雅思阅读笔记 2

雅思阅读技巧和重点笔记整理( 二)(2)（四） T/F/NGonly 出不 true 。

与 only 同的， unique 最接近。

其次有 merely 、solelyA.True（1）干是原文的原意表达，注意 3 点以上的（ 2 ）（最）干是原文的lT: 抽象名，找不到例子，believe,awareness,thought(蒙T)lNG: 具体名，找不到例子，country,doctor,scientist(无法出 )B.False( 干中有一个与原文斥就 F) （ 1 ）原文中包含条件状，而目中去除条件，事存在P: ⋯⋯ if/unless/providethat⋯⋯ Q:（2）目和原文使用了不同表示率、程度、可能性的P:sometimes( 小率)/chancesarelowQ:always(大率 ),often,regular/impossibleP:typical(典型的 )Q:special( 特殊的不是典型的 )（3）冠李戴型 P:AàaBàbQ:AàbC（.NG1）干中 A、B 关系原文不存在（ A、 B 都可在原文找到，但关系不存在）（ 2）文中是虚，中是事 P:would,evenif （ 3 ）原文中是某人主思想，目中是事述P:aim,goal,vow,oath,promise,swear,pledge （4）目中的范小于原文的范，即更具体了P:toad tadpole （5）原文是直接或接引，目中去掉引用，成事。

P: “”sb.suggested/assertedthat ⋯⋯（一家之言不是真理）但如果objectiveresearchfinding⋯有可能是的。

作者根据某种点推出自己的，（6）文中是数据或具体事，目中抽象化、律化。

ONLYP:A好P:A 、 BandC 好Q:onlyA好Q:onlyA好NGFalseOnly的反:and,various,differentD.NB（1）不涉及而考言理解P:A 好 B 好 Q:A+B 好NG（2）不涉及修辞手法（3）不涉及文化差异（4）不涉及复的法（但涉及复的和情比）（5）如目中有、百分比、金、温度等数字，只考精确程度，不涉及范大小判断（数字出多 F）（ 6）范：all,only,most(majority)P:53%Q:majority( 即 50%以上 --- 半数以上 )T （7）90%按文章先后序出，如无序，有特殊定位（ 8）不能加入个人知去判断（ athletes ），但有可用常 (Darwin)P:UKP:EuropeQ:EuropeQ:UKTNG（ 9）考点： KodakE.做步（ 1）看清目要求，注意T/F/NG 是 Y/N/NG（2）准确理解意，把握考点（比、、比形式thesameas、是非好坏的判断、数字、三个范）（3）画出定位（ keywords），回原文出 , 做目与原文的比理解（五）Listofheading1.NB(1) 先画出所有 heading 中的 keywords，再做文章 (2) 任何heading 在正式考中只考一次，不重复用（3）首先将例子中的 heading 划掉 2.steps （1）画出所有 heading 中的 keywords，注意各 heading的特点 a. 首段（ 1~2 段）如有 definition,conception,notion,early一般文中1~2 段 b. 末段（倒数1~2 段）infact,impact,consequence文章后面的段落 c. 中段heading中有 :i.金符号：income,salary,$ii.数字：figure,data,statist icsà数字集中iii.百分比指示：proportion,rate,ratio à%percent（2）逐段，找出中心句。

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Gifted children and learning天赋小孩与学习一、文章难度概括这篇文章难度一般，文章比较容易读懂，儿童教育类题材大家比较相对较熟悉。

二、文章分析A段：教育环境与智商有关B段：学习策略的举例C段：能力强的学习者常使用自动调节学习策略D段：老师只需在学习过程中做适当的引导E段：个人性格与学习成就有关F段：学习受到情感上的影响三、词汇准备A段Intelligence 智慧Verbal 口头的Manipulate 利用B段：Emerge 出现Qualitative 定性的，性质上的 External 外部的，表面的Internal 内部的，内在的Emotional 情感上的Awareness 意识Metacognition 元认知Curiosity 好奇心C段：Self-regulatory 自动调节Succinctly 简洁的Adjustment 调节D段：Conversely 相反Tendency 趋势Diminish 消除Autonomy 自治，自治权Deprived 缺乏足够教育的E段：Theoretical 从理论上来说的 Vital 重要的Domain 领域F段：Facilitate 促进，帮助Inhibit 抑制，禁止Harness 驾驭四、题型分析这篇文章由三种题型组成，都是阅读考试中常见的题型。

段落信息配对+人名理论配对+句子填空。

五、题目解析Question 14-17题型：Information Matching (段落信息配对)Question 18-22题型： Matching (人名理论配对)Question 23-26题型：Sentence Completion (句子填空)相关推荐：剑桥雅思写作精练剑桥雅思阅读精练剑桥雅思词汇精选相关字搜索：剑桥雅思10TEST2。

