natural resource analysis. The classification scheme used in Esri 10m Land Cover Classification includes the following classes:1.Water:–Category: Water bodies such as oceans, lakes,rivers, and reservoirs.–Purpose: Identifying and analyzing water resources, hydrology, and aquatic ecosystem management.2.Forest:–Category: Areas covered with trees and densevegetation.–Purpose: Studying forest ecosystems, biodiversity, and monitoring deforestation.3.Agricultural land:–Category: Land used for cultivating crops, raising livestock, and other agricultural purposes.–Purpose: Analyzing agricultural practices, crop yield estimation, and land management strategies. 4.Grassland:–Category: Areas dominated by grass or herbaceous vegetation.–Purpose: Monitoring changes in grassland ecosystems, grazing patterns, and wildlife habitat analysis.5.Urban areas:–Category: Areas characterized by human-madestructures and infrastructure.–Purpose: Urban planning, land use change analysis, and understanding the impacts of urbanization.6.Wetland:–Category: Land that is permanently or temporarily covered with water.–Purpose: Wetland conservation, studying waterresource management, and habitat assessment.7.Barren land:–Category: Areas devoid of vegetation or with sparse vegetation cover.–Purpose: Studying desertification, land degradation, and identifying areas suitable for afforestation. 8.Snow and ice:–Category: Areas covered with snow, glaciers, or ice.–Purpose: Monitoring changes in snow cover, glacial retreat, and analyzing the impacts of climatechange.MODIS Land Use ClassificationMODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) Land Use Classification is another widely used dataset that provides information about the various land use classes in a specific region. This dataset has a coarser resolution compared to Esri 10m Land Cover Classification but covers a larger area. The land use classes in MODIS Land Use Classification include the following:1.Cropland:–Category: Land used for agricultural purposes, including cultivation of crops.–Purpose: Monitoring agricultural practices,analyzing crop patterns, and estimating cropproductivity.2.Grassland:–Category: Land predominantly covered with grasses or herbaceous vegetation.–Purpose: Evaluating grazing practices, studying grassland dynamics, and wildlife habitat analysis.3.Urban and built-up:–Category: Areas characterized by human-madestructures, urban development, and infrastructure.–Purpose: Urban planning, understanding urban expansion patterns, and analyzing the impacts ofurbanization.4.Forest and woodland:–Category: Areas covered with trees and forests.–Purpose: Studying forest ecosystems, monitoring deforestation, and assessing biodiversity.5.Water bodies:–Category: Lakes, rivers, oceans, and other water bodies.–Purpose: Analyzing water resources, hydrological processes, and aquatic ecosystem management.6.Shrubland:–Category: Land covered with shrubs or low-lying vegetation.–Purpose: Studying shrubland ecology, wildlifehabitat analysis, and land management strategies. 7.Desert:–Category: Barren land or areas with sparsevegetation cover.–Purpose: Understanding desertification, landdegradation, and identifying suitable areas forvegetation restoration.8.Snow and ice:–Category: Areas covered with snow, glaciers, or ice.–Purpose: Monitoring changes in snow cover,analyzing glacial retreat, and studying the impactsof climate change.These are just a few examples of the land cover and land use classifications provided by Esri 10m Land Cover and MODIS datasets. Both datasets offer valuable insights into the composition and distribution of land cover classes, allowing researchers, policymakers, and planners to make informed decisions for sustainable land management.Sure, here are more classifications from Esri 10m Land Cover and MODIS Land Use datasets:Esri 10m Land Cover Classification9.Shrubland:–Category: Land covered with shrubs or low-lying vegetation.–Purpose: Studying shrubland ecology, wildlifehabitat analysis, and land management strategies.10.Mangroves:–Category: Coastal wetlands dominated by salt-tolerant trees or shrubs.–Purpose: Monitoring and conservation of mangrove ecosystems, coastal management.11.Swamp/Marshes:–Category: Wetlands characterized by saturated soil and emergent vegetation.–Purpose: Studying wetland biodiversity, water quality, and carbon storage.12.Bare Ground:–Category: Areas devoid of vegetation or withminimal vegetation cover.–Purpose: Monitoring land degradation, erosion, and assessing soil health.13.Rock and Scree:–Category: Areas predominantly covered by rocks, stones, or loose debris.–Purpose: Studying geomorphology, landscapeevolution, and land stability analysis.MODIS Land Use Classification9.Wetland:–Category: Areas of marsh, peatland, or other wetland environments.–Purpose: Wetland conservation, water resource management, and habitat assessment.10.Plantations:–Category: Extensively managed areas with single-species plantations, such as tree plantations.–Purpose: Monitoring and managing plantation resources, evaluating land use change.11.Open Space:–Category: Land used for recreational purposes, public parks, or open areas.–Purpose: Urban planning, urban green spaces analysis, and promoting outdoor activities.12.Mining:–Category: Areas used for extraction of minerals, including open-pit mines and quarries.–Purpose: Monitoring mining activities, assessing environmental impacts, and land reclamation. 13.Built-up/Paved:–Category: Areas covered with impervious surfaces, such as buildings, roads, and parking lots.–Purpose: Urban planning, analyzing urban heatisland effect, and assessing land use changes.These additional classifications provide a more comprehensive understanding of the land cover and land use patterns in a given area. Detailed analysis of these datasets enables researchers and decision-makers to address various environmental, social, and economic challenges.。

土地资源管理专业英语词汇LandLand is a delineable [diˈlinieit]area of the earth's terrestrial [tiˈrestriəl]surface, encompassing all attributes of the biosphere immediately above or below this surface including those of the near-surface climate the soil and terrain forms, the surface hydrology (including shallow lakes, rivers, marshes, and swamps[swɔmp]), the near-surface sedimentary /ˌsedɪˈmentəri/(沉淀性的) layers and associated groundwater reserve, the plant and animal populations, the human settlement pattern and physical results of past and present human activity (terracing, water storage or drainage structures, roads, buildings, etc.[etˈsetərə](=et cetera)). (UN, 1994)Land useLand use is the human modification of natural environment or wilderness into built environment such as fields, pastures, and settlements. The major effect of land use on land cover since 1750 has been deforestation of temperate regions. More recent significant effects of land use include urban sprawl, soil erosion, soil degradation, salinization [səlini'zeiʃən], and desertification. Land-use change, together with use of fossil fuels, are the major anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide, a dominant greenhouse gas. It has also been defined as "the total of arrangements, activities, and inputs that people undertake in a certain land cover type".From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaLand coverLand cover corresponds to a (bio) physical description of the earth's surface. It is that which overlays or currently covers the ground. This description enables various biophysical categories to be distinguished - basically, areas of vegetation (trees, bushes, fields and lawn), bare soil, hard surfaces (rocks, buildings) and wet areas and bodies of water (watercourses水流(河床), wetlands). There are two primary methods for capturing information on land cover: field survey and thorough analysis of remotely sensed imagery. The nature of land cover is discussed in Comber et al. (2005).A Comber, P Fisher, R Wadsworth. What is land cover? Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 2005DifferenceLand use corresponds to the socio-economic description (functional dimension) of areas: areas used for residential, industrial or commercial purposes, for farming or forestry, for recreational or conservation purposes, etc. Links with land cover are possible; it may be possible to infer land use from land cover and conversely. But situations are often complicated and the link is not so evident. Contrary to land cover, land use is difficult to 'observe'. For example, it is often difficult to decide if grasslands are used or not for agricultural purposes. Distinctions between land use and land cover and their definition have impacts onthe development of classification systems, data collection and information systems in general. (UNEP)Land cover is distinct from land use despite the two terms often being used interchangeably. Land use is a description of how people utilize the land and socio-economic activity - urban and agricultural land uses are two of the most commonly recognised high-level classes of use. At any one point or place, there may be multiple and alternate land uses, the specification of which may have a political dimension.Land managementLand management can be defined as the process of managing the use and development (in both urban and suburban settings) of land resources in a sustainable way. Land resources are used for a variety of purposes which interact and may compete with one another; therefore, it is desirable to plan and manage all uses in an integrated manner.Land administrationThe concepts of land administration are the reflection of views on land properties. In China, scholars hold ideas that land administration is the process of organization, coordination, supervision and management on land resources, land use, land property rights and land profit with political instruments for sake of whole society.Other studies on land administration, cadastral[kə'dæstrəl] titles and land market, urban land administration, and land sustainable conservation, altogether make these factors-land resources management, land assets supervision and land political governance for sustainability constitute foundation of land administration. DifferenceThere are many factors according to which administration can be distinguished from management. From the nature of work, administration is concerned about the determination of objectives and major policies of an organization; management puts into action the policies and plans laid down by the administration. From the nature of status, administration consists of owners who invest capital in and receive profits from an enterprise; management is a group of managerial personnel who use their specialized knowledge to fulfill the objectives of an enterprise. From Main functions, administration involves in planning and organizing functions; management involves in motivating and controlling functions.Land use planningLand use planning is the term used for a branch of public policy which encompasses [inˈkʌmpəs] various disciplines which seek to order and regulate the use of land in an efficient and ethical /ˈeθɪkəl/way. Despite confusing nomenclature nəuˈmenklətʃə,术语，命名系统, the essential function of land use planning remains the same whatever term is applied. TheCanadian Institute of Planners offers a definition that: "Land use planning means the scientific, aesthetic[i:sˈθetik], and orderly disposition of land, resources, facilities and services with a view to securing the physical, economic and social efficiency, health and well-being of urban and rural communities" From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThere is bound to be conflict over land use. The demands for arable land, grazing, forestry, wildlife, tourism and urban development are greater than the land resources available. In the developing countries, these demands become more pressing every year. The population dependent on the land for food, fuel and employment will double within the next 25 to 50 years. Even where land is still plentiful, many people may have inadequate access to land or to the benefits from its use. In the face of scarcity, the degradation of farmland, forest or water resources may be clear for all to see but individual land users lack the incentive or resources to stop it.Land-use planning is the systematic assessment of land and water potential, alternatives for land use and economic and social conditions in order to select and adopt the best land-use options. Its purpose is to select and put into practice those land uses that will best meet the needs of the people while safeguarding resources for the future. The driving force in planning is the need for change, the need for improved managementor the need for a quite different pattern of land use dictated by changing circumstances.All kinds of rural land use are involved: agriculture, pastoralism田园风味, forestry, wildlife conservation and tourism. Planning also provides guidance in cases of conflict between rural land use and urban or industrial expansion, by indicating which areas of land are most valuable under rural use.VocabularyMinistry of Land and Resources 国土资源部Municipal Bureau of Land and Resources 市国土资源管理局Municipal Bureau of Land Resourcesand Housing Management 市国土资源和房屋管理局Bureau of State Land Supervision 国家土地监察局land utilization (use) 土地利用extensive land use 土地粗放利用intensive land use 土地集约利用sustainable land use 土地可持续利用land management 土地技术管理land administration 土地行政管理land use planning 土地利用规划general plan of land-use 土地利用总体规划land allocation 土地配置land evaluation/appraisal 土地评价land policy 土地政策land economics 土地经济land market 土地市场land expropriation/requisition 土地征收/征用land registration 土地登记land transaction 土地交易land banking 土地储备land supply/demand 土地供应/需求land grant or transfer 土地出让或转让land negotiation /agreement 土地协议land auction 土地拍卖land public bidding 土地公开招标land value 土地价值land rent 地租land revenue 土地收益land use fee 土地使用费land use term 土地使用期land levelling 土地平整land development 土地开发land rehabilitation/reclamation 土地复垦land consolidation/readjustment 土地整理land retirement 土壤退化land subsidence 地面沉降land pollution 土地污染slope treatment for erosion control 坡面治理工程grain to green 退耕还林land information 土地信息land use interpretation 土地利用判读land use survey 土地利用调查land use monitoring 土地利用监测land use map 土地利用图land use mapping 土地利用制图land use classification 土地利用分类land use zoning 土地用途分区land use control 土地用途管制land use pattern 土地利用模式land use type 土地利用类型land use adjustment 土地利用调整land use capability 土地利用潜力land potential productivity 土地生产潜力land suitability 土地适宜性land efficiency 土地效益land structure 土地结构land use intensity 土地利用密度multiple crop index 复种指数prime cropland preservation 基本农田保护区planning approval 规划许可total dynamic balance of cropland 耕地总量动态平衡compensation institution of cropland occupation占用耕地补偿制度limitation of land use 土地利用限制因素land reform 土地改革land use certificate 土地使用证land tenure 地权land-ownership 土地所有权land-use right 土地使用权state-owned land 国有土地household-based land contract system 土地家庭承包制。

