The effect of detachment and attachment to a kink motion in the asymmetric simple exclusion

In the modern era,the role of women in society has evolved significantly,and they are now recognized as integral contributors to various facets of life,often encapsulated in the phrase women hold up half the sky.This essay will explore the importance of womens contributions and their impact on society,economy,and culture.Educational Advancements:One of the most significant areas where women have made strides is in education. Women are now pursuing higher education at an equal or even higher rate than men in many countries.This has led to a more educated workforce and has opened up opportunities for women in fields previously dominated by men.Professional Equality:The workplace has also seen a shift in gender dynamics.Women are increasingly taking on leadership roles in various industries.This not only diversifies the perspectives within decisionmaking processes but also challenges traditional gender roles and expectations.Political Participation:In politics,women are becoming more active and vocal,with many countries having had female leaders.Their involvement in policymaking ensures that issues pertinent to women,such as reproductive rights and genderbased violence,are addressed and considered.Economic Contributions:Economically,women are recognized as key players.They are entrepreneurs,investors, and consumers,contributing significantly to the global economy.The rise of women in the workforce has also led to increased household incomes,which in turn affects the overall economic growth of nations.Cultural Influence:Culturally,women are breaking stereotypes and challenging traditional narratives.They are authors,artists,and filmmakers,creating content that reflects a diverse range of experiences and perspectives.This cultural shift is reshaping societal norms and values. Social Activism:Women are also at the forefront of social activism,advocating for rights and equality. From the suffragette movement to modernday campaigns for gender equality,women have been instrumental in driving social change.Balancing Roles:Despite these advancements,women often face the challenge of balancing multiple rolesas caregivers,professionals,and leaders.Society must continue to evolve to support women in these roles,providing them with the necessary resources and flexibility to thrive.Future Prospects:Looking ahead,it is crucial to continue advocating for gender equality and to ensure that the progress made is not reversed.This includes promoting equal opportunities in education,the workplace,and political representation.In conclusion,the phrase women hold up half the sky is more than a metaphor it is a testament to the undeniable impact women have on the world.As society continues to recognize and support the contributions of women,the potential for a more balanced and prosperous global community is within reach.。

细胞迁移和浸润实验操作protocolFor life science research only.Not for use in diagnostic procedures.SystemTechnical Note No. 3 / February 2010 General Cell Migration Protocol Usingthe CIM-Plate 16Cell Migration Assay Using the CIM-Plate 16 with the RTCA DP Instrument1.ProtocolReagents1.1HeLa and HT-1080 cells, purchased from ATCC and at 60% – 80% con uence at the time of detachment T he ultimate success of the migration experiments is dependent upon cell culture conditions prior to the assay and conditions used for detaching the cells from the ? ask. The number of cells used in a migration experiment will ultimately depend on the cell type being used. It is imperative to conduct preliminary experiments and determine the optimal cell number for each cell line. We recommend initially seeding cells in the range of 10,000 – 80,000 cells in a ? nal volume of 100 µl.T rypsin-EDTA solution for cell detachment, or Non-enzymatic Cell Dissociation Solution (Sigma Cat. No. C5789) for cells that may be especially sensitive to enzymatic methods of cell detachmentI f using the protease method for cell detachment, it is important to minimize the time of incubation with thedetachment solution. Cell surface receptors (such as integrins) play an important role in cell migration and it is important to conserve the number and integrity of these receptors on the cell surface as much as possible.TNS solution (Clonetics, Cat. No. CC-5002)Serum-free medium (SFM), i.e., the same media that the cells are cultured in, without the serumC ertain cell types are sensitive to total absence of serum and it may be necessary to include some serum in the SFM.We recommend testing a range of 0.1% to 2% serum. Alternatively, the SFM can be supplemented with bovine serum albumin (BSA) in the range of 0.25% to 0.5%. It is important to use highly pure forms of BSA and not the crude fraction product which may contain factors that could affect cell adhesion and migration. We recommend using 30% BSA stock solution from Sigma (Cat. No. A9576).Phosphate buffered saline (PBS), HyClone (Cat. No. 3002201)C hemotaxis inducer, typically SFM supplemented with serum in the range of 5% to 10%, conditioned broblast media, or SFM supplemented with chemotactic agents such as growth factorsI f low serum or BSA was used as part of the SFM, it may be important to add the chemotactic factor to the same media.1.2EquipmentProcedure2. Day 1CIM-Plate 16 Assembly A.Time: approx. 5 minutesremaining wells (see Figure 1). E nsure that a meniscus is formed on each well after the well is ? lled with media.T o prevent bubble entrapment in the LC, do not eject all of the media from the tip when pipeting media. Leave about 0.5 µl in the tip. In the event of bubble formation, try using a dry tip to “pop” the bubble or carefully re-move it using a pipette.3Place the UC in one of the unused pockets of the assembly tool in the correct orientation, where the blue marking on the assembly tool lines up with the blue marking on the UC. Turn the assembly tool (do not slide) 90 degrees counter-clockwise and then pick up the UC using both hands and carefully place the UC onto the LC with the sensor surface facing down and the blue marking on the UC matching the blue marking on the LC.E nsure that the UC and LC are level and parallel to each other as the device is being assembled. Do not tilt theUC.4Push the UC onto the LC. Make sure you hear two clicks, indicating that the two chambers are locked together and sealed properly.L et the UC slide down slowly. Do not push until both chambers are in contact.5Add 25 - 50 µl (recommended: 30 µl) SFM to the center of each well of the UC to cover the membrane surface. Do not add SFM close to the wall. This may result in an uneven distribution of SFM due to surface tension. Do not introduce any bubbles, and do not allow the pipette tips to touch the membrane.■B. Time: approx. 60 minutesC IM-Plate 16 Equilibration at +37°C1Place the CIM-Plate 16 onto the RTCA DP Analyzer inside the incubator at +37?C. Make sure the tapered corner on the CIM-Plate 16 matches the tapered corner on the RTCA DP Analyzer. Incubate for 1 hour to allow the membrane surface to reach equilibrium with the media.■C. Time: approx. 5 minutesBackground Measurement1 In the RTCA Software, start Step 1 (1 minute and 1 sweep) to perform background measurement.■D. Time: approx. 20 minutesCell PreparationL ike any other cell-based assay, the ultimate success of a migration experiment using the CIM-Plate 16 depends on the quality and handling of the cells. It is imperative to critically review and follow the steps for cell maintenance and handling in order to ensure reliable and reproducible results. Also, it is important to take note of the passage number of the cells, as certain cell types can attain higher levels of background migration with increasing passage number.1Cells should be passaged the day prior to the experiment and should be 60 – 80% con? uent.S ome cell types may possess an inherently high level of background migration; it may be important to serum-starve the cells prior to detachment. Cells can be serum-starved for 1 to 16 hours prior to detachment for migration assay. These conditions need to be determined empirically.2Remove serum-containing medium from the ? ask and gently rinse cell monolayer once with PBS.3Trypsinize cells by adding 0.5 ml of 0.05% Trypsin/EDTA solution per T-25 ? ask and leave the ? ask at +15 to +25°C or +37°C for 1 – 2 minutes. Do not over-trypsinize the cells. Check degree of trypsinization under a microscope.D o not over-trypsinize the cells: Cell migration and invasion are dependent on the expression and integrity of cellsurface receptors such as integrins; it is important to minimize the time of protease treatment. Certain cell typescan be sensitive to protease digestion, and it may be important to explore alternative methods of cell detachment(i.e., using EDTA-based buffers).D o not leave the detached and suspended cells on ice. This incubation can cause aggregation and thereforeimpact migration potential of the cells.4Stop trypsinization by adding low-serum media or TNS solution (Clonetics, Cat. No. CC-5002) at a ratio of 1:1.5Wash trypsinized cells once with SFM by centrifugation. For most cells, 5 minutes at 800 × g is suf? cient.6Gently resuspend the cell pellet in a few milliliters of SFM and count the cells under a microscope using a hemo c ytometer or an automated counter. Adjust the concentrations of multiple aliquots of the cell suspension to 4 × 105 cells/ml and 2 × 105 cells/ml, using SFM; use at least triplicates or quadruplicates for each experimental condition.■D uring addition of the cells the pipette tip should touch the surface of media already present in the well.Figure 1: Arrangement of two cell concentrations (4 × 105 cells/ml and 2 × 105 cells/ml) in the upper chamber (UC) of the CIM-Plate 16, and arrangement of attractant and control media in the lower chamber (LC) of the CIM-Plate 16.B e aware that bubbles can be entrapped in the bottom of the well, forcing cells to migrate at the edge or blockcell migration altogether. The best way to avoid bubble entrapment is to ? rst slightly tilt the device at an angle,followed by insertion of the pipette tips all the way to the bottom of the well of the UC (avoiding the electrodes)and slowly ejecting the cell suspension. One way to check for possible bubble entrapment is to observe the levelof the medium in the wells of the UC. If you added the same volume to each well, then the volume level in allthe wells should be the same. If any wells contain air pockets or bubbles, then the volume level will be slightlyhigher than in the other wells. If you observe this immediately after addition of cell suspension, you can carefullyaspirate the cell suspension and reapply it to the well. However, if this is observed later, it is better to avoidremoval of the bubble and simply make a note of it in your laboratory notebook.■F. Time: approx. 30 minutesC IM-Plate 16 Equilibration at Room T emperature1Leave the CIM-Plate 16 in the tissue culture hood at +15 to +25°C for 30 minutes after cell addition to allow the cells to settle onto the bottom surface of the UC.■G. Time: approx. 6 – 24 hoursStart Measurement1Place the CIM-Plate 16 containing the cells in the RTCA DP Analyzer inside the incubator. Take measurements for 24 hours at intervals of 15 minutes.cient of variation of theto choose a time point that is well below the doubling time of the speci? c cell type in order to avoid complicationsDay 2H.Data Analysis1Stop the measurement after 24 hours.■3.Typical ResultsBoth HT-1080 and HeLa cell lines possess strong cell migration potential. Migration activities of the two cell lines were tested on the RTCA DP Instrument using 10% FBS as an attractant. The cell migration kinetics for initial seeding density of 20,000 and 40,000 cells/well was recorded in real time (Figure 2, A and B). The migration CIs of HT-1080 cells and HeLa cells were correlated with inputted cell numbers of each cell line. Figure 2 panels C and D show microscopic images of the stained HT-1080 and HeLa cells for UC wells initially seeded with 20,000 cells, after the cell migration experiment was stopped at 20 hours.A BC DFigure 2: (A and B) Migration kinetics of HT-1080 cells and Hela cells by continuous monitoring of live cell migration for approximately 22 hours. Red: 40,000 cells/well, 10% FBS in LC, n = 6; green: 20,000 cells/well, 10% FBS in LC, n = 6. Negative controls: Blue: 40,000 cells/well, SFM in LC, n = 2; magenta: 20,000 cells/well, SFM in LC, n = 2; error bars represent standard deviation. (C and D) Representative images of migrated HT-1080 and Hela cells, respectively, stained with Diff Quick Staining Kit on the underside of the membrane at the end of the experiment. Initial seeding number: 20,000 cells/well.Appendix A: StainingEven though not required, it is recommended when performing pilot experiments to stain the cells on the underside of the membrane to get an impression of the extent of cell migration and its correlation with the CI signal. Diff Quick Staining Kit (Fisher Scienti? c; Cat. No. NC9409820) is recommended. The modi? ed staining procedure is brie? y described below: Disassemble the CIM-Plate 16 by pressing the two handles on the LC and gently removing the UC.Remove media from wells of the UC with a multi-channel pipette while avoiding contact with the membrane.Remove cells from the upper side of the membrane, e.g., using a cotton swab.S tain the migrated cells on the bottom side of the membrane: Place the UC into xative solution for 1 - 2 minutes with membrane side (containing the electrodes) in direct contact with the ? xative.Place the UC into solution I for 0.5 - 1 minute with membrane side in direct contact with the solution.Place the UC into solution II for 0.5 - 1 minute with membrane side in direct contact with the solution.Gently rinse the UC with water.Visualize and count the cells under an upright microscope.Appendix B: TroubleshootingThis protocol was developed for HT-1080 and HeL a cell lines. For cell lines with low migration potential, further optimization is needed to achieve a better signal. The main factors affecting the quality and reproducibility of the data are general cell quality, possible entrapment of air pockets or bubbles, and improper sealing of the UC and LC. It is important to pay particular attention to these details.1. No signal or lower signal than usual:Bubbles may be trapped in the UC wells or LC wells.Cell counting or cell seeding number may be incorrect.C ells may be unhealthy due to contamination, over-trypsinization, or over-conuence at the point of trypsinization.Cells may be unhealthy due to inappropriate serum starvation.CO2 and temperature of the CO2incubator may be inappropriately set.The chemoattractant used may be degraded or not optimal for the cell type of interest.Wells of the CIM-Plate 16 may be contaminated.Medium leakage may occur due to improper assembly of the UC and LC.2. High well-to-well variability:I nitial seeding of the cells may be inconsistent due to poor mixing of the cells or due to clumps of cells present in suspension.Membranes may have been damaged by pipette tips during cell or medium addition.The incubation step (holding the cells at +15 to +25°C for 30 minutes) was not followed.The cells may have been kept on ice upon detachment.Variations in accuracy of pipettes or pipette handling may contribute to well-to-well variability.Bubbles may have been trapped in the wells.Media leakage may have occurred.3. Curve ? uctuation and/or delayed curve:The contact pads may be short circuited by media due to over- lling of the lower chamber wells.Media leakage may have occurred during the measurement.Intended Use:For life science research only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures.Trademarks:XCELLIGENCE is a trademark of Roche.CIM-PLATE, E-PLATE and ACEA BIOSCIENCES are registered trademarks of ACEA Biosciences, Inc. in the US.The ATCC trademark and trade name and any and all ATCC catalog numbers are trademarks of the American Type Culture Collection.Other brands or product names are trademarks of their respective holders.。

美国文化遗产犯罪量刑指南英语In the United States, the preservation of cultural heritage is not just a matter of historical significance but also a legal imperative. The sentencing guidelines for crimes against cultural heritage are designed to reflect the gravity of such offenses and to serve as a deterrent to would-be offenders. Here's a look into how these crimes are addressed within the American legal system.The theft, destruction, or illegal trafficking ofcultural heritage items is a severe offense in the United States, carrying with it a weight of punishment that aims to protect the nation's rich tapestry of history and culture. The sentencing guidelines for such crimes are outlined in the U.S. Code, with specific references to the penalties fortheft of major artwork, trafficking in cultural heritage, and the destruction of these irreplaceable treasures.When a court is faced with a case involving the theft or trafficking of cultural heritage, the judge will consider a variety of factors to determine the appropriate sentence. These factors include the value of the stolen or trafficked item, the role of the defendant in the offense, and the impact on the community or nation as a whole.For instance, the theft of major artwork, as defined by the U.S. Code, is punishable by a fine and/or imprisonmentfor up to 10 years. The severity of the sentence can escalateif the artwork is of significant cultural or historical importance, or if the theft caused substantial damage to the remaining collection.Similarly, trafficking in cultural heritage, which includes the illegal sale or export of artifacts, can lead to severe penalties. The penalties can range from fines to imprisonment, with sentences potentially reaching up to 20 years for particularly egregious cases. The courts may also impose restitution, requiring the offender to compensate for the full value of the cultural property and any damages incurred.The destruction of cultural heritage is met with equally stringent measures. The sentencing guidelines for such acts are severe, reflecting the irreversible loss to the nation's cultural heritage. The penalties can include lengthy prison terms and substantial fines, with additional penalties for any aggravated circumstances, such as the use of explosives or arson.In addition to the legal penalties, the social and emotional impact of these crimes is profound. The loss of a cultural artifact is not just a financial one; it represents a break in the chain of history, a theft from the collective memory of the nation. The courts often acknowledge this in their sentencing, aiming to send a clear message that such acts are not only illegal but also morally reprehensible.The U.S. Sentencing Commission periodically reviews and updates the guidelines to ensure they remain effective andreflective of the evolving nature of cultural heritage crimes. The guidelines are also designed to be flexible, allowing judges to tailor sentences to the specific circumstances of each case.In conclusion, the United States takes a hard stance on crimes against cultural heritage, with sentencing guidelines that are both punitive and protective. The aim is not just to punish offenders but also to safeguard the nation's cultural treasures for future generations. As the world becomes more interconnected, the importance of preserving culturalheritage becomes ever more critical, and the U.S. legalsystem plays a vital role in this preservation effort.。