第2节雅思阅读完成摘要笔记题（Reading Passage 21-36）◆Reading Passage 21Paper RecyclingA Paper is different from other waste produce because it comes from asustainable resource: trees. Unlike the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable. Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded. While 45 out of every 100 tonnes of wood fibre used to make paper in Australia comes from waste paper, the rest comes directly from virgin fibre from forests and plantations. By world standards this is a good performance since the world-wide average is 33 percent waste paper. Governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes and at the same time, the paper industry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have paved the way for even greater utilization of used fibre. As a result, industry’s use of recycled fibres is expected to increase at twice the rate of virgin fibre over the coming years.B Already waste paper constitutes 70% of paper used for packaging and advancesin the technology required to remove ink from the paper have allowed a higher recycled content in newsprint and writing paper. To achieve the benefits ofrecycling, the community must also contribute. We need to accept a change in the quality of paper products: for example stationery, may be less white and ofa rougher texture. There also needs support from the community for wastepaper collection programmes. Not only do we need to make the paper available to collectors but it also needs to be separated into different types and sorted from contaminants such as staples, paperclips, strings and other miscellaneous items.C There are technical limitations to the amount of paper which can be recycledand some paper products cannot be collected for re-use. These include paper in the form of books and permanent records, photographic paper and paper which are badly contaminated. The four most common sources of paper for recycling are factories and retail stores which gather large amounts of packaging material in which goods are delivered, also offices which have unwanted business documents and computer output paper converters and printers and lastly households which discard newspapers and packaging material. The paper manufacturer pays a price for the paper and may also incur the collection cost.D Once collected, the paper has to be sorted by hand by people trained torecognize various types of paper. This is necessary because some types ofpaper can only be made from particular kinds of recycled fibre. The sorted paper then has to be repulped or mixed with water and broken down into its individual fibres. This mixture is called stock and may contain a wide variety of contaminating materials particularly if it is made from mixed waste paper which has had little sorting. Various machinery is used to remove other materials from the stock. After passing through the repulsing process the fibres from printed waste paper are grey in color because the printing ink has soaked into the individual fibres. This recycled material can only be used in products where the grey color does not matter such as cardboard boxes but if the grey color is not acceptable, the fibres must be deinked. This involves adding chemicals such as caustic soda or other alkalis, soaps and detergents, water-hardening agents such as calcium chloride, frothing agents and bleaching agents. Before the recycled fibres can be made into paper they must be refined or treated in sucha way that they bond together.E Most paper products must contain some virgin fibres as well as recycled fibresand unlike glass, paper cannot be recycled indefinitely. Most paper is down-cycled which means that a product made from recycled paper is of an inferior quality to the original paper. Recycling paper is beneficial in that it saves some of the energy, labor and capital that go into producing virgin pulp.However, recycling requires the use of fossil fuel, a non-renewable energy source, to collect the waste paper from the community and to process it toproduce new paper. And the recycling process still creates emissions which require treatment before they can be disposed of safely. Nevertheless, paper recycling is an important economical and environmental practice but one which must be carried out in a rational and viable manner for it to be useful to both industry, and the community.Questions 1-7Complete the summary of paragraphs A and B below.Choose ON MORE THAN TWO WORDS from paragraphs A and B for each answer. From the point of view of recycling, paper has two advantages over other waste in that firstly it comes from a resource which is 1_______ and secondly it is less threatening to our environment when we throw it away because it is 2_______ Although Australia’s record in the reuse of waste paper is good, it is still necessary to use a combination of recycled fibre and 3_______ to make new paper. The paper industry has contributed positively and people have also been encouraged by 4_______ to collect their waste on a regular basis. One major difficulty is the removal of ink from used paper but 5_______ are being made in this area. However, we need to learn to accept paper which is generally of a lower 6_______ than before and to sort our waste paper by removing 7_______ before discarding it for collection.『长难句分析』·The four most common sources of paper for recycling are factories and retail stores which gather large amounts of packaging material in which goods are delivered, also offices which have unwanted business documents and computer output paper converters and printers and lastly households which discard newspapers and packaging material.（最常见的用来回收的四种纸张的来源是工厂、零售店、办公室和家庭。

篇一：雅思阅读unit2课后答案answer keys:1. 答案：a (第3段第1句：corot, short for convection rotation and planetary transits, is the first instrument capable of finding small rocky planets beyond the solar system. a项中的certain planets指small rocky planets beyond the solar system.)2. 答案：true (第5段第1、2句： at the present moment we are hoping to find out more about the nature of planets around stars which are potential habitats. we are looking at habitable planets, not inhabited planets. 问题中的“that can be inhabited”意思就是inhabitable.)3. 答案：not given (文中没有提及该信息。

)4. 答案：true (第7段第1句：to search for planets, the telescope will look for the dimming of starlight caused when an object passes in front of a star, known as a "transit".)5. 答案：fasle (第7段第2、3句：although it will take more sophisticated space telescopes planned in the next 10 years to confirm the presence of an earth-like planet with oxygen and liquid water, corot will let scientists know where to point their lenses. )6. 答案：rocky planets (第8段第2句：it is the rocky planets - that could be no bigger than about twice the size of the earth - which will cause the most excitement.)7. 答案：40 (第8段第3句：scientists expect to find between 10 and 40 of these smaller planets.问题中短语“up to”的意思是“达到，高达”，所以应该选择最高的数字40。