Land-use and land-cover changeErle Ellis;Robert Pontius1 Introduction1.1 Land-change science2 Causes and Consequences2.1 Biodiversity loss2.2 Climate Change2.3 Pollution2.4 Other impacts3 Methods3.1 Remote sensing3.2 Geospatial analysis3.3 Driving forces3.4 Modeling4 Sustainable land management5 Further ReadingIntroductionLand-use and land-cover change (LULCC); also known as land change) is a general term for the human modification of Earth's terrestrial surface. Though humans have been modifying land to obtain food and other essentials for thousands of years, current rates, extents and intensities of LULCC are far greater than ever in history, driving unprecedented changes in ecosystems and environmental processes at local, regional and global scales. These changes encompass the greatest environmental concerns of human populations today, including climate change, biodiversity loss and the pollution of water, soils and air. Monitoring and mediating the negative consequences of LULCC while sustaining the production of essential resources has therefore become a major priority of researchers and policymakers around the world.Land-change scienceSatellite image of deforestation in the Amazon region, taken from the Brazilian state of Para on July 15, 1986. The dark areas are forest, the white is deforested areas, and the gray is re-growth. The pattern of deforestation spreading along roads is obvious in the lower half of the image. Scattered larger clearings can be seen near the center of the image. (Source: NASA)Land cover refers to the physical and biological cover over the surface of land, including water, vegetation, bare soil, and/or artificial structures. Land use is a more complicated term. Natural scientists define land use in terms of syndromes of human activities such as agriculture, forestry and building construction that alter land surface processes including biogeochemistry, hydrology and biodiversity. Social scientists and land managers define land use more broadly to include the social and economic purposes and contexts for and within which lands are managed (or left unmanaged), such as subsistence versus commercial agriculture, rented vs. owned, or private vs. public land. While land cover may be observed directly in the field or by remote sensing, observations of land use and its changes generally require the integration of natural and social scientific methods (expert knowledge, interviews with land managers) to determine which human activities are occurring in different parts of the landscape, even when land cover appears to be the same. For example, areas covered by woody vegetation may represent an undisturbed natural shrubland, a forest preserve recovering from a fire (use = conservation), regrowth following tree harvest (forestry), a plantation of immature rubber trees (plantation agriculture), swidden agriculture plots that are in between periods of clearing for annual crop production, or an irrigated tea plantation. As a result, scientific investigation of the causes and consequences of LULCC requires an interdisciplinary approach integrating both natural and social scientific methods, which has emerged as the new discipline of land-change science.Causes and ConsequencesChanges in land use and land cover date to prehistory and are the direct and indirect consequence of human actions to secure essential resources. This may first have occurred with the burning of areas to enhance the availability of wild game and accelerated dramatically with the birth of agriculture, resulting in the extensive clearing (deforestation) and manag ement of Earth’s terrestrial surface that continues today. More recently, industrialization has encouraged the concentration of human populations within urban areas (urbanization) and the depopulation of rural areas, accompanied by the intensification of agriculture in the most productive lands and the abandonment of marginal lands. All of these causes and their consequences are observable simultaneously around the world today.Biodiversity lossBiodiversity is often reduced dramatically by LULCC. When land is transformed from a primary forest to a farm, the loss of forest species within deforested areas is immediate and complete. Even when unaccompanied by apparent changes in land cover, similar effects are observed whenever relatively undisturbed lands are transformed to more intensive uses, including livestock grazing, selective tree harvest and even fire prevention. The habitat suitability of forests and other ecosystems surrounding those under intensive use are also impacted by the fragmenting of existing habitat into smaller pieces (habitat fragmentation), which exposes forest edges to external influences and decreases core habitat area. Smaller habitat areas generally support fewer species (island biogeography), and for species requiring undisturbed core habitat, fragmentation can cause local and even general extinction. Research also demonstrates that species invasions bynon-native plants, animals and diseases may occur more readily in areas exposed by LULCC, especially in proximity to human settlements.Climate ChangeLULCC plays a major role in climate change at global, regional and local scales. At global scale, LULCC is responsible for releasing greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, thereby driving global warming. LULCC can increase the release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere by disturbance of terrestrial soils and vegetation, and the major driver of this change is deforestation, especially when followed by agriculture, which causesthe further release of soil carbon in response to disturbance by tillage. Changes in land use and land cover are also behind major changes in terrestrial emissions of other greenhouse gases, especially methane (altered surface hydrology: wetland drainage and rice paddies; cattle grazing), and nitrous oxide (agriculture: input of inorganic nitrogen fertilizers; irrigation; cultivation of nitrogen fixing plants; biomass combustion).Though LULCC certainly plays a critical role in greenhouse gas emissions, the complexity and dynamic interplay of land use processes favoring net accumulation versus net release of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases makes it a poorly constrained component of our global budgets for these gases; an active area of current research. A further source of uncertainty in estimating the climate changes caused by LULCC is the release of sulfur dioxide and particulates by biomass combustion associated with agriculture, land clearing and human settlements. These emissions are believed to cause regional and global cooling by the reflection of sunlight from particulates and aerosols, and by their effects on cloud cover.Land cover changes that alter the reflection of sunlight from land surfaces (albedo) are another major driver of global climate change. The precise contribution of this effect to global climate change remains a controversial but growing concern. The impact of albedo changes on regional and local climates is also an active area of research, especially changes in climate in response to changes in cover by dense vegetation and built structures. These changes alter surface heat balance not only by changing surface albedo, but also by altering evaporative heat transfer caused by evapotranspiration from vegetation (highest in closed canopy forest), and by changes in surface roughness, which alter heat transfer between the relatively stagnant layer of air at Earth’s surface (the boundary layer) and the troposphere. An example of this is the warmer temperatures observed within urban areas versus rural areas, known as the urban heat island effect.PollutionChanges in land use and land cover are important drivers of water, soil and air pollution. Perhaps the oldest of these is land clearing for agriculture and the harvest of trees and other biomass. Vegetation removal leaves soils vulnerable to massive increases in soil erosion by wind and water, especially on steep terrain, and when accompanied by fire, also releases pollutants to the atmosphere. This not only degrades soil fertility over time, reducing the suitability of land for futureagricultural use, but also releases huge quantities of phosphorus, nitrogen, and sediments to streams and other aquatic ecosystems, causing a variety of negative impacts (increased sedimentation, turbidity, eutrophication and coastal hypoxia). Mining can produce even greater impacts, including pollution by toxic metals exposed in the process. Modern agricultural practices, which include intensive inputs of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and the concentration of livestock and their manures within small areas, have substantially increased the pollution of surface water by runoff and erosion and the pollution of groundwater by leaching of excess nitrogen (as nitrate). Other agricultural chemicals, including herbicides and pesticides are also released to ground and surface waters by agriculture, and in some cases remain as contaminants in the soil. The burning of vegetation biomass to clear agricultural fields (crop residues, weeds) remains a potent contributor to regional air pollution wherever it occurs, and has now been banned in many areas.Other impactsOther environmental impacts of LULCC include the destruction of stratospheric ozone by nitrous oxide release from agricultural land and altered regional and local hydrology (dam construction, wetland drainage, irrigation projects, increased impervious surfaces in urban areas). Perhaps the most important issue for most of Earth’s human population is the long-term threat to future production of food and other essentials by the transformation of productive land to nonproductive uses, such as the conversion of agricultural land to residential use and the degradation of rangeland by overgrazing.MethodsThe methods of land-change science include remote sensing and geospatial analysis and modeling, together with the interdisciplinary assortment of natural and social scientific methods needed to investigate the causes and consequences of LULCC across a range of spatial and temporal scales.Remote sensingRemote sensing is an essential tool of land-change science because it facilitates observations across larger extents of Earth’s surface than is possible by ground-based observations. This is accomplished by use of cameras, multi-spectral scanners, RADAR and LiDAR sensors mounted on air- and space-borne platforms, yielding aerial photographs, satelliteimagery, RADAR and LiDAR datasets. Data available from remote sensing vary from the very high-resolution datasets produced irregularly over extents no larger than a single state or province (by aerial photography, imaging, LiDAR, and by high resolution satellite sensors such as IKONOS and Quickbird), to regional datasets produced at regular intervals from satellites (e.g., Landsat, SPOT), to the lower-resolution (> 250 m) datasets now produced across the entire Earth on a daily basis (e.g., MODIS).Geospatial analysisMaps and measurements of land cover can be derived directly from remotely sensed data by a variety of analytical procedures, including statistical methods and human interpretation. Maps of land use and land cover (LULC) are produced from remotely sensed data by inferring land use from land cover (e.g., urban = barren, agriculture = herbaceous vegetation). Conventional LULC maps are categorical, dividing land into categories of land use and land cover (thematic mapping; land classification), while recent techniques allow the mapping of LULC or other properties of land as continuous variables or as fractional cover of the land by different LULC categories, such as tree canopy, herbaceous vegetation, and barren (continuous fields mapping). Both types of LULC datasets may be compared between time periods using geographic information systems (GIS) to map and measure LULCC at local, regional, and global scales.Driving forcesAssessing the driving forces behind LULCC is necessary if past patterns are to be explained and used in forecasting future patterns. Driving forces on LULCC can include almost any factor that influences human activity, including local culture (food preference, etc.), economics (demand for specific products, financial incentives), environmental conditions (soil quality, terrain, moisture availability), land policy & development programs (agricultural programs, road building, zoning), and feedbacks between these factors, including past human activity on the land (land degradation, irrigation and roads). Investigation of these drivers of LULCC requires a full range of methods from the natural and social sciences, including climatology, soil science, ecology, environmental science, hydrology, geography, information systems, computer science, anthropology, sociology, and policy science.ModelingSpatially-explicit models of the social and environmental causes and consequences of LULCC is made possible by GIS and other computer-based techniques which can define and test relationships between environmental and social variables using a combination of existing data (census data, soil maps, LULC maps), observations on the ground (ecological measurements, household surveys and interviews with land managers) and data from remote sensing. These spatial models of LULCC drivers and their impacts can be used to establish cause and effect in LULCC observed in the past and are also extremely useful tools for land mangers and policymakers, offering forecasts of future land use changes and their effects. Models of LULCC dependence on political, economic, environmental and other changes can then be used to explore the impacts of policy decisions and other factors using scenario analysis and other computer modeling techniques, guiding policymakers and land managers toward sustainable land management decisions.Sustainable land managementSustainable land management is a central challenge in the sustainable management of earth systems and resources. On the one hand, land management must ensure a growing supply of food and other resources to human populations, which are expected to grow for decades to come. On the other hand, management of land to procure these resources is linked with potentially negative consequences in the form of climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution. Moreover, local alteration of land use and land cover can have global consequences, requiring local and regional solutions to global problems and the cooperation of the w orld’s policymakers, land managers, and other stakeholders in land management at local, regional and global scales.At the global scale, the Kyoto Protocol offers an example of international efforts to reduce climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions from land. It offers incentives, such as a trade in carbon credits, that encourage land use practices which promote the storage of carbon on land, including the planting of trees, perennial crops, the return of crop residues to soils, and no-till agriculture,. The Protocol also promotes practices that reduce emissions of methane and nitrous oxide from agricultural land.Regional efforts to modify land use practices to reduce nonpoint pollution of air and water are already in place in many areas of the world, includingthe USA (Chesapeake Bay Program) and China (Tai Lake Program). In developed areas, including cities and suburbs, there are nowwell-developed land use policies and practices to protect streams and other aquatic ecosystems from the excessive runoff and flooding produced by the construction of impervious surfaces (buildings and roads).Management of land in support of biodiversity covers a wide range of policies and practices. The most basic of these is to set-aside existing biodiverse habitats as conservation reserves from which humans are excluded. Another is the establishment of preserves and parks in which local human populations and tourists participate in the less harmful economic use and preservation of biodiverse lands. More recently, efforts are being made to restore biodiverse habitats on lands stripped of their original habitat, and to manage existing agricultural and urban landscapes to enhance their suitability as habitat by practices including the planting of native plants and the restoration of habitat patches within intensively managed landscapes. Another new land use practice is the establishment of corridors of habitat between existing patches of habitat distributed across landscapes, creating larger effective habitats by connecting smaller patches together and enhancing species migrations. This will be an especially important practice in response to future changes in climate that will cause the habitat ranges of many species to migrate, mostly northward, requiring species migration through managed areas.Protection of productive agricultural land has become a major priority in many regions of the world. Land degradation by overgrazing and intensive agriculture on marginal lands is a major driver of land loss;a number of national and international programs have responded with land reforms and incentive programs to avoid this outcome. In rapidly industrializing nations with dense populations such as China, and in the past, Korea, Japan and Western European nations, demand for land for industry and residential use is driving the transformation of some of the most productive agricultural land in the world out of production. Policy efforts to avoid this loss of production are also in place, but their effectiveness in the face of economic demand is often limited. Another threat is the wide adoption of automobile transportation in some developed nations, which has transformed large areas of agricultural land to relatively low density residential uses around cities and along highways (urban sprawl). “Smart growth” and other programs have been developed in these areas to encourage more efficient and desirable land use and to protect agricultural land.The examples above demonstrate the variety of solutions to environmental harm by LULCC that are in progress. The effectiveness of these and otherregional and national efforts to reduce the negative impacts of LULCC remain to be seen. The need for greater efforts and new methods to monitor and mediate the negative consequences of LULCC remains acute, if we are to sustain current and future human populations under desirable conditions.Further Reading∙DeFries, R. S., G. P. Asner, and R. A. Houghton, editors. 2004. Ecosystems and Land Use Change. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.∙Foley, J. A., R. DeFries, G. P. Asner, C. Barford, G. Bonan, S. R. Carpenter, F. S. Chapin, M. T. Coe, G. C. Daily, H. K. Gibbs, J. H. Helkowski, T. Holloway, E. A. Howard, C. J.Kucharik, C. Monfreda, J. A. Patz, I. C. Prentice, N. Ramankutty, and P. K. Snyder. 2005.Global consequences of land use. Science 309:570-574.∙Global Land Project. 2005. Science Plan and Implementation Strategy. IGBP Report No.53/IHDP Report No. 19, IGBP Secretariat, Stockholm.∙Meyer, W. B., and B. L. Turner. 1994. Changes in Land Use and Land Cover: A Global Perspective. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge England; New York, NY, USA.∙Ruddiman, W. F. 2003. The anthropogenic greenhouse era began thousands of years ago.Climatic Change 61:261-293.∙Turner II, B. L., W. C. Clark, R. W. Kates, J. F. Richards, J. T. Mathews, and W. B. Meyer.1990. The Earth as Transformed by Human Action: Global and Regional Changes in theBiosphere Over the Past 300 Years. Cambridge University Press with Clark University,Cambridge; New York.CitationErle Ellis (Lead Author);Robert Pontius (Topic Editor) "Land-use and land-cover change". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth April 18, 2010; Last revised Date April 18, 2010; Retrieved March 7, 2011The AuthorDr. Erle Ellis is Associate Professor of Geography and Environmental Systems at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County,where he teaches Environmental Science, Landscape Ecology and Biogeochemistry. His research focuses on ecological processes in anthropogenic landscapes at local, regional and global scales, and their transformation by population growth and industrially-based technologies. He has studied long-term changes in nitrogen balance in village ecosystems of China's Tai Lake Re ... (Full Bio)。

LAND-COVERCH1NESEGE0GRAPH1CALSC1ENCEV olume15,Number2,PP.162-167,2005SciencePress,Beijing,China LAND—CoVERDENSITY—BASEDAPPRoACHToURBAN LANDUSEMAPPINGUSINGHIGH—RESoLUTIoNIMAGERY ZHANGXiu-ying,FENGXue-zhi,DENGHui!?【i‟Department(feb(111(111dResour(…css(…ien(…NanjingUniversit).Nanjin g210093.P.R.China:2.KeOpenLaborator) RemoteSensingandDigitdAgricMture.Ministr)ofAgriculture.BeOing1000 81,PR.China:3.1n.gtituteofAgq‟ieuItureResourcesan dRegiondPlanning,ChineseAcmlem),f,4gri~‟ultureSciem.es. Beijing100081.,R.China)ABSTRACT:Nowadays,remotesensingimagery,especiallywithitshighspati alresolution,hasbecomeanindispens—abletooltoprovidetimelyup—gradationofurbanlanduseandlandcoverinform ation,whichisaprcrcquisitcforproper urbanplanningandmanagement.Thepossiblemethoddescribedinthepresentp apertoobtainurbanlandusetypesis basedontheprinciplethatlandusecanbederivedfromthelandcoverexistinginaneighborhood.Here,movingwin—dowisusedtorepresentthespatialpatternof1andcoverwithinaneighborhooda ndsevenwindowsizes(61mx61m68mx68m.75mx75m,87mx87m.99mx99m,l1Omxl1Omand121mx121m)a reappliedtodeterminingthemostproperwindowsize.Then,theunsupervisedmethodof1SODA TAisemployedt oclassithelayeredlandcoverdensi—tymapsobtainedbythemovingwindow.Theresultsofaccuracyevaluationsho wthatthewindowsizeof99mx99mis propertoinferurbanlandusecategoriesandtheproposedmethodhasproduceda landusemapwithatotalaccuracyof85%.KEYWORDS:urbanlanduse;landcoverdensitymap;high—resolutionimage CLCnumber:TP79Documentcode:AArticleID:1002—0063(2005)02—01 62—06lINTRoDUCTIoNTimelyup.gradatingofurbanlanduseandlandcoverin. formationisessentialforurbanenvironmentalmonitor.ing,planningandmanagementpurposes.Traditionally, fieldsurveyandvisualinterpretationfromaerialphotog. raphyareprimarywaystocollectsuchneededinforlTla.tion.However,thesemethodsarebothtime.consumingandexpensivewithverylowtemporalresolution.Sate. 1literemotesensingimageries.especiallythosewith highspatialandtemporalresolutionslikeIKONOSrlm fOrthepandata)andQuickBirdf0.6mforthepandata). havetheadvantagesoflarge.scalecoverageandlow cost.whichcanprovidemulti.temporaldataforurban landusemappingandenvironmentalmonitoring. Landcoverreferstothetypeofphysicalfeatureofthe Earth‟ssurface.e.g.vegetation.soi l.andimpervioussur. face;whereaslanduseindicatesthetypesofhumaneco. nomicactivitiesinaparticulararea,forexample,resi- dentialandcommercialarea(LILLESANDand KIEFER.2000).Itiswellknownthatremotesensing imageryrepresentsthephysicalfeaturesontheearth throughtheircharacteristicsofemissiveandreflective electromagneticspectrum.Thus.1anduseiSmoredi. culttobeidentifieddirectlyfromremotelysensedim. ages.However.1anduseinfommtioncanbeindirectly obtainedfromthelandcoversrecognizedfromremotely senseddatabecauselandusecanbedepictedascomplex spatialarrangementsofdifferentlandcovertypes,which leadstoconsiderablespectralheterogeneitywithinthesamelandusetypes. Manyresearchershavebeenseriouslyinvolvedin searchingformethodstoobtainlanduseinformationfromhigh.resolutionimagesforvariousdevelopmental activitiesoftownsorcities.forexample.thekernel classificationtechniquesforlandusemappingrBARN-SLEY andBARRl996;KONTOESet..2000).rule.basedurbanlanduseinferringmethodrZHANGandWANG,2001;ZHANGandWANG,2003),par.ce1.basedurbanlanduseclassificationapproachbased onlandcoverdensitymap(WANGandZHANG,2002), andlanduseclassincationmethodbasedontheV.I.S(vegetation-impervioussurface-soil)model(HUNG,2002).Receiveddate:2005—02—24Foundationitem:UndertheauspicesofJiangsuProvincialNaturalScienceFou ndation(No.BIC2002420)Biography:ZHANGXiu—ying(1977-),female,anativeofTangshanofHebei Province,Ph.D.candidate,specializedinapplica—tionofremotesensingandG1S.E—mail:****************Land..coverDensity..basedApproachtoUrbanLandUseMappingUsingHighresolutionhnagery Thepresentresearchaimstodevelopanefficient methodtoattainurbanlandusemapusingIKONOSim—age.Thegeneralhypothesisisthaturbanlandusecanbe attainedbasedonthecompositionandarrangementpat—ternoflandcoverexistinginaneihborhood.Todefine thespatialpatternoflandcoverwithintheneighbor—hood.movingwindowisusedheretoconsiderneigh—borhoodcharacteristicsasitisusedintexturalandcon—textualanalysis. Whatwindowsizeisthemostsuitableforurbanland usemappinghasbeenadebateinmanystudies.HODG—SON‟sfl9981workindicatedth attheminimumwindow sizeof60mx60mwasrequiredtoidentifythreeurban landusecategoriesofcommercial,residentia1.andtrans—portationareas.However,itisnotthecasethatthelarger thewindow,thebetteraccuracythelandusemapping, fortheboundariesdeterminedbymovingwindoware notcertainbecauseofmixingsignaturesoftwoormore landuseswithinthemovingwindowalongboundariesa—mongdifferentlandusetypes.Todecidethemostsuit—ablewindowsizeforourmethodtoextracturbanlanduseinformation,61mx61m,68mx68m.75mx75m.87m×87m.99mx99m.1l0mxll0mandl21mx12lm arechosentoprocesstheneighborhood.2DA TADESCRIPTIoN Radiometricallyandgeometricallycorrectedpan—sharp—ened,multi—spectralIKONOSsub—sceneof1一mpixel resolutionacquiredduringMavof2000isemployedin thepresentstudy.Thisimageryisproducedbyfusing11_bitof1一mresolutionpanchromaticr0.45—0.90~zm) and4一mresolutionmulti—spectral--bluef0.45—0.53 l63Ixm),green(0.52—0.61Ixm),red(0.64—0.721xm)andnear infra—red(0.77-0.881xm)channelsviaprincipalcompo—nentanalysis.Theimageofthetestarea(Fig.1)has1404 pixelsand800lines,coveringapartofNanjingofJiang—suProvinceinChina.Thefollowingcategories recognizedfromthestudy oflandusepatternscouldbe areasuchasindustrialarea(M11atthesouthwesterncorner,watersurfacearound thestudyarea(E1),vegetationstripealongtheroadandriver(G12),parkarea(Gl1),mainroads(S1),old—buildingresidentialareafR41andnew—buildingresiden—tialareafR2).AllofthembelongtoeitherIIorIIIclass intheurbanlanduseclassificationsystemstipulatedbv UrbanManagementCommitteeofChinar2000).Fig.1showsthatsomelandusecategoriesaresimply madeuDofoneortwolandcovertypesandtheirspatial arrangementsarerelativelymoreregular.Threemajor roadscouldbeclearlyseenfromtheimagery.Theone locatedintheupperpartismadeofdarkimperviousas—phalt,whiletheothertwo,oneontheleftsideandanoth—erontherightsideoftheimagery,aremadeofmedium imperviousconcrete.The0inhuaiRiveranditsbranch constitutewatersurfaceandthevegetatedstripesare seenonlyalongriverbanksandmainstreets. Theotherlandusecategoriesarecomposedofthreeor morelandcovertypeswhosespatialarraysarecompli—cated.One—ortwo—storiedbuildingswithdarkroofsand embodiedwithvegetationpatchesprimarilycomprise theold—buildingresidentialarea.Five—ormore—storied concretebuildingswithreadilyvisibleshadowconstitute thenew—rgeandlowbuild—ingsdominatetheindustrialarea.Theparkareasare characterizedbydenselycoveredvegetation.Fig.IIKONOSsub—sceneintestareaZHANGXiu一,ing,FENGXue-zhi,DENGHui3METHoDoLoGIES Thisresearchattemptstoexploreatechnicalapproachf0robtainingdifierentlandusecategoriesfromtheland covermapobtainedfromhigh—resolutionremotely senseddata.Thewholeprocessiscarriedoutinthree steps.Firstly.thelandcovermapisacquiredviahierar—chytreeclassifcationmethod;secondly,thewatersur—face,roads,vegetationstripesalongroadandriverare obtainedthroughthespatialanalysisfromlandcover mapdirectly;thirdly,theresidential,industrialandpark areasareobtainedthroughtheunsupervisedclassifica—tionbasedonlandcoverdensitymap. Thefirsttwostepsweredepictedindetai1inZHANG‟s research(ZHANGeta1.,2004).Thispaperwillemphati—callypresentthemethodtoobtainthelandusetypes composedofsevera1difierentkindsof1andcovertypes withinaneighborhoodandmainlytalkaboutthemostsuitablewindowsizeforthemethodtoattainlandusein—formation.Asmentionedabore.movingwindowisused heretoconsiderthespatialpatternoflandcoverwithina neighborhood.Thiscanbestatedasthe”density”ofdif- ferentlandcovertypescalculatedusingthemovingwin. dowovertheimage.Basedontheformerresearchers‟workfHODGSON,l998;ZHANGandWANG,2003) andtheuncertaintycausedbymovingwindowalongthe boundariesbetweendifierentlandusetypes,sevenwin. dowsizesareevaluatedinthisresearch:6lmx6lm.68mx68m75mx75m87mx87m99mx99m,ll0m×ll0mandl2lmx12lm.Toproducethefinal1andusere—sult,thefollowingstepsaretaken.f1)Thecharacteristiclayerscomposedofthespecial landusesarechosenfromthelandcovermap.Forexam—pie.ifthestudyareaincludescommercialareawithhigh buildings,lightindustrialareawithlargebuilding,and newresidentialareawithmiddle.highbuildings.thenthe characteristiclayerswillincludethelayersoflargeshad—owrepresentingthehighbuilding,shadowrepresenting thehighbuildingandlargebuilding.Itshouldbenoticed herethatnotallofthelandcovertypesareinvolvedasthesourceforclassifying.buttheonlylayersrepresent. ingthecharacteristicsofthelanduseconstitution.f21Eachcharacteristiclandcoverlayerisencodedasa binarymap.withvaluesof0or1.Pixelsvaluedlrepre. sentwheretheparticular1andcoverexists.and0repre. senteverythingelse.Forinstance.thecharacteristiclayer “shadow”mapcontainstwovalues.withlrepresenting ……shadow”and0representing”non.shadow”.f3)Anaveragefilterofsize6lm×6lm,68mx68m,75mx75m,87mx87m,99mx99m,ll0m×ll0m,andl21mxl2lmisthenappliedtothebinarycharacteristic landcovermap.Theresultsareconsideredastheland coverdensitymapcalculatedfromamovingwindow.In theresultantmap,suchastheshadowdensitymap,va—luesrepresentthedensityoftheshadowintheneighbor—hoodfrom0tol00%.r41Alllandcoverclassesarecombinedasthesource oftheunsupervisedclassificationmethod.Here,weuse theapproachofISODA TAtoclassifytheimage.Each classisgivenauniqueidentifierintheresultantmap. (5)Watersurface,roadsandvegetationstripesalong riverandroadacquireddirectlybythespatialanalysisfromthelandcovermap(ZHANGeta1.,2004)substi—tutethecorrespondingareaintheresultantlandusemap. Suchdisposalwil1avoidtheuncertaintycausedbythe movingwindowintheareaoftheabovelandusetypes.(6)Smallpolygonsareremovedandsmallholesare filledbasedonthesurrounding1andusecontext.These polygonsreceivethelanduseidentifieroftheover—whelmingsurroundingclass.4RESUL TSANDDISCUSSION Accordingtovisualinterpretationofthestudyarea,five layersareconsideredasthecharacteristiclandcoverlay. ers:mediumimperviousbuilding,darkimpervious building,buildingswhoseareaisgreaterthan2000m, shadow,andvegetationwithoutvegetatedstrips.It shouldbenoticedthatshadow1ayerisincludedforex—cludingimperviousroadsandseparatingthenewbuild—ings(five—ormorestoried)andoldbuildings(one—or twostoried).Thebuildingswhoseareaisgreaterthan 2000marefilterlayerstoseparateindustrialbuildings fromresidentialbuildings.Thevegetatedstripsarenot includedinthevegetationlayerbecausetheyhavebeen confidentlyseparatedandtheywillinfluenceotherlandusetypethroughmovingwindow.Atotalof60clustersareproducedfromtheunsuper—visedISODA TAclassification.Theyarethenvisually checkedandlabelledagainstgroundreferencedata.Intheend,thelabelledclustersareaggregatedinto4landuseclasses:parkarea.1ightindustrialarea,andold.buil—dingandnew.buildingresidentialarea.Atlast.vegeta.tionstrips,watersurface,roadareasubstitutethecorre. spondinglandusetypesintheclassifiedmap.Inresults,thereare7landusecategoriesinthefina1map.Fig.2 showsthelanduseresultsbydifferentwindowsizes. Toevaluatetheaccuracyoffinallanduseclassifica.tion.therea1.world1andusemapsofthetestareawerei. dentifiedbyusinganaerialimageandfieldsurvey.The resultantlandusemapisthencomparedagainstthe groundinformationandaccuracymeasurementsarepro.Land—coverDensity—basedApproachtoUrbanLandUseMappingUsingHi gh—resolutionImagerybdGllR4R2MlGl2ElSlgFig.2Land—usemapsfromthewindowsizesof61mx6lm(a),68mx68m(b),75 mx75m(c),87mx87m(d),99mx99m(e),110mxl10m(D,and12lmxl21m(respectivelyduced.Theproducer‟saccuracyanduser‟Saccuracyofdifierent1andusetypesaredescribedrespectivelyinFig.3andFig.4,andthetotalaccuracyandKappaCO—efncientusingdifierentwindowsizesarelistedinFig.5.Fig.3show sthattheproducer‟Saccuracyofdifierent landusebehavesdifferenttendencieswiththeincreasing ofwindowsizes.Theproducer‟Saccuracyofnew—build—ingresidentialareaincreaseswiththeextendingofwin—dowsizes.anditreacheshighestwhenusingI10mXI10mwindowsize,andthendecl ines.Theproducer‟S accuracyvalueofold—buildingresidentialareaiSathighlevelanddoesnotchangemuchwiththechangeofwin—dowsizes.Thetendencyoftheproducer‟saccuracyofin—dustrialareashowsthesameasthatofold—buildingresi—l65一|L2—.__R4+Ml—G1161X6168X6875X7587X8799X99llO×110121X121 W‟mdowsize(mxm)Fig.3Producer‟SaccuracyofR2,R4,M1,andGl1fromthesevenwindowsizesdentialarea.Theproducer‟Saccuracyofparkarea changesmuchwithwideningofwindowsizes,first一_.一._口∞∞∞一‟‟一h2日B:80np星166ZHAAGXiu-)irFENGXue-zhi,DENGHuiabruptlyincreasesandattainsthehighestwhenusingthe windowsizeof68mx68m,andthendeclinesandre—mainsatlowvalueleveluntilusingthe110mx110m.and increasesthen.Fig.4showstheuser‟saccuracyofdifferentlanduse types.Theuser‟saccuracyvaluesofnew—buildingresi—dentia1.industrialandparkareaareathighlevelanddoes notchangemuchbetween61mx61mand110mx110m windowsizesandthen.thevaluesofnew—buildingresi—dentialandparkarea‟sincrease.whileindustrialarea‟s declines.Thetendencyoftheuser‟saccuracyof old—buildingresidentialareaisdifferentfromthethree others:thevalueisatlowleveluntilusing87mx87m windowsize.thenitkeepsathighleveluntilusingll0mxll0m.andatlast.declines.10090分ls.{70------一R2_.R4十M1—÷G116l×6168×6875×7587×8799×99110×110l21×121 WindowSlZe(m×m)Fig.4User‟sacc uracyofR2,R4,M1, andGllfromthesevenwindowsizesFig.5showsthatthetotalaccuracy(80%一87%)and Kappacoefficientsr0.69—0 neighborhoodsizesarevery79)fromthesevendifferentclose.Withtheincreasingofwindowsizes,thetotalaccuracyandKappacoefficient increase,andthen,decrease.Thus,the99mx99mwin—dowsizeresultedinslightlyhigheraccuracyasnoted withotherresearcher‟swork(ZHANGandWANG, 2003).100.7.[—÷一T0talaccuracyKappacoefficient ————————X一??…一‟.一iic (X)61×6168×6875×7587×8799×99110×110121×121 Windowsize(mxm)Fig.5TotalaccuracyandKappacoefficient omthesevenwindowsizes Thedistributionofthemisclassifiedcellusing99mx 99mwindowsize(Fig.61demonstratesthatmostofthe cellshavebeenclassifedaccurately.Themisclassified cellsmainlyexistedwithintheboundaryareaforthe mixingsignaturesoftwoormorelanduseclasseswithin themovingwindow.Thelargerthewindowsize.the greaterthepossibilityofmixedlanduseclassesexisting 裁躺荣Gll——一R4——一112黼麟Ml■■●GI2—■一E1[二]S1MisclassifiedcellFig.6Spatialdistributionofthemisclassifiedcell intheboundaryarea.Consequently,thismaycausemore conflictsalongtheboundariesbetweentwodifferent landuseclassesandthusreducetheaccuracy.5CoNCLUSIoNS Landuseandlandcoverinformationisverymuchre—quiredforurbanstudies.However,therearenomature methodsreadilyavailablesofartointerprethigh—resolu—tionimages.Thelanduseidentificationmethodbasedon characteristiclandcoverdensitymapcanproducecredi—blelandusec?。