国际公法英文名解汇总纲目版第一篇：国际公法英文名解汇总纲目版国际公法英文名解汇总纲目版第一章国际法导论 International law 国际法 Jus civile 市民法 Jus gentium 万民法Jus inter gentes = law of nations 万国法/万国公法Positive morality 实在道德 International comity 国际礼让Treaty on European Union = Treaty ofMaastricht 《欧洲联盟条约》/《马斯特里赫特条约》Naturalists 自然法学派Solidarists 社会连带法学派Normativists 规范法学派 Positivists 实在法学派Sources of law = sources du droit = fontes juris 法律渊源Monism 一元论 Dualism 二元论第二章国际法基本原则Jus cogens 强行法/强制法/绝对法Sovereignty 主权The Right of People to Self-determination 民族自决权第三章国际法主体Single State 单一国Federation 联邦Confederation 邦联 Protected State 被保护国Permanent Ueutralized State 永久中立国 Fundamental Right 基本权利Secondary Rights 派生权利Right of Independence 独立权Right of Equality平等权 Right of Self-preservation 自保权 Right of Jurisdiction 国家管辖权Territorial Jurisdiction 属地管辖权/属地优越权Personal Jurisdiction = nationalityjurisdiction = active personality principle 属人管辖权/国籍管辖/积极国籍管辖Protective Jurisdiction = passive personality principle 保护性管辖权/消极国籍管辖Universal Jurisdiction 普遍性管辖权Judicialimmunities 外国国家的司法豁免权Recognition 国际法上的承认Effective control 有效统治 Succession 国际法上的继承第四章国际法上的居民 Nationality 国籍 Inhabitant 居民Original nationality 原始国籍/出生国籍 Jus sanguinis 血统主义Jus soli 出生地主义Acquired nationality 因加入而取得国籍 Naturalization 入籍/归化 Release 放弃（国籍）Deprive 剥夺（国籍）Dual nationality 双重国籍Active conflicts 国籍的积极抵触Stateless person 无国籍人Passive conflicts 国籍的消极抵触 Alien 外国人Deportation 驱逐出境National treatment = doctrine of equality of treatment = NT 国民待遇/平等待遇原则International standard of treatment “文明世界”的“国际标准”/“最低标准”Most favorable national treatment = MFNT 最惠国待遇Differential treatment 差别待遇 Extradition 引渡Principle of Non-extradition of Political Offenders 政治犯不引渡原则Attentat clause = Assassination Clause 行刺条款/比利时行刺条款/暗杀条款Principle of identity 相同原则/罪名同一原则/双重犯罪原则Principle of speciality 罪行特定原则/罪名专用原则或专一原则Asylum 庇护Territorial asylum 领域庇护/域内庇护Extra-territorial asylum 域外庇护 Refugee 难民Nansen passport 南森护照Convention refugees 公约难民Mandate refugees 章程难民Principle of non-refoulement 不推回原则/禁止驱逐、送还原则Diplomatic protection 外交保护Doctrine of continuous nationality 国籍连续原则Exhaustion of local remedies 用尽国内救济原则Calvo clause 卡尔沃条款 Calvo doctrine 卡尔沃主义第五章国家法律责任International responsibility 国际法律责任/国Primary rules 确定合法、非法的行为规则/是非规则/首要规则Secondary rules 国际法律责任规则/一般法律责任规则/责任规则/次级规则Distress 危难Necessity 危急情况Restitution 恢复原状Reparation 广义赔偿Compensation 狭义赔偿/经济赔偿 Satisfaction 抵偿第六章领土法Land territory 领陆T erritory Waters 领水Air space 领空Subsoil beneath state territory 底土 Enclave 飞地 Ownership 所有权 Domination 统治权 Condominium 共管 Leased territory 租借International servitude 国际地役 Internal waters 内水 Internal rivers 内河Boundary rivers 界河Non-national rivers 多国河流International rivers 国际河流Inter-oceanic canals 通洋运河Occupation 先占/占领 Vacant land 无主地Effective occupation 有效占领 Prescription 时效 Accretion 添附Conquest 征服Plebiscite 全民投票/全民公决Self-determination of peoples 民族自决The exchange of territory 交换领土Reversionary rights 收复失地Boundaries of state territory 国家边界第七章国际海洋法The common heritage of mankind 人类共同继承财产The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 《联合国海洋法公约》 Base line 基线Normal baseline 正常基线Straight baseline 直线基线Archipelagic baseline 群岛基线 Innocent passage 无害通过Contiguous zone 毗连区/邻接区/海上特别区Exclusive economic zone 专属经济区 Continental shelf 大陆架 High seas 公海Flag of convenience 方便旗 Right of visit 登临权/临检权 Right of hot pursuit 紧追权Straits used for international navigation 用于国际航行的海峡Transit passage 过境通行 Archipelagic waters 群岛水域Right of archipelagic sea lanes passage 群岛海道通过权International sea-bed area 国际海底区域Single exploitation system 单一开发制 Parallel exploitation system平行开发制第八章国际航空法识别区/空中识别区 Cabotage 国内载运权The International Civil Aviation Organization = ICAO 国际民用航空组织Dol = wilful misconduct（承运人的）加害行为/故意造成损害的不法行为/故意的行为/不在乎地不顾后果的行为Two tier liability “双梯度”责任制度/两级责任制Aut dedere aut judicare 或引渡或起诉原则Aut dedere aut punier 或引渡或处罚第九章外层空间法 Outer space 外层空间第十章国际环境法Sustainable development 可持续发展 Pollution from vessels 船舶污染 Pollution by dumping 控制海洋倾倒 Pollution from land-based sources 陆源污染第十一章外交关系法Consular provision 委任文凭Consular exequatur 领事证书第十三章国际条约法The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 《维也纳条约法公约》Treaty 条约Convention 公约Convention 专约Agreement 协定 Protocol 议定书Final act 最后议定书/蒇事议定书Charter 宪章 Statute 规约Exchange of Notes 换文 Declaration 宣言 Joint statement 联合声明Bilateral treaty 双边条约Multilateral treaty 多边条约Negotiation（条约）谈判Full power 全权证书Adoption 议定Authentication 认证 Signature 签署 Ratification 批准 Accession 加入 Reservation 保留 Registration 登记 Publication 公布Pacta sunt servanda 条约必须遵守原则Pacta tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt 约定对第三者既无损，也无益 Termination 条约的终止 Invalidation 条约的失效Suspension 条约的暂停施行/条约的中止/条约的停止施行Interpretation 条约的解释 Revision 条约的修订 Amendment 条约的修正 Modification 条约的修改第十四章国际组织法International organization 国际组织Inter-governmental organization 政府间组织International institutional law 国际组织法Non-governmental organization 非政府间国际组织Organization of petroleum exportingcountries = OPEC 石油输出机构/石油输出国组织Organization for economic cooperation and development = OECD 经济协力开发机构/经济合作与发展组织/经合组织General Assembly 联合国大会Security Council 安全理事会/安理会Economic and Social Council 经济与社会理事会/经社理事会Trusteeship Council 托管理事会 International Court of Justice 国际法院 Secretariat 秘书处Specialized International Organization 专门性国际组织Specialized Agencies 联合国专门机构International telecommunication union = ITU 国际电信联盟Universal postal union = UPU 万国邮政联盟World meteorological organization = WMO 世界气象组织World health organization = WHO 世界卫生组织International labour organization = ILO 国际劳工组织Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations = FAO 联合国粮食及农业组织/联合国粮农组织United Nations Educational,Scientific,and Cultural Organization = UNESCO 联合国教科文组织International monetary fund = IMF 国际货币基金组织International bank for reconstruction and development = IBRD 国际复兴开发银行/世界银行International finance corporation = IFC 国际金融公司International maritime organization = IMO 国际海事组织International development association = IDA 国际开发协会World intellectual property organization = WIPO 世界知识产权组织International fund of agriculturaldevelopment = IFAD 国际农业发展基金（组织）United Nations Industrial DevelopmentOrganization = UNIDO 联合国工业发展组织World trade organization = WTO 世界贸易组织International atomic energy agency = IAEA 国际原子能机构Collective security 集体安全保障Peace-keeping operations = PKO 联合国维持和平行动Regional organization 区域性国际组织Organization of American States = OAS美洲国家组织Arab League = League of Arab States = AL = LAS 阿拉伯国家联盟/阿拉伯联盟/阿盟African union = AU 非洲联盟/非盟Organization of African Unity = OAU 非洲统一组织/非统组织Association of Southeast Asian Nations = ASEAN 东南亚国家联盟/东盟European community = EC 欧洲共同体 ECSC 欧洲煤钢共同体EUBATOM 欧洲原子能共同体 EEC 欧洲经济共同体European union = EU 欧洲联盟Shanghai Cooperation Organization =SCO 上海合作组织/上合组织第十五章国际人权法 Human Rights 人权The responsibility to protect 保护的责任The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 《世界人权宣言》The International Covenant on Civil andPolitical Rights 《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》The International Covenant onEconomic,Social and Cultural Rights 《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》第十六章国际刑法International criminal law 国际刑法 International crimes 国际犯罪The direct enforcement model 直接执行模式The indirect enforcement model 间接执行模式International penal judicial assistance 国际刑事司法协助Extradition 引渡Principle of non-extradition of political offenders 政治犯不引渡原则Assassination Clause = Attentat clause 行刺条款/暗杀条款/比利时行刺条款Transfer jurisdiction of criminal procedure 刑事诉讼移管/刑事诉讼移转管辖Recognition and enforcement of foreign penal judgements 外国刑事判决的承认和执行 International criminal jurisdiction 国际刑事管辖第十七章国际争端法International disputes 国际争端Legal disputes = justiciable disputes 法律性质的争端/可裁判的争端政治性质的争端/不可裁判的争端Compulsive means 强制方法Negotiation 谈判 Consultation 协商 Good office 斡旋 Mediation 调停International inquiry 国际调查/调查 Conciliation 和解/调解Bryan peace treaties 《布赖恩和平条约》/冷却条约International arbitration 国际仲裁/国际公断 Jay treaty 杰伊条约Permanent court of arbitration 常设仲裁法院Judicial settlement 司法解决The permanent court of international justice 常设国际法院International court of justice 国际法院Contentious jurisdiction 诉讼管辖权 Optional compulsory jurisdiction 任意强制管辖Connally reservation 康纳利保留条款 Advisory jurisdiction 咨询管辖权Regional agency = Regional arrangement 区域机关/区域办法第十八章战争法 Law of war 战争法Law of armed conflict 武装冲突法 Animo belligerendi 交战意向 Jus ad bellum 诉诸战争权 Suspension of arms 停战 Surrender 投降International humanitarian law 国际人道法Crimes against humanity 违反人道罪 War time neutrality 战时中立 War neutrality law 战时中立法Permanent neutralized state 永久中立国/中立化国家War crimes 战争犯罪第二篇：纲目附件2：“两基”迎“国检”县、乡（镇）、学校必备的档案资料纲目（修订）一、县级（一）组织实施类资料1、关于全县“两基”工作的汇报（格式和要求同攻坚验收的文本格式:一是本县自然、经济、社会发展情况及教育概况；二是“普九”指标完成及巩固情况；三是主要措施和基本做法；四是存在的问题和改进措施及今后的努力方向），收集范围为验收当年及前三年的材料。

心理学报 2017, Vol. 49, No.2, 241 2Acta Psychologica Sinica DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2017.00241收稿日期: 2016-03-10通讯作者: 陈晓, E-mail: sechenxiao@241宽宏大量与睚眦必报：宽恕和报复对愤怒的降低作用陈 晓1 高 辛1,2 周 晖3(1北京师范大学珠海分校教育学院, 珠海 519087) (2 Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen,6500HE, The Netherlands) (3中山大学心理学系, 广州 510275)摘 要 本研究通过3个实验比较宽恕和报复对愤怒的降低作用。

采用假设情景的方法, 实验1通过在冒犯行为之后直接启动宽恕或报复, 结果显示宽恕比报复对愤怒的降低作用更好, 并且对消极情绪也具有降低作用; 实验2考察在不同冒犯行为意图下宽恕与报复对愤怒的降低作用, 结果显示不管是有意而为还是无心之过的冒犯行为, 宽恕对愤怒的降低作用均要优于报复。

实验3要求被试在冒犯行为后进行宽恕或报复, 结果显示宽恕和报复对愤怒均有降低作用, 但是宽恕的降低效果要显著优于报复。

研究显示, 对于冒犯行为后的愤怒感, 宽恕的降低作用优于报复。

关键词 宽恕; 报复; 愤怒 分类号 B849:C91宽恕是心灵的一种节约措施……它节省了生气的开支、仇恨的成本和精神的浪费。

(Forgiveness is the economy of the heart ... forgiveness saves the expense of anger, the cost of hatred, the waste of spirits.)——Hannah More (1745~1833, 英国宗教作家和慈善家)1 引言报复是当前全球一个比较普遍性的社会问题, 研究显示在发达国家, 大约有20%的谋杀是由于报复所引起的, 美国在1974~2000年间大约有61%的校园枪击事件都是由报复引起的(McCullough, Kurzban, & Tabak, 2010)。

分离疏远英语作文Title: Detachment and Alienation。

In modern society, detachment and alienation have become increasingly prevalent phenomena. Whether it's in personal relationships, social interactions, or even within oneself, the sense of disconnect seems to pervade many aspects of life. Exploring this topic requires delving into various dimensions where detachment manifests itself.Firstly, let's consider interpersonal relationships. In today's fast-paced world, genuine connections often take a backseat to superficial interactions. People may have hundreds of friends on social media platforms, yet feel profoundly lonely. This paradox highlights the detachment that can exist within friendships and romantic relationships. The rise of technology has made communication easier but has also led to a decline in face-to-face interaction, contributing to feelings of alienation.Furthermore, societal structures and norms can also foster detachment. Economic disparities, for instance, create divisions between the haves and have-nots, leading to social exclusion and marginalization. Additionally, cultural and ideological differences can contribute to a sense of alienation, as individuals struggle to find common ground amidst diversity.Moreover, detachment can manifest within oneself. In an era dominated by comparison culture and unrealistic standards, individuals may feel disconnected from their authentic selves. The pressure to conform to societal expectations can lead to self-alienation, where one's thoughts, feelings, and desires are suppressed in favor of fitting in.Addressing detachment and alienation requires a multifaceted approach. Firstly, fostering genuine human connections is essential. This involves prioritizingquality over quantity in relationships and making an effort to engage in meaningful conversations. Additionally, promoting empathy and understanding can help bridge dividesand reduce feelings of isolation.Secondly, addressing systemic issues such as economic inequality and social injustice is crucial. By advocating for policies that promote equality and inclusivity, we can create a more cohesive society where everyone feels valued and included.Finally, combating self-alienation requires promoting self-acceptance and authenticity. Encouraging individuals to embrace their uniqueness and pursue their passions can help foster a sense of belonging and fulfillment.In conclusion, detachment and alienation are complex issues that permeate modern society. By recognizing and addressing these phenomena at interpersonal, societal, and individual levels, we can work towards creating a more connected and inclusive world.。