9分达人雅思阅读第02套雅思考试是全球范围内最为重要的英语水平测试之一。

在雅思阅读考试中，高分是大家都追求的目标。

本文将介绍9分达人在雅思阅读第02套题中的一些学习和备考技巧。

第一，熟悉题型雅思阅读第02套试卷涵盖了多种题型，包括选择题、填空题、判断题、配对题等等。

做题前，建议先熟悉各种题型的要求和解题技巧，以便在做题过程中能够高效准确地回答问题。

第二，提高阅读速度在雅思阅读考试中，时间是非常紧张的。

所以，在备考过程中，要提高自己的阅读速度。

可以通过大量阅读英文资料和刷题等方式来提升阅读速度，同时要求自己保持良好的阅读习惯。

第三，培养阅读技巧在做题过程中，要有一定的策略和技巧。

比如，在做选择题时，可以先扫读文章，找到与问题相关的部分，再仔细阅读这部分内容，以便更好地回答问题。

此外，还可以利用关键词等方式来帮助自己找到正确答案。

第四，多做模拟题做题是提高雅思阅读能力的最有效方法之一。

建议多做一些雅思阅读模拟题，熟悉试卷的格式和题型，同时也可以提高自己的解题能力和时间管理能力。

第五，背诵常用词汇和短语雅思阅读中经常会出现一些高频词汇和短语，对于备考的考生来说，背诵这些常用词汇和短语是非常有帮助的。

通过背诵和积累，可以更加准确地理解文章的意思，从而提高解题的准确性和速度。

总之，要想在雅思阅读考试中取得高分，需要付出很多的努力和时间。

通过熟悉题型、提高阅读速度、培养阅读技巧、多做模拟题以及背诵常用词汇和短语等方法，相信大家都能够在雅思阅读考试中取得理想的成绩。

希望以上的学习和备考技巧能够对大家有所帮助，祝愿大家在雅思考试中取得好成绩！。

剑桥雅思11雅思阅读Test2passage2原文+题目+答案解析－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－雅思给大家带来了剑11雅思阅读Test2passage2原文+题目+答案解析，更多真题解析，请点击：剑桥雅思11阅读解析先来了解一下剑11雅思阅读Test2passage2原文:What destroyed the civilisation of Easter Island?A Easter Island, or Rapu Nui as it is known locally, is home to several hundred ancient human statues ?— the moai. After this remote Pacific island was settled by the Polynesians, it remained isolated for centuries. All the energy and resources that went into the moai — some of which are ten metres tall and weigh over 7,000 kilos —came from the island itself. Yet when Dutch explorers landed in 1722, they met a Stone Age culture. The moai were carved with stone tools, then transported for many kilometres, without the use of animals or wheels, to massive stone platforms. The identity of the moai builders was in doubt until well into the twentieth century. Thor Heyerdahl, the Norwegian ethnographer and adventurer, thought the statues had been created by pre-lnca peoples from Peru. Bestselling Swiss author Erich von Daniken believed they were built by stranded extraterrestrials. Modern science —linguistic, archaeological and genetic evidence — has definitively proved the moai builders were Polynesians, but not how they moved their creations. Local folklore maintains that the statues walked, while researchers have tended to assume the ancestors dragged the statues somehow, using ropes and logs.B When the Europeans arrived, Rapa Nui was grassland, with only a few scrawny trees. In the 1970s and 1980s, though, researchers found pollen preserved in lake sediments, which proved the island had been covered in lush palm forests for thousands of years. Only after the Polynesians arrived did those forests disappear. US scientist Jared Diamond believes that the Rapanui people — descendants of Polynesian settlers —wrecked their own environment. They had unfortunately settled on an extremely fragile island — dry, cool, and too remote to be properly fertilised by windblown volcanic ash. When the islanders cleared the forests for firewood and farming, the forests didn’t grow back. As trees became scarce and they could no longer construct wooden canoes for fishing, they ate birds. Soil erosion decreased their crop yields. Before Europeans arrived, the Rapanui had descended into civil war and cannibalism, he maintains. The collapse of their isolated civilisation, Diamond writes, is a ‘worst-case scenario for what may lie ahead of us in our own future’.C The moai, he thinks, accelerated the self-destruction. Diamond interprets them as power displays by rival chieftains who, trapped on a remote little island, lacked other ways of asserting their dominance. They competed by building ever bigger figures. Diamond thinks they laid the moai on wooden sledges, hauled over log rails, but that required both a lot of wood and a lot of people. To feed the people, even more land had to be cleared. When the wood was gone and civil war began, the islanders began toppling the moai. By the nineteenth century none were standing.D Archaeologists Terry Hunt of the University of Hawaii and Carl Lipo of California State University agree that Easter Island lost its lush forests and that it was an‘ecological catastrophe’— but they believe the islanders themselves weren’t to blame.And the moai certainly weren’t. Archaeological excavations indicate that the Rapanui went to heroic efforts to protect the resources of their wind-lashed, infertile fields. They built thousands of circular stone windbreaks and gardened inside them, and used broken volcanic rocks to keep the soil moist. In short, Hunt and Lipo argue, the prehistoric Rapanui were pioneers of sustainable farming.E Hunt and Lipo contend that moai-building was an activity that helped keep the peace between islanders. They also believe that moving the moai required few people and no wood, because they were walked upright. On that issue, Hunt and Lipo say, archaeological evidence backs up Rapanui folklore. Recent experiments indicate that as few as 18 people could, with three strong ropes and a bit of practice, easily manoeuvre a 1,000 kg moai replica a few hundred metres. The figures’ fat bellies tilted them forward, and a D-shaped base allowed handlers to roll and rock them side to side.F Moreover, Hunt and Lipo are convinced that the settlers were not wholly responsible for the loss of the island’s trees. Archaeological finds of nuts from the extinct Easter Island palm show tiny grooves, made by the teeth of Polynesian rats. The rats arrived along with the settlers, and in just a few years, Hunt and Lipo calculate, they would have overrun the island. They would have prevented the reseeding of the slow-growing palm trees and thereby doomed Rapa Nui’s forest, even without the settlers’campaign of deforestation. No doubt the rats ate birds’ eggs too. Hunt and Lipo also see no evidence that Rapanui civilisation collapsed when the palm forest did. They think its population grew rapidly and then remained more or less stable until the arrival of the Europeans, who introduced deadly diseases to which islanders had no immunity. Then in the nineteenth century slave traders decimated the population, which shrivelled to 111 people by 1877.G Hunt and Lipo’s vision, therefore, is one of an island populated by peaceful and ingenious moai builders and careful stewards of the land, rather than by reckless destroyers ruining their own environment and society. ‘Rather than a case of abject failure, Rapu Nui is an unlikely story of success’, they claim. Whichever is the case, there are surely some valuable lessons which the world at large can learn from the story of Rapa Nui.剑11雅思阅读Test2passage2题目:Questions 14-20Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.List of Headings感谢阅读，欢迎大家下载使用！。