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type湖泊型lakeside湖岸lambert orthomorphic conical projection兰勃特等角圆锥投影lambert's azimuthal projection兰勃特方位投影lamella壳层lamellar structure薄层状结构lamina薄片laminar boundary layer层吝界层laminar flow层流laminated clay层状粘土laminated moor层状泥炭laminated rock页岩lamination of maps图面贴膜lamprophyre煌斑岩land and sea breeze海陆风land breeze陆风land bridge陆桥land capability classification地力分类land capability map地力图land cover土地覆盖land creep地滑land evaluation土地评价land facies陆相land fog陆雾land hemisphere陆半球land hydrographic map陆地水文图land information system土地信息系统land levelling土地平整land management土地管理land planning土地规划land reclamation土地改良land resource土地资源land resource map土地资源图land resource survey土地资源甸land retirement土壤退化land structure土地结构land subsidence土地下沉land survey土地测量land type map土地类型图land types土地类型land use土地利用land use capability土地利用率land use classification土地利用分类land use classification system土地利用分类系统land use data土地利用数据land use interpretation土地利用判读land use map土地利用图land use mapping土地利用制图land use monitoring土地利用监测land use pattern土地利用模式land use planning土地利用规划land use survey土地利用甸land use type土地利用类型land utilization土地利用land value土壤价值land wind岸风landform analysis地形分析landform classification map for flood prevention泛滥地形分级图landform type map地貌类型图landforms地形landforms map地势图landmark navigation地标导航landsat陆地卫星landsat image陆地卫星影像landscape景观landscape class景观等级landscape ecosystem景观生态系统landscape geochemical prospecting景观地球化学勘探landscape inversion景观倒转landscape maps景观图landscape physics景观物理学landscape science景观学landslide土滑landslide clay土滑粘土landslide configuration山崩地形landslide slope山崩坡landslide terrace山崩阶地landslide zone山崩区landslip土滑landspout陆龙卷landwaste岩屑lane路线lanthanide contraction镧系收缩lanthanide elements镧系元素lanthanides镧系元素lanthanum镧lapilli火山砾lapilli tuff火山砾凝灰岩laplace azimuth拉普拉斯方位角lapse rate温度垂直梯度larch forest落叶松林larch tree日本落叶松larch tree forest落叶松林large blocked structure大块状结构large crumb大团块large furrow大沟large scale map大比例尺地图large scale plan大比例尺平面图larva幼虫laser激光laser active homing guidance织激光寻的制导laser altimeter激光测高计laser beam激光束laser distance measuring instrument激光测距仪laser fluorescence激光荧光laser remote sensing激光遥感laser scan digitizer激光扫描数字化仪laser semiactive homing guidance半织激光寻的制导last quarter下弦late frost晚霜late glacial deposits后期冰川沉积物latency潜伏latent bud休眠芽latent heat of vaporization汽化潜热latent image潜像latent instability潜在不稳定latent valency潜化合价lateral anomaly侧移异常lateral crater侧火山口lateral erosion侧蚀lateral error横向误差lateral inclination横向倾斜lateral migration侧向迁移lateral moraine侧碛lateral overlap横向重叠lateral pressure横压力lateral root侧根lateral shoot侧条laterite砖红壤lateritic crust砖红壤结壳lateritic red earth砖红壤性红壤lateritic red loam砖红壤性红壤lateritic soil砖红壤性土laterization砖红壤化latitude纬度latitude correction纬度校正latitude determination纬度测定latosol砖红壤latter math再生草lattice defect点阵缺损lattice energy晶格能lattice expansion晶格膨胀lattice spacing格子距离lattice structure晶架构造laumontite浊沸石launching site发射阵地laurdalite歪霞正长岩laurel forest月桂林laurisilvae照叶林lava熔岩lava ash熔岩灰lava dome熔岩穹丘lava flow熔岩流lava fountain熔岩喷泉lava lake熔岩湖lava neck熔岩颈lava scum熔岩沫lava sea熔岩海lava sheet熔岩床lava soil熔岩土壤lava spring熔岩泉lava stalactite熔岩钟乳lava tunnel熔岩洞lava volcano熔岩火山law od conservation of mass质量守恒定律law of accidental erros偶然误差定律law of chemical equivalent化学当量定律law of conservation and convertion of energy能量守恒及能量转换定律law of constant proportion定比律law of equipartition of energy能量均分律law of error propagation误差传播定律law of ionic strength离子强度定律law of isomorphism类质同晶定律law of mass action质量酌定律law of multiple proportions倍比律law of photochemical equivalent光化学当量定律law of radioactive decay放射性蜕变定律law of reciprocity互反律lawn草地lawrencium铹layer层layer lattice层格layer lattice structure层状晶格结构layer removed by erosion减香layer water间层水layered bathymetric chart分层设色海底地形图layered map分层设色图layering成层layering of relief地形成层layout of communication system交通运输布局layout of railway network铁路网布局leacheate淋洗液leached alkali soil淋溶碱土leached chernozem淋溶黑钙土leached profile淋溶剖面leached zone溶滤带leaching淋溶leaching horizon淋溶层leaching ratio淋溶率lead铅lead and zinc deposit铅锌矿床lead gout铅中毒性痛风lead pollution铅污染leading element标准元素leading fossil标准化石leaf abscission落叶leaf analysis叶片分析leaf area index叶面指数leaf fall落叶leaf moss叶状地衣leaf succulent肉叶植物leafing生叶leakage anomaly渗滤异常leakage factor渗漏系数leakage water渗漏水lean clay瘦粘土lean ore贫矿lean soil瘦土leap year闰年least squares method最小二乘法lee coast背风海岸lee waves背风波leeward slope背风坡left lateral fault左行断层legal time法定时legend图例length距离length change长度变化length measurement长度测量lens透镜lens stereoscope透镜式立体镜lenticular clouds荚状云lenticular twin扁豆状双晶lenticular vein透镜状矿脉lento capillary point毛管水迟滞点lepidochlorite鳞绿泥石lepidocrocite纤铁矿lepidolite锂云母leprosy bacillus麻风杆菌leptic podzols薄层灰壤lessivage淋洗酌letter symbol文字符号letter width字幅lettering图上注记lettering stencil注记模板leuchtenbergite淡斜绿泥石leucite白榴石leucite basalt白榴石玄武岩leucitite白榴岩leucocrate淡色岩leucocratic rock淡色岩leucocyte白血球leucophoenicite水硅锰矿leucotephrite淡色碱玄岩levee天然堤level水准level graduation水准魄值level line水准路线level of significance显著水平level plane水准面level sensitivity水准崎敏度level staff水准标尺level surface水准面level terrace水平阶地leveling水准测量leveling network水准网leveling of instrument置平leveling origin水准原点leveling plan高程透写图leveling point水准点levorotation左旋性levorotatory compound左旋化合物liana藤本植物liberating nitrogen释出氮lichen bog地衣沼泽lichen cover地衣类地被lichen crust地衣结壳lichen pine forest地衣松林lichen tundra地衣冻原lichens地衣类licorice甘草lidar激光lido coast泻湖海岸life assemblage生物群落life cycle生活周期life form生活型life form spectrum生活型谱lifting condensation level抬升凝结高度ligand配合体light光light adaptation光适应light atom轻原子light beam光束light breeze轻风light brown steppe soil淡棕色草原土light clay轻粘土light climate光气候light coloured soil淡色土light element轻元素light factor光的因素light hardening光硬化light intensity光强度light irrigation轻灌light line零线light loam轻质壤土light metal轻金属light of night sky夜天光light requirement需光度light soil轻土light spectrum光谱light table透写桌light textured soil轻质土light year光年lighting照明lightning discharge闪电放电lignification木化lignin decomposing fungi木素分解菌lignite褐煤lillianite硫铋铅矿liman溺谷limb度盘limb bud肢芽limb of fault断层壁limb scanning method临边扫描法lime concretion石灰结核lime feldspar钙长石lime pan石灰硬磐lime requirement石灰需要量lime tree椴树菩提树lime tree forest椴林lime water石灰水limestone灰岩limestone cave灰岩洞limestone concretions灰岩结核limestone red loam石灰岩红色土liminated structure片状结构liming施用石灰limit界限limit load极限负载limit of error误差限度limiting error极限误差limiting factor限制因子limiting value极限值limnic peat淡水泥炭limnimeter水位仪limnograph水位记录仪limnology湖沼学limnophilous organisms喜湖沼生物limnoplankton淡水浮游生物limonite褐铁矿limy soil石灰性土壤linarite青铅矿line beam直线束line of dip倾斜线line of discontinuity不连续线line of intersection交线line of maximum depth深泓线line of sight视线line of vision视线line printer行式打印机line scanning行扫描line screen网线板line spectrum线光谱line spread function线扩散函数line squall线阵风line symbol线状符号line symbols method线形符号法line transect样线line weight线宽line width线宽line work off drawing晕翁线绘法lineament线性构造linear classification线性分类linear combination线性组合linear correlation线性相关linear depression线状洼地linear distortion线性畸变linear equation线性方程linear fold线状褶皱linear independence线性无关linear measure距离测量linear measuring equipment直线测量设备linear moment线性矩linear parallax线性视差linear processing techniques线性处理技术linear programming线性规划linear quadtree线性四分树linear scale直线比例尺linear structure线性构造linear structure interpretation线性构造判读linear system线性系统linear target线状目标linear transform encoding of the image图象线性变换编码linear transformation线性变换lineprinter map计算机统计地图lines of zero distortion零变形线linneite硫钴矿liparite疗岩lipid脂质lipoid类脂体lipolysis脂类分解liptobillitic coals腐殖煤liquation熔析liquefaction液化liquid compound液体化合物liquid element液态元素liquid fertilizer液体肥料liquid opaque修改液liquid state液态liquid thermometer液体温度表liquidus液相线liquorice甘草list目录list of map titles地图名称目录lit par lit injection间层注入lithic contact母质层lithic tuff石质凝灰岩lithification固结lithium锂lithofacies paleogeographic map岩相古地理图lithogenesis岩石成因论lithogenic landscape岩生景观lithographic stone石印石lithography石版印刷lithologic character岩性lithologic map岩相图lithology岩相学lithomarge密高岭土lithophile elements亲石元素lithophyte石生植物lithosere石生演替系列lithosol石质土lithosphere岩石圈lithospheric plate岩石圈板块lithostatic stress围限应力lithostratigraphic unit岩石地层单位litter枯枝落叶层little ice age小冰期littoral海岸littoral benthos海岸底栖生物littoral climate海岸气候littoral deposits沿岸沉积littoral desert海滨荒漠liverworts苔类living being生物lixiviation淋溶lixivium淋余土load负载loam壤土loam clay壤粘土loamification壤质化loamy coarse sand壤质粗砂loamy fine sand壤质细砂loamy fine soil壤质细土loamy sand壤质砂土loamy soil壤土lobate delta桨叶形三角洲lobe裂片local anemia地方性贫血local base level of erosion局部侵蚀基准面local circulation地方性环流local climate地方气候local color地方色彩local ground water区域地下水local mean time地方平均时local migration局部迁移local moraine局部冰硖local pollution局部污染local snow line地方的雪线local soil局部土壤local stratigraphic unit地方性地层单位local succeesion局部演变local terrace局部阶地local thermodynamic equilibrium局地热力平衡local time地方时local triangulation局部三角测量local unconformity局部不整合local variety地方品种local wind地方风locality产地localization地方化location of hubs交通运输枢纽布局locator定位器探测器lock船闸lock chamber闸室lock gate闸门lock image封锁图像lode矿脉loess黄土loess doll黄土结核loess like rock黄土质岩石loess soil黄土性土壤log钻孔柱状图logan stone摇石logging伐木logical data base逻辑数据库logical operation逻辑运算logistic base后勤基地lognormal distribution对数正态分布long boled stand乔林long bond长键long day plant长日照植物long range forecast长期预报long wave长波long wave radiation长波辐射longevity寿命longitude经度longitude zone经度带longitudina section纵向剖面longitudinal axis纵轴longitudinal division纵裂longitudinal dune纵向沙丘longitudinal fracture纵断裂longitudinal joint纵节理longitudinal overlap纵向重叠longitudinal profile纵向剖面longitudinal slope纵坡longitudinal valley纵谷longitudinal wave纵波longshore current岸流沿岸海流longshore drift沿岸漂砂loose soil松散土壤loose volume松散体积looseness of soil土壤松散looseness of structure结构松散loosening of soil土壤膨松lost volcano熄火山loupe放大镜low低压low ash coal低灰分煤low birch thicket丛桦low bush tundra灌木冻原low clouds低云low forest矮林low grade ore低级矿low ground低地low land低地low latitudes低纬度low level anticyclone浅反气旋low moor低位沼泽low moor peat低位泥炭low moor soil低地沼泽土low moor wood peat低位沼泽森林泥炭low mountain relief低山地形low pass filter低通滤波器low pressure area低压区low pressure zone低气压带low shrub小灌木丛low volatile bituminous coal低挥发蒸汽煤low water低潮low water level低水位lower atmosphere低层大气lower bed低河床lower course下游lower crust下地壳lower high water低高潮lower layer底层lower layer clouds低云lower low water低低潮lower mantle下地幔lower sublittoral zone下浅海地带lower subsoil心土下层lowest water level最低水位lowland低地lowland bog低位沼泽lowland meadow低地草甸lowland moor低地沼泽lowland river平原河loxodrome等角航线loxodromic line等角航线luminance亮度luminance meter亮度测定器luminescence发光luminous night clouds夜光云lump碎块lump coal块煤lunar aureole月华lunar chronology月面年代学lunar eclipse月食lunar halo月晕lunar regolith月壤lunar tide月潮lunar volcanism月球火山酌lunar year太阴年lunitidal interval月潮间隙luster光泽lutetium镥luvic arenosols淋溶红砂土luvic chernozems淋溶黑钙土luvic kastanozems淋溶栗钙土luvic phaiozems淋溶黑土luvic xerosols淋溶干旱土luvic yermosols淋溶漠境土luvisols淋溶土luxmeter照度计lyase裂合酶lycopods石松类lymnology湖沼学lyolysis液解lyophilic colloid亲液胶体lyophilic sol亲液溶胶lyophilic surface亲液面lyophobic colloid疏液胶体lysimeter土壤渗透仪地理专业词汇英语翻译(J-L) 相关内容:。