2022年考研英语阅读精选之修女与避孕Nuns and contraception Praying for the Pill Dec 9th 20xx, 14:48 by C.H. | NEW YORK THE Catholic church condemns all forms of contraception, apolicy that Paul VI laid out in detail in Humanae Vitae in 1968. Over thesubsequent decades it has had various brawls with secular authorities over theuse of birth control pills. Most recently, Americas bishopshave fought to keep Barack Obamas health law from providing contraception free. The church hasalready won an exemption for women who work for a church, but it also wants tokeep coverage from women who work for any Catholic institution, even if thewomen in question are not Catholics and the institution has a secular purpose,such as a school, say, or hospital. Given all this, it would seem unlikely thatthe church would want to give the Pill to its nuns.Yet that is precisely what a recent paper in the Lancet suggests. Its authors,Kara Britt and Roger Short, of Monash University and the University ofMelbourne, urge the Church to provide oral contraception to the sisters. Nunsneed the Pill not to prevent pregnancy, but to prevent cancer.In 1713, the authors write, an Italian doctor observed thatnuns had a very high rate of that accursed pest, breastcancer. Modern studies have confirmed that Catholic havea higher risk thanmost women of dying from breast, ovarian and uterine cancers. Women who bearchildren have fewer menstrual cycles, thanks to both pregnancy and lactation. Other studies have established a relationshipbetween menstrual cycles and the prevalence of cancer, with fewer cyclesmeaning a smaller risk. Nuns - who are required to be celibate - experiencemore cycles than the typical woman, and therefore run a higher risk ofdeveloping cancer.The Pill can help to counteract this. The overall mortalityin women who use, or have used, oral contraception, is 12% lower than amongthose who do not. The effect on ovarian and endometrial cancer is greater: therisk of such cancers plummets by about 50%. Drs Britt and Short make acompelling medical case. But it is unlikely to sway the Church.。

核安全法英文版The Nuclear Safety ActObjective:The objective of this act is to enhance nuclear safety, protect public health and the environment from the harmful effects of nuclear activities, and establish a comprehensive framework for the safe and secure use of nuclear energy.Chapter 1: General Provisions- Sets out the scope and definitions related to nuclear safety.- States the principles of nuclear safety, including the safety of nuclear installations, transportation of radioactive materials, and emergency preparedness and response.Chapter 2: Regulatory Framework for Nuclear Safety- Establishes a regulatory authority responsible for ensuring the safety and security of nuclear activities.- Outlines the responsibilities and powers of the regulatory authority, including licensing, inspections, and enforcement actions.- Requires operators of nuclear installations to obtain a license and comply with safety requirements.Chapter 3: Safety of Nuclear Installations- Sets out the safety requirements for the design, construction, operation, and decommissioning of nuclear installations.- Specifies the responsibilities of the operators of nuclear installations, including training of personnel, maintenance of safety systems, and reporting of incidents.Chapter 4: Radiation Protection- Sets out the requirements for the protection of individuals and the environment from the harmful effects of radiation.- Establishes dose limits for occupational workers and the general public.- Requires monitoring and reporting of radiation levels.Chapter 5: Emergency Preparedness and Response- Establishes a framework for emergency preparedness and response in case of nuclear incidents or accidents.- Requires the development of emergency plans and the conduct of exercises and drills.- Specifies the roles and responsibilities of the regulatory authority, emergency responders, and other relevant entities.Chapter 6: International Cooperation and Liability- Provides for international cooperation and coordination in the field of nuclear safety.- Establishes provisions for liability and compensation in case of nuclear accidents.- Sets out the responsibilities of the state in providing compensation to victims.Chapter 7: Enforcement and Penalties- Specifies the penalties for violations of the nuclear safety requirements.- Grants powers to the regulatory authority to enforce compliance and impose sanctions.- Provides for the establishment of an appeal mechanism fordisputes related to regulatory decisions.Chapter 8: Miscellaneous Provisions- Includes provisions related to confidentiality of information, whistleblowing, and liability insurance.- Specifies the transitional arrangements for the implementation of the act.- Provides for the amendment and repeal of existing laws and regulations.This is a general summary of the main provisions of the Nuclear Safety Act. It is advisable to consult the actual legislation for the complete and accurate information.。

a rXiv:h ep-th/991119v221D ec1999ULB-TH-99-28/hep-th/9911109November 1999Interactions of chiral two-forms 1XAVIER BEKAERT Abstract Two issues regarding the interactions of the chiral two-forms are reviewed.First,the problem of constructing Lorentz-invariant self-couplings of a single chiral two-form is investigated in the light of the Dirac-Schwinger condition on the energy-momentum tensor commutation relations.We show how the Perry-Schwarz condition follows from the Dirac-Schwinger criterion and point out that consistency of the gravitational coupling is automatic.Secondly,we study the possible local deformations of chiral two-forms.This problem reduces to the study of the local BRST cohomological group at ghost number zero.We proof that the only consistent deformations of a system of free chiral two-forms are (up to redefinitions)deformations that do not modify the abelian gauge symmetries of the free theory.The consequence of this result for a system consisting of a number of parallel M5-branes is explained.Mathematics Subject Classification:81T30,83C99,81T70Keywords:Chiral p-forms,Poincar´e invariance,BRST Cohomology,M5-brane 1Introduction:the chiral two-form and the M5-brane In the limit where bulk gravity decouples,the M5-brane is described by a six-dimensional field theory.Its bosonic sector includes,besides the five scalar fields which describe the position of the brane in transverse space,a chiral two-form (i.e.a two-form the field strength of which is self dual).A single M5-brane with strong classical fields is well understood;its Lagrangian is described in [1].For a long time,the obstacle to get such an action was due to the presence of the chiral two-form.When one tries to tries to incorporate the self-duality condition into an action a problem arises with preserving Lorentz invariance.There is a simple non-manifestly Lorentz-invariant free Lagrangian which has been given in [2],and which generalizes the Lagrangian of [3]for chiral bosons (the couplings to gravitation are included).As a non linear generalization,a Born-Infeld-like action for for a self-interacting chiral two-form was proposed in [4].The couplings to gravitation were added in a second paper [5].A manifestly covariant formulation of chiral p -forms has been developed in an interesting series of papers [6].This formulation is characterized by the presence of an extra field and an extra gauge invariance.This extrafield occurs non-polynomially in the action,even for the free chiral p -forms.It has been shown to be equivalent to the non-manifestly covariant treatment of [2]in Minkowski space [6].The question of Lorentz-invariant self-couplings (as well as consistent self-couplings in an external gravitational background)for a single chiral 2-form is the subject of the section 2.We show that this question can be handled by means of the Dirac-Schwinger condition on the commutation relations of the components of the energy-momentum tensor [7].This condition leads directly to the differential equation obtained in [4]and implies automatically consistency of the gravitational coupling [8].When several,say n ,M5-branes coincide,little is known pactifying one dimension of M-theory on a circle yields type IIA string theory.If the branes are longitudinal to the compact direction,the M5-branes appear as a set of coinciding D4-branes which are quite well understood.Their dynamics is governed by a five-dimensional U (n )Born-Infeld theory which,ignoring higher derivative terms,isanordinary U(n)non-abelian gauge theory.Turning back to the eleven dimensional picture,this suggests that a non-abelian extension of the chiral two-form should exist.Deformations of a system of N free chiral two-forms in six dimensions are only considered(N is expected to grow like n3).We ignore the fermions and the scalarfields as we believe that they will not modify our conclusions3.The analysis,outlined in the section3,shows that all continuous and local deformations of the free chiral2-forms does not modify the gauge algebra which remains abelian[11]. As a consequence,no localfield theory continuously connected with the free theory can describe a system of n coinciding M5-branes.This does not exclude non-local deformations of the abelian theory or local lagrangians that cannot be continuously deformed to the free one.2Covariant self interactions of a single chiral two-formThe non manifestly covariant action for a chiral2-form in a gravitational background isS[A ij]= dx0d5xB ij∂0A ij− dx0H(i,j,...=1,...,5)(1)with1B ij=√ǫijmnk B ij B mn.(5)2In order to write the action(1),it is necessary to assume that spacetime has the product form T×Σwhere T is the manifold of the time variable(usually a line).Of course,a spatial coordinate could equivalently play the rˆo le of the time variable,as in[4].Since B ij is gauge-invariant and identically transverse(∂i B ij=0),the action(1)is manifestly invariant under the usual gauge transformationsδΛA ij=∂iΛj−∂jΛi.Inflat space,it is also invariant under Lorentz transformations,but these do not take the usual form[2].We define the exterior form B to be the(time-dependent)spatial2-form with components B ij/√(6)Nand where˜d is the spatial exterior derivative operator.In the case where the second Betti number b2(Σ) of the spatial sections vanishes,this equation implies N(E−B)=˜dm,where m is an arbitrary spatial 1-form.To bring this equation to a more familiar form,one sets m i=A0i.The equations of motion read then F=∗F,where F0ij=˙A ij−∂i A0j+∂j A0i.This is the standard self-duality condition.Alternatively, one may use the gauge freedom to set m=0,which yields the self-duality condition in the temporal gauge(E=B).The brackets of the gauge-invariant magneticfields B ij can be found by follow the Dirac method for constrained systems[12]but one may shortcut the whole procedure and directly read the brackets from the kinetic term of the action(1)[B ij(x),B mn(x′)]=12g B ij B ij,y2=1g,f1=∂1f,f2=∂2f.(10)Then,the condition(8)yields tof21+y1f1f2+(13!ǫijklm F Aklm,F A ijk=∂i A A jk+∂j A A ki+∂k A A ij.(13)The action S0is invariant under the following abelian gauge transformationsδΛA A ij=∂iΛA j−∂jΛA i.(14) This set of gauge transformations is reducible because ifΛA i=∂iǫA,the variation of A A ij is0.Our strategy for studying the possible local deformations of the action(12)is based on the observation that these are in bijective correpondence with the local BRST cohomological group H0,6(s|d)[15],where s is the BRST differential acting on thefields,the ghosts,and their conjugate antifields,d is the ordinary space-time exterior derivative and the upper indices refer to ghost number and form degree resp.By applying the standard method of the antifield formalism[16],one can introduce the ghosts C A i,the ghosts of ghostsηA,and the antifields A∗Aij,C∗Ai andη∗A.Their respective parity,ghost number, antighost number are listed in following tableantigh gh00C A i0102A∗Aij1-100η∗A3-31-δ-1111antifields,a=a0.These deformations contain only strictly gauge-invariant terms,i.e.,polynomials in the abelian curvatures and their derivatives(Born-Infeld terms are in this category)as well as Chern-Simons terms,which are(off-shell)gauge-invariant under the abelian gauge symmetry up to a total derivative. An example of a Chern-Simons term is given by the kinetic term of(12),which can be rewritten as F∧∂0A.5Second,one may deform the action and the gauge transformations while keeping their algebra invariant.In BRST terms,the corresponding cocycles involve(non trivially)the antifields A∗Aij but not C∗Ai orη∗A.Finally,one may deform everything,including the gauge algebra;the corresponding cocycles involve all the antifields.Reformulating the problem of deforming the free action(12)in terms of BRST cohomology enables one to use the powerful tools of homological algebra.Following the approach of[17],we have completely worked out the BRST cohomogical classes at ghost number zero.In particular,we have established that one can always get rid of the antifields by adding trivial solutions[11](The complete proof will be given in[18]).This result can be straightforwardly generalized for a system of chiral p-forms in 2p+2dimensions6.In other words,the only consistent local deformations of a system of free chiral p-forms are(up to redefinitions)deformations that do not modify the abelian gauge symmetries of the free theory.These involve the abelian curvatures or Chern-Simons terms.There are no other consistent, local,deformations(This completely justify the assumptions made for the dependence of H on the A ij through the B ij in the section2).4AcknowledgmentsI am grateful to the respective organizers of the meeting“Quantum aspects of gauge theories,supersym-metry and unification”and the“9th Midwest Geometry Conference”for their very enjoyable conferences.I would like to thank my collaborators on the works which were the sources of this talk,M.Henneaux and A.Sevrin.This work has been supported in part by the“Actions de Recherche Concert´e es”of the “Direction de la Recherche Scientifique-Communaut´e Fran¸c aise de Belgique”and by IISN-Belgium. The author is“Chercheur I.I.S.N.”(Belgium).References[1]P.Pasti,D.Sorokin and M.Tonin,Phys.Lett.B398(1997)41,hep-th/9701037;M.Aganagic,J.Park,C.Popescu,J.H.Schwarz,Nucl.Phys.B496(1997)191,hep-th/9701166;I.Bandos,K.Lechner,A.Nurmagambetov,P.Pasti,D.Sorokin and M.Tonin,Phys.Rev.Lett.78(1997)4332, hep-th/9701149[2]M.Henneaux and C.Teitelboim,Phys.Lett.B206(1988)650;M.Henneaux and C.Teitelboim,Consistent Quantum Mechanics of Chiral p-Forms,in Proc.Quantum Mechanics of Fundamental Systems2,Santiago1987,Plenum Press(New York1989).[3]R.Floreanini and R.Jackiw,Phys.Rev.Lett.59(1987)1873.[4]M.Perry and J.H.Schwarz,Nucl.Phys.B489(1997)47-64,hep-th/9611065[5]J.H.Schwarz,Phys.Lett.B395(1997)191,hep-th/9701008[6]P.Pasti,D.Sorokin and M.Tonin,Phys.Lett.B352(1995)59;Phys.Rev.D52(1995)427.[7]P.A.M.Dirac,Rev.Mod.Phys.34(1962)592;J.Schwinger,Phys.Rev.130(1963)406,800.[8]X.Bekaert and M.Henneaux,Int.J.Th.Phys.38(1999)1161,hep-th/9806062[9]I.R.Klebanov and A.A.Tseytlin,Nucl.Phys.B475(1996)164,hep-th/9604089;S.S.Gubser andI.R.Klebanov,Phys.Lett.B41341,hep-th/9708005[10]M.Henningson and K.Skenderis,JHEP9807(1998)023,hep-th/9806087[11]X.Bekaert,M.Henneaux and A.Sevrin,Phys.Lett.B468(1999)228,hep-th/9909094[12]P.A.M.Dirac,Lectures on Quantum Mechanics,Academic Press(New York:1964);M.Henneauxand C.Teitelboim,Quantization of Gauge Systems,Princeton University Press(Princeton:1992).[13]C.Teitelboim,Ann.Phys.(N.Y.)79(1973)542;The Hamiltonian Structure of Spacetime,in GeneralRelativity and Gravitation:One Hundred Years After the Birth of Albert Einstein(A.Held ed.), Plenum Press(New York:1980);C.Teitelboim,Ph.D Thesis(Princeton:1973).[14]M.Hatsuda,K.Kamimura and S.Sekiya,hep-th/9906103.[15]G.Barnich and M.Henneaux,Phys.Lett.B311(1993)123,hep-th/9304057[16]I.A.Batalin and G.A.Vilkovisky,Phys.Lett.B102(1981)27;Phys.Rev.D28(1983)2567;Phys.Rev.D30(1984)508[17]G.Barnich,F.Brandt and M.Henneaux,Comm.Math.Phys174(1995)93,hep-th/9405194;M.Henneaux,Phys.Lett.B368(1996)83,hep-th/9511145;M.Henneaux,B.Knaepen and C.Schomblond,Comm.Math.Phys.186(1997)137,hep-th/9606181;M.Henneaux and B.Knaepen, Phys.Rev.D56(1997)6076,hep-th/9706119;Nucl.Phys.B548(1999)491,hep-th/9812140;hep-th/9912052[18]X.Bekaert,M.Henneaux and A.Sevrin,in preparation[19]X.Bekaert,M.Henneaux and A.Sevrin,hep-th/9912077Adress:Physique Th´e orique et Math´e matique,Universit´e Libre de Bruxelles,Campus Plaine C.P.231B-1050Bruxelles,Belgiumxbekaert@ulb.ac.be6。