在IELTS测试中所有问题的答案只能是一个，除非另有说明。

即使在多重选择题中，有不止一个符合答案，也只能选择一个最为合适的作为答案。

而另一个完全是陷阱。

十二、答案一定填在“答案纸”上在IELTS测试时，所有答案务必要填在所给的“ANSWER SHEET”纸上。

否则，即使您完成了全部问题，也是没有任何分数，这种现象曾有发生过。

十三、带着问题阅读所给文章在开始阅读所给文章前，应首先弄清下列问题再带着这些问题有的放矢地去读那些与答题有关的部分，有些部分则完全不看，这样就可以节省出时间，达到事半功倍的效果。

十四、按逻辑顺序进行阅读1 读标题。

了解文章的主题，如无法完全理解，也无关紧要，可在其后的阅读中找出其表明的意思。

2 读每段的小标题。

了解该段文章所给出的内容，确定答案位置。

3 阅读粗体字部分。

了解重点，通常这部分与答案有直接关系。

4 阅读图片、图表、示意图。

了解其说明或代表的内容，通常图片、图表都能提供并清楚地说明一些重要内容。

5 阅读答题指引。

了解所给文章内容的线索，并确保“所问所答”。

6 阅读例句。

了解答题的正确方法。

甚至了解文章中的信息。

7 阅读问句。

了解需要回答何种问题，而问句又能提供文章所含内容甚至一些非常重要的提示。

8 查找关键词语。

在问句中找出二至三个关键词语，用作答案的指示牌。

在开始阅读所给文章之前，应首先快速查看上述每一内容，获得必要的信息。

这样就会对要读的文章做到心中有数。

从而达到快速、准确的阅读目的。

十五、查看试题布局1 阅读试题三部分的每一部分的开头与结尾;2 每部分有多少道题;3 每部分(或每组题)的答题时间;4 先回答那些问题。

IELTS阅读测试题型大致可分为下列七种：1 匹配题(MATCHING TASKS)。

如给每段文章配标题。

2 多重选择(MALTIPLE-CHOICE TASKS)。

如给出A，B，C三个答案，选择正确答案。

3 辨别正误(TURE / FALSE TASKS)。

09.9.26雅思阅读第二篇背景文章赏析A New Ice AgeWilliam Curry is a serious， sober climate scientist， not an art critic. But he has spent a lot of time perusing Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze's famous painting "George Washington Crossing the Delaware，" which depicts a boatload of colonial American soldiers making their way to attack English and Hessian troops the day after Christmas in 1776. "Most people think these other guys in the boat are rowing，but they are actually pushing the ice away，" says Curry， tapping his finger on a reproduction of the painting. Sure enough， the lead oarsman is bashing the frozen river with his boot. "I grew up in Philadelphia. The place in this painting is 30 minutes away by car. I can tell you， this kind of thing just doesn't happen anymore."But it may again soon. And ice-choked scenes， similar to those immortalized by the 16th-century Flemish painter Pieter Brueghel the Elder，may also return to Europe. His works，including the 1565 masterpiece "Hunters in the Snow，" make the now-temperate European landscapes look more like Lapland. Such frigid settings were commonplace during a period dating roughly from 1300 to 1850 because much of North America and Europe was in the throes of a little ice age. And now there is mounting evidence that the chill could return.A growing number of scientists believe conditions are ripe for another prolonged cooldown，or small ice age. While no one is predicting a brutal ice sheet like the one that covered the Northern Hemisphere with glaciers about 12，000 years ago， the next cooling trend could drop average temperatures 5 degrees Fahrenheit over much of the United States and 10 degrees in the Northeast，northern Europe， and northern Asia."It could happen in 10 years，" says Terrence Joyce， who chairs the Woods Hole Physical Oceanography Department. "Once it does， it can take hundreds of years to reverse." And he is alarmed that Americans have yet to take the threat seriously.A drop of 5 to 10 degrees entails much more than simply bumping up the thermostat and carrying on. Both economically and ecologically，such quick，persistent chilling could have devastating consequences. A 2002 report titled "Abrupt Climate Change: Inevitable Surprises，" produced by the National Academy of Sciences，pegged the cost from agricultural losses alone at $100 billion to $250 billion while also predicting that damage to ecologies could be vast and incalculable. A grim sampler: disappearing forests，increased housing expenses，dwindling freshwater， lower crop yields， and accelerated species extinctions.The reason for such huge effects is simple. A quick climate change wreaks far more disruption than a slow one. People， animals，plants， and the economies that depend on them are like rivers， says the report: "For example，high water in a river will pose few problems until the water runs over the bank， after which levees can be breached and massive flooding can occur. Many biological processes undergo shifts at particular thresholds of temperature and precipitation."Political changes since the last ice age could make survival far more difficult for the world's poor. During previous cooling periods， whole tribes simply picked up and moved south， but that option doesn't work in the modern，tense world of closed borders. "To the extent that abrupt climate change may cause rapid and extensive changes of fortune for those who live off the land，the inability to migrate may remove one of the major safety nets for distressed people，" says the report.But first things first. Isn't the earth actually warming？ Indeed it is， says Joyce. In his cluttered office， full of soft light from the foggy Cape Cod morning，he explains how such warming could actually be the surprising culprit of the next mini-ice age. The paradox is a result of the appearance over the past 30 years in the North Atlantic of huge rivers of freshwater—the equivalent of a 10-foot-thick layer—mixed into the salty sea. No one is certain where the fresh torrents are coming from， but a prime suspect is melting Arctic ice， caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that traps solar energy.The freshwater trend is major news in ocean-science circles. Bob Dickson， a British oceanographer who sounded an alarm at a February conference in Honolulu，has termed the drop in salinity and temperature in the Labrador Sea—a body of water between northeastern Canada and Greenland that adjoins the Atlantic—"arguably the largest full-depth changes observed in the modern instrumental oceanographic record."The trend could cause a little ice age by subverting the northern penetration of Gulf Stream waters. Normally， the Gulf Stream， laden with heat soaked up in the tropics， meanders up the east coasts of the United States and Canada. As it flows northward，the stream surrenders heat to the air. Because the prevailing North Atlantic winds blow eastward， a lot of the heat wafts to Europe. That's why many scientists believe winter temperatures on the Continent are as much as 36 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than those in North America at the same latitude. Frigid Boston，for example，lies at almost precisely the same latitude as balmy Rome. And some scientists saythe heat also warms Americans and Canadians. "It's a real mistake to think of this solely as a European phenomenon，" says Joyce.Having given up its heat to the air，the now-cooler water becomes denser and sinks into the North Atlantic by a mile or more in a process oceanographers call thermohaline circulation. This massive column of cascading cold is the main engine powering a deepwater current called the Great Ocean Conveyor that snakes through all the world's oceans. But as the North Atlantic fills with freshwater， it grows less dense，making the waters carried northward by the Gulf Stream less able to sink. The new mass of relatively fresh water sits on top of the ocean like a big thermal blanket，threatening the thermohaline circulation. That in turn could make the Gulf Stream slow or veer southward. At some point， the whole system could simply shut down， and do so quickly. "There is increasing evidence that we are getting closer to a transition point， from which we can jump to a new state.。

1段①“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,” wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii's last reigning monarch, in 1897. ②Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society.③Sadly=unfortunately, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. ④Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity's view of the cosmos.作者态度：积极肯定天文学的发展。

26.Queen Liliuokalani’s remark in Paragraph 1 indicatesQueen Liliuokalani在第一段的评论表明[A]the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.天文学在古代夏威夷社会的重要性。

[B]her conservative view on the historical role of astronomy.保守的，不思进取的，与原文感情态度相反。

[C]the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times.时间状语不对，原文是在今天。

[D]her appreciation of star watchers’ feats in her time.未谈及成就，in her time时间不匹配。

READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.An examination of the functioning of the senses in cetaceans, the group of mammals comprising whales, dolphins and porpoisesSome of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. For example, it appears from their brain structure that toothed species are unable to smell. Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional. It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neuralpathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary.The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably mistaken. Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched there.The sense of vision is developed to different degrees in different species. Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater –specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. However, the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision inbaleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision.On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward. Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. By comparison, the bottlenose dolphin has extremely keen vision in water. Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air–water interface as well. And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand p rovides anecdotal evidence to the contrary.Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have developed. For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light.Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using echolocation. Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their repertoire. Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback whales. Toothed species in general employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds, than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science.Question 15-21Complete the table below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 2 for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 15-21 on your answer sheet.Question 22-26Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.22Which of the senses is described here as being involved in mating?23 Which species swims upside down while eating?24 What can bottlenose dolphins follow from under the water?25 Which type of habitat is related to good visual ability?26 Which of the senses is best developed in cetaceans?。