ecological indicators 评价-回复"Ecological Indicators: An Assessment of Environmental Health"Introduction:Ecological indicators are tools used to capture and assess different aspects of environmental health. These indicators provide crucial information about the state and trends of ecosystems, helping us understand the impact of human activities on the environment. In this article, we will explore the importance of ecological indicators, discuss their types, and evaluate their significance in evaluating environmental health.Importance of Ecological Indicators:Ecological indicators are essential because they provide an objective and measurable way to assess environmental health. They allow us to determine the status of ecosystems, identify potential threats, and monitor the effectiveness of conservation and management efforts. By measuring various indicators, we can gather valuable data to inform decision-making processes, prioritize conservation actions, and measure the success ofinterventions.Types of Ecological Indicators:1. Biodiversity Indicators:Biodiversity indicators focus on assessing the variety and abundance of species in a given area. They provide insight into the overall health and resilience of an ecosystem, as well as its ability to support various ecological functions and services. Biodiversity indicators can include species richness, species composition, and genetic diversity.2. Water Quality Indicators:Water quality indicators help evaluate the health of aquatic ecosystems by measuring parameters such as pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen levels, and nutrient concentrations. These indicators are crucial in identifying and mitigating pollution sources that can negatively impact both aquatic organisms and human communities.3. Air Quality Indicators:Air quality indicators assess the levels of pollutants and particulatematter in the atmosphere. These indicators help monitor air pollution, including greenhouse gases and toxic pollutants, and evaluate their potential impact on ecosystems and human health.4. Land Use Change Indicators:Land use change indicators measure the conversion of natural habitats into urban, agricultural, or industrial areas. By monitoring changes in land cover and land use patterns, we can understand the impacts of human activities and plan more sustainable land management strategies.Evaluation of Ecological Indicators:While ecological indicators are valuable tools, their evaluation requires careful consideration. Firstly, it is crucial to ensure that the indicators used are scientifically robust, reliable, and representative of the ecosystems under assessment. Indicators must be based on sound ecological principles and supported by rigorous monitoring data.Secondly, ecological indicators should be responsive to changes in environmental conditions and human activities. If indicators fail tocapture significant shifts or trends, they may not provide an accurate assessment of environmental health. Therefore, it is necessary to regularly review and update indicators to ensure their relevance and accuracy.Lastly, ecological indicators should be easily interpretable and understandable by policymakers, scientists, and the general public. Effective communication of indicator results helps engage stakeholders in decision-making processes and facilitates informed discussions on environmental issues.Conclusion:In conclusion, ecological indicators play a crucial role in evaluating environmental health. Through measuring various indicators, we gain valuable insights into the state of ecosystems, enabling us to make informed decisions regarding conservation and management efforts. However, it is essential to carefully select and evaluate indicators to ensure their scientific robustness, responsiveness, and interpretability. By using ecological indicators,we can effectively monitor environmental health and work towards achieving sustainable and resilient ecosystems.。

U.S. general land use planning implementation overview1, the United States of land use and resource conservationThe 19th century the fundamental concepts American land use a man have land ownership, namely claim land ownership of personal at his own intend to use land, this is inalienable rights. This kind of ideato promote American 19th century economic prosperity and development played an important role, but unfortunately this concept to the continuous time is too long, because of excessive indulgence of land and resources of land owners that abusive behaviors to land and resources and the increasingly serious bring cannot compensate forthe damage. In the early 20th century, resource protection movement began to prevail, 1938, the national resource administration, "says a report ignorance, inattentive or greed has China resources wasted tothe point of almost inconceivable that the task of national policy...is to make the land shall be the possession and use for promoting national welfare services, and should not just for the interest ofthe individual service." With the value of land resources, increasethe level of land use planning, advocates of the force increases ceaselessly. 1946 the United States with land total office forage innings, establishment of the interior ministry merger of land administration, public land and its various resources, in order tobetter manage value the meet now and in the future the American people demand. Meanwhile, in Hawaii in 1961 the first birth of landuse law, local government at all levels marked on private land use intervention also in deepening, land use control plan and by means of planning, land legislation of various land use adopt different degreeof intervention behavior.2, the United States the land use planning profile(1) planning systemAccording to the provisions of law, local land use planning generally USES the overall planning and zoning and land subdivision level 3 planning system. Place the region is the overall planning of future development of local government blueprint, is on the basis of land exploitation decisions. Based on the general planning of land use- 1 -long-term plan, clear land will be allowed to develop type, land use spatial relations and the future development of the overall pattern. Districts is the general planning of the follow that the region basedon every land directly, allows purposes. Districts purpose is to implement the overall planning policies. Land subdivision is government is to instruct the Pope into small plots formulated planning when. Usually, local government without consent aleatoric intersected land. Property owners in for sale or rent or raise fundsto divide, will be restricted to the local land subdivision planning.The specific procedures is: the government received a land segmentation application, immediateness inspecting the Pope to partition plan; On the basis of various planning control, environmental impact analysis of plots segmentation and hold a public opinion hearing; Get through the land division, responsible for the implementation of relevant and parcel based on installation and improvement; Until the plot after records, partition is entitled to property owners to split plot and sold on or rent.(2) planning proceduresState law for land use planning procedures laid level established a basic framework. Local governments in the region with state law the cornerstone of land use planning, and according to the specific problems facing the region corresponding methods are planning. The local government for establishing the land use planning has specially set up one or several views listen to structure, such as planning committee, regionalization adjustment committee, building or design examination committee, etc, to help the government on planning issues. State law, local governments will plan into practice before going public opinion hearing held for planning, listen to public opinion. In public opinion, is the government to listen to the meeting, and explain the plan according to local regulations and environmental effect will be considered. Also hear about the opinions of interest groups. Finally, the government in public opinion on the basis of hearing for the plan to a vote.(3) planning method- 2 -1) land use zoning controlThe land use zoning control refers to fixed laws, urban classified as incompatible function area, to different partition implementdifferent management mode, such as in residential development in industrial projects, ban did not encourage construction settlement industrial etc. As a traditional planning management, the land use zoning control in the 1920s is used in great quantities. Through the land use zoning control, can good limit land owners or groups of SunHaiXing land use activities, protect the neighboring areas of the lawful rights and interests of the owners and users, to promote the rational growth of land. Early functional partition relativelysimple, such as the partition scheme in New York city in 1916, theonly be divided into three areas: residential, commercial and the exclusion. Nowadays, partition mechanisms are often adopt all sortsof different residential, commercial and industrial zone, whilezoning map classification can specify any number of special area, zoning control gradually evolved into a kind of policy planning. However, the traditional zoning control as a management tool stillexist many problems, such as market effect substitute, beneath the social justice, corruption and favoritism, lack of flexibility, etc. Therefore, in recent years many partitions control new methods have been proffered: first, contract - land owner and division, will signa contract of municipal authorities to certain restrictions on its property write contracts or used as expected zoning altered exchange; Second, group division -- allowing developers group development approved land units, while maintaining open space matching to coordinate; Third, the reward partition - refers to provide some because developers for a community for its convenience and benefit or the material or spirit award, such as allowing developers to break some zoning planning the development and construction of conditional; Fourth, floating partition - zoning process activity type, not only provisions prescribed activities sites, satisfying the floatingzoning need conditions can allow construction development; Fifth, special license - used to control those expectations and needs- 3 -special control activities, such as the lack of adequateinfrastructure in the city, the development of land use must provide the necessary facilities or facilities positions as appropriate.2) the land rights transfer systemThe land rights of development rights transfer (', TDR) appeared in the 1970s, as land use zoning control problem solving the important means of land is effectively solved the contradiction and commodity resources. The history of the United States is mainly used as commodity trading land production purposes, such as agricultural production or construction development etc. This practice, usually successor has the absolute discretion to handle property and transfer of land. As a kind of and land ownership of land rights related rights, decentralized and land ownership transfer trying to distinguish related rights beam, the daily necessities compositionand land resources composition. The essence of land rights transfer is to produce the value of land development with as farmland, open space, environment land, other special land and historic values as equally important, allowing land owners betray isolated from the land itself land exploitation. So, people can buy rights from farmers,then transferred to established appropriate rights purposes, allowing higher density construction at the same time, keep the former as open space attribute. Land rights transfer can very good solve traditional geometrical partition, according to the important crisis caused by traditional geometrical partitions, in personal property when one USES delimits, he lost and other purposes related rights. Application land rights transfer can eliminate these problems, land are delimited low density land owners will have the opportunity to sell land exploitation, and at the same time, want to develop high density land owners must buy other of these rights. 1974 - in 1979, land rights transfer was publicity for control of land use innovative method, its test in many communities, state and government institutions, land rights transfer of the implementation of the weakness is mainly some public also don't understand this concept, at the same time very believe the current zoning planning. But with the advantage of land- 4 -rights transfer, these issues have been compared is not very important, the main advantage of land rights transfer is: the first,land rights transfer from developing community to eliminate the interests of buy cheap land, that speculators lost use it up profitsmay; Second, land rights transfer can eliminate suburb of exclusivearea plot partition, developers through the exploitation of the fully assess, high density developing may happen, but economic reasons also leads to low density use; Third, land rights transfer will be grows effective comprehensive development stronger momentum, make traditional zoning and comprehensive planning for developers and planning the influence of beneficiary reinforcement; Fourth, landrights of tax revenue balance transfer function, make beneficial paytax and plot the extent of urban service facilities accepted link;Fifth, public land land rights transfer income can also be used forlow-income family in subsidies and other public target; Sixth, landrights transfer can promote the public facilities, make land ownersdon't sell because the government or others to suffer a loss of land; Seventh, land rights transfer farmland and open space for the protection; 8, due to eliminate the community zoning altered becauseof the uncertainty and potentially bring financial losses fordevelopers have created favorable conditions for land development.3) the growth period of land development controlThe United States adopt growth period is the main reason of thecontrol community must provide enough for its inhabitants of public facilities. If growth earlier than the construction of water supply, wastewater treatment enough, schools, roads and other public facilities, will bring the community problems, which reduced qualityof community. History of these facilities provide often lag, because developers rarely promise to keep the whole community in the best interest of, build houses and developing land they were notconsidering the effectiveness of public facilities. Realize that thegrowth of public facilities beyond the problem caused by, many community began to try growth segment and the necessary facilities construction sequence from way. The concept of development section is- 5 -proposed in 1955, the following five illustrates the rationality ofthe development time control: first, time saving the development of essence is municipal services facilities and services cost; Second,the government should keep developing characteristic control must eventually development time division; Third, the phase-specific helps maintain the balance of land use expectations; Fourth, thedevelopment phase-specific make development control more detailed and specific; Fifth, no development period of time, to form high quality facilities and services. Development of the first time control use isin New York city, a town RuiMa quite town by a rapid growth of the original villages and several unconnected village composition, withpublic facilities utility and development period, the concept of thetown controlled adopted order growth control planning. The late1960's, according to the capital expenditures budget, six years in a period of time, the town decided to each slot, and realize the development land fully developed. But some land use term is not allowed to less than 18 years, and owners shall prevent on land construction, unless his expense and provide public welfare undertakings. RuiMa case being submitted to the court, a townplanning bureau in 1972 the planning got New York Supreme Court support. RuiMa quite town planning to increase control order two purposes: first, orderly planning for the whole town provided morethan 18 10-year public facilities and services; Second, click on the system decides whether accord with the construction of publicfacilities and service plan, to allow the specific location inlicensing implementation. Through the provision of public facilities development and construction of the implementation schedule RuiMa quite, avoid the property changes, as the property owners have the ability development land, its development land behavior subject onlyto the development time influence. In 1972, New York Supreme Court issued a decision RuiMa bill, at the same time, other cities has also adopted similar growth control.3, American land use planning experience(1) planning environmental protection consciousness is stronger- 6 -In the United States land use planning in attached great importanceto the protection of resources and environment. The main contents of from planning reflected in to have involved include forest, soil,rivers, open land, mineral resources, such as the development and utilization of natural resources and protection, but also speciallist of noise problems evaluated and prevention and control, and the geological, flood, earthquake, natural disasters, prevention wildfire formulated the corresponding measures. In addition, in making theland use planning at the same time, also created some other resource protection and environmental regulations, such as flood control ordinance, historical monuments protection ordinance and the slopes development control regulations, local coastal zones planning,surface mining operations ordinance, shockproof standards, dangerous goods leakproof requirements, etc. In order to fundamentally achieve protecting the environment, the United States is specificallyformulated for environmental quality. Its purpose is to assess aproject or a plan the potential impact on the environment, and puts forward the method to minimise the environmental impact. It requiresthe governments at various levels shall, through a project or programon environmental quality law before assessment, and set up a special leading institutions, conduct environmental impact assessment,provide the basis for government decision making.(2) planning high degree of public participationThe national laws for public participation in land use planningoffers a variety of ways and is fully guaranteed. As in the planning stages, citizens or groups with land use planning of relevantproblems put forward its own proposals in obtaining legal number of voters support, the government must sign after all open to thisadvice, such as access to most voters support, and become the government, through the contents of planning ordinance, the government must be implemented. When the government announced the provisions of the relevant land use planning, citizens or groups canafter the effective date for the number of voters before the legalsupport for government to sign this rule on whether to implement a- 7 -vote, such as the electorate by most support may veto government regulations. In the implementation of the plan stage, citizens orgroup also enjoy full legal rights, such as in America, more and moreowners and developers to local government land use planning in toostrict land use control led to its interests damaged or costs,infringe upon the lawful rights to court on the grounds that lawsuit,and requires government compensation, and the American constitutionand laws to protect personal private property and high, so the courtruling government loses the case common occurance.(3) planning have flexibility and operabilityLocal land use planning in the United States adopted a overallplanning and zoning and land rules level 3 planning system, thissystem not only embodies the macro-control sex, they all reflect theplanning idea of microscopic operability thoughts. In the overallplan, according to the legal provisions in the overall planning ofthe main problems, based on local conditions, have to choose,flexible on problems in planning. Therefore, from planning content,regions with not consistent, but realistic. On the basis of division,the micro land subdivision planning fully consider the opinions aboutthe interest groups, making it and environmental effect of planningmicro fell into practice, and enhance the planning maneuverability.淗娱|}嫙b嗬Cz潴宐8觢書?€鍉'?D澪肣愂_欋Q-█<v,;H邪1僞弲葈<\P1拫?俻櫤>\瞓eνi(E艥龖刦1掴\軾諟弫i?T嗂b靔m蒷忭樅j•忀炭鰄h\;"C??粀彵z<?;[芶鳗??>摻?x隚ｘ?鎒?H?~驴珺[wV粢长#EfD慓挌?W查<P- 8 -。

Value Engineering0引言目前关于全球环境变化领域需研究的核心问题之一就是土地利用与植被变化。

土地利用与覆被变化有着密切的联系，但也有本质的区别。

土地覆被是人类作用与自然状况为影响结果的综合体，人类活动成为土地覆被变化的主要原因之一；而植被、土壤和地表水体则是土地覆被中最主要的组成部分。

人们依据土地的自然特性，以一定的经济、社会为目的，采取各种手段，对土地进行长期性或周期性的经营管理和治理改造，这称为土地利用。

实际上，现在全球上土地覆盖变化，很大一部分是人们单单以生产或居住目的而改变土地覆盖等活动的结果，这些活动就形成了土地利用。

加强对土地利用/土地覆被变化情况的分析，可以充分认识水源区环境变化的动因，从而预防水土流失，保障城市生态。

本文以昆明松华坝水源保护区作为研究区域，并采用遥感监测的方法进行研究。

1研究区概况松花坝水源区位于昆明城市北郊，北部与寻甸县相接，西部与富民县相汇，位于东经102°45′～102°59′，北纬25°10′～25°28′之间，南北长36km ，东西宽24km ，水源保护区总面积593.2km 2。

2研究区资料与研究方法2.1数据资料遥感影像数据为研究区1992、1996、2001、2006、2010的LANDSAT TM 遥感影像。

2.2数据预处理几何校正和增强处理：扫描覆盖研究区的地形图，并将其校正到GAUSS 六度带投影系统，将后一期的TM 影像数据与校正后的地形图配准，然后再将前一期的TM 影像数据与配准后的TM 影像数据配准。