专利名称：DETACHMENT METHOD, ANDATTACHMENT发明人：KIMURA SYUJI,木村修司,WATANABE Atsuro,渡邉淳朗,FUKUDA Satoru,福田理,OKAMURANaomi,岡村直美,KODAMA Shunichiro,児玉隼一郎申请号：JP2018/003752申请日：20180205公开号：WO2018/147209A1公开日：20180816专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：An attachment which, attached to an attached body, has sufficient strength to suspend an article, and a detachment method which allows easy detachment of the attachment from the attached body without the use of tools are provided. An attached body 40 comprises an attachment surface where the attachment 1 is attached. At least part of one surface of the attachment 1 and the attachment surface are attached through an adhesive member 30. Setting the center of gravity of the adhesive member 30 as the fulcrum point and at least part of the attachment 1 as the force point, by swaying or rotating the force point around the fulcrum point, the force from the swaying or rotating acts on at least part of the outer periphery of the adhesive member 30, detaching the attachment 1 from the attached body 40.申请人：CEMEDINE CO., LTD.,セメダイン株式会社地址：1-11-2, Osaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 1418620 JP,〒1418620 東京都品川区大崎１丁目１１番２号 Tokyo JP国籍：JP,JP代理人：KON Satoshi,今智司更多信息请下载全文后查看。

孟德尔遗传定律专业英文Gregor Mendel's groundbreaking work in genetics laid the foundation for our understanding of heredity. His experiments with pea plants revealed the fundamental principles that govern the inheritance of traits.The Law of Segregation states that during the formationof sex cells, the two versions of a gene separate, each going into a different sex cell. This principle ensures that offspring inherit one gene version from each parent.The Law of Independent Assortment, another of Mendel'skey findings, explains that genes for different traits are inherited independently of one another. This means that the inheritance of one trait does not influence the inheritanceof another.Mendel's work was revolutionary, yet it remained largely unrecognized during his lifetime. It was only after his death that the significance of his findings was fully appreciated, leading to a deeper exploration of genetic inheritance.Today, Mendel's laws are integral to the field of genetics, influencing everything from agriculture to medicine. They help us understand the complexity of genetic traits and predict how they will be passed down through generations.Despite the simplicity of Mendel's experiments, theimplications of his findings are vast. They have shaped our comprehension of genetic diversity and the role of genes in shaping the characteristics of living organisms.In modern genetics, Mendel's laws are often expanded upon with the understanding of more complex genetic interactions, such as epistasis and gene linkage. However, the core principles he established remain unshaken.As we delve deeper into the genome, Mendel's legacy continues to inspire. His work serves as a reminder that even the simplest of experiments can unlock profound truths about the natural world.In summary, Gregor Mendel's laws of genetics are not just historical curiosities but continue to be essential tools in the study of heredity, shaping our understanding of life's intricate patterns.。

Dubious progress in D. H. Lawrence's "Tickets, Please"Bernard-Jean Ramadier1"Tickets, Please" is one of the short stories in the collection England My England, published in 1922. It is a simple anecdote told in deceptively simple language; a young inspector of the tramway system seduces all the conductresses on the Midlands line. One of them, Annie, eventually falls for him on a special occasion, but she wants more than a flirtation. As she becomes more and more possessive, the young man lets her down and picks up another girl: Annie then decides to take revenge. As all the other conductresses more or less consciously bear a grudge against the seducer, they set a trap for him; one evening they manage to attract him into their waiting-room at the depot where they molest him. The girls' pretext for harassing him is to make him choose one of them for his wife: eventually he spitefully chooses Annie who, far from being proud and contented, falls prey to conflicting feelings. Freed at last, the inspector walks away alone in the night while the girls leave the depot one by one "with mute, stupefied faces" (346)1• 2 Women's struggle for their rights and a real social status was at times very violent; in August an(...)2Yet, for all its apparent simplicity, the plot is as baffling for the reader as their newly-acquired identity is for the girls. There is more than meets the eye in the story: it was written during the First World War and it uses the moral and social upheaval brought about by the conflict, insisting on the psychological consequences of the change in women's status resulting from employment and following their fight to be given social recognition and the vote.2 At the time, that new social role of women was regarded as a form of progress by the male-dominated society and by some women, as Lawrence makes critically clear. The girl conductors benefit from their new status in the microcosm of the tram system before becoming aware of their real second-rate status when it comes to direct human relationship. Living under the delusion of being real actors recognised as fully responsible human beings, they are brutally shown by the chief inspector's offhand attitude how wrong they have been. Theirsubsequent violent reaction reveals their deep frustration and the ambiguous relationships between the sexes, marred and warped by progress.3Like the girls, the miners are both beneficiaries and victims of progress; they form the social background of the story, at the same time realistic and symbolical as the introduction of the short story shows. The miners' economic function is laden with an implicit symbolical value; extracting coal to fuel the industry is like raping the earth by plundering its riches, which has far-reaching consequences for human beings. German mythology provides a similar image of agression when dwarves wrest gold from the earth, turning the latter into a wasteland where spirituality and transcendentalism are dead. In "Tickets, Please",the incidental effects of progress on humanity are shown through the Lawrentian central theme of the relationship between men and women. Here, the weaker sex and the stronger sex are respectively and ironically embodied by Annie Stone and John Thomas Raynor.4The girl conductors are "fearless young hussies" (335) who bravely face the dangers of the tram journeys and the male passengers' advances; as such, they belong to a different class of women whose job is exceptional: "This, the most dangerous tram-service in England, as the authorities themselves declare, with pride, is entirely conducted by girls". (335) Such a positive and indirectly self-congratulatory statement is immediately tempered with the grimly humorous description of the girls, tranformed into hybrids:In their ugly blue uniform, skirts up to their knees, shapeless old peaked caps on their heads, they have all the sang-froid of an oldnon-commissioned officer. (335)• 3 In the description of Tavershall, "all went by ugly, ugly, ugly".Lady Chatterley's Love(...)5One of Lawrence's key-words—ugly3—is used here to describe the devalued official uniform worn by the girls, just as the word is repeated to stigmatise the industrial landscape crossed by the tram in alliterative phrases ("long ugly villages," "last little ugly place of industry," 334). Resembling transvestites in their ugly uniforms, the conductors retain only a bawdy sort of feminity with their "skirts up to their knees." They are the drivers' fit counterparts; the latter are "men unfit for active service: cripples and hunchbacks" (334) who compensate for their physical deficiencies by taking foolish risks while others, effeminate, "creep forward in terror." (335) Excessive prudence or rashness betrays their deep imbalance, a defect reinforced by the chaotic rhythm of the syntax in the long opening paragraphs of the short story. They lack the"sang-froid" which characterizes the girls, as if they might just as well swap jobs with them. A parallel can be drawn between the drivers' loss of manhood and the conductresses' loss of womanhood. Lawrence makes it clear that the price to pay for social progress is the loss of gender differentiation: the girls assume a new authority, which turns them into sham soldiers ("non-commisioned officer," 335) with a masculine,sailor-like behaviour:this roving life aboard the car gives them a sailor's dash and recklessness. What matter how they behave when the ship is in port? Tomorrow they will be aboard again. (336)6Annie Stone is one of them and her name, which is evocative of a hard, mineral substance, is in keeping with her inflexible, adamant way of asserting her brand new soldier-like authority. Lawrence ironically insists on the girl's commitment to her job through tapinosis, referring to the Greek battle of the "hot gates": "The step of that tram-car is her Thermopylae." (335) In order to show the ambiguity of the relationship between men and women, the young inspector John Thomas Raynor is introduced as a central device to the meaningful melodrama that gradually develops. "A fine cock-of-the-walk he was": the young man's numerous conquests make him an object for scandal; always on the lookout for "pastures new," he considers himself as the proprietor of the girl conductors ("his old flock," 340). This vocabulary aims at revealing his simplistic approach to his relationship with his subordinates; he is reduced to a shallow figure of a man, meant to embody a male-dominated system that gives women the outward attributes of authority within the limits of the tram car and under man's supervision. Annie's personality is more complex; she has two faces, a superficial one on board the tram and a deep, instinctive one outside the system. Impervious to one another in the first half of the short story, the two identities then begin to overlap. As a conductor she takes her job seriously, which increases her natural shrewishness and consequently she first adopts the same attitude with John Thomas Raynor as with the other male passengers: "Annie [...] was something of a Tartar, and her sharp tongue had kept John Thomas at arm's length for many months" (336), before allowing a gradual complicity, both intimate and distant to develop between them:In this subtle antagonism they knew each other like old friends, they were as shrewd with one another almost as man and wife. (337)• 4 See the use of "impudent", 336 and 341, which echoes "hussies", p. 3357Each of them knows the rules of the game and plays them on board the tram within the frame of a relationship superficially liberalised by their respective functions and their young age4; however, Annie's feminine instincts and impulse are still there, to be given full play on a fit occasion.• 5 Italics mine.8There is a drastic change of attitude between Annie-the-conductor and the girl who has a night off and goes alone to the November fun fair. Despite the "sad decline in brilliance and luxury," (337) many people are there for entertainment, and the general illusory, transient atmosphere of the event is indicated by the expression "artificial wartime substitutes" (337), describing ersatz coconuts. In an environment whose hostility is suggested by the expressions "drizzling ugly night" (337) and "black, drizzling darkness" (338) introducing and closing the fun fair scene, the place, for all its shabbiness, is a fit place for a love encounter; furthermore, "To be at the Statutes without a fellow was no fun." Lawrence explicitly links the change of place with the change of rules which at the fun fair define the status of men and women; the latter resume their traditional passive attitude, whereas men assert their long-established economic superiority. Annie is no longer the woman in charge; she has left her uniform to don her best clothes, more appropriate in this place where it is advisable to observe a ritualistic form of behaviour to be in "the right style" (337), which is in fact an intimation of submissiveness. The new quality of the relationship between Annie and John Thomas is emphasized by the repetition of "round"; like the world, "The roundabouts were veering round"5, and the fair, despite its sham, allows a re-enactment of the real positions of men and women in society:John Thomas made her stay on for the next round. And therefore she could hardly for shame repulse him when he put his arm round her and drew her a little nearer to him, in a very warm and cuddly manner. (337)• 6 J. Chevalier et A. Gheerbrant, Dictionnaire des symboles,Paris: Laffont, 1995, p. 962.9John Thomas's permissive attitude, accepted by Annie as a matter of course, is an implicit denial of the reality of the social progress giving women authority and autonomy. The conformist rules at the Statutes Fair are those of the society of that time: men pay for women, thus resuming in civil activities the domination temporarily handed over to women in the tram service. In their Dictionnaire des symboles, Chevalier and Gheerbrandt see the conductor as a figure of the impersonal self, both a judge and a sanction whose function evokes strictness and clockworkprecision, while the ticket suggests a give and take deal.6 In that symbolical reading, the title "Tickets, Please" announces the girls' deep desire for real reciprocity in their relationship with men; in the reality of their daily routine aboard the tram, because they embody regulation, the conductors' "peremptory" request is their "ticket" to respect and consideration. As a conductor, you are handed the ticket whereas as a merry-go-round rider you have to hand over the ticket or token. On the Dragons, Annie is completely passive because she has no direct part in the exchange; her partner pays for the round and hands the ticket over, thus buying the girl's complaisance: "John Thomas paid each time, so she could but be complaisant."•7 L'Eau et les rêves,Paris: José Corti, 1974, p. 159.10In this budding affair, both of them find what they were looking for in an egocentric way; their flirtation does not imply love as hinted by the use of "liked"; it remains foreplay, as superficial as the setting, the contacts remain shallow and go no further than kisses on the lips, that "terrain de la sensualité permise" as Bachelard has it.7Their attraction for one another is genuine and uncomplicated at first: "Annie liked John Thomas a good deal. She felt so rich and warm in herself whenever he was near", "And John Thomas really liked Annie, more than usual. The soft, melting way in which she could flow into a fellow, as if she melted into his very bones, was something rare and good," (339) but that sensual convergence, which seems to announce a future harmonious development, is only momentary. John Thomas and Annie, although momentarily brought together, remain poles apart; their affair is doomed as their symbolical positions on the wooden horses makes clear. That merry-go-round (open and lit, contrary to the dragons and the cinema) is a mechanistic representation of the world and society; on it each one instinctively finds his or her place: "she sat sideways, towards him, on the inner horse", "He [...] sat astride on the outer horse" (338); they share the same circular movement ("round" comes again twice), but while Annie sits near the centre, John Thomas chooses a horse on the outer edge of the platform, to perform eccentric antics on it:Round they spun and heaved, in the light. And round he swung on his wooden steed, flinging one leg across her mount, and perilously tipping up and down, across the space, half lying back, laughing at her. (338)11Spatial position and behaviour are directly linked: Annie's quiet side-saddle riding contrasts sharply with the man's eccentricity. The girl is concerned about her appearance, ("she was afraid her hat was on one side") and John Thomas plays his part as a perfect suitor, winning hat-pins for her, thus re-enacting primitive man's gift-giving to hisfemale companion. This is only, however, superficial behaviour, for he intends to preserve his marginality. He does not want to enter the circle of a complete sentimental relationship, characterised by possession and mechanical circularity: "he had no idea of becoming an all-round individual to her". (339)•8 Cf. Lady Chatterley's Lover, op. cit., ch. XIV, p. 219.•9 Women in Love, op. cit., chapitre III, p. 46.12The lovers are not mere anecdotal characters: they are given significance by Lawrence's irony and use of onomastics. Like Annie, the inspector's function and name mark him out; he has authority over the girl conductors, he has "clean hand[s]" (337) unlike the miners, and he is neither a cripple nor a hunchback, unlike the drivers, which makes him desirable. As for his name —John Thomas Raynor—the reader's attention is attracted by the first part of it with reference to Lady Chatterley's Lover,8where the same "John Thomas" is used by Mellors to designate his penis. Fully exploited in the novel, the sexual connotation of the name is used here to suggest that the young inspector is only a regressed predecessor of the game-keeper and his natural, blooming phallus, which is confirmed by the author's spelling out that the young man is "always called John Thomas, except sometimes, in malice, Coddy" (336). The explicit nickname given to the ladykiller is a diminishing alteration of "codpiece" in order to minimize the phallic identity of the character. Yet, John Thomas wants to keep his status of object of desire and as Annie becomes more and more possessive, he shies away from further involvment in a love story; after the parallelism of the first feelings ("Annie liked John Thomas," "John Thomas really liked Annie") comes divergence: "She did not want a mere nocturnal presence," "John Thomas intended to remain a nocturnal presence" (339). The girl wants to go beyond superficial sexual gratification to reach a complete relationship reconciling the diurnal and nocturnal phases of human personality: "Annie wanted to consider him a person, a man; she wanted to take an intelligent interest in him, and to have an intelligent response." To use Lawrentian terminology, Annie is then developing her "knowing-self," i.e., her conscious ego, and by developing the latter, she causes her instinct for possession to grow: "The possessive female was aroused in Annie". That desire is similar to that of Hermione in Women in Love, as Birkin has it: "You want to clutch things and have them in your power"9and it is linked with the repetition of the name of the fair in which the norm refused by John Thomas is inscribed; "The Statutes" connotes law, regulation, code, and more precisely marriage, which remains unspoken up to the dialogue between the man, Annie, and Muriel Baggaley:“Come on, John Thomas! Come on! Choose!” said Annie.“What are you after? Open the door,” he said.“We shan't—not till you've chosen!” said Muriel.“Chosen what?” he said.“Chosen the one you're going to marry,” she replied. (342)•10 Highwayman and horsestealer, Dick Turpin was born in 1706 in Essex and was hanged in York in 1739.(...)•11 In 1913-1914, the « Cat and Mouse » Act was promulgated, enabling the release of hunger-strikers s(...)•12 Lawrence was himself aggressed by women: at sixteen, he was working at a Nottingham artificial lim(...)13In the central scene at the Statutes, Lawrence gives John Thomas enough rope to hang himself: on the horses, the inspector's mount bears the name of "Black Bess," the mare that carried Dick Turpin10 to York, where he was hanged, and in English as in French, hanging evokes marriage. On the other hand, by entering the girls' room, he unconsciously walks into the lion's mouth and becomes the conductresses' plaything ("he was their sport," 343) and their prey: in that scene, the parts of the cat and the mouse, as portrayed in a famous poster of the time11 are reversed: first "at bay", the man is compared to an animal: "He lay [...] as an animal lies when it is defeated" / "he started to struggle as an animal might." (343) Their will for revenge sets free deep forces in the girls: "Wildfire", evoking the final burst of violence, was the name of Annie's horse. The adjective "wild" is repeated five times in the short sentences used to describe the physical assault against John Thomas ("wild creatures," "in a wild frenzy of fury," "wild blows," "their hair wild," "the wild faces of the girls," 343) to stress the young women's metamorphosis and to throw a different light on the scene. In the physical assault against John Thomas, staged like a hunt, a dream scene can be read between the lines, the Freudian Other Scene, in which the girls' unconscious desire to own the man, to "hold" him12, emerges. Annie's desire has been frustrated ("she had been so very sure of holding him," 339) and changed into manifest aggressivity. What the text shows us really is an aggravated date rape: an over-confident victim willingly walking into a self-set trap, a gang of aggressors, mounting tension in the dialogues and the final breaking loose of instincts.14Blinded by conceit, John Thomas behaves boorishly, declaring: “There's no place like home, girls” (341); his personal system of references is superficial and simplistic; he is unable to understand the change in the girls' attitude, motivated by frustration and anger. Still clinging to his position as a male and an inspector, he does not perceive that despite their uniforms marking them out as guardians of order and discipline, theconductors are about to yield to instinct and give vent to their animus. The words he uses reveal his misunderstanding of the real situation, as he first tries to place his gaolers back into the context of service and reality ("“We've got to be up in good time in the morning,” he said, in the benevolent official manner," (341) before assuming his inspector's status ("“get back to your senses.” He spoke with official authority." 343). Both attempts are ineffectual because by appealing to the girls' reason, he uses a system of references ("intelligent response," 339) which he has himself refused to endorse ("He hated intelligent interest," 339). Similarly, the huntresses no longer recognize his social identity and authority, inseparable as they are from his uniform: he has taken off his coat, his cap has been slapped away and his jacket and shirt have been torn. Progressively down-graded from his rank, held to the floor, John Thomas falls silent and his half-nakedness, his forced immobility and muteness eventually change the scene into a metonymy of impotence.•13 Representing six antinomic and complementary emotions, anger, joy, desire, pain, hatred, love. The(...)•14 This is implied by the narrator's commentary: "In this subtle antagonism they knew each other(...)15Symbolically, there are five girls13besides Annie (six is a number also evoking union and revolt) who outnumber the man inspector and relish their revenge; but they dominate John Thomas by force of numbers and paradoxically it is Annie who breaks the unity of their group --thus allowing their victim to regain control, to have the last word-- by forcing him to answer the obsessive question. Having regained his status as subject, the man chooses Annie and so marks her out as his favourite enemy, as if the relationship of a man and woman in a couple could only end in struggle, as if the only fit rhyme for wife were strife.14 Thus the dialogue between Annie, John Thomas and Laura Sharp finds a justification:“tha's got to take one of us!”“Nay [...] ” he said [...] “I don't want to make enemies.”“You'd only make one,” said Annie.“The chosen one,” added Laura. (342)•15 A. Beal's judgement on Lawrence's stories perfectly suits "Tickets, Please": "As in(...)16The brutal ending of the short story is the result of the combined effects of the environment and dubious progress: the conductors reenact the mechanical violence that surrounds them; John Thomas crystallises men's social domination and by aggressing him, the young women compensate for the frustration they experience from the passive role society confinesthem to in spite of the apparent emancipation it bestows on them by giving them jobs. In its excess, their violent assault against John Thomas is similar to the tram drivers' erratic behaviour; in Lawrence's symbol system,15it has the same significance as Gudrun's reaction before Gerald Crich's mare, opposing a violent movement with a similarly violent movement.17The war emphasizes the dubious quality of the technical and social progress that the story exposes; the first world war sets the background of the three main scenes, denouncing and amplifying man's inability to find an agreement in a pacific way and to use technical progress for the benefit of mankind. The backlash or after shock of the event is to give rights to the weak which had hitherto been refused to them; for Lawrence, this social progress is dubious: instead of promoting order and harmony, it causes degeneration and regression by altering natural relationships between people. The girl conductors have been contaminated by the superficial order of social progress and the disorder it finally brings about; socially promoted by their job, Annie and her likes are only able to play their part fully while on the tram; in the general outside movement of society, men remain in control, as the scene at the Statutes shows. Because she is more proud, more possessive and also harsher than the other girls, Annie Stone inspires them to revolt against John Thomas, both the emblem and instrument of alienating progress.18By allowing the obscure, unbridled forces that characterize the outside ("Outside was the darkness and lawlessness of wartime," 340) into their well-protected, "cosy" world, the women, who have already lost their natural specificity through their uniforms and function, lose it now through violence. Changing genders is a regression underlined by Lawrence through the use of "strange" (343) and "strangely" (343) to describe the girl conductors and the glare in their eyes, and the use of "unnatural" and "supernatural" to qualify the strength they derive from their number.•16 B. Brugière, "Lecture critique d'un passage de Women in Love", Les Langues Modernes, N°2(...)•17 The desperate exclamation is repeated in Lady Chatterley's Lover, op. cit., chapitre XI, p. 162.•18 Women in Love,op. cit., chapitre XIV, p. 187.•19 Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious, Melbourne, London, Toronto: William Heinemann Ltd., 1961, p. 24(...)19In his great novels, Lawrence "vise à établir une éthique à rebours du conditionnement socio-historique"16 and in "Tickets, Please" he clings to the cultural primitivism that informs his works, showing through the story of Annie and John Thomas Raynor the authentic sadness he deeply feltas he witnessed the disfigurement of his country—England my England17—and the perverted relationships between people as a consequence of misused progress. The unbridgeable gap between the protagonists is eventually described through their walking out in the night, one at a time, imprisoned in his or her egoism and oblivious to the rest. Before this final definitive divorce, two images give a palpable reality to the opposition between men and women's aspirations, reducing them to physical phenomena of attraction and repulsion caused by an excessive temperature ("Annie let go of [John Thomas] as if he had been a hot coal," 344) or by incompatible polarities ("The girls moved away from contact with him as if he had been an electric wire." 345). Coal and electricity thus reappear in the text to remind us that for Lawrence, life is aself-regenerating movement, as natural as Gudrun's love-dance18, and opposed to the "self exhaustive motion" of a society spiritually bled dry by mechanical progress. "Tickets, Please" reads like an illustration of the criticism in Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious,in which the novelist sharply judges the outcome of progress: "the whole of modern life is a shrieking failure. It is our own fault."19.Notes1 D. H. Lawrence, The Complete Short Stories, The Phoenix Edition, London: Heinemann, 1968, 3 vols, vol 2, pp. 334-346.2Women's struggle for their rights and a real social status was at times very violent; in August and November 1913, as he visited Scotland, Asquith was twice molested by suffragettes; arson developed: letters were set alight in pillar-boxes and buildings were burnt. The same year, Mrs Pankhurst was tried after a bomb attack on the Surrey home of chancellor David Lloyd George.3In the description of Tavershall, "all went by ugly, ugly, ugly". Lady Chatterley's Lover, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1961, chapter xi, p. 158.4See the use of "impudent", 336 and 341, which echoes "hussies", p. 3355Italics mine.6J. Chevalier et A. Gheerbrant, Dictionnaire des symboles, Paris: Laffont, 1995, p. 962.7L'Eau et les rêves,Paris: José Corti, 1974, p. 159.8Cf. Lady Chatterley's Lover, op. cit., ch. XIV, p. 219.9Women in Love, op. cit., chapitre III, p. 46.10Highwayman and horsestealer, Dick Turpin was born in 1706 in Essex and was hanged in York in 1739. Cf. Chronicle of Britain, editor: Henrietta Heald, Farnborough, Hampshire: Chronicle Communications Ltd., 1992, p. 685.11In 1913-1914, the « Cat and Mouse » Act was promulgated, enabling the release of hunger-strikers so that they did not die in prison but leaving them liable to be rearrested later for the same offenses. A poster was issued, denouncing the cruelty of the Liberal government; it showed a huge Tom-cat holding in its fangs a tiny woman girt with a WSPU banner.12Lawrence was himself aggressed by women: at sixteen, he was working at a Nottingham artificial limb factory when his women fellow workers, excited by his feminine looks, physically assaulted him to check his sex. Cf. F. J. Temple, David Herbert Lawrence, Paris: Seghers, 1960, p. 37.13Representing six antinomic and complementary emotions, anger, joy, desire, pain, hatred, love. The girls' names, like Annie's (Muriel Baggaley, Nora Purdy, Laura Sharp, Polly Birkin and Emma Houselay) are not chosen at random by Lawrence. Another girl is mentioned, Cissy Meakin, but she has left the service.14This is implied by the narrator's commentary: "In this subtle antagonism they knew each other like old friends, they were as shrewd with one another almost as man and wife. p. 337.15 A. Beal's judgement on Lawrence's stories perfectly suits "Tickets, Please": "As in the novels, unconscious forces often motivate the characters." A. Beal, D. H. Lawrence, Edingurh and London: Oliver and Boyd, 1968, p. 100.16 B. Brugière, "Lecture critique d'un passage de Women in Love", Les Langues Modernes, N°2, mars-avril 1968, p. 63.17The desperate exclamation is repeated in Lady Chatterley's Lover, op. cit., chapitre XI, p. 162.18Women in Love,op. cit., chapitre XIV, p. 187.。