雅思阅读notes-剑10T2P...affluent 富裕的，丰富的ingredient 元素，要素notable 著名的，显著的appraisal 评估，评价static 静⽌的，稳定的incidence 发⽣率prevalence 流⾏，盛⾏essence 本质，实质，精髓revolution ⾰命anthropological ⼈类学的anthropological sience ⼈类科学historian 历史学家strike at :to damage or harm someone or somethingwrestle with 解决，努⼒克服enigma 谜，不可思议的东西compare A to B 把A⽐作Ba combination lock 密码锁take off 起飞，飞速发展Netherlands 荷兰Holland 荷兰I'm convinced that ... 我相信criteria 标准，规范，criterion(单)sufficient ⾜够的，充分的cupboard 碗柜propose 提出，建议fuel 促进antiseptic 杀菌的，防腐的property 特性tannin 单宁酸hops 蛇⿇⼦：parts of dried flowers used for making beer,which give the beer a better tastesurban community 现代城市dysentery 痢疾flourish 兴旺，繁荣succumb 屈服，死亡eccentric 古怪的detective work : efforts to discover information, find out how something works, answer a difficult question etc. deduction 推理，推演scepticism 怀疑的态度，怀疑主义wary 审慎的，谨慎的favourable 赞同的appraisal 评价distinguished 著名的from....quarters. : from different groups of peopledig 探究，挖掘alight on... 偶然发现： to suddenly think of or notice something or someonein the space of 20 years 在⼆⼗年的时间⾥the infant mortality 婴⼉死亡率 child deathhalve 减半，分摊rural areas 乡村地区cause 原因virus 病毒malaria 疟疾wipe something out : to destroy, remove, or get rid of something completelysanitation 公共卫⽣widespread 普遍的，⼴泛的deduce 推断antibacterial 抗菌的agent 药剂malt 麦芽gin 杜松⼦酒preserve 维持，保持coincidence 巧合，⼀致extraordinary coincidence 巨⼤的巧合have a much looser grip on.... 对。