采用二阶多项式转换，选取6个地面控制点，在误差小于0.5个像元的条件下得到几何精纠正后的图像；然后对数字图像进行必要的拉伸和增强处理，以提高图像的可判读性。

2.3土地利用分类本研究去的土地利用分类采用的是一级分类标准，把研究区分为园地、林地、草地、居民地、未利用土地、耕地、水域7大类。

Ann Reg Sci(2008)42:1–10DOI10.1007/s00168-007-0155-1EDITORIALModelling land-use change for spatial planning supportEric Koomen·Piet Rietveld·Ton de NijsPublished online:6September2007©Springer-Verlag2007Abstract Land-use change is a key factor in the development of the human and physical environment.Models of land-use change help understand this intricate sys-tem and can provide valuable information on possible future land-use configurations. The latter is crucial for policy makers across the globe that have to deal with such varied topics as:urbanisation,deforestation,water management,erosion control and the like.This paper provides a concise introduction to the current state of land-use models,their applications to spatial policy issues and the main research issues in this field.It thus establishes the background for the six papers that make up this special issue on modelling land-use change for spatial planning support.JEL Classification C15·C53·R14·R521IntroductionLand use is the most clearly visible result of human interaction with the biophysical environment.In all but the most inhospitable and remote mountain ranges,deserts and forests,man has altered the pristine landscape through various types of use.Besides the obvious residential,commercial and agricultural uses,land can also serve pur-E.Koomen(B)·P.RietveldFaculty of Economics and Business Administration,Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam,De Boelelaan1105,1081HV Amsterdam,The Netherlandse-mail:ekoomen@feweb.vu.nlP.Rietvelde-mail:prietveld@feweb.vu.nlT.de NijsNational Institute for Public Health and the Environment(RIVM),PO Box1,3720BA,Bilthoven,The Netherlandse-mail:ton.de.nijs@rivm.nl2 E.Koomen et al. poses such as recreation,wood production or biodiversity preservation.The use of land is normally reflected in its outward appearance(land cover),but this relation is more complex than is initially nd can simultaneously be used for differ-ent functions(e.g.,agriculture and recreation)or locally have different main functions related to the same cover(e.g.,nature reserve and wood production).In fact,many authors therefore explicitly distinguish between land cover and land use(Lambin et al. 2001;Turner et al.1995).For convenience,we use the term land use predominantly in this and the following papers,referring to both land cover and actual land use.Changes in land use are amongst the most controversial consequences of human actions,as is clear from the heated debate on urban sprawl(Brueckner2000;Glaeser and Kahn2004).The conversion of land may impact soil,water and atmosphere (Meyer and Turner2007)and is therefore directly related to environmental issues of global relevance.The large-scale deforestation and subsequent transformation of agri-cultural land in tropical areas are examples of land-use changes with strong impacts on biodiversity,soil degradation and the material resources to support human needs (Lambin et al.2003).Land-use change is also one of the relevant factors among the determinants of climate change and the relationship between the two is interdepen-dent;changes in land use may impact on the climate whilst climatic change will also influence opportunities for future land-use(Dale1997;Watson et al.2000).Planners worldwide thus seek to steer land-use developments through a wide range of interven-tions that either constrain certain developments(e.g.,restrictive greenbelt policies)or favour them(e.g.,designation of economic development zones or ecological corri-dors).They also play an active role in shaping the landscape through their own spatial investments in,for example,infrastructure or the creation of more general funds and subsidies,as is exemplified in the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union.For the formulation of adequate spatial policies the involved parties normally make use of models that simulate possible spatial developments.Such models can support the analysis of the causes and consequences of land-use change(Verburg et al.2004). They facilitate the understanding of the processes at hand and help producing maps of possible future land-use configurations.It is especially the latter possibility that is the topic of the current special issue.As an introduction to the subsequent papers we will briefly discuss here:the typical,policy-related applications of such land-use models,the main characteristics of these models and the current research topics in this field.After providing this general background to the topic of this special issue we will briefly introduce the included papers.2Policy related applications of land-use change modelsSimulations of land-use change provide an important element in studies related to the preparation,development and,to a lesser extent,evaluation of large-scale spatial plans and strategies.Figure1presents these subsequent phases of the spatial planning process as cyclical activity,comparable to the spinning top model for public policy evaluation described by Vedung(1997).Below,we will briefly discuss typical land-use model applications for each of these phases of the spatial planning process.In the preparation phase,simulations of future land use provide policymakers with an impression of the possible developments they face.Based on this knowledge,theyModelling land-use change for spatial planning support3can assess the need for action and start drafting appropriate policy proposals.Typi-cal methods to generate these reference or baseline simulations of future land use are trend analysis and scenario studies.Trend analysis can be used to simulate the possible future state of land-use systems on the basis of observed,past spatial developments. By using various statistical techniques,it is relatively easy to represent autonomous land-use developments as an extrapolation of current trends(Schneider and Pontius 2001;Serneels and Lambin2001).However,such an approach makes no attempt to actually understand the processes that drive land-use change and thus misses a clear theoretical foundation.It is,furthermore,not well suited to simulate long-term developments,non-linear pathways of change or the possible impacts of diverging socio-economic developments.Additional theoretical insights are thus welcomed in these basic empirical–statistical models(Parker et al.2003;Veldkamp and Lambin 2001)and such examples are provided by,amongst others,Chomitz and Gray(1996) and Geoghegan et al.(2004).Scenario analyses are especially suited for long-term studies that deal with a wide array of possible developments and the implied uncertainties.By systematically describing several alternative views of the future,one can simulate a broad range of possible spatial developments,thus offering a full overview of the potential land-use nd-use models are used here to indicate possible future land-use patterns according to the specified scenario conditions,as is demonstrated in numer-ous applications(De Nijs et al.2004;Frenkel2004;Solecki and Oliveri2004;Verburg et al.2008).It is important to note here that each individual outlook to the future in a scenario-study will not necessarily contain the most likely prospects,but,as a whole, the simulations provide the bandwidth of possible changes(Dammers2000).It is not necessary to develop scenarios that are as probable as possible.Instead,the scenar-ios should stir the imagination and broaden the view of the future.As indicated by Xiang and Clarke(2003)important aspects of useful scenario analyses are:plausi-ble unexpectedness and informational vividness.A specific approach that generates possible alternative solutions to land-use allocation problems is offered by optimisa-tion techniques.These calculate an optimal land-use configuration based on a set of prior conditions,criteria and decision variables(Aerts2002;Pijanowski et al.2002).4 E.Koomen et al. Especially the mathematic programming techniques(such as genetic algorithms)that can determine the optimal solution for different,divergent objectives are interesting for policymakers who are interested in the optimal configuration of an area based on different,often conflicting,policy goals(Loonen2007).In the subsequent policy development phase,the implementability of different alter-natives is assessed.Trend and scenario-based simulations of future land use can help here when they contain reference to envisaged spatial policies.The resulting land-use simulations will then offer a depiction of their possible outcomes.Policymakers can thus be confronted with the likely outcomes of their decisions as is demonstrated by Ritsema van Eck and Koomen(2008).A more specific form of this type of ex-ante evaluations is the dedicated assessment of the land-use impact of a single spatially explicit plan or project.Examples of which are offered by studies on the possible impacts of a new location for a large airport(Scholten et al.1999)and assessments of the likely consequences of policy reforms for agricultural land use(Sheridan et al. 2007;Van Meijl et al.2006).These studies might be combined with trend analyses to specifically assess the additional impact of the selected project.The application of land-use models in the evaluation of the impacts of actually implemented policies and strategies is rare,but Geurs and van Wee(2006)provide an interesting exception in their ex-post evaluation of30years of urban development in the Netherlands.3Land-use model characteristics and research prioritiesRecent surveys of operational models for land-use change are numerous.Briassoulis (2000)offers an extensive discussion of the most commonly used land-use change models and their theoretical backgrounds.Waddell and Ulfarson(2003)and Verburg et al.(2004)offer more concise overviews and focus on the future directions of research in thisfield.A cross-sectional overview of current progress on the analysis of land-use change processes,the exploration of new methods and theories and the appli-cation of land-use simulation models is documented in a recent book of Koomen et al.(2007).All surveys show a heterogeneous group of model approaches with con-siderable differences regarding their theoretical backgrounds,starting points,range of applications,mon characteristics to distinguish between models include their temporal resolution(dynamic vs.static models),spatial resolution(zones vs. grids),central objective(land use nd user),simulation approach(determinis-tic vs.probabilistic),simulation process(transformation vs.allocation)and level of integration(sector specific vs.integrated).A more in-depth discussion on these charac-teristics and many theories and methods that underlie most current models is provided elsewhere(Koomen and Stillwell2007).The ongoing advances in computing tech-nology and the rapidly increasing amounts of ever more detailed geographical data-sets help modellers worldwide to develop faster andfiner scaled models of land-use change.Those developments have made it also possible to explore new data-demand-ing and computing-intensive modelling approaches that simulate the behaviour of groups of stakeholders or agents(Parker et al.2003)or microsimulate at the level of individuals(Waddell et al.2003).New technological developments in thefield ofModelling land-use change for spatial planning support5 (three-dimensional)visualisation are particularly helpful in sharing land-use simula-tion results with policy makers and other stakeholders(Borsboom-van Beurden et al. 2006;Rodríguez et al.2007).Combining the strengths of all available concepts,approaches and techniques in stead of elaborating on the approach belonging to the modeller’s own discipline is regarded as one of the most important tasks for future research(Verburg et al.2004). More specifically they list the following priorities in developing a new generation of land-use models:1.Better address the multi-scale characteristics of land-use systems by encompass-ing the scale dependencies of the interrelated socio-economic and biophysical processes at various levels.2.Develop new techniques to assess and quantify neighbourhood effects to betterunderstand the use of such small-scale dependencies that are common in cellular automata based models.3.Pay explicit attention to temporal dynamics to properly incorporate issues as pathdependency,nonlinear pathways of change,feedbacks and time lags.This issue is closely related to the validation of models.4.Further integration of techniques and methods developed in different disciplinesis necessary for modellers to move beyond their own disciplinary traditions and construct truly multidisciplinary models.5.Assess the effects of land-use change and their feedback on land use following pro-cesses as,for example,soil degradation and infrastructure development induced urbanisation.6.Address the interaction between urban and rural areas that is,for example,mani-fest in the possibly unequal development of these areas and the emergence of new multifunctional land-use types.The papers in this special issue deal with a number these issues as will be discussed below.4Layout special issueThis special issue presents a number of papers that aim to strengthen the link between land-use models and their policy-related applications.Thefirst two papers(Hagoort et al.2008;Pontius et al.2008)deal with the calibration and validation of land-use models.A necessaryfirst step to confidently apply any model of land-use change in a policy oriented context.The papers discuss,amongst others,the validity of model out-comes at various scales and the quantification of neighbourhood rules.The following two papers(Shiftan2008;Verburg et al.2008)highlight the importance of integrating different modelling approaches,one of them presenting a multi-scale,multi-model approach to analyzing land-use change.The last two papers(Frenkel and Ashkenazi 2008;Ritsema van Eck and Koomen2008)focus on developing policy-related indica-tors to assess the effects of land-use change,and give explicit attention to the impacts of urbanisation.Table1list the included papers,their relation to the research issues introduced before and the policy themes they try to address.A short introduction to the papers is provided below.6 E.Koomen et al. Table1Overview of the included papers,their related research issues and the policy themes they addressContribution scaledependencies NeighbourhoodeffectsTemporaldynamicsMethodologicalintegrationLand-usechangeeffectsUrban ruralinteractionPolicy themesPontius et al.X Various policythemes;methodologicalcontributionHagoort et al.X X Various policythemes;methodologicalcontributionVerburg et al.X X X X Urbanisation;agricultural landabandonmentShiftan X X Urbanisation andtravel behaviour Frenkel andAshkenaziX X UrbanisationRitsema van Eck and Koomen X X Urbanisation;land-use diversity4.1Calibration and validation of land-use modelsPontius and a large number of other land-use modelling researchers apply methods of multiple resolution map comparison to quantify characteristics for13applications of9different popular peer-reviewed land-change models.Each modelling application simulates change of land categories in raster maps from an initial time to a subsequent time.For each modelling application,the statistical methods compare:(1)a reference map of the initial time,(2)a reference map of the subsequent time,and(3)a prediction map of the subsequent time.The three possible two-map comparisons for each appli-cation characterize:(1)the dynamics of the landscape,(2)the behaviour of the model, and(3)the accuracy of the prediction.The three-map comparison for each application specifies the amount of the prediction’s accuracy that is attributable to land persistence versus land change.Results show that the amount of error is larger than the amount of correctly predicted change for12of the13applications at the resolution of the raw data.The applications are summarized and compared using two statistics:the null resolution and thefigure of merit.According to thefigure of merit,the more accurate applications are the ones where the amount of observed net change in the reference maps is larger.This paper facilitates communication among land change modellers, because it illustrates the range of results for a variety of models using scientifically rigorous,generally applicable,and intellectually accessible statistical techniques.Hagoort,Geertman and Ottens investigate which,how and to what extent land-use related neighbourhood effects play a role in urban dynamics.The inclusion of such effects is the starting point in many Cellular Automata based models of land-use change that support spatial planning.Their research shows that regional and tempo-ral calibration of neighbourhood rules is a refinement in the application this type of land-use models that pays off by increasing the validity of the model outcomes.This questions the appropriateness of land-use model applications that simulate the land-use changes nationally and use the results for regional planning purposes.RegionallyModelling land-use change for spatial planning support7 and temporally calibrated neighbourhood rules better“explain”past land-use changes and their application allows for a better evaluation and justification of spatial policy scenarios and their effects on future land-use dynamics.4.2Integrating different modelling approachesVerburg,Eickhout and Van Meijl describe a methodology in which a series of models has been used to link global-level developments influencing land use to local-level impacts.It is argued that such an approach is needed to properly address the processes at different scales that give rise to the land use dynamics in Europe.The global eco-nomic model ensures an appropriate treatment of macro-economic,demographic and technology developments and changes in agricultural and trade policies influencing the demand and supply for land use related products while the integrated assessment model accounts for changes in productivity as a result of climate change and global land allocation.The land-use change simulations at a high(1km2)spatial resolu-tion make use of country specific driving factors that influence the spatial patterns of land use,accounting for the spatial variation in the biophysical and socio-economic environment.Results indicate the large impact abandonment of agricultural land and urbanization may have on future European landscapes.The high spatial and thematic resolution of the results allows the assessment of impacts of these changes on different environmental indicators,such as carbon sequestration and biodiversity.The global assessment allows,at the same time,to account for the tradeoffs between impacts in Europe and effects outside Europe.Shiftan discusses the advantages and potential of activity-based models for ana-lyzing the effect of land-use policies on travel behaviour.He suggests improvements that will extend the general framework to achieve a better understanding of travellers’responses to various land-use policies and shows its advantages over trip-based models, which simply do not have such capabilities.The improved activity-based approach is illustrated through a case study based on the Portland activity-based model combined with a stated-preference residential choice model.A package of land-use policies—including improved land use,school quality,safety,and transit service in the city centre—is introduced,and their effect on household redistribution and regional travel is tested using this integrated framework.The results of this case study show that the effects of the land-use policies introduced had only marginal effects on regional travel.4.3Developing policy-related indicatorsFrenkel and Ashkenazi measure and analyze urban sprawl in Israel,based on a large sample of urban settlements.Higher sprawl rates were found to correlate significantly with higher population and land-consumption growth rates,which imply a higher con-sumer preference to reside in more sprawling patterns.Variables that are linked with sprawl in Western countries were usually found to be significant in Israel,as well; however,unlike other Western countries,urban sprawl in Israel is rather spatially dispersed,and not necessarily found on the edges of metropolitan areas.Based on8 E.Koomen et al. theirfindings,the authors call for the implementation of more interdisciplinary sprawl measures such as transportation and accessibility,aesthetic and ecological policies.Ritsema van Eck and Koomen present two sets of functional indicators that were implemented and tested for the assessment of spatial aspects of future land-use con-figurations as simulated by a land-use model.This is potentially useful for the ex-ante evaluation of spatial planning policies.The indicators were applied in a Dutch case study and relate to two important themes in Dutch spatial planning:compact urban-isation and mixing of land uses.After a short introduction of these themes,the sets of indicators are presented which are used for their evaluation.These indicators are applied to simulations based on two opposing scenarios for land-use development in the Netherlands up to2030.The proposed indicators allow for a critical compari-son of the land-use patterns in the two scenarios with respect to the selected policy themes.Single indicators capture individual aspects of urbanisation like magnitude, spatial pattern,concentration,compactness and mixing of land uses.It is,however, the combined use of composition and configuration indicators at various scale levels that makes it possible to unambiguously interpret the projected spatial developments. Acknowledgments We thank the Dutch National research programme“Climate Changes Spatial Plan-ning”and the“Environment,Surroundings and Nature”(GaMON)research programme of the Netherlands organization for scientific research(NWO)for sponsoring the work involved in organizing this special issue.Furthermore,we would like to thank the Organising Committee of the European Regional Science Association for allowing a special“Modelling Land-Use Change”session to be held at the ERSA2005 conference in Amsterdam.It was the success of this occasion that provided the inspiration for this special st,but not least,we are particularly grateful to the authors and reviewers who contributed their papers and valuable comments to this issue.ReferencesAerts J(2002)Spatial decision support for resource allocation.PhD Dissertation,Universiteit van AmsterdamBrueckner JK(2000)Urban sprawl:diagnosis and remedies.Int Reg Sci Rev23(2):160–171 Borsboom-van Beurden JAM,Van Lammeren RJA,Bouwman AA(2006)Linking land 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地理lucc的名词解释
地理陆地利用/覆盖变化（Land Use and Land Cover Change，
简称LUCC）是指地表覆盖类型和人类活动对土地利用的改变。