安全工程专业英语作业Unite SixteenThe History of Nuclear Power Plant Safety Safety has been an important consideration from the very beginning of the development of nuclear reactors. On December 2 , 1942 ,when the first atomic reactor was brought to criticality, Enrico Fermi had already made safety an important part of the experiment. In addition to a shutoff rod, other emergency procedures for shutting down the pile were prepared in advance.Fermi also considered the safety aspects of reactor operation. Shortly before the reactor was expected to reach criticality, Fermi noted the mounting tension of the crew. To make sure that the operation was carried out in a calm and considered manner, he directed that experiment be shut down and that all adjourn fou lunch. With such leadership in safety at the very beginning, it is no wonder that the operation of reactions to date has such an impressive track record.译：从核反应堆发展的初期开始，安全始终被放在一个非常重要的方面。

Unit 8 Section A Animals or children?—A scientist's choice动物还是孩子？——一位科学家的选择1 I am the enemy! I am one of those cursed, cruel physician scientists involved in animal research. These rumors sting, for I have never thought of myself as an evil person. I became a children's doctor because of my love for children and my supreme desire to keep them healthy. During medical school and residency, I saw many children die of cancer and bloodshed from injury —circumstances against which medicine has made great progress but still has a long way to go. More importantly, I also saw children healthy thanks to advances in medical science such as infant breathing support, powerful new medicines and surgical techniques and the entire field of organ transplantation. My desire to tip the scales in favor of healthy, happy children drew me to medical research.1 我就是那个敌人！我就是那些被人诅咒的、残忍的、搞动物实验的医生科学家之一。