Text 3 ARE THESE THE BEST YEARS OF YOUR LIFE?這些是你生命中的黄金时期吗？(Lead-in: Which are the best years of life? All of us ask ourselves this question from time to time, and we probably come up with different answers.You may find the answers in the following text.)Text:The ups and downs盛衰,沉浮of life may seem to have no predictable (可预言的) plan. But scientists now know there are very definite life patterns that almost all people share. Today, when we live 20 years longer than our great-grandparents曾祖父/母, and when women mysteriously outlive men by seven years, it is clearer than ever that the ―game of life‖ is really a game oftrade-off s交换. As we age, we trade交换strength for ingenuity (聪明才智/独创性), speed for thoroughness, passion for reason. These exchanges may not always seem fair, but at every age, there are some advantages. So it is reassuring to note that even if you‘ve passed some of your prime全盛时期, you still have other prime years to experience in the future. Certain important primes seem to peak later in time.WHEN ARE YOU SMARTEST? From 18 to 25, according to IQ scores; but you are more experienced with increasing age. You‘re sharpest in your 20‘s; around 30, memory begins to decline, particularly your ability to perform mathematical computation s. ―Bu t your IQ for other tasks climbs,‖ says Berkeley psychologist Arthur Jensen. Your vocabulary at age 45, for example, is three times as great as when you graduated from college. At 60, your brain possesses almost four times as much information as it did at age 21. This trade-off between sharpness and wisdom has led psychologist Dr. Leopold Bella to suggest that ―maturity quotients（成熟商数）‖ (MQ s instead of IQs) be adopted for adults.WHEN ARE YOU HEALTHIEST? For men, from 15 to 25; for women 15 to 30.―A man is in his best shape in the decade before age 25,‖ says New York internist Dr. Donald Tompkins. ―His muscles are firmest, his resistance to colds and infection s (传染/感染) is highest, and his body is most efficient in utilizing nutrient s营养.‖ Women, for reasons scientists do not understand, get a five-year bonus (奖金/意想不到的收获). Peak health begins to decline when the body process called anabolism (合成代谢cell growth) is overtaken by the opposite process, catabolism(cell death). ―Cells have been dying since birth,‖ says Tomkins, ―but in our late 20‘s, they start dying faster than they are replaced.‖ Also, muscle is replaced with fat.Women also get an additional bonus of good health later in life. The figures of National Institute of Health show that the onset of su ch ―old age‖ disease s as arthritis(关节炎), rheumatism（风湿病）, and heart ailment s (疾病) denies the generally greater fitness健康of women: Life expectancy for men is now 68.3; for women 75.9. U. S. aging authority William Kennel says, ―Older women with low blood pressure are practically important.‖ However, psychologists believe that by entering the competitive job market in increasing numbers, women may eventually give up their statistical advantage.WHEN ARE YOU MOST LIKELY TO DEVELOP MENTAL DISORDERS? From 30 to 35.This surprisingly narrow peak is very real. The National Institute of Mental Health (INMH) reports that more than half of the patients in mental hospitals, male and female, are in this age group (men lead ing领先women by about 20%)But if we are most neurotic (患神经病的) between 30 and 35, apparently we recover quickly. Admission s进入to mental hospitals drop sharply around age 40 and stay down until age 65. Yet, say psychologists, between 40 and 55, more people rep ort they ―feel‖ on the verge (边缘) of a nervous breakdown. Relatively few actually occur. ―We become veteran s at coping (cope:应付,处理).‖ says psychologist Marvin Marlins.Suicide, a measure of mental problems, peaks from 20 to 24 and then again around 70. Incidence s发生/出现of suicide are smallest among people with intact完好的marriages, highest among the divorced.WHEN ARE YOU HAPPIEST? You have the best physical sense of yourself from 15 to 24; the best professional sense from 40 to 49. Pessimism (悲观主义) peaks between 30 and 39. San Diego State University psychologists Marilyn Barges and Linda Dutton found that before age 24, we believe that our happiest years are yet to come (还没来); over 30, we believer that they‘re behind us.A National Health Survey agrees: After age 30, we become more realistic and do not view happiness as a goal in itself在本质上. If we maintain our health, achieve professional and emotional goals, then happiness, we feel, we follow.‖The American Institute of Public Opinion says that the pessimism peak occurs when we realize that talent and determination aren‘t enough to guarantee (保证/担保) success. Lady Luck幸运女神must help.Also, youth‘s good physical sense of self apparently does little to foster培养/抱有happiness. ―Parents who tell their teenage c hildren t hese are the happiest years,‖ says L igget, ―couldn‘t be more wrong大错特错. Adolescence is very difficult. Only when you are 40 and looking back does youth青春期look blissful (非常幸福的,极其快乐的).‖WHEN ARE YOU MOST CREATIVE? Generally between 30 to 39, but the peak varies with different professions.Mozart wrote a symphony交响曲/乐and four sonata s (奏鸣曲) by age eight, and Mendelssohn composed his best-known work, A Midsummer Night’s dream, at 17. Psychologist H.C. Lehman presents the years for peak work in many fields. Though the peak in most fields comes early---most Nobel Prize winners did their top research in their late 20‘s and 30‘s----creative people continue to produce quality work throughout their lives.By viewing life‘s various peaks, we can eas ily get the feeling that we are part of a giantgive-and–take plan. Though statistically the plan is there, we must remember that every peak has many exception s例外. Says McLeish, ―The human life journey cannot be chart ed by a single curving line.