它是
地理学、环境科学和可持续发展研究中的一个重要领域。

地理LUCC
研究关注的是人类活动如何改变土地利用类型和土地覆盖，以及这
种变化对环境、生态系统和社会经济系统的影响。

地理LUCC的研究内容包括土地利用类型的分类和变化、土地覆
盖的变化过程以及其驱动力和影响因素等。

研究方法主要包括遥感
技术、地理信息系统（GIS）、数学模型和统计分析等。

地理LUCC的意义在于揭示人类活动对土地利用和土地覆盖的影响，为制定合理的土地利用政策和可持续发展战略提供科学依据。

通过研究地理LUCC，可以了解城市扩张、农业发展、森林砍伐、生
态环境变化等与土地利用相关的重大问题，为环境保护、资源管理
和生态恢复提供科学指导。

地理LUCC的研究还可以帮助预测未来的土地利用变化趋势，评
估不同土地利用政策和规划方案的影响，提供决策支持和风险评估。

此外，地理LUCC也对气候变化、生物多样性保护、自然灾害风险管
理等领域具有重要意义。

总之，地理LUCC是研究人类活动对土地利用和土地覆盖的影响及其环境、经济和社会效应的学科领域。

通过深入研究地理LUCC，可以更好地理解和管理土地资源，促进可持续发展。

专业英语单词复习专有名词：Integrated land- use planning土地利用总体规划Special-purpose land-use planning 土地利用专项规划Proclamation of overall land-use plan土地利用总体规划报告Explanatory memorandum of integrated land-use plan土地利用总体规划说明Land conservation土地保护Remunerativegrant of land use-right土地出让Overall registration土地初始登记Land banking/ land reserves土地储备Land rating 土地分等定级Land reclamation/ land rehabilitation土地复垦Land supervision 土地监察Current land use survey/survey of land use situation土地利用现状调查surveyof landutiliation variations 土地利用变更调查Integrated land use planning土地利用总体规划outline1. Geography 地理2. Physical geography 自然地理3. Human geography 人文地理4. Longitude 经度5. Latitude 纬度6. Spatial 空间7. Cartography[kɑ:ˈtɒgrəfi] 制图学8. landscape 景观9. Ecosystem[ˈi:kəʊsɪstəm] 生态系统10. Natural resources 自然资源L1 land use in China1. cultivable land / arable land 耕地2. The Ministry of Land and Resources of China 国土资源部3. cadastral management地籍管理4. cadastral survey地籍调查5. land statistics 土地数据6.dynamic monitoring动态监测7. land evaluation 土地评价8. geological disasters地质灾害9. hydro-geological水文地质10. annual land plan 年度土地计划11. comprehensive plan of land utiliation / comprehensiveplanoflandutiliation土地总体利用规划12. land use verification and approval土地利用审批L2 land use in UK1. land use and land cover 土地利用和土地覆被2. land classification 土地分类3. hectares 公顷4. Green Belts 城市绿化带;5. National Nature Reserves 国家自然保护区6. rainfall 降雨量7.sunshine 阳光灿烂8.geology 地质学9. aspect 方面10.gradient[ˈgreɪdiənt] 坡度11.topography[təˈpɒgrəfi] 地貌12. tenancy租用tendency趋势L3 questionnaire design1. questionnaire 问卷2. survey 调查3. respondent回答者;4. quantitative 定量的5.behaviours 行为6.qualitative 定性的7. attitude 态度8. interview 采访9. perception[pəˈsepʃn] 知觉10. open-ended没有固定限度的11. bias 偏见12. fixed-response 固定回答L4 how to write an abstract1. Abstract 简介2 Accurate 精确的3. Quotation 指标4. Vague statement含糊其词5. Concise 精确的6. Conference 会议7. Consistent 一致8. Summary 总结9. Category 分类10 Descriptive描写的L5 how to read a scientific paper1. literature 文学2. hypothesis[haɪˈpɒθəsɪs]假设3. Dissertation 论文4.Acknowledgement 承认5. Methodological[ˌmeθədə'lɒdʒɪkl] 研究方法6. relevance 相关性7. interpretation理解8.authority 学术权威9. Reference 参考10. accuracy 精确。

esri lulc类别英文定义全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Esri Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) categories are like a puzzle that helps us understand the different types of land and what they are used for. Imagine you are flying in a helicopter, looking down at the earth below. You will see so many different colors and shapes, each representing a different type of land use or land cover.One category is called "Residential" which includes houses, apartments, and neighborhoods where people live. Another category is "Commercial" which includes stores, businesses, and offices where people work and shop. There is also a category called "Industrial" which includes factories and warehouses where products are made and stored.Then there are categories like "Agricultural" which includes farms and fields where crops are grown, and "Forests" which include areas with lots of trees and wildlife. "Water bodies" is another category that includes lakes, rivers, and oceans wherewater is found. Lastly, there are categories like "Parks and Open Spaces" which include areas for recreation and relaxation.Each category helps us understand how the land is being used and what resources are available in that area. By studying Esri LULC categories, we can better plan for the future and make sure we are using our land wisely. So next time you look out the window or go for a walk, think about what category of land you are in and how it contributes to the world around you.篇2Esri LULC (Land Use and Land Cover) categories are like a special secret code that helps us understand and classify different types of land on Earth. These categories are super important because they give us information about how people are using the land and what kinds of plants and animals are living there.First up, we have the Urban and Built-Up Land category. This includes places like cities, towns, and roads where lots of people live and work. It's like a giant puzzle of buildings and streets that make up our neighborhoods.Next, we have the Agricultural Land category. This is where farmers work their magic to grow yummy fruits and veggies forus to eat. You'll find crops like corn, wheat, and soybeans growing in these areas.Then, there's the Rangeland and Pasture Land category. This is where animals like cows and sheep graze on grass and plants. It's like a big buffet for our furry friends!Moving on to the Forest Land category, this is where you'll find lots of tall trees like oak, pine, and maple. These forests provide homes for animals and help clean our air.The Wetland category is a bit squishy and muddy, but super important for soaking up water like a sponge. Wetlands also provide homes for birds, fish, and other critters.Finally, the Water category includes all the rivers, lakes, and oceans that cover our planet. Water is essential for life, so we need to take care of it!Remember, each Esri LULC category is like a piece of the puzzle that helps us understand and protect our Earth. Let's work together to keep our planet happy and healthy!篇3Hey guys, do you know what Esri LULC categories are? Let me tell you all about it in a fun and simple way!Esri LULC categories stand for Esri Land Use Land Cover categories. It's like a big classification system that helps us understand and describe different types of land and how we use it.So, there are different categories like water, urban, agriculture, forest, wetland, and more. Each category has its own unique characteristics and features. For example, water includes rivers, lakes, and oceans. Urban includes cities and towns. Agriculture includes farmland and crops. Forest includes trees and wooded areas. Wetland includes swamps and marshes.These categories are super important because they help us see how we're using and changing the land around us. They also help us make decisions about how to manage and protect our environment. With Esri LULC categories, we can study things like habitat loss, deforestation, and urbanization.So, next time you see a map with different colors and patterns, think about Esri LULC categories and all the cool information they can provide. It's like a secret code that helps us understand our world better!I hope you guys learned something new today. Stay curious and keep exploring the amazing world of Esri LULC categories!篇4Oh my gosh, have you ever heard of Esri Lulc categories? They're like super cool descriptions that help us understand different types of land use or land cover. Let me break it down for you in a fun and easy way!First off, Esri stands for Environmental Systems Research Institute, which is a company that makes software for mapping and analyzing geographic information. Lulc stands for Land Use and Land Cover, so these categories help us classify and understand what different areas of land are being used for.There are lots of different types of Esri Lulc categories, each with their own unique description. For example, category 11 is Open Water, which includes things like lakes, rivers, and oceans. Category 21 is Developed, Open Space, which includes things like parks, golf courses, and other open areas in cities.Other categories include things like Cropland, Grassland, Wetland, Forest, and even Ice and Snow. Each category helps us understand how land is being used and what kind of natural features are present in an area.So next time you look at a map or satellite image, try to see if you can identify different Esri Lulc categories. It's like a fun game of guessing and learning at the same time!篇5Esri LULC classes are like a big puzzle that helps us understand the different types of land and how they are used. LULC stands for Land Use and Land Cover, which means it shows us what the land is being used for and what it looks like from above.Let's start with the first class, Urban or built-up land. This class includes cities, towns, and any other areas where people live and work. It's easy to spot because of all the buildings and roads.Next up is Agricultural land. This is where farmers grow crops and raise animals. You'll see fields of corn, wheat, and other crops, as well as pastures for cows and pigs.Then there's Rangeland and Forest land. Rangeland is for grazing animals like sheep and goats, while Forest land is covered with trees. These areas are important for wildlife and clean water.Water bodies are another class. This includes lakes, rivers, and oceans. It's important to protect these areas for drinking water, recreation, and wildlife habitat.Wetlands are special areas that are covered in water or have very wet soil. They are important for filtering pollutants and providing habitat for birds and fish.Finally, there's Barren land. This class includes deserts, rock outcrops, and other areas where not much can grow.By looking at Esri LULC classes, we can better understand our planet and how humans are using its resources. It's like a map that helps us see the big picture of land use and land cover!篇6ESRI LULC classes are super important because they help us understand the different types of land use and land cover on our Earth. It's like a big puzzle that shows us how people use the land and how it affects the environment.The first class is called "Water." This class includes all the lakes, rivers, oceans, and other water bodies on our planet. Water is super important for all living things, so we need to take care of it!Next up is "Urban." This class includes all the cities, towns, and buildings where people live and work. It's important to plan cities carefully so we have enough space for everyone and protect nature too.Then there's "Agriculture." This class includes all the farms and fields where we grow food. Agriculture is super important because it feeds us, but we need to be careful not to harm the environment with pesticides and deforestation.Another class is "Forest." This class includes all the trees and forests on Earth. Forests are like the lungs of our planet because they produce oxygen and clean the air. We need to protect them and plant more trees!There's also "Grassland." This class includes all the open lands covered with grasses. Grasslands are home to lots of animals and important for grazing livestock. We need to preserve grasslands and make sure they're healthy.The last class is "Wetland." This class includes all the marshes, swamps, and wet areas on our planet. Wetlands are super important because they help filter water and provide habitat for lots of plants and animals.By studying these ESRI LULC classes, we can learn how to use the land more sustainably and protect our Earth for future generations. Let's all work together to take care of our planet and make sure it stays healthy and beautiful!篇7Esri LULC classes are like different flavors of ice cream! They help us understand the different types of land use and land cover on our Earth. Just like how we can choose between chocolate or vanilla ice cream, we can also categorize our land into different classes based on what they are being used for or what they look like.One of the classes is called "Barren Land" which is like a plain old vanilla ice cream - plain and boring. This class includes areas that are rocky, sandy, or devoid of vegetation. You won't find much excitement here, just bare land without any plants or trees.Another class is "Developed Land" which is like a swirl of chocolate and vanilla ice cream - a mix of different things! This class includes areas where humans have built cities, roads, and buildings. It's like a big ice cream sundae with lots of toppings and flavors.Then there's "Cropland" which is like a scoop of strawberry ice cream - sweet and fruitful. This class includes areas where farmers grow crops like corn, wheat, and rice. It's a yummy and important class because it provides us with food to eat!"Forest Land" is another class that is like a scoop of mint chocolate chip ice cream - cool and refreshing. This class includes areas covered with trees like forests, woodlands, and jungles. It's a green and leafy class that helps keep our planet healthy.There are many more classes like "Wetlands", "Water Bodies", and "Grassland" that each have their own unique characteristics and flavors. By using these Esri LULC classes, scientists can better understand and manage our Earth's land resources. So, just like how we enjoy different flavors of ice cream, we can also appreciate the different classes of land on our planet!篇8Hey guys! Today I want to tell you about something super cool called Esri LULC categories. LULC stands for Land Use and Land Cover, which means how we use the land and what covers it. Esri is a company that helps us map and understand the world around us.So, Esri has these categories that help us describe different types of land use and land cover. Let me break it down for you:1. Urban and Built-Up Land: This category includes cities, towns, roads, and buildings. Basically, anywhere people live and work.2. Agricultural Land: This is where farmers grow crops and raise animals. It includes fields, orchards, and pastures.3. Rangeland and Pasture: This is land where animals graze and roam. It's like a big playground for cows and sheep.4. Forest and Woodland: These are areas covered with trees and bushes. It's where the animals live in the wild.5. Wetlands: These are areas with lots of water, like swamps and marshes. They are important for wildlife and help clean our water.6. Water: This category includes lakes, rivers, and oceans. It's where we swim, fish, and get our drinking water.7. Barren Land: This is land that is too dry or rocky for plants to grow. It's like a desert or a rocky mountain.8. Shrubland: This is land with lots of shrubs and small trees. It's like a mini forest.9. Grassland: This is land covered with grasses and flowers. It's where animals like deer and rabbits hang out.10. Cultivated Land: This is where farmers grow crops like wheat, corn, and rice. It's where our food comes from!Each of these categories helps us understand how we use the land and what covers it. It's like a big puzzle that Esri helps us put together. Pretty cool, right? Let's keep exploring and learning about the world around us with Esri LULC categories!篇9Esri LULC Class DefinitionsHey everyone! Today we are going to talk about Esri LULC class definitions. LULC stands for Land Use/ Land Cover, which basically means the different ways we use and cover the land on our planet. Esri is a company that makes software for mapping and analyzing geographic data, so they have come up with a system to classify land use and land cover types.1. Water Bodies: This class includes all types of water bodies like rivers, lakes, and oceans. It's pretty simple, right? Basically, if there's water there, it falls into this category.2. Urban Areas: This class includes cities, towns, and other developed areas where people live and work. So if you see a bunch of buildings and roads, it's probably an urban area.3. Agriculture: This class includes farmland and other areas used for growing crops and raising livestock. So if you see fields of crops or pastures for animals, it's part of the agriculture class.4. Forests: This class includes areas covered with trees and other vegetation. So if you see a bunch of green stuff, it's probably a forest.5. Wetlands: This class includes areas like swamps and marshes, where the land is wet and waterlogged. So if you see a lot of mud and water, it's likely a wetland.6. Barren Land: This class includes areas with little to no vegetation, like deserts or rocky terrain. So if you see a whole lot of nothing growing, it's considered barren land.So now you know the basics of Esri LULC class definitions! It's pretty cool to think about all the different ways we use and cover the land, right? Keep exploring and learning about our amazing planet!篇10Esri LULC (Land Use and Land Cover) categories are like a big puzzle that helps us understand and organize all the different types of land in the world. There are lots of pieces to this puzzle, but once you know what each piece means, it all starts to make sense!Let's start with the basics. Land Use is all about how people use the land - like for farming, building houses, or creating parks. And Land Cover is about what the land looks like from above - like if it's covered in trees, water, or buildings.There are so many different categories that fall under Esri LULC, each describing a specific type of land use or cover. For example, Agriculture land use includes categories like cropland, pasture, and orchards. Urban land use includes categories like residential, commercial, and industrial areas. And Forest land cover includes categories like deciduous forest, coniferous forest, and mixed forest.By using these categories, scientists and researchers can study how land is changing over time, how it's impacting the environment, and how we can better manage it for the future.So next time you look at a map or fly over a city, think about all the different pieces of the LULC puzzle working together to create our world!。