《口译教程》重点英汉互译中国常驻联合国代表 Permanent Representative of China to the United Nations紧要关头 pivotal moment业务伙伴 business associate世界水平 world-class status顶尖的，世界一流的 state-of-the-art企业公民 corporate citizen实时信息传递（网上聊天）狂潮 the instant messaging craze好友名单 buddy list风行 pick up手机短信 cellphone text messaging资产负债表 balance sheet主导产品 leading product帝国大厦 the Empire State Building产值 output value年均增长率 average annual growth rate财富500强排名 Fortune 500 list分公司 subsidiaries垫底，排名最后 bottom end全球500强 Global 500上司公司 publicly held companies(英国大学)校长 Vice Chancellor理工学院 polytechnic主要专业 core discipline团圆饭 reunion dinner增强凝聚力 strengthen the sense of togetherness高级餐馆 smart/posh restaurant短信拜年 send new year greetings via text message秘书长 Secretary-General常务副秘书长 Deputy Secretary-General全体大会 the General Assembly Session充满时代生计 full of modern vitality名族风情 folk customs交相辉映 add radiance and charm to each other起到重要推动作用 give a major push to经营部门 operational sector受…委托进行 be vested by联系成员 associate member附属成员 affiliate member演播室 studio小巷 alleyway小街 back-streets营养学家 dietitian低热量节食 on a low-calorie diet国际烟草控制公约 international treaty on tobacco control 烟草控制框架公约 Framework Convention on Tobacco Control 控制…的蔓延 curb the rapid spread of基层 grass roots蹦极 bungee-jump希腊共和国 the Hellenic Republic致以三重敬意 pay a triple homage顶点 culmination兴奋剂 doping大街小巷 wide streets and narrow lanes古朴与现代 primitive simplicity and latest modernity厚重与活力 dignity and vigour千帆共舞 countless sails ploughing through the blue sea万鼓齐鸣 numerous drums sounding loudly绿色奥运，科技奥运，人文奥运 Green, Hi-tech and People’s Olympics 依法治国 run the country according to the law依法行政 administrate according to the law懈怠 slack off / relent人亡政息 failure of government推进政治体制改革 press ahead with political reform村民自治 self-administration in villages共产主义专制国家 communist dictatorship中右派政党 centre-right political party中共中央党校 the Central School of the Chinese Communist Party政治派别 political persuasion具有中国血统 claim Chinese ancestry选区 electorate计划生育政策 family planning policy男女性别失衡 unbalanced sex ratio / gender imbalance多元化政策 multivariate policy总生育率 total fertility rate出生性别比 sex ratio at birth / birth ratio / newborn ratio(人口素质)逆淘汰 reverse selection of population quality老年扶养比 elderly dependency ratio劳动适龄人口 working-age population做好准备做 be poised to人口替代率 replacement rate加上，外加 coupled with预期寿命 life expectancy年龄中位数 median age人口转型 demographic transition负面影响 adverse effects贫困 impoverishment使…脱贫lift…out of poverty千年发展目标 Millennium Development Goals艰苦的环境 degrading environment国家人口与计划生育委员会 National Population and Family Planning Commission职能部门 functionaries人口动态学 population dynamics人口惯性 population momentum人口金字塔 population pyramid人口普查 census人口统计学 demography控制人口增长 curb population growth卢森堡 Luxembourg塞浦路斯 Cyprus爱沙尼亚 Estonia马耳他 Malta斯洛伐克 Slovakia经济总量 total volume of the economy文莱 Brunei缅甸 Myanmar / Burma对话伙伴 dialogue partners运转情况良好 on a sound track自由贸易区 Free Trade Bloc和平共处五项原则 Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence互相尊重主权和领土完整 mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity互不侵犯 mutual non-aggression互不干涉内政 non-interference in each other’s internal affairs平等互利 equality and mutual benefit和平共处 peaceful coexistence外交为民 do the diplomatic work for the people办实事 do practical things全国人大委员长 Chairman of the NPC政协主席 Chairman of the CPPCC国家元首 head of state政府首脑 head of government议会外交 inter-parliamentary diplomatic activities军队外交 military-to-military diplomatic activities全国妇联All China Women’s Federation全国总工会 All China Federation of Trade Unions友好城市关系 twin-city relations驻外外交机构 diplomatic missions abroad“感动中国十大人物” the top 10 most inspirational figures for China “中国威胁论” China threat theory国防开支 national defense expenditure联合国安理会 the UN Security Council常任理事国 permanent member of the Security Council维护和平的坚定力量 a staunch force for peace倾销 dumping反倾销协议 Anti-Dumping Agreement对…加收进口关税 charge extra import duty on消除对…的损害remove the injury to…外向型经济 export-oriented economy贸易争端/摩擦 trade dispute / friction劳动密集型产业 labour-intensive industry夕阳产业 sunset industry国际货币组织 IMF (International Monetary Fund)关税总协定 GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)依据规则、成员驱动的组织 rules-based member-driven organization 多边贸易机制 multi-lateral trading system集团 bloc专家组 panel of experts上诉报告 appeal report反补贴措施 countervailing measures消除贸易壁垒 eliminate trade barriers小康社会 a moderately prosperous society使生活更加殷实 upgrade the texture of life合作共赢 cooperation with win-win results知识产权保护 protection of intellectual property rights高端产品 top of the range完全地、彻底地 from the ground up3频手机 tri-gain phone兼容 compatible高增益天线 high-gain aerial盲点 blind spot最佳音质 optimum sound quality无线耳机 wireless headset数据处理能力 data capability使同步，连接 synchronize便携式电子设备 PDA (Portable Digital Assistant)可换外套 interchangeable casings可自编曲的多音色铃声 composable, multi-timbral ringtones 纳米技术 nano technology显示屏 display域名 domain name经销商 retailer增值服务 value-added service斯里兰卡 Sri Lanka突发灾难 unexpected disaster援助 disaster relief aid痛定思痛 reflect upon the disaster罪魁祸首 primary cause珊瑚礁 coral reef红树林 mangrove养虾 farm prawns预警机制 preventive and warning mechanisms班门弄斧,多此一举 bring coals to Newcastle海底拖网捕捞 bottom trawling机动化 motorization试探极限 test (the limits) to breaking point个人和政府的共同努力 take both personal and political will (美、加、澳、新)植树节 Arbor Day世界气象日 World Meteorological Day国际生物多样性日 International Biological Diversity Day三农问题 the issues of agriculture, rural areas and farmers两难境地 a Catch-22 situation振兴东北老工业基地 revitalization of the old industrial bases in northeast China商务部 Ministry of Commerce国有企业改组改造 reform and restructuring of state-owned enterprises卖点 selling-point优势互补 complementary advantages国有(经济)成分 public sector私有(经济)成分 private sector发生率 incidence普遍存在的不平等问题 prevailing inequalities起作用的,有帮助的 instrumental人力资源开发 HRD差距 disparity亚洲开发银行 ADB (Asian Development Bank)吸收能力 absorptive capacity海关总署 General Administration of Customs加工贸易 processing trade增长势头 growth momentum场地使用权 the right to use the site资产评估公司 assets evaluation company董事会 Board of Directors传播,扩散 proliferation病原体 pathogens强制性的 mandatory产品召回 product recall合同外资 contractual foreign investment研发中心 research and development centre (R & D centre)配套产业 supporting industries廉洁、勤政、务实、高效的政府 a clean, industrious, pragmatic and efficient government乱收费、乱检查、乱摊派、乱罚款 arbitrarily imposed fees, inspections, contributions and fines侵权盗版 infringement on intellectual property rights and copyright piracy白鹭 egret中国最温馨城市 the most congenial city in China支柱产业 pillar industry / fundamental sector建筑密度 construction density官僚作风 officialdom走后门、幕后操作 pull strings专有技术 know-how电解液 electrolyte钢筋混凝土 steel reinforcement in concrete阳极 anode阴极 cathode最佳成本效益 cost-effectiveness杠杆作用 leverage对抗性地 defiantly嘻哈乐 hip-hop霹雳舞 break-dance边缘化 marginalization使突然上升,弹弓 catapult贫困 destitution停电 power outage抢劫 loot类似物 analogue合并,趋同 convergence快速存储芯片 fast memory chips摄像机 camcorder图像传输 video-messaging高清电视high-definition television (HDTV)键盘界面 keypad interface高端产品 premium products翻盖式 clamshell全球移动通讯系统 GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) 专属软件 proprietary software补偿贸易 compensation trade羊绒制品 cashmere products滚动式发展 snowballing development配额 trade quota资本运作 capital operation碳酸钙 calcium carbonate珊瑚虫 coral polyps光电技术 photo-electricity technology再生能源 renewable energy实体法 substantial law程序法 procedural law行政法 administrative law判例 precedent英美法系,普通法系 common law system大陆法系 continental law system法律条文 statute(汽车)右前部 off-side front挡泥板 wing报废(的车) write-off裁定 decree手段,工具 instrumentality神谕,预言 oracle法学,法理学 jurisprudence细想,详述 dwell upon本末倒置 get the cart before the horse法典 corpus诺贝尔经济学奖获得者 Nobel economics laureate 货币机制 currency regime不良贷款,坏账 bad loans人民币自由兑换 RMB convertibility对冲基金 hedge fund营业额,成交额 turnover外汇交易 forex=foreign exchange技术性壁垒 technical barriers跨国经营和国际化生产 transnational business operation and internationalized production能力建设 capacity build-up质量监督检验检疫 quality supervision, inspection, and quarantine洗钱 money laundering证券经营机构 securities institutions融资 raise funds贸易赤字 trade deficit(绝对)数字上 numerically(电脑)操作系统 operating system反病毒软件 anti-virus software避难处 safe haven漏洞 vulnerability安全意识高的用户 security-savvy users补丁 patch缺陷 glitch深空探测 deep-space exploration氦 helium核聚变燃料 nuclear fusion fuel航天技术 aerospace technology占有一席之地 have a niche / to become a player胚胎干细胞embryonic stem-cell巨大的 hefty许多 a raft of使卵受精 fertilize eggs法律强质执行的准则 legally enforceable guidelines陷入争议 be mired in controversy工作表现评估表 performance evaluation sheet疏忽,粗心 remiss开辟新天地的,创业的ground-breaking超流体 superfluid偶像人物 an iconic figure新手 fledgling有眼力的 visionary对外经贸大学 the University of International Business and Economics 独联体 the Commonwealth of Independent nations呈现出良好发展势头 take on a good momentum of development长期的 prolonged单调 monotony试用的 probationary紫荆花 bauhinia校友 alumni与…接轨 integrate into开诚布公 candid about应对挑战 address the challenge婆罗门教 Brahmanism兼收并蓄 mutual accommodation多边合作机制 multilateral cooperation network垄断 monopolize拆分 breakup许可条款 licensing provision诉讼 litigation推广,传播 dissemination共享资源 pooling of resources贺辞 a congratulatory letter受…委托 be entrusted by取长补短 draw upon each other’s strengths市场容量 market capacity技术含量高 high technical content止跌回稳 end downward trend and become stabilized成长性好 good potential for growth畅所欲言 free to air opinions求同存异 seeking common ground while shelving differences 针灸 acupuncture铸铁 iron casting迟到的感谢 a belated thank-you锯末 sawdust折叠床 folding cot利用 harness二十四节气立春 the Beginning of Spring 雨水 Rain Water惊蛰 the Waking of Insects 春分 the Spring Equinox清明 Pure Brightness谷雨 Grain Rain立夏 Beginning of Summer小满 Grain Full芒种 Grain in Ear夏至 the Summer Solstice小暑 Slight Heat大暑 Great Heat立秋 the Beginning of Autumn 处暑 the Limit of Heat白露 White Dew秋分 the Autumn Equinox寒露 Cold dew霜降Frost’s Descent立冬 the Beginning of Winter小雪 Slight Snow大雪 Great Snow冬至 the Winter Solstice小寒 Slight Cold大寒 Great Cold中国各类学历英译《中华人民共和国学位条例》Regulations Concerning Academic Degrees in the PRC结业证书 Certification of Completion毕业证书 Certification of Graduation师范学校 normal school upper secondary level师范专科学校 normal specialized postsecondary college师范大学 normal / teachers’ university公证书 Notarial Certificate / Certificate of Notary Public专科学院 postsecondary specialized college广播电视大学 radio and television university中等专科学校 secondary specialized school自学考试 self-study examination技工学校 training college业余大学 spare-time university职工大学 staff and workers university职业大学 vocational university包含“China”, “Chinese”易望文生义的词组：Chinese aster 翠菊China clay 瓷土，高岭土China grass 苎麻China rose 月季Chinese cabbage 大白菜Chinese copy 与原物一模一样的复制品Chinese unicorn 麒麟Chinese ink 墨Chinese lantern 灯笼Chinese puzzle 复杂难懂之事物Chinese wall 难以逾越的屏障，严重障碍Chinese red 大红色Chinese white 锌白Chinese wood oil 桐油体育报道形容用语傲视全联盟 top the entire league出类拔萃，鼎中龙虎 the cream of the crop / the best of the bunch 独领风骚top in one’s field飞毛腿 a track star奉为圭臬 looked up to as a standard冠绝群雄 top of the heap行情暴涨 now a hot commodity / now much more in demand豪杰 those endowed with extraordinary talent后生 up-and-coming / up-comer领头羊 take the lead榜首 the top spot名列前茅 in the top percentile难缠人物 a force to be reckoned with首发阵容 first team一鸣惊人catapult … into fame overnight / an overnight success歇后语翻译八仙过海----各显神通 (Like) the Eight Immortals crossing the sea ——each showing his or her special prowess.黄鼠狼给鸡拜年----不怀好意 A weasel wishing Happy New Year to the chicken —— harbouring no good intention.兔子尾巴----长不了 The tail of a rabbit ——can not be long / won’t last long.瞎子点灯----白费蜡 It is as useless as a blind man lightening a candle.芝麻开花----节节高 Sesames stalk putting forth flowers notch by botch, higher and higher —— rising / blooming steadily.“审判”英译审判由人民法院负责The people’s court is responsible for adjudication.审判对象 object of adjudication国家审判机关 state adjudication organ审判权 judicial power审判人员 judicial personnel审判委员会 judicial committee审判程序 court proceedings / trial procedure审判监督程序 procedure for trial supervision审判独立 independence of trial and decision缺席审判 judgment / trial by default审判案件 try a case / trial of cases开庭审判 open the court session for trial公开审判 open trial / be heard in public与刑事案件一并审判 be heard together with the criminal case旁听审讯 be present at the hearing审判不公 failure of justice审判所在国 state of forum审判费用 juridical expenses诉讼费用 litigation costs中国特色形象描述词半拉子工程 uncompleted project“豆腐渣”工程 jerry-built project放心肉 quality-assured meat胡子工程 long-drawn-out construction project (a project which takes so long that young workers grow beard by the time it is finished)紧箍咒 restraining measures开小灶 give special favour老油条 wily old bird龙头 flagship (enterprise)扣帽子 put a label on领头羊 bellwether磨洋工 dawdle / amble along拳头产品 knock-out product / blockbuster踢皮球/打太极 pass the buck筒子楼 tube-shaped apartment宰人 rip someone off政府搭台，部门推动，企业唱戏 government sets the stage, department direct the show and business puts on the performance抓大放小 focus on restructuring major enterprises while leaving minor ones to take care of themselves / while giving a free hand to small ones抓两头，带中间 sustain the advanced and help the backward so as to encourage the vast majority in the middle to progress / grasp the two ends and bring along the middle。