‖Text 4Our disappearing wildlifeAnimal life first appeared on the earth about 400 million years ago. Through the passing millennia (millennium n. a period of 1,000 years), thousands of animal species have come and gone. Until recently, this process was gradual, the result of change in climate, in habitat (the natural home of a plant or animal ), or in the gene s基因of the animals themselves. But the tremendous expansion of modern civilization now threatens to upset this natural balance, putting unprecedented (史无前例的) pressure on the survival of our wildlife.This imbalance can be traced to many causes. Most arise in the greed and poor planning of man himself. With e ach increase in man‘s population, the wilderness areas where the animals liveget smaller. The use of pesticide s to control injurious insect also harms wild birds and animals. Water pollution kills fish in our rivers, lakes, and oceans. Hunters have almost exterminate d(v.destroy utterly) many of the larger animals like the bighorn sheep (大角羊) and the grizzly bear (灰熊). And farmers destroy smaller animals like the prairie dog (草原犬鼠) and coyote(郊狼/小狼). As a result of this unrelenting pressure, our wildlife is disappearing at the rate of one species or subspecies per years.Of all the continents, the most drastic激烈的reduction in wildlife has occurred in North America, where the transition from a rural to a highly industrialized society has been most rapid. Among the victims are birds, mammal s哺乳动物and fish. We will never again see the passenger pigeon旅鸽or the eastern elk ( n.麋/四不像). They have been wiped out. Of many other species, only a few representatives still survive in the wild. The U.S. Department of the Interior has put no fewer than多达109 species on the endangered species list. (An endangered species is one with poor prospects for survival and in need of protection.) This list includes everything from the timber wolf (大灰狼/林狼) to the whooping crane (鸣鹤). Even the bald eagle, our national symbol, is threatened.Animals that kill other game猎物for food are called predator s (捕食者). The predators include the wolf, mountain lion, fox, bobcat, and bear. Attack against these animals began with the arrival of the first European settlers, who wished to protect their livestock. Eventually, a reward was offered to hunters for every predator that was killed. This reward is called a bounty奖励金（money given for reward）. Ironically, the Federal government is the chief funder of predator control programs.The settlers also brought with them their Old World fears and superstition s迷信想法concerning predators. Whether preying on捕食livestock or not, predators were shot on sight. This attitude continues to this day for coyotes, eagles, foxes, mountain lions, and bobcats, and is largely responsible for placing the eastern timber wolf, grizzly bear, and bald eagle on the endangered species list.Y et every animal, including the predator, has its place in nature‘s grand总的design. Predators help maintain the health of their prey species by eliminating the diseased, young, old, and injured. Predators like the mountain lion and the wolf help to keep the deer herds healthy. Their kill also provider food for scavenger s (食腐动物) that feed on以...为食carrion腐肉. Occasional loss of livestock must be weighed against the good these animals do in maintaining the balance of nature.The mountain lion has especially suffered from trapping and hunting. This great cat had the widest distribution of any mammal in the Western Hemisphere. Its range extended from northern British Columbia to the tip of South America, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific. But by the turn of 19th century, this splendid animal was almost extinct in the eastern United States. In the West, the pattern of persecution was similar to that suffered by other predators. As the sheep and cattle empires grew, so did the war on the mountain lion.Overhunting an animal is an obvious form of extermination, but there are more subtle processes that often have the same fatal result. One of these is destruction of habitat. When farmers introduced sheep and cattle to North America, the domestic animals competed with the wild animals for the available grazing牧草land. Animals like the buffalo and the pronghorn antelope（叉角羚）, which once roam ed the plains in countless numbers, were either killed or pushed off thegrasslands. Today, a few remnant s残余(a part that remains) of these giant herds are protected from hunters in national game preserves禁猎区and wildlife refuges.Pesticides have also taken their toll. In 1947 a new chemical poison called DDT was introduced. It proved very effective in controlling insect pests like the potato beetle and the boll weevil (棉铃象鼻虫). But pesticides, which decompose（分解）very slowly, accumulate in animals which feed on pest or their predators, and the accumulated poisons attack their nervous systems. Pesticides also interfere with the formation of calcium钙in birds, which then lay eggs with very thin shells or no shell at all. When wildlife fail to reproduce, it isn‘t very long before they disappear. The bald eagle, 12 species of hawks, and the pelican have been seriously reduced by chemicals.Why should we care about担心the extinction of these birds and animals? The answer is simple enough. Every species that becomes extinct is gone forever. With each departure a small part of the diversity of nature that makes life so interesting is also gone. What has man got to look forward to – endless cities and houses and roads that cross barren贫瘠的country devoid of缺乏birds and animals ? Is that the world we want for ourselves and our children?T ext 5 Pollution is a Dirty WordLead-inMany people complain that the world is getting dirtier. And pollution problem is