MAP GUIDEGlobal Land Cover Characteristics Maps (USGS EROS)Global EcosystemsIGBP Land CoverUSGS Land Use/Land Cover Simple Biosphere Model Simple Biosphere 2 ModelVegetation LifeformsBiosphere Atmosphere Transfer Scheme Matthews Land CoverSummaryWhat are they?TerraViva!® provides a series of eight thematic maps representing land cover of the earth from different scientific perspectives. These maps comprise the Global Land Characteristics database (GLCC) and illustrate the distribution of earth surface materials or "land cover" over the entire globe. By exploring each map, you can identify at a glance the location and expanse of major ecological systems – forests, grasslands, tundra, agricultural regions and deserts – and examine their inter-relationships.As you move your cursor around on a map a small text box near the cursor displays the land cover classification at the cursor position. The gray status bars located just below the map display the name of the administrative unit, the land cover classification at the cursor position, and the geographic coordinates at the cursor position.Source of the TerraViva!®Maps. The Global Land Cover Characteristics Data Base Version 2.0 (GLCC) is the most comprehensive representation of land cover for the entire globe. A primary data set identifying 96 land classes - Global Ecosystems – forms the basis for seven additional GLCC data products: IGBP Land Cover, USGS Land Use/Land Cover, Simple Biosphere Model, Simple Biosphere 2 Model, Biosphere Atmosphere Transfer Scheme, Matthews Land Cover, and Vegetation Lifeform. Each product emphasizes different land cover features or inter-relates landforms to support specific scientific analyses. GLCC data sets are available from the NASA Land Distributed Active Archive Center at the USGS Eros Data Center in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Each version is available in Goode Interrupted Homolosine at one kilometer and Geographic projection at thirty arc-seconds resolution.Why was GLCC created? The GLCC database was an international project undertaken by a number of organizations under the auspices of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) and NASA. The US Geological Survey EROS Data Center performed the technical task of creating the land cover map by interpreting space remote sensing data. GLCC was developed at the request of scientists interested in the study of global environmental change. These scientists believed that existing maps of land cover were inadequate to represent current conditions, and they sought an improved, updated map in order to properly model effects of climate change and other global environmental processes. Scientists continue to pursue improved representations of the Earth’s biosphere and are now actively employing advanced sensors like Modis and Landsat.How was GLCC constructed? The GLCC data set was derived from the National Oceanic and Space Administration (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data collected daily over a 12-month period from April 1992 through March 1993. AVHRR is carried on NOAA's Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellite (POES) and its daily measurements reflect energy at each 1-km2 location on the earth's surface. This daily data creates a time-series that reveals plant development patterns, called phenology, and other features such as onset, peak, and seasonal duration of vegetation greenness. These features relate to the amount of plant material, or biomass, produced. The accumulated vegetative material is referred to as "net primary productivity." Such features allow discrimination of various types of vegetation and other land covers. Scientists used statistical techniques to process the AVHRR signals, determining ninety-six land cover patterns based on a taxonomy established by J. Olson (1994). These 96 classes for the most part formed the basis for each of the eight GLCC map products. Each map is an interpretation suited to a specific scientific purpose as described later. How were the TerraViva!®maps derived from the source data?The entire collection of eight GLCC products are available at full resolution. Since all versions are derived from the Global Ecosystems map, lossless compressions of greater than 100:1 were achieved, enabling instantaneous renderings when switching from one GLCC map to another.What do the Colors Mean?The color codes of each map are described in the map legend and an explanation of the unique value of the map presented.1. Global EcosystemsGlobal ecosystem categories were derived from those developed by J. Olson (1994) to represent global land cover patterns derived from coarse resolution remote sensing data for use in carbon cycle studies. The ninety six categories provide as broad a range of land cover types.2. Land Cover (IGBP)Definitions of land cover classes are reproduced below from original IGBP working plans (from Belward, A. S., 1996). The legend employed was developed to meet the needs of IGBP projects, providing for a consistent and objective representation of significant landforms for all projects.Unclassified: Land cover unknownEvergreen Needleleaf Forest: Lands dominated by trees with a percent canopy cover >60% and height exceeding 2 meters. Almost all trees remain green all year. Canopy is never without green foliage.Evergreen Broadleaf Forest: Lands dominated by trees with a percent canopy cover >60% and height exceeding 2 meters. Almost all trees remain green all year. Canopy is never without green foliage.Deciduous Needleleaf Forest: Lands dominated by trees with a percent canopy cover >60% and height exceeding 2 meters. Consists of seasonal needleleaf tree communities with an annual cycle of leaf-on and leaf-off periods.Deciduous Broadleaf Forest: Lands dominated by trees with a percent canopy cover >60% and height exceeding 2 meters. Consists of seasonal broadleaf tree communities with an annual cycle of leaf-on and leaf-off periods.Mixed Forest: Lands dominated by trees with a percent canopy cover >60% and height exceeding 2 meters. Consists of tree communities with interspersed mixtures or mosaics of the other four forest cover types. None of the forest types exceeds 60% of landscape. Closed Shrubland: Lands with woody vegetation less than 2 meters tall and with shrub canopy cover >60%. The shrub foliage can be either evergreen or deciduous.Open Shrubland: Lands with woody vegetation less than 2 meters tall and with shrub canopy cover between 10-60%. The shrub foliage can be either evergreen or deciduous. Woody Savanna: Lands with herbaceous and other understory systems, and with forest canopy cover between 30-60%. The forest cover height exceeds 2 meters.Savannas: Lands with herbaceous and other understory systems, and with forest canopy cover between 10-30%. The forest cover height exceeds 2 meters.Grassland: Lands with herbaceous types of cover. Tree and shrub cover is less than 10%.Permanent Wetland: Lands with a permanent mixture of water and herbaceous or woody vegetation that cover extensive areas. The vegetation can be present in salt, brackish, or fresh water.Cropland: Lands covered with temporary crops followed by harvest and a bare soil period (e.g., single and multiple cropping systems). Note that perennial woody crops will be classified as the appropriate forest or shrub land cover type.Urban and Built-up: Land covered by buildings and other man-made structures. Note that this class will not be mapped from the AVHRR imagery but will be developed from the populated places layer that is part of the Digital Chart of the World (Danko, 1992) Cropland/Natural Vegetation Mosaic: Lands with a mosaic of croplands, forests, shrublands, and grasslands in which no one component comprises more than 60% of the landscape.Snow and Ice: Lands under snow and/or ice cover throughout the year.Barren: Lands with exposed soil, sand, rocks, or snow and never more than 10% vegetated cover during any time of the year.Water: Oceans, seas, lakes, reservoirs, and rivers, either fresh or saltwater.3. Land Use/Land Cover (USGS)Definitions of land cover classes are reproduced below from original USGS working plans (from Anderson, James R., et al, 1976). The USGS Anderson system is a hierarchical system derived to support analysis from remote sensing, each level providing increasing levels of specificity. The colors categories used in this legend generally correspond to Anderson level 2.Note: For comprehensive definitions see Anderson, James R. et all “A Land Use and Land Cover Classification System For Use With Remote Sensor Data,” Geological Survey Professional Paper 964, US Government Printing Office; and Global Land Cover Characteristics Data Base Version 2.0 Global Documentation, Appendix 3: USGS Land Use/Land Cover System Legend (Modified Level 2).Urban and Built-Up Land: Land areas of intensive use with much of the land covered by structures. Included in this category are cities, towns, villages, strip developments along highways, transportation, power, and communications facilities, and areas such as those occupied by mills, shopping centers, industrial and commercial complexes, and institutions that may, in some instances, be isolated from urban areas.Dryland Cropland and Pasture: The several components of Cropland and Pasture now used for agricultural statistics include: cropland harvested, including bush fruits; cultivated summer fallow and idle cropland; land on which crop failure occurs; cropland in soil-improvement grasses and legumes; cropland used only for pasture in rotation with crops; and pasture on land more or less permanently used for that purpose.Irrigated Cropland and Pasture: The several components of Cropland and Pasture now used for agricultural statistics include: cropland harvested, including bush fruits; cultivated summer fallow and idle cropland; land on which crop failure occurs; cropland in soil-improvement grasses and legumes; cropland used only for pasture in rotation with crops; and pasture on land more or less permanently used for that purpose.Mixed Dryland/Irrigated Cropland and Pasture: Land areas consisting of a mixture or mosaic of Dryland and Irrigated Cropland and Pasture.Cropland/Grassland Mosaic: Land areas consisting of a mixture or mosaic of Croplands and Grasslands.Cropland/Woodland Mosaic: Land areas consisting of a mixture or mosaic of Croplands and Woodlands.Grassland: Lands dominated by naturally occurring grasses and forbs as well as those areas of actual rangeland which have been modified to include grasses and forbs as their principal cover, when the land is managed for rangeland purposes and not managed using practices typical of pastureland.Shrubland: Lands characterized by such xerophytic vegetative types with woody stems as big sagebrush, shadscale, greasewood, or creosotebush and also by the typical desert succulent xerophytes, such as the various forms of Cactus.Mixed Shrubland/Grassland: Areas with more than one-third intermixture of either herbaceous or shrub and brush rangeland species.Savanna: Further classification of Level II Rangeland.Deciduous Broadleaf Forest: Forested areas that have a predominance of deciduous broadleaf trees.Deciduous Needleleaf Forest: Forested areas that have a predominance of deciduous needleleaf trees.Evergreen Broadleaf Forest: Forested areas that have a predominance of broadleaved evergreens.Evergreen Needleleaf Forest: Forested areas that have a predominance of coniferous evergreens, commonly referred to or classified as softwoods.Mixed Forest: Forested areas where both evergreen and deciduous trees are growing and neither predominates.Water Bodies: Areas within the land mass that are persistently water covered, provided that, if linear, they are at least 1/8 mile (200m) wide and, if extended, cover at least 40 acres (16 hectares) including streams and canals, lakes, reservoirs, bays, and estuaries. Herbaceous Wetland: Lands that are dominated by wetland herbaceous vegetation or are non-vegetated. These wetlands include tidal and nontidal fresh, brackish, and salt marshes and non-vegetated flats and also freshwater meadows, wet prairies, and open bogs.Wooded Wetland: Lands dominated by woody vegetation; seasonally flooded bottomland hardwoods, mangrove swamps, shrub swamps, and wooded swamps including those around bogs.Barren or Sparsely Vegetated: Land with limited ability to support life.Herbaceous Tundra: Lands composed of various sedges, grasses, forbs, lichens, and mosses, all of which lack woody stems.Wooded Tundra: Lands consisting of the various woody shrubs and brushy thickets found in the tundra environments.Mixed Tundra: Lands where a mixture of the Level II Tundra occurrences exist where any particular type occupies less than two-thirds of the area of the mapping unit.Bare Ground Tundra: The Bare Ground Tundra category is intended for those Tundra occurrences which are less than one third vegetated. It usually consists of sites visually dominated by considerable areas of exposed bare rock, sand, or gravel interspersed with low herbaceous and shrubby plants.Snow or Ice: Lands with a perennial cover of either snow or ice, because of a combination of environmental factors that cause these features to survive the summer melting season. Includes Perennial Snowfields and Glaciers.4. Simple Biosphere (SiB)SiB was developed by Sellers (1996) specifically to support land-atmosphere interactions in climate models. SiB land cover categories attempt to capture the range of such interactions assumed to be important in determining various energy, momentum and mass balance terms in climate models. Other uses beyond such modeling are not recommended.5. Simple Biosphere 2SiB 2 is a refinement of SiB using fewer classes to simplify modeling of land-atmosphere interactions. SiB2 is not intended for uses other than in such models.6. Vegetation LifeformsVegetation Lifeforms is a legend developed by Running (1994a) for parametization of biogeocemical and net primary productivity models and presents the simplest categorixzation of the earth’s surface in terms of basic vegetation types. The Running strategy is based on definitions of three canopy components: vegetation structure (termed above ground biomass by Running), leaf longevity, and leaf type. Vegetation structure defines whether the vegetation retains perennial or annual above ground biomass, an issue for seasonal climate and carbon-balance modeling. It is also a determinant of the surface roughness length parameter that climate models require for energy and momentum transfer equations. Leaf longevity (evergreen versus deciduous canopy) is a critical variable in carbon cycle dynamics of vegetation, and affects seasonal albedo and energy transfer characteristics of the land surface. Leaf longevity indicates whether a plant annually must completely regrow its canopy, or a portion of it, with inferred consequences to carbon partitioning, leaf litterfall dynamics, and soil carbon. Leaf type (needleleaf, broadleaf, and grass) affects gas exchange characteristics.7. Biosphere Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS)The BATS landform categories was created by Dickenson (1986) and modified by Olson (1994) to support land-atmosphere modeling. It is used as a land surface parameterization scheme forgeneral circulation models or mesoscale meteorological models. The Olson revision provided for better representation of mixed interrupted woodlands.8. Matthews Land CoverThe Matthews Land Cover legend is modeled after a taxonomy developed by E. Matthews (1983). This legend was developed for use in parameterizing land-atmosphere interactions within early generations of global climate models and attempts to describe potential vegetation.Information ModeInformation Mode enables access to Profiles. A left click on the map will display the Profile window for the country located at the cursor position, using the default database. Sources and AcknowledgementsISCIENCES obtained the GLCC from the USGS EROS Data Center Earth Observation System database. The efforts of the IGBP, NASA, the USGS EDC and many others resulted in the creation of this valuable global database. ISCIENCES presents it to users of our products in a viewable and easy to interpret format.ReferencesAnderson, James R., Hardy, Ernest E., Roach, John T., and Witmer, Richard E. 1976. A Land Use and Land Cover Classification System For Use With Remote Sensor Data. Geological Survey Professional Paper 964, US Government Printing Office. /pdf/anderson.pdfBelward, A. S. 1996. (editor). The IGBP-DIS Global 1 km Land Cover Data Set (DISCover): Proposal and Implementation Plans. IGBP-DIS Working Paper No. 13, IGBP-DIS Office. Toulouse, France.Global Land Cover Characteristics Data Base Version 2.0. Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center. /glcc/tabgeo_globe.htmlDanko, D. M. 1992. The digital chart of the world. Geoinfosystems 2:29-36.Dickinson, R.E., Henderson-Sellers, A., Kennedy, P.J., and Wilson, M.F. 1986. Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) for the NCAR Community Climate Model. NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-275+STR, Boulder, CO.Loveland, T. R., Merchant, J. W., Ohlen, D. O. and Brown, J. F. 1991. Development of a Land-cover Characteristics Database for the Conterminous US: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 57(11):1453-1463.Loveland, T. R., Zhu, Z., Ohlen, D. O., Brown, J. F., Reed, B. C., and Yang, L. 1999. An Analysis of the IGBP Global Land Cover Characterization Process. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (in press).Loveland, T. R., Reed, B. C., Brown, J. F., Ohlen, D. O., Zhu, J, Yang, L., and Merchant, J. W. 1999. Development of a Global Land Cover Characteristics Database and IGBP DIS Cover from 1-km AVHRR Data. International Journal of Remote Sensing. Loveland, T. R., Brown, J. F. 2001. Impacts of Land Cover Legends on Global Land Cover Patterns, ASRS Pecora Symposium Proceedings.Matthews, E. 1983. Global Vegetation and Land Use: New High Resolution Data Bases for Limited Studies. Journal of Climatology and Applied Meteorology 22:474-487. Olson, J.S. 1994. Global Ecosystems Framework: Definitions. USGS EROS Data Center Internal Report, Sioux Falls, SD, 37 p.Olson, J.S. and Watts, J.A. 1982. Major World Ecosystem Complex Map. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory.Sellers, P.J., Mintz, Y., Sud, Y.C., and Dalcher, A. 1986. A simple biosphere model (SiB) for use within general circulation models. Journal of Atmospheric Science 43: 505-31. Sellers, P.J., Los, S.O., Tucker, C.J., Justice, C.O., Dazlich, D.A., Collatz, G.J., and Randall, D.A. 1996. A revised land surface parameterization (SiB2) for atmospheric GCMs - part II: the generation of global fields of terrestrial biophysical parameters from satellite data. Journal of Climate 9: 706-737.。

suburbs. The change of land use in Nanjing reflects the process of large-scale urban expansion. In the future, the development of land use urbanization in Nanjing needs to pay more attention to the construction of ecological civilization, so as to control the urban expansion and to realize the sustainable and coordinated development of the city.Key words geoscience information graph; land use; dynamic attitude; transfer matrix; urban expansion1引言土地利用/覆被变化表征人类活动对土地及自然生态系统的利用和改造，是全球变化研究的热点问题[1，2]。

土地对城市化发展有着重要作用，为人类的城市化活动提供空间载体，是一切社会生产活动的基础，而面对土地供需矛盾日益严重的态势，正确处理城市可持续协调发展与城市土地扩张二者的关系已成为城市发展急需解决的问题 [3]。

国内许多学者对此进行了大量的研究，郑惠等研究了2009—2018年广西城市化与城市土地集约利用时空耦合协调发展 [3]，吴静等对资源型城市城镇化的进程及土地利用生态风险进行了研究[4]，李睿等探析了城市化背景下黔中多山城市的扩展模式及城市生态问题[5]。

本文以南京市为研究对象，以全球地表覆盖数据产品GlobeLand30的2000年、2010年及2020年三期土地利用覆盖数据为数据源，利用涨落势图谱、土地利用转移矩阵、土地利用类型变化图，选取土地利用动态度、土地利用扩展综合指数及土地利用转入率、转出率等指标分析2000—2020年南京市土地利用数量及空间分布变化，探讨该市土地利用城市化演变趋势，为优化城市国土空间结构、加强空间治理和规划提供科学依据[6]。

land use policy 格式-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述概述土地利用政策是指国家或地区为了实现经济、社会和环境可持续发展的目标，对土地资源的规划和管理所制定的一系列政策措施。

土地作为一种有限的自然资源，在面对人口增长、城市化进程加快、环境保护等多重挑战时，如何合理利用土地资源成为了当今社会发展所面临的主要问题之一。

土地利用政策的目标是为了满足人们对住房、食品、能源、生态保护等方面的需求，同时兼顾社会公平、经济发展和生态环境的平衡。

通过制定科学合理的土地利用政策，可以实现土地资源的集约利用、保护生态环境、提高土地利用效率、促进经济转型升级等目标。

土地利用政策涉及到土地的规划、标准、管理和监管等方面。

在土地规划方面，政府制定了一系列城乡规划，包括总体规划、详细规划和专项规划等，来指导土地资源的合理配置和利用。

土地标准方面，政府通过制定相关标准，例如土地用途分类标准、土地利用强度标准等，来规范土地利用的行为和方式。

土地管理和监管方面，政府建立了相应的管理和监测机制，对土地开发、利用和保护进行监管，确保土地利用行为符合相关政策和法规。

土地利用政策的实施需要政府、企业和社会各界的密切合作。

政府要加强领导和组织，完善政策法规，提供政策支持和保障，推动土地利用政策的顺利实施。

企业要依法经营，遵守土地利用政策的规定，推动资源的合理配置和利用。

社会各界要加强宣传和教育，提高公众对土地利用政策的认识和支持，形成全社会共同参与土地资源管理的良好氛围。

在未来的发展中，土地利用政策还需不断优化和创新。

随着科技的进步和社会经济的发展，土地利用政策需要适应新形势下的需求，加强创新思维，推动土地资源的可持续利用，实现经济、社会和生态效益的统一。

同时，加强国际间的合作和交流，借鉴其他国家和地区的经验和做法，进一步完善土地利用政策，促进全球土地资源的共同发展和利用。

1.2文章结构文章结构部分的内容如下：1.2 文章结构本文将按照以下结构来探讨土地利用政策的相关问题：1. 引言1.1 概述1.2 文章结构1.3 目的2. 正文2.1 第一个要点在这一部分，我们将深入探讨土地利用政策的第一个关键要点。