Effects of the Erosion and Transport of FineParticles due to Seepage FlowDonatella Sterpi 1Abstract:The gradual erosion and transport of fine particles are among the possible consequences to the subsoil of a severe seepage flow,such as the seepage induced by the artificial lowering of the water table by means of pumping wells.The erosion,in turn,could induce local effects,in terms of reductions in the soil volume and variations in the soil mechanical characteristics,that could be non-negligible when working in an urban area.In this paper,some laboratory tests are presented aimed at investigating the erosion of fine particles from soil samples subjected to a controlled seepage flow.The phenomenon of erosion and transport is then modeled by combining,in a single governing equation,the conservation of mass of moving particles with a suitable law of erosion,which is calibrated on the basis of the seepage tests.This equation,coupled with the equation governing the seepage problem,permits one to evaluate the quantity of particles eroded and transported from the soil mass.The effects of the loss of fine material on the stress–strain distribution within the soil mass are estimated by a finite-element analysis.The proposed model is then adopted for the evaluation of the surface settlements induced by the water pumping from a drainage trench.DOI:10.1061/͑ASCE ͒1532-3641͑2003͒3:1͑111͒CE Database subject headings:Erosion;Particles;Seepage;Silty soil;Sand;Drainage.IntroductionIn the urban area of Milano ͑northern Italy ͒,a progressive rising of the groundwater table has taken place in the last decades,due to the gradual moving of the relevant industrial plants from the surrounding area and the consequent reduction in water demand from the underlying aquifers.The water table rising is currently causing serious problems of water inflow within the oldest deep underground structures,such as parking lots and subway tunnels,which were designed,at the time of a low water table level,without a proper waterproof lin-ing.Moreover,the general increase of the pore pressure,and the consequent reduction of the effective stress distribution,might lead to differential settlements of the foundations of major build-ings.Among the solutions currently under investigation,as a pos-sible temporary provision,is the local lowering of the water table by means of pumping wells located in the vicinity of the damaged underground structures.The characteristics of the soil ͑mainly consisting of silty sand and gravel ͒and the need to maintain high values of well discharge to attain a constant and sufficiently low level of the water table have drawn attention to the possible ero-sion of fine particles.As a consequence,the erosion could lead to a local decrease in volume due to the gradual loss of fine material and to the possible rearrangement of the coarser fraction of soil.In addition,the mechanical characteristics of the soil may be af-fected by the reduction of the fine fraction and by possible changes of the void ratio.These consequences could be of rel-evance especially when working in an urban area,where they might cause settlements of the foundations of buildings located near the wells.In literature,the term ‘‘erosion’’customarily indicates the de-tachment of a particle from the soil structure,under the mechani-cal or chemical action of a fluid flow,in the form of surface flow ͑surface erosion ͒or internal seepage ͑internal erosion ͒.In the lat-ter case,the mechanism of macroscopic migration of the detached particle is referred to as particle transport or suffosion ͑Kovacs 1981;Brauns et al.1993͒.The progressive erosion and transport along a flow path may lead to the phenomenon of piping,that is the formation of a large flow channel.Redeposition of a particle occurs due to the presence of a pore constriction along the flow path,that is a pore having a diameter smaller than the particle diameter,or due to the gradual formation of ‘‘bridges’’among particles.The progressive redeposition of particles can prevent piping by plugging the flow channel.In literature,the problem of erosion is mainly dealt with in the study of the stability of dams,embankments,and wellbores,in both aspects of surface and internal erosion ͑e.g.,Vaughan and Soares 1982;Sherard et al.1984a;Stavropoulou et al.1998͒.Dif-ferent,less common,cases can be found where the problem of progressive erosion is reported which leads to differential settle-ments due to the formation of large voids localized underneath the structures ͑Hayashi and Shahu 2000͒.The internal erosion has been initially investigated with refer-ence to the proper design of dam filters fulfilling the two require-ments of preventing soil erosion and piping and allowing for water seepage.Based on experimental investigations ͑e.g.,Sher-ard et al.1984b;Kenney et al.1985͒,specific filter stability cri-teria ensuring both requirements have been suggested which pre-scribe particular conditions on the characteristic diameters of soil and filter grain size distributions ͑Karpoff 1955;Fischer and Holtz 1996͒.1Assistant Professor,Dept.of Structural Engineering,Politecnico di Milano,P.Leonardo da Vinci 32,20133Milano,Italy.E-mail:sterpi@stru.polimi.itNote.Discussion open until February 1,2004.Separate discussions must be submitted for individual papers.To extend the closing date by one month,a written request must be filed with the ASCE Managing Editor.The manuscript for this paper was submitted for review and pos-sible publication on April 27,2001;approved on May 9,2002.This paper is part of the International Journal of Geomechanics ,V ol.3,No.1,September 1,2003.©ASCE,ISSN 1532-3641/2003/1-111–122/$18.00.D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i b r a r y .o r g b y C h i n a U n i v e r s i t y o f G e o s c i e n c e s o n 11/17/14. C o p y r i g h t A S CE .F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ; a l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .Together with these geometric characteristics,the influence of other factors on the erosion and transport of particles has been tested as well,such as the hydraulic conditions ͑fluid velocity and flow direction with respect to the soil–filter interface ͒,the con-fining pressure,the concentration of moving particles,and the possible chemical reactions ͑Hadj-Hamou et al.1990;Reddi et al.2000;Tomlinson and Vaid 2000͒.Besides this experimental research,some attempts have been made to model the phenomenon of particle erosion and transport in a porous medium on the basis of analytical and numerical approaches ͑Silveira 1965;Wittman 1979;Koenders and Will-iams 1992;den Adel et al.1994;Stavropoulou et al.1998͒.The particle detachment can be evaluated on the basis of a limit condition between disturbing forces and frictional/cohesive forces that would prevent the movement ͑Indraratna and Vafai 1997͒.If the soil microstructure is seen as a three-dimensional net of channels representing the interconnected voids,along a flow channel,the particle migration is allowed depending either on the probability of meeting a constriction ͑possible pore clogging ͒or on the concentration of moving particles ͑possible flow channel plugging ͒͑Khilar et al.1985;Atmatzidis 1998͒.For the evalua-tion of these situations,geometric conditions should be consid-ered,similar to those involved in the stability criteria for filter design.When the particle migration is possible,flow equations for solid/fluid mixtures can be applied,in which the mass and momentum balance equations play the major role.In this paper,the problem of erosion and transport of fine particles is addressed with the intent of possible evaluation,based on a numerical modeling,of the induced soil deformations and surface settlements.Toward this purpose,a preliminary laboratory investigation was carried out on samples of silty sand subjected to the flow of water under controlled hydraulic gradients.During these tests,the quantity of eroded particles was measured at dif-ferent time intervals.The experimental program also included a series of triaxial compression tests carried out on reconstituted samples,having different values of relative density and of fine particle content.The program aimed to evaluate the effects of erosion on the deformability and shear strength of the tested soil.The seepage tests provided the experimental basis of a law governing the phenomenon of particle erosion from an element of soil.In particular,this law expresses the variation of the quantity of removed particles with time and hydraulic gradient.The law of erosion,associated with the condition of mass con-servation for the particles moving within the soil element,leads to an equation governing the problem at hand.This equation has been implemented in the finite-element analysis of the process of groundwater pumping from a vertical well.The calculations per-mit one to estimate the development of the surface settlements during time caused by the erosion and transport processes.On these bases,some conclusions are drawn about the potential use of the numerical approach for the analysis of actual field prob-lems.In the following,specific reference will be made to the frame-work outlined by Kenney and Lau ͑1985,1986͒and related defi-nitions.In particular,in their papers,they configure the soil as constituted by a ‘‘primary fabric’’of fixed particles and an en-semble of loose particles,that can be moved by forces such as those produced by water flow,within the pore network of the primary fabric.The potential transport distance is greater for smaller particles than for larger ones,and it depends on the con-striction sizes of the primary fabric pores and on the possible pore clogging due to trapped small particles.The soil has a ‘‘stable grading’’if its structure is such that the loss of small particles isprevented.In the conclusion,Kenney and Lau suggest a method for predicting the material response based on the analysis of the so-called ‘‘shape curve’’of the material grading ͑Fig.1͒.This curve is drawn by plotting,for each value of grain size D ,the percentage of mass having grain sizes between D and 4D versus the percentage of mass having a grain size smaller than D .A shape curve lying below the suggested boundary line indicates unstable grading.According to this approach,the soil used in the laboratory tests described in the next section has unstable grading ͑solid line in Fig.1͒and,therefore,could be subjected to erosion.Laboratory Tests on Fine Particle ErosionThe soil recovered from borings in the urban area of Milano ͑Italy ͒mainly consisted of well graded compacted sand and gravel (C U ϭ38.4,G S ϭ2.72),with a non-negligible percentage of fines ͑dashed line in Fig.2͒.The soil passing through the standard ASTM 200sieve (D ϭ0.074mm),in the followingre-Fig.1.Shape curve of the soil grain size distribution and boundary between stable and unstable gradings ͑after Kenney and Lau 1985,1986͒Fig.2.Grain size distribution for the original soil ͑dashed line ͒and for the soil used in the laboratory tests ͑solid line ͒D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i b r a r y .o r g b y C h i n a U n i v e r s i t y o f G e o s c i e n c e s o n 11/17/14. C o p y r i g h t A S CE .F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ; a l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .ferred to as ‘‘fine’’material,reached 20%by weight.A relatively high hydraulic conductivity was estimated from in situ well pumping tests ͑average k ϭ10Ϫ4m/s).For the laboratory tests,only the material passing through ASTM 10sieve (D ϭ2mm)was considered,due to the relatively small size of the samples.After the gravel component is sifted out,the soil has fines content ␮0equal to 23%by weight ͑solid line in Fig.2͒.Maximum and minimum values of void ratio were determined,respectively,by dry pluviation (e max ϭ0.94)and by standard Proctor compaction tests (e min ϭ0.33).To investigate the process of internal erosion of soils,various experimental studies have been proposed in literature that are mainly based on the application of a seepage flow through the soil sample,under a controlled hydraulic gradient,and on the mea-surement of the amount of removed particles ͑e.g.,Kenney and Lau 1985;Hadj-Hamou et al.1990͒.The laboratory tests pre-sented here were based on a similar setup ͑Fig.3͒.The 14cm high samples were reconstituted by the moist tamp-ing procedure ͑Ladd 1978͒.The quantity of moist soil ensuring an assigned relative density is tamped in seven layers into a mem-brane held by a vacuum against a cylindrical mold 7cm in diam-eter.An initial density of 70%was achieved,corresponding to a void ratio e 0of 0.51.The upward seepage flow is induced by the assigned value of the hydraulic head,which depends on the difference in elevation between the upper reservoir and the overflow valve ͑Fig.3͒.The upward direction of the flow was preferred to the downward di-rection due to the tendency,observed in the preliminary tests,of the fine particles transported by a downward flow to clog the available filtering layer,interposed between the base and the sample itself.A manometer is connected to the base of the sample to mea-sure the inflow pressure.This allows for the direct evaluation of the hydraulic gradient,thus avoiding possible errors due to hy-draulic head losses taking place at the nozzles or within the inlet tube.A porous stone ensures a uniform flow at the sample base,whereas no filter is placed on the sample head,since it could hinder the removal of particles.The mould is subjected to slight vibrations to prevent the formation of preferential seepage chan-nels.A gentle flow of air is applied at the top of the sample,through a thin tube,to avoid the redeposition of the washed par-ticles on the sample head.A standard ASTM 200sieve is placed above the lower reser-voir,which collects the water outflow,to separate the fine par-ticles from coarser grains possibly eroded from the soil primary fabric.The amount of coarser grains collected in the sieve was negligible in any case,even for the highest applied gradients.The lower reservoir is removed and replaced at constant time intervals and the quantity of water is measured.This enables one to evaluate the changes of the soil hydraulic conductivity during the test.The weight of the eroded particles is also measured,after sedimentation and oven drying.The results of five tests,carried out with various hydraulic gradients,are shown in the diagrams of Fig.4.They report the increase of the percentage by weight ␮e of eroded fine particles with time,for constant hydraulic gradient ͓Fig.4͑a ͔͒,and with hydraulic gradient,for constant elapsed time of seepage ͓Fig.4͑b ͔͒.The lines in Fig.4represent the interpretation of the ex-perimental data through the law that will be discussed in the next section.The erosion appeared to be rather uniformly distributed within the sample and macroscopic local effects such as preferential flow channels or piping were not noticed.The coefficient of permeabil-ity did not change substantially during the tests.Only for the case with a gradient equal to 0.39was a sudden increase of water outflow observed 5h after the beginning of the seepage flow,which indicates an appreciable increase of hydraulic conductivity.The erosion process produces a variation of the soil micro-structure and,hence,a possible change of the soil volume or porosity.With respect to this,three alternative hypotheses seem possible on the basis of the relative variations of solid volume V S and void volume V V induced by the erosion,after the solid vol-ume ⌬V S is removed ͑Fig.5͒.It can be noted that the percentage by volume of eroded par-ticles equals the percentage by weight ␮e if the same value of the grain unit weight can be assumed for the fine removable material and for the grains forming the primary fabric.In this case,the variation of the void ratio and the induced volume strains can be easily worked out as functions of the percentage ␮e ,from the conditions assumed in the three hypotheses:1.The loss of eroded soil increases the volume of voids with-out a new arrangement of the primary fabric of the soil ͓Fig.5͑a ͔͒;in this case,there is the largest increase of the void ratio but the erosion is not associated with volume strains.From the condition of constant total volume (V S ϩV V ),the following relations are arrived at,for the void ratio e and the volume strain ␧ve ͑␮e ͒ϭe 0ϩ␮e1Ϫ␮e (1a )␧v ϭ0(1b )An upper limit to the void ratio exists,established by the loosest state that the primary fabric couldreach.Fig.3.Experimental setup for seepage testsD o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i b r a r y .o r g b y C h i n a U n i v e r s i t y o f G e o s c i e n c e s o n 11/17/14. C o p y r i g h t A S CE .F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ; a l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .2.No changes occur in the volume of voids (V V is constant ͒and the total volume reduction is due only to a loss of solid material ͓Fig.5͑b ͔͒;this causes limited volume strains and a limited increase of void ratio,according to the relationse ͑␮e ͒ϭe 0e (2a )␧v ͑␮e ͒ϭ␮ee 0ϩ1(2b )3.The total volume reduction is due to the loss of solid mate-rial and to an induced compaction of voids ͓loss of voids indicated as ⌬V V in Fig.5͑c ͔͒,thus leading to the largest volume strains and to minor variations of the void ratio.An additional hypothesis is necessary in this case to work outthe proper relations.For instance,a zero variation of the void ratio can be assumed,that leads to the condition on the void volume variation⌬V V ϭe 0⌬V S(3)and to the relationse ϭe 0(4a )␧v ͑␮e ͒ϭ␮e (4b )The compaction of voids induced by the erosion process could even lead to a further reduction of the void ratio with respect to the initial value e 0.The lowest limit to the void ratio is obviously established by the greatest compaction that the primary fabric could permit.For the soil under consideration,Fig.6shows the curves as-sociated with the aforementioned relationships,i.e.,the variation of void ratio with respect to the initial value e 0ϭ0.51͑solid lines ͒and the volume strains ͑dashed lines ͒,with increasing percentage ␮e of eroded fine particles.Further analyses could be made about the variations of relative density induced by the erosion.In this case,it should be consid-ered that the relative density depends,by definition,on the mini-mum and maximum values of the void ratio for the material at hand,and that these values,in turn,depend on the finescontentFig.4.Variations of the percentage by weight of eroded fine par-ticles with time ͑a ͒and with hydraulic gradient ͑b ͒,from laboratory tests ͑dots ͒and from their analytical interpretation ͑solid lines͒Fig.5.Possible variations of void volume V V and solid volume V S induced by the erosion process,according to three different cases 1͑a ͒,2͑b ͒,and 3͑c ͒.Fig.6.Possible variations of void ratio ͑solid line ͒and volume strain ͑dashed line ͒with the percentage of eroded fine particles,according to the three cases a,b,and c of Fig.5D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i b r a r y .o r g b y C h i n a U n i v e r s i t y o f G e o s c i e n c e s o n 11/17/14. C o p y r i g h t A S CE .F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ; a l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .͑Lade et al.1998;Salgado et al.2000͒.Therefore,a preliminary evaluation of e min (␮e )and e max (␮e )is required in order to work out the relationshipD r ͑␮e ͒ϭe max ͑␮e ͒Ϫe ͑␮e ͒e max ͑␮e ͒Ϫe min ͑␮e ͒(5)Fig.7reports the same void ratio variations of Fig.6in compari-son with the variations of minimum and maximum values of e ,experimentally evaluated on samples of the soil under consider-ation,prepared with various fines contents.The dashed lines of Fig.7represent lines at constant relative densities equal to 30%,50%,and 70%.As expected,together with a possible volume contraction,the erosion process can induce a relevant variation in the soil density ͑see cases a and c in their opposite tendencies to produce a looser and a denser soil respectively,while case b tends to keep a fairly constant relative density ͒.At these low values of fines content,less than 25–30%,the mechanical behavior of the silty sand is expected to be dominated by the mechanical behavior of the granular component ͑Lade and Yamamuro 1997;Thevanayagam and Mohan 2000͒.However,even minor changes in the fines content or in the soil density could lead to variations of stiffness and shear strength that might be quantitatively relevant.In order to investigate these variations,a series of drained triaxial compression tests has been carried out on samples pre-pared without fines content and with a fines content equal to half the original one ͑Peruzzi 1999͒.In both cases,the samples were compacted to relative densities of 30and 70%,representing,for the soil after full or partial erosion,conditions close to those predicted by the described assumptions ͑see dots in Fig.7͒.The results were compared with those obtained from drained triaxial tests carried out on samples of the original soil,prepared at a relative density of 70%,that represents the condition before ero-sion occurs.Figs.8͑a and b ͒show the variations of deviatoricstress and volumetric strains with increasing axial strain,for the compression tests carried out with confining effective pressure of 200kPa.Table 1reports the deformability and shear strength param-eters estimated from the laboratory tests.For Young’s moduli E ,the unloading paths have been considered.The results indicate that the partial or total removal of the fine particles produces,in general,an increase of stiffness and shear strength,for both cases of constant ͑70%͒and reduced ͑30%͒relative densities.Only one case is reported of negligible variation of stiffness and slight loss of shear resistance,that is the case of partial erosion (␮e ϭ0.1)associated with a reduction of relative density (D r ϭ30%).parison between the void ratio variations of Fig.6and the minimum and maximum void ratio variations,with increasing percentage of eroded fine particles.The dashed lines represent lines at constant relative densities,the dots represent the initial conditions of samples tested in triaxialcompressionFig.8.Deviatoric stresses and volumetric strains versus axial strain,from triaxial compression tests on dense ͑a ͒and loose ͑b ͒samplesD o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i b r a r y .o r g b y C h i n a U n i v e r s i t y o f G e o s c i e n c e s o n 11/17/14. C o p y r i g h t A S CE .F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ; a l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .In addition,other relevant differences among the various tests can be observed that are related to the ductility of the material response and to the dilatant/contractive behavior.In particular,the total loss of fines (␮e ϭ0.2)leads to brittleness and dilatancy,especially marked when the erosion occurs without variation of relative density (D r ϭ70%).Further investigation on these im-portant issues is currently ongoing.Model for Erosion and Transport of Fine Particles Based on the results of the seepage tests,an empirical law has been derived that describes the process of erosion from the unit volume of soil.The considerable length of the flow path within the sample,compared with the mean grain size,permits one to consider the phenomena of redeposition and pore clogging as already accounted for in the evaluation of the amount of eroded particles from the seepage tests ͑Khilar et al.1985;Reddi et al.2000͒.In this way,erosion is meant as the effective detachment and transport of the particle.A more rigorous approach would require the separate analyses of the particle detachment ͑erosion ͒and particle migration ͑transport ͒.For interpreting the laboratory tests,the following relationship is proposed here between the percentage by weight of eroded fine particles ␮e ,the hydraulic gradient i ,and time t ,expressed in hours␮e ϭ␮0ͫ1Ϫexp ͩϪͩtt 0ͪb•i c aͪͬ(6)Here,␮0ϭinitial fines content by weight,t 0ϭ1h,and a ,b ,and c ϭnondimensional parameters.These parameters have been backcalculated by minimizing the following function E (a ,b ,c ),that represents a measure of the discrepancy between numerical (␮e )and experimental (␮e Ј)results,the former given by Eq.͑6͒E ͑a ,b ,c ͒ϭ͚k͓␮e k͑i ,t ͒Ϫ␮e kЈ͔2(7)The ‘‘optimal’’solution for the examined samples (a ϭ4.02,b ϭ0.5,and c ϭ2.64)led to the lines shown in Figs.4͑a and b ͒.It has to be pointed out that Eq.͑6͒has two main conse-quences.The first one is that erosion occurs for any nonvanishing value of the hydraulic gradient,i.e.,no lower limit exists below which the process is absent.In a well graded soil,with fine com-ponent in the range of silts,this assumption seems reasonable in view of the fact that even a very low hydraulic gradient could produce erosion of the finest particles.A different behavior might be expected in rather uniform coarse soils,for which a threshold on the hydraulic gradients responsible for erosion can be found ͑Tomlinson and Vaid 2000͒.The second consequence is that,if sufficient time is allowed,there is full erosion,i.e.,the erosion process will completely re-move the fine particles (␮e →␮0when t →ϱ).However,this sec-ond drawback should not be crucial,especially for the engineer-ing problem here considered.In fact,the theoretical time necessary to complete the erosion becomes exceedingly large when the gradient value is within the range met in practical ap-plications.This can be shown,for instance,by plotting the elapsed time t 95,necessary to remove 95%of fine particles ver-sus the hydraulic gradient i ͑Fig.9͒.If microscopic mechanisms,such as redeposition and clog-ging,have already been accounted for,by evaluating ␮e from the seepage tests,the transport phenomenon can be related solely to the water flow velocity and direction ͑den Adel et al.1994;In-draratna and Vafai 1997͒.In the continuous domain of a porous soil subjected to seepage flow,let ␳and ␳f indicate,respectively,the mass density of fine particles and the mass density of nonmoving fine particles in the unit volume of soil.These quantities are functions of the position x គ,with reference to a Cartesian three-dimensional coordinate sys-tem,and of time t .Let vector v គ(x គ,t )represent the velocity of the water flow.In the unit volume of soil,the conservation of mass of fine particles ␳can be written asץ␳͑x គ,t ͒ץtϭϪdiv ͕vគ͑x គ,t ͒•͓␳Ϫ␳f ͔͑x គ,t ͖͒(8)The left-hand side term in Eq.͑8͒represents the rate ofaccumu-Fig.9.Time span required for the erosion of 95%of fine particles versus hydraulic gradient,according to Eq.͑6͒with optimum values of parameters a ϭ4.02,b ϭ0.5,c ϭ2.64Table 1.Deformability and Shear Strength Parameters Obtained from Triaxial Compression Tests on the Soil at Hand,at the Initial Condition,and after Partial and Full ErosionCondition Percentage ␮e of eroded finesRelative densityD r ͑%͒Young’s modulusE ͑MPa ͒Poisson coefficient␯Friction angle ͑°͒͑residual–peak ͒Initial07096.760.1332.6Partial erosion Х0.170145.120.2733.2Partial erosion Х0.13096.50.1330.6Full erosion Х0.270172.580.3135.5–41.5Full erosionХ0.230162.20.2534.4–36.9D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i b r a r y .o r g b y C h i n a U n i v e r s i t y o f G e o s c i e n c e s o n 11/17/14. C o p y r i g h t A S CE .F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ; a l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .lation of the mass of fine particles,while the right-hand side term is the balance between inflow and outflow masses of moving particles ͓␳Ϫ␳f ͔.The percentage of nonmoving fine particles ␮f can be defined as the difference between the initial value ␮0and the value ␮e of eroded particles␮f ͑x គ,t ͒ϭ␮0͑x គ͒Ϫ␮e ͑x គ,t ͒(9)On the basis of the law of erosion ͑6͒,the following expressionfor ␮f is arrived at:␮f ͑x គ,t ͒ϭ␮0͑x គ͒exp ͫϪͩtt 0ͪb•͉i គ͉͑x គ,t ͒c aͬ(10)where parameters a ,b ,c are supposed to be known from a back analysis of experimental data.Note that,in this generic three-dimensional case,the scalar variable ͉i គ͉represents a suitable mea-sure of the hydraulic gradient in the position x គat time t ,equal to the norm of vector i គ(x គ,t ).͉i គ͉ϭͱi គT •iគ(11)Since the percentages by weight ␮equal the percentages by mass,the relationship ͑10͒holds also for the density ␳f and the initial value of density of fine particles ␳0␳f ͑x គ,t ͒ϭ␳0͑x គ͒exp ͫϪͩtt 0ͪb•͉i គ͉͑x គ,t ͒caͬ(12)Introducing Darcy’s law,that readsvគ͑x គ,t ͒ϭϪk គ͑x គ,t ͒•i គ͑x គ,t ͒(13)the density ␳f of Eq.͑12͒can be expressed as a function of the water velocity v គ(x គ,t )and of the soil hydraulic conductivity k គ(x គ,t ).The general form ͑13͒of Darcy’s law includes the case of anisotropic characteristics of hydraulic conductivity.In addition,k គin Eq.͑13͒is considered dependent on the po-sition x គ,for the case of heterogeneous soils,and on time t .The latter assumption permits one to consider the possible change in the soil hydraulic conductivity induced by the erosion process.For such a refined analysis,an additional law would be required,calibrated on a suitable experimental investigation and relating the conductivity characteristics to the fines content and to the void ratio or density of the soil at hand.Through this law,an appro-priate value could be assigned to parameter k គ,for any position along each of the assumed paths described in Figs.6or 7.From Eqs.͑12͒and ͑13͒,the rate of erosion can be worked out as a function G of the water velocity and soil hydraulic conduc-tivityץ␳f ͑x គ,t ͒ץtϭG ͑x គ,t ,v គ,k គ͒(14)The governing equation combining the unknown functions ͓␳Ϫ␳f ͔and v is finally arrived at by joining Eqs.͑8͒and ͑14͒:ץץt͓␳Ϫ␳f ͔͑xគ,t ͒ϩdiv ͕v គ͑x គ,t ͒•͓␳Ϫ␳f ͔͑x គ,t ͖͒ϩG ͑x គ,t ,v គ,k គ͒ϭ0(15)The analysis of boundary value problems,where both the flow velocity v គand the density of moving fine particles ͓␳Ϫ␳f ͔are unknown,is obtained by coupling Eq.͑15͒with the equation governing the seepage flow ͑e.g.,Desai 1977͒.This can be de-rived by combining Darcy’s law ͑13͒with the equation of conti-nuity that governs the flow of an uncompressible fluid through a rigid,porous,and saturated medium.The hydraulic head can beassumed as the unknown variable of the seepage flow problem,the flow velocity vគbeing related to its space derivative,i.e.,to the gradient i គ,through Darcy’s law.Initial and boundary conditions have to be defined for the twocoupled problems.Initial values of fine particle density ␳0(xគ,0)and of k គ(x គ,0)must be assigned over the whole domain.On the boundaries,for the seepage analysis,the conditions are assigned,for instance,on the hydraulic head or on its space de-rivative.In problems with confined flow ͑i.e.,when the seepage takes place in the whole of a geometrically known domain ͒,the conditions should reflect the presence of either pervious or imper-vious boundaries characterized,respectively,by an assigned value of hydraulic head or by a vanishing value of the component of flow velocity normal to the boundary.In addition,in the case of unconfined flow,a boundary exists along which the fluid pressure equals the atmospheric pressure,i.e.,the condition has to be assigned on the hydraulic head to equal the elevation.Such a boundary can partially coincide with an emerging seepage face,the elevation of which is known,or it can be a phreatic surface,whose geometry is a priori unknown.The latter case requires,therefore,an additional condition that,in particular,relates the phreatic surface velocity to the component of the fluid velocity normal to it.For the problem of erosion and transport,three different kinds of boundaries can be considered.The first is the boundary imper-vious to both fine particle inflow and outflow.Across it,there is no exchange of moving particles ͓␳Ϫ␳f ͔.The second is the boundary,referred to as ‘‘negative source,’’that is considered pervious to one direction only of fine particle transport,that is the particle outflow.Examples of negative sources are the edges of wells and of water reservoirs or the emerging seepage surfaces,that can capture but not produce moving particles.The third case of boundary condition is the one considering the edge as an infi-nite ‘‘positive source,’’across which particles are captured as well as produced with no limits.More complex situations could be simulated by forcing a negative source to allow a limited absorp-tion of particles.Such a condition could represent the interposi-tion of a filtering layer between the soil and the well or the water reservoir.Once the proper initial and boundary conditions have been associated with the governing equations,the solution can be ob-tained in the framework of a suitable numerical method.For in-stance,in terms of the finite difference method and for the sim-plest case of a one-dimensional water flow in direction ‘‘s,’’Eq.͑15͒can be rewritten as͑␳Ϫ␳f ͒xt ϩ⌬tϭ͑␳Ϫ␳f ͒x t Ϫ⌬t ͫ͑␳Ϫ␳f ͒x t •v sx t Ϫv s (x Ϫ1)t⌬xϩv sxt ͑␳Ϫ␳f ͒x t Ϫ͑␳Ϫ␳f ͒x Ϫ1t⌬xϩG ͑x ,t ,v sx t ,k sx t ͒ͬ(16)After the evaluation of the density of moving particles ͓␳Ϫ␳f ͔,the total particle density ␳is then determined,the density ␳f being known through Eq.͑12͒.If the erosion does not appreciably modify the soil hydraulic conductivity,the problems of seepage flow and particle erosion and transport become uncoupled and can be separately solved.In particular,in the case of steady-state flow,a preliminary seepage analysis permits one to evaluate the velocity field v គ(x គ),constant with time.Then,the step-by-step time integration of the erosionD o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i b r a r y .o r g b y C h i n a U n i v e r s i t y o f G e o s c i e n c e s o n 11/17/14. C o p y r i g h t A S CE .F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ; a l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .。