getting more serious than ever before. What is pollution? Read the following passage and learn more about it.TextConsume, consume, consume! Our society is consumer oriented –- dangerously so. To keep the wheels of industry turning, we manufacture consumer goods in endless quantities, and, in the process, are rapidly exhaust ing our natural resources. But this is only half the problem. What do we do with manufactured products when they are worn out? They must be disposed of, but how and where? Unsightly junkyard s废品旧货栈full of rusting automobiles already surround every city in the nation. Americans throw away 80 billion bottles and cans each year, enough to build more than ten stacks to the moon. There isn‘t room for much more waste, and yet the factories grind on向前移动. They cannot stop because everyone wants a job. Our standard of living, one of the highest in the world, requires the consumption of manufactured products in ever-increasing不断增加的amounts. Man, about to be buried in his own waste, is caught in a vicious cycle. ―Stop the world, I want to get off,‖ is the way a popular song put表达man‘s dilemma.进退两难的局面It wasn‘t always like this. Only 100 years ago man lived in harmony with nature. There weren‘t so many people then and their wants were fewer. Whatever wastes were produced could be absorbed by nature and were soon covered over遮没. T oday this harmonious relationship is threatened by man‘s lack of foresight and planning, and by his carelessness and greed. For man is slowly poisoning his environment.Pollution i s a ―dirty‖ word. T o pollute means to contaminate –- to spoil something by introducing impurities which make it unfit不合格的or unclean to use. Pollution comes in many forms. We see it, smell it, taste it, drink it, and stumble through it. We literally真实地live in and breathe pollution, and, not surprisingly, it is beginning to threaten our health, our happiness, and our very civilization.Once we thought of pollution as meaning simply smog – the choking窒息的, stinging刺人的,dirty air that hover s盘旋over cities. But air pollution, while虽然it is still the most dangerous, is only one type of contamination among several which attack the most basic life function.Through the uncontrolled use of insecticide s杀虫剂, man has polluted the land, killing the wildlife. By dumping sewage污水/物and chemicals into rivers and lakes, we have contaminated our drinking water. We are polluting the ocean, too, killing the fish and thereby depriving ourselves of an invaluable food supply.Part of the problem is our exploding猛增population. More and more people produce more wastes. But this problem is intensified by our ―throw-away‖ technology. Each year Americans dispose of 7 million autos, 20 million tons of waste paper, 25 million pounds of toothpaste tubes and 48 million cans. We throw away gum wrappers包装纸, newspapers, and paper plates纸盘. It is easier and cheaper to buy a new one and discard the old, even though 95 per cent of its parts may still be functioning. Baby‘s diaper s, which used to be made of reusable cloth, are now paper throwaway s临时利用件. Soon we will wear clothing made of paper: ―Wear it once and throw it away, ― will be the slogan口号/标语of the fashion conscious赶时髦的.Where is this all to end? Are we turning the world into a gigantic dump, or is there hope that we can solve the pollution problem? Fortunately, solutions are in sight. A few of them are positively ingenious有独创性的/巧妙的.T ake the problem of discarded automobiles, for instance, Each year over 40,000 of them are abandoned in New Y ork City alone. Eventually the discards end up in a junkyard. But cars are too bulky庞大的to ship as scrap to a steel mill. They must first be flatten ed. This is done in a giant compressor which can reduce a Cadillac to the size of a television set in a matter of minutes. Any leftover剩余的scrap metal is mixed with concrete and made into exceptionally strong bricks that are used in buildings and bridges. Man‘s ingenuity聪明才智has come to his rescue.What about water pollution? More and more cities are building sewage-treatment plants. Instead of being dumped into a nearby river or lake, sewage is sent through a system of underground pipes to a giant tank where the water is separated from the solid material, purified, and returned for reuse to the community water supply. The solid material, called sludge淤泥/沉淀物, is converted into fertilizer. The sludge can also be made into bricks.Controlling air pollution is another crucial objective. Without food, man can live about five weeks, without water about five days. Without air, he can only live five minutes. So pure air is a must. Here the wrongdoer is the automobile. Where there is a concentration of automobiles, as in our big cities, air pollution is severe. It is important to see that our cars are equipped with装备pollution-control devices. Such devices effectively reduce the harmful gases emitted from the engine.Power plants, factories, and apartment buildings can also avoid消除air pollution. When possible they should use clean fuels like gas and oil. And the smokestack s烟窗of these buildings should be equipped with filter s and other smoke-reduction devices.Can we eliminate pollution altogether? Probably not. Modern man pollutes with everything he does, so total elimination would require drastic极端的measures. Every power plant would have to shut down. Industries would have to close. We would have to leave all our automobiles in the garage. Every bus and truck and airplane would have to stop running. There would be no heat and no light. Under these conditions, our population would die in a short time.Since such a drastic solution is impossible, we must employ determined坚决的public action.We can reduce pollution, even if we can‘t eliminate it altogether. But everyone must do