ＡＢＳＴＲＡＣＴＬａｎｄｕｓｅａｎｄｌａｎｄｃｏｖｅｒｃｈａｎｇｅｓｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍａｉｎｐｈｅｎｏｍｅｎｏｎｏｆｇｌｏｂａｌｃｈａｎｇｅｓ．Ｂｅｃａｕｓｅｏｆｔｈｅｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｇｒｏｗｔｈ，ｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｈｕｍａｎａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ，ａｌａｒｇｅａｒｅａｏｆｆｏｒｅｓｔｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｃｕｔｄｏｗｎａｎｄｆｏｒｅｓｔｌａｎｄｈａｖｅｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｅｄｉｎｔｏｆａｒｍｌａｎｄｆｏｒａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ．Ａｓｈｕｍａｎ’Ｓｉｒｒａｔｉｏｎａｌｕｓｅｏｆｌａｎｄｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ，ｓｏｉｌｄｅｇｒａｄａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｒｅｃｏｖｅｒｙｈａｓｃａｕｓｅｄｔｈｅａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｓｔｓ．Ｔｈｏｕｇｈｔｈｅｈｉｌｌｙａｒｅａｉｓｎｏｂｅｔｔｅｒｔｈａｎｔｈｅｐｌａｉｎａｇｅａｉｎｔｈｅｒｏｌｅｏｆａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ，ｉｔｉｓｓｔｉｌｌｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｐａｒｔｓｏｆａｎｄｐｅｏｐｌｅｈａｖｅｏｎｌｙａｆｅｗａｇｒｏ－ｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｉｎｔｈｅｃｅｎｔｒａｌｐｌａｉｎｓｒｅｇｉｏｎ．Ｔｈｉｓａｒｅａｉｓｏｖｅｒｐｏｐｕｌａｔｅｄｃｕｌｔｉｖａｔｅｄｌａｎｄｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ，ｔｈｅｌａｎｄｆｏｒｍｉｓｆｒａｇｍｅｎｔａｔｅｄａｎｄｔｈｅａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｉｓｓｉｍｐｌｅ，ｔｈｅｓｅａｓｐｅｃｔｓｒｅｓｕｌｔｅｄｉｎｍａｎｙｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｓｕｃｈａｓｔｈｅｄｒｏｐｏｆｓｏｉｌｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｔｙｑｕａｌｉｔｙ，ｓｏｉｌｄｅｇｒａｄａｔｉｏｎ，ｔｈｅｆｒａｇｉｌｉｔｙｏｆｅｎｔｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ，ａｎｄｓｏｏｎ．Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｎｓｏｉｌｐｈｙｓｉｃｓａｎｄｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓａｍｏｎｇｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｔｙｐｅｓｉｎｔｈｉｓｄｉｓｔｒｉｃｔｉｓｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｔｏｔｈｅｂａｌａｎｃｅｏｆａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍａｎｄｔｈｅｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｂｉｏｄｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｌｙ，ｈａｓｓｏｍｅｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｖｅｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅｉｎｔｈｅｒｅｓｔｏｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｏｉｌｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｔｙａｎｄｔｈｅｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅｕｓｅｏｆｌａｎｄｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ．Ｔｈｉｓｓｔｕｄｙｔａｋｅｓｔｈｅａｇｒｏ－ｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｏｆｈｉｌｌｙａｒｅａｉｎＸｉｎｍｉｃｉｔｙａｓｔｈｅｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｂｊｅｃｔ．Ｔｈｅｍａｉｎｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｉｓｔｈｅｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌａｎｄｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｏｆｓｕｒｆａｃｅｓｏｉｌｉｎｔｈｒｅｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｔｙｐｅｓ（ｃｕｌｔｉｖａｔｅｄｌａｎｄ，ｆｏｒｅｓｔｌａｎｄ，ｓｈｒｕｂ－ｇｒａｓｓｌａｎｄ）．ＦｒｏｍｔｈｅｃｏｕｎｔｙｔＯｔｈｅｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎｍｏｒｅｎａｔｕｒａｌｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎａｒｅａ，ｉｎｔｈｅａｒｅａｏｆ２４ｘ１６ｋｍ２，ｗｅｅｖｅｎｌｙｓｅｌｅｃｔｅｄ２４ｓｉｔｅｓ，ａｎｄｔｈｅａｒｅａｏｆｅａｃｈｓｉｔｅｉｓ１Ｘｌｋｍ２．Ｉｎｅａｃｈｓｉｔｅ，ｗｅｃｈｏｓｅｔｈｒｅｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｔｙｐｅｓｆｏｒｓｏｉｌｓａｍｐｌｉｎｇ．Ｂｙｔｈｅｍｅｔｈｏｄｓｏｆｓｏｉｌｓａｍｐｌｉｎｇａｎｄｌａｂｏｒａｔｏｒｙａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ，ｔｈｅｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｉｎｄｉｃｅｓｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇｓｏｉｌｗａｔｅｒｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ，ｓｏｉｌｂｕｌｋｄｅｎｓｉｔｙ，ｓｏｉｌｐｏｒｏｓｉｔｙ，ｓｏｉｌｇｒａｎｕｌｅｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ，ｓｏｉｌｐＨ，ｓｏｉｌｏｒｇａｎｉｃｍａｔｔｅｒｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ，ａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅＮ，ａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅ只ａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅＫｗｅｒｅｍｅａｓｕｒｅｄ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｓｅｉｎｄｉｃｅｓａｒｅｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄａｍｏｎｇｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｔｙｐｅｓａｎｄａｍｏｎｇｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｓｉｔｅｓｉｎａｓａｍｅｔｙｐｅ．ＣｏｍｂｉｎｉｎｇｗｉｔｈｔｈｅＣｈｉｎｅｓｅｇｒａｄｅｃｒｉｔｅｒｉｏｎｏｆｓｏｉｌｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｓ，ｗｅｅｖａｌｕａｔｅｄｔｈｅｃｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｖｅｌｅｖｅｌｏｆｓｏｉｌｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｔｙｉｎｔｈｉｓｄｉｓｔｒｉｃｔ．Ｔｈｅｓｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｃａｎｏｆｆｅｒｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃｂａｓｉｓｔｏｔｈｅｖｅｇｅｔａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｓｏｉｌｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｔｙｒｅｓｔｏｒａｔｉｏｎ，ｔｈｅｏｐｔｉｍｉｚａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｒｅａｓｏｎａｂｌｅｕｓｅｏｆｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｓａｒｅａｓｆｏｌｌｏｗｓ：Ｔｈｅｒｅａｒｃｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓａｍｏｎｇｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｔｙｐｅｓ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｅｘｔｅｎｔｏｆｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓｖａｒｉｅｓｆｒｏｍｌｏｗ．Ｔｈｅｔａｘｉｓｏｆｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｓｏｉｌｉｎｄｅｘ．Ａｓｆａｒ舔ｓｏｉｌｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ，ｓｏｉｌｗａｔｅｒｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｉｎｇｅｎｅｒａｌｉｓｖｅｒｙｓｏｉｌｗａｔｅｒｃｏｎｔｅｎｔａｍｏｎｇｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｔｙｐｅｓｉｓ：ｆｏｒｅｓｔｌａｎｄ＞ｃｕｌｔｉｖａｔｅｄｌａｎｄ＞ｓｈｒｕｂ－ｇｒａｓｓｌａｎｄ．ＴｈｅＩＩＩｒａｎｇｅｏｆｓｏｉｌｂｕｌｋｄｅｎｓｉｔｙｉｓ１．２０￣１．３０９／ｃｍ３，ａｎｄｔｈｅｔａｘｉｓｏｆｓｏｉｌｂｕｌｋｄｅｎｓｉｔｙｉｓ：ｆｏｒｅｓｔｌａｎｄ＞ｃｕｌｔｉｖａｔｅｄｌａｎｄ＞ｓｈｒｕｂ－ｇｒａｓｓｌａｎｄ．Ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｓｏｉｌｔｅｘｔｕｒｅｓｈｏｗｓｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｍｅａｓｕｒｅｄｖａｌｕｅｏｆｓｏｉｌｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅｄｅｎｓｉｔｙ，ｓｏｉｌｐｏｒｏｓｉｔｙｓｈｏｗｓｎｏｄｏｍｉｎａｎｔｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅａｍｏｎｇｔｈｅｔｈｒｅｅｔｙｐｅｓ，ａｎｄｉｓａｂｏｕｔ５００６．Ａｓｆａｒａｓｓｏｉｌｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ，ｓｏｉｌｐＨｏｆｃｕｌｔｉｖａｔｅｄｌａｎｄｉｓｌｏｗｅｒｔｈａｎｔｈｅｏｔｈｅｒｔｙｐｅｓ，ｔｈｅｔａｘｉｓｉｓ：ｆｏｒｅｓｔｌａｎｄ＞ｓｈｒｕｂ－ｇｒａｓｓｌａｎｄ＞ｃｕｌｔｉｖａｔｅｄｌａｎｄ．ｓｏｉｌｏｒｇａｎｉｃｍａｔｔｅｒｃｏｎｔｅｎｔａｍｏｎｇｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｔｙｐｅｓｓｈｏｗｓｄｏｍｉｎａｎｔｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ．Ｔｈｅｖｅｇｅｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｈｒｕｂ－ｇｒａｓｓｌａｎｄｈａｓａｂｅｔｔｅｒａｂｉｌｉｔｙｉｎｍａｉｎｔａｉｎｉｎｇｓｏｉｌｏｒｇａｎｉｃｍａｔｔｅｒｔｈａｎｆｏｒｅｓｔｌａｎｄ，ｂｅｃａｕｓｅｏｆｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｉｎｐｕｔｓ，ｓｏｉｌｏｒｇａｎｉｃｍａｔｔｅｒｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｏｆｃｕｌｔｉｖａｔｅｄｌａｎｄｉｓｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｆｏｒｅｓｔｌａｎｄａｎｄｓｈｒｕｂ－ｇｒａｓｓｌａｎｄ，ＳＯｔｈｅｔａｘｉｓｉｓ：ｓｈｒｕｂ－ｇｒａｓｓｌａｎｄ＞ｃｕｌｔｉｖａｔｅｄｌａｎｄ＞ｆｏｒｅｓｔｌａｎｄ．Ｂｏｔｈｏｆｃｕｌｔｉｖａｔｅｄｌａｎｄｓｈｒｕｂ－ｇｒａｓｓｌａｎｄｓｈｏｗｈｉｇｈｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｏｆｓｏｉｌａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔ，ｂｕｔｔｈｅｍａｉｎｔａｉｎｉｎｇｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍｏｆｔｈｅｍｉｓｄｅｆｉｎｉｔｅｌｙｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ．Ｆｏｒｅｓｔｌａｎｄｓｈｏｗｓｌｏｗｓｏｉｌａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔ．Ｉｎａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎ，ｓｈｒｕｂ－ｇｒａｓｓｌａｎｄｓｈｏｗｓｔｈｅｌｏｗｅｓｔｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｏｆｓｏｉｌａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅＰａｍｏｎｇｔｈｅｔｈｒｅｅｔｙｐｅｓ．Ｓｏｉｌｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌａｎｄｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｏｆｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｓｉｔｅｓｉｎａｓａｍｅｌａｎｄｕｓｅｔｙｐｅａｌｓｏｓｈｏｗｖｏｌａｔｉｌｉｔｙａｎｄｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ．Ｆｏｒｃｕｌｔｉｖａｔｅｄｌａｎｄ，ｔｈｅｍａｉｎｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｉｓｃａｕｓｅｄｂｙｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｆａｒｍｉｎｇｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔａｎｄｔｈｅｖａｒｉｅｔｙ，ｑｕａｎｔｉｔｙ，ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙｏｆｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ．ｉｔｉｓｗｏｒｔｈｎｏｔｉｎｇｔｈａｔ，ｂｅｃａｕｓｅｏｆｔｈｅｕｓｅｏｆｇｒｅｅｎｍａｎｕｒｅ，ｓｏｉｌｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌａｎｄｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｉｎｐｌｏｔ７’Ｓｃｕｌｔｉｖａｔｅｄｌａｎｄｉｓｂｅｔｔｅｒｔｈａｎｔｈｅｏｔｈｅｒｓ，ＳＯｔｈｅｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙｏｆｇｒｅｅｎｍａｎｕｒｅｉｎｉｍｐｒｏｖｉｎｇｔｈｅｌｅｖｅｌｏｆｓｏｉｌｔｅｘｔｕｒｅａｎｄｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｔｙｉｓｖｅｒｙｈｉｇｈ．Ｆｏｒｆｏｒｅｓｔｌａｎｄ，ｔｈｅｍａｉｎｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｉｓｃａｕｓｅｄｂｙｔｈｉｃｋｎｅｓｓｏｆｌｉｎｅｒｆａｌｌ，ｔｈｅｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｐ１０４ｔｈｅａｇｅｏｆｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎ．Ｆｏｒｓｈｒｕｂ－ｇｒａｓｓｌａｎｄ，ｔｈｅｍａｉｎｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｉｓｃａｕｓｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｃｏｖｅｒａｇｅｏｆｈｅｒｂｌａｙｅｒ，ｔｈｉｃｋｎｅｓｓｏｆｌｉｔｔｅｒｆａｌｌａｎｄｈｕｍａｎｄｉｓｔｕｒｂａｎｃｅｓ．Ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｔｈｅｃａｌｃｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｎｔｈｅｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｃｏｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｏｆｓｏｉｌｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌａｎｄｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ，ｗｅｆｏｕｎｄｔｈａｔ，ｓｏｉｌｂｕｌｋｄｅｎｓｉｔｙ，ｐｏｒｏｓｉｔｙ，ｐＨｓｈｏｗｗｅａｋｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎ，ｓｏｉｌｏｒｇａｎｉｃｍａｔｔｅｒｃｏｎｔｅｎｔａｎｄａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅＮｓｈｏｗｍｏｄｅｒａｔｅｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎ，ｗｈｉｌｅｔｈｅｏｔｈｅｒｓｓｈｏｗｓｔｒｏｎｇｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎ．Ｔｈｉｓｉｓｂｔ圮叫∞ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｈａｖｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｓｅｎｓｉｔｉｖｉｔｙｔｏｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｆａｃｔｏｒｓ．Ｔｈｅｒｅ哦ｃｅｒｔａｉｎｃｏｒｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎａｍｏｎｇｓｅｖｅｒａｌｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ．Ｂｕｔｔｈｅｒｅａ他ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓｉｎｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｔｙｐｅｓ．Ｔｈｅｃｏｒｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｉｓｓｔｒｏｎｇｉｎｆａｒｍｌａｎｄｔｙｐｅ，ｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｄｂｙｆｏｔ，酷＇ｔｌａｎｄ，ｔｈｉｓｉｓｂｅｃａｕｓｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｔｙｐｅｓｈａｖｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｍａｎｎｅｒ．Ｔｈｅｃｏｒｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎａｍｏｎｇｔｈｅｓｅｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｉｎｓｈｒｕｂ－ｇｒａｓｓｌａｎｄｉｓｗｅａｋ，ｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｙｂｅｃａｕｓｅｔｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｐｌｏｔｓｉｎｔｈｉｓｔｙｐｅｉｓｉｎｓｈｏｒｔａｇｅ．ⅣＣｏｍｐａｒｅｄｗｉｔｈＣｈｉｎｅｓｅｇｒａｄｅｃｒｉｔｅｒｉｏｎｏｆｓｏｉｌｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｓ，ｉｎａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎｔｏｓｏｉｌｏｒｇａｎｉｃｍａｔｔｅｒｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｗｈｉｃｈｗａｓａｔｌｅｖｅｌｇ，ｔｈｅｏｔｈｅｒｓｗｅｒｅａｔｌｅｖｅｌｄｏｒｅ．ＡｎｄｔｈｅｐｒｏｐｏｒｔｉｏｎｏｆｐｌｏｔｓｗｈｉｃｈｗｅｒｅａｂｏｖｅｌｅｖｅｌｃＷａｓｏｎｌｙ６２．７５％．ＫＥＹＷＯＲＤＳ：ｓｏｉｌｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ，ｓｏｉｌｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ，ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｔｙｐｅｓ，Ｈｉｌｌｙａｒｅａ，Ｘｉｎｍｉｃｉｔｙ，ＨｅｎａｎｐｒｏｖｉｎｃｅＶ１．引言１．引言随着现代人类文明的进步，农业和工业的发展，人类对生态环境的开发和利用不断加强，一方面极大了促进了区域经济的发展，另一方面也造成了严重的生态环境问题。

Land cover（土地覆盖）指的是地球表面上覆盖的各种类型的植被、土壤、水域、裸地等自然和人文要素的总称。

Land cover数据通常是通过遥感技术获取的，可以用于监测土地利用变化、评估生态环境质量、预测自然灾害等。

Land use（土地利用）指的是人类对土地的利用方式，包括农业、林业、畜牧业、渔业、城市建设、交通、旅游等。

Land use数据通常是通过调查和统计获得的，可以用于制定土地利用规划、评估土地利用变化、分析生态环境问题等。

Land cover和land use是密切相关的，它们的变化和相互作用对生态环境和人类社会都有着重要的影响。

例如，过度的土地开发和利用会导致土地覆盖的变化，进而影响生态系统的稳定性和生物多样性；而土地覆盖的变化也会对土地利用产生影响，例如，森林覆盖率的减少会导致土地的干旱化和风蚀加剧。

因此，对土地覆盖和土地利用的监测和分析是环境保护和可持续发展的重要手段。

土地资源管理（专业英语）术语1.土地管理 land administration2.土地政策 land policy3.土地管理体制 land administration system4.土地管理学 science of land administration5.土地权属管理 land tenure administration6.地权确认 adjudication of land tenure7.土地权属证明 certification of land rights8.土地权属审核 certification of land title9.土地权属审核公告 declaration of land adjudication10.地权流转管理 administration of land transaction11.税收地籍 fiscal cadastre12.产权地籍 juridical cadastre13.多用途地籍 multipurpose cadastre14.地籍管理 cadastre administration15.土地登记 land registration16.初始土地登记 initial land registration17.变更土地登记 alterant land registration18.注销土地登记 nullification of land registration19.更正登记 rectification of initial registration20.土地登记通告 land registration announcement21.土地登记申请人 land registration petitioner22.无主土地 land in open access23.土地登记申请书 land registration application form24.土地登记申请代理 agency application of land registration25.土地登记批准 approval of land title26.登记注册 land registering27.土地登记卡 registration sheet28.土地登记簿 land register29.土地归户卡 registration of sheet by household30.土地归户册 register by household31.土地证书 land title32.土地登记公开查询 public inquiring of land register33.土地统计 land statistics34.基层土地统计 base statistics of land35.国家土地统计 state statistics of land36.初始土地统计 initial land statistics37.经常土地统计 regular land statistics38.土地台帐 land account book39.土地统计簿 land statistics book40.土地统计分析 land statistics analysis41.地籍档案管理 cadastral archives management42.地籍档案 cadastral archives43.土地利用管理 land use administration44.土地利用控制 land use control45.土地利用计划管理 planned administration of land use46.土地用途管制 land use regulation47.土地用途管制制度 land use regulation system48.土地利用规划 land use planning49.土地利用总体规划 integrated land use planning50.土地利用专项规划 special –purpose land use planning51.土地开发规划 land development planning52.土地整理规划 land readjustment planning ；land consolidation planning53.土地复垦规划 land reclamation planning54.土地改良规划 land improvement planning55.土地调查 land survey56.土地测量 earth survey ；land survey57.土地资源调查 land resource survey58.地籍调查 cadastral survey59.土地监测 land monitoring60.土地[资源组成]要素调查 land components survey61.土地条件调查 natural condition survey62.土地类型调查 land type survey63.土地覆被调查 land cover survey64.土地利用调查 land use survey65.宜农荒地调查 agricultural land reserves survey66.耕地后备资源调查 cultivated land reserves survey67.土地普查 land inventory68.路线调查 traverse survey69.样地调查 sample area survey70.综合方法调查 integrated land survey71.勘察性调查 reconnaissance survey72.概略调查 semi-detailed survey73.详细调查 detailed survey74.外业调绘 field investigation and plotting75.作业面积 working area76.直接解译 direct interpretation77.间接解译 indirect interpretation78.内业工作 indoor work79.航[空像]片转绘 conversion of aerial photograph80.专题成图 thematic mapping81.[土地]面积量算 area measurement82.初始地籍调查 initial cadastral survey83.变更地籍调查 conversion cadastral survey84.土地产权调查 adjudication investigation85.宗地 cadastral parcel权属界址线所封闭86.混合宗地 co-ownership parcel87.破宗地 separate parcel图斑单一地类地块或有行政界线权属界址线火线撞地类地物分割的单一. 制图最小单元分子表示图斑分母地类.容积率总建筑面积比土地面积..88.邻宗地 adjoining parcel89.飞地 non-continuous parcel独立于其行政区域外90.插花地 mosaic parcel没有明确归属91.宗地合并 amalgamation of cadastral parcel92.宗地分割 subdivision of cadastral parcel93.宗地编号 title number94.宗地位置 location of cadastral parcel95.界址点 boundary point宗地权属界址线的转折点96.界址线 boundary line宗地四周的权属界线97.四至 relative location of adjoining parcels每宗地四邻的名称98.指界 demarkation of cadastral parcel通过相邻宗地双方权利人和地籍调查员对权属界址状况进行实地调查，并予以确认的过程99.地籍测量 cadastral survey100.图解地籍测量 graphic method of cadastral survey101.数值地籍测量 coordinative method of cadastral survey102.地籍控制测量 cadastral control survey103.地籍平面控制测量 horizontal control of cadastral surveying104.地籍高程控制测量 vertical control of cadastral surveying105.地籍细部测量 detailed cadastral surveying106.地籍图根控制测量 supplementary control of cadastral survey107.平面控制点 horizontal control point具有平面坐标值的控制点控制点以一定精度测定其位置的固定点108.图根控制点 supplementary boundary point109.地籍补测 renewal cadastral surveying 修测补测全测110.土地复丈 recertification of initial adjudication111.土地征用定位测量 site survey for land condemnation112.地籍图 cadastral map113.地籍要素 cadastral attributes114.基本地籍图 basic cadastral map115.基本地籍图更新 renewal of basic cadastral map116.宗地图 parcel map117.土地信息 land information118.土地信息系统 land information system119.基础数据库 basic database120.空间数据库 spatial database121.矢量格式空间数据 vector format spatial data122.网格格式空间数据 grid format spatial data123.属性数据库 attribute database124.[土地]数据处理 data processing[of land]125.土地信息应用模型 land information application model126.土地信息应用模型库 mode base of land information application 127.规划目标 goal；objectives128.规划指标 targets129.规划区 planning area130.规划期限 planning period131.规划任务书 terms of reference132.土地利用问题 land use problems133.土地利用方针 land use strategy134.土地利用配置 land use allocation135.土地利用规划协调 negotiation of land-use options136.土地利用总体规划方案 integrated land-use plan137.土地利用总体规划公告 proclamation of overall land use plan 138.土地利用总体规划实施 implementation of integrated land use plan 139.公众参与 public participation140.土地利用平衡表 balance table of land allocation141.土地利用总体规划图 master map of integrated land use plan 142.土地利用总体规划文本 main report of integrated land use plan 143.土地利用总体规划说明 specification of integrated land use plan 144.土地管制分区 land use zoning145.土地利用分区 land use regionalization146.土地用途管制规则 zoning regulations147.土地利用计划 land use plan148.土地利用年度计划 annual land use plan149.土地利用中期规划 medium-term land use plan150.建设用地管理 building land regulations151.建设用地预审制度 pre-examination system for building land152.建设用地审批制度 permission system for building land153.建设用地备案制度 recordation system for building land154.建设用地审批权限 limits of authority for building land examination 155.建设供地目录 catalogue for building land supply156.建设用地定额 quota for building land supply157.土地市场管理 land market administration ;land market control 158.土地估价师制度 land valuer registration system159.地价公告制度 land price proclamation system160.地价申报制度 land price declaration system161.最低、最高限价制度 land price ceilings system162.优先购买权制度 preemptive right system163.土地信息管理 land information management164.数据标准化 data standardization165.编码标准化 code standardization166.网络协议 network protocol167.土地执法 law enforcement on land168.土地监察 land supervision169.土地违法行为 illegal act against civil laws170.民事违法行为 illegal act against civil laws171.犯罪 criminal act172.土地行政处理 conduct by land administrative order173.土地行政处罚 administrative punishment for illegal act on land174.土地行政强制执行 compulsory enforcement to land administrative order175.土地行政诉讼 litigation for land administrative order176.土地行政复议 judicial review of land administrative order。