The American Civil War, a pivotal moment in the nations history, was a conflict that tore the country asunder and left indelible marks on the collective consciousness of its people. As a high school student delving into the depths of this tumultuous period, Ive come to understand the complexities and the profound impact it had on the United States.Growing up, I was always fascinated by the stories of valor and the harsh realities of war that my grandfather would recount. He had a particular interest in military history, and the Civil War was no exception. His tales painted a vivid picture of a nation divided, of brothers pitted against brothers, and of a struggle for freedom and unity that would shape the countrys future.The war began in April 1861, sparked by the secession of the Southern states from the Union and the subsequent attack on Fort Sumter. This was not just a war over territory, but a war of ideologiesbetween the Norths industrialized economy and the Souths agrarian society, which relied heavily on slave labor. The issue of slavery was at the heart of the conflict, with the North advocating for its abolition and the South fighting to preserve it.What struck me most about the Civil War was the sheer scale of the devastation it wrought. The war lasted four years, from 1861 to 1865, and resulted in the deaths of approximately 620,000 soldiers and an untold number of civilians. The numbers are staggering, and they serve as a stark reminder of the cost of conflict.One of the most significant battles of the war was the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863. This threeday engagement was a turning point, not just for the war, but for the nation. The Unions victory there marked the beginning of the end for the Confederacy. The battlefield is now a national cemetery, a place of reflection and remembrance for those who gave their lives in the fight for a more just society.The war also saw the emergence of Abraham Lincoln as a transformative leader. His Emancipation Proclamation in 1862 declared slaves in Confederateheld territory to be free, and it was a significant step towards the abolition of slavery. His Gettysburg Address in 1863, a mere 272 words, encapsulated the ideals of human equality and the sacrifices made by the soldiers who fought for those ideals.The Civil War was not just a military conflict it was a social and political upheaval. It led to the end of slavery with the 13th Amendment in 1865, and it paved the way for the 14th and 15th Amendments, which granted citizenship and voting rights to former slaves. These amendments were a monumental step towards civil rights and equality in the United States.However, the aftermath of the war was not without its challenges. The Reconstruction Era that followed was a period of rebuilding and reintegration, but it was also marked by racial tensions and the rise of groups like the Ku Klux Klan, which sought to undermine the progress made during the war.Studying the Civil War has given me a deeper appreciation for thecomplexities of history and the resilience of the human spirit. It has also highlighted the importance of understanding and learning from the past to build a more equitable and just society.In conclusion, the American Civil War was a defining moment in our nations history, one that tested the very fabric of the country. It was a time of great suffering and loss, but also of great courage and transformation. As I continue to learn more about this period, I am reminded of the power of unity and the enduring quest for freedom and equality.。

1a航海出版物A 潮汐表，潮流表45-1. Data relating to the direction and velocity of rotary tidal currentscan be found in the__________.A. Mariner’s √B. Tidal Current TablesC. Nautical Almanac （航海天文年历）D. Tide Tables关于回转潮流流向和流速的资料可以在潮汐流动表中找到。

47-1. You will find information about the duration of slack water inthe____.√A. Tidal Current Tables B. Tide TablesC. American Practical NavigatorD. Sailing Directions你常常会在潮汐流动图表中找到平潮持续时间的信息。

46-3. The velocity of the current in large coast harbors is____________.√A. predicted in Tidal Current Tables B. unpredictableC. generally constant （总是始终如一的）D. generally too weak to be of concern 大的沿海港潮流流速在潮流表中予以预测。

48-1. You may find the time of slack water after low water in a certainport from______.A. Deadweight Scale （载重量标尺）√B. Tide Tables （潮汐表）C. Notices of Mariners （航行通告）D. Table of Azimuth （方位角表）你可以在潮汐表中找到某一港口低潮以后平潮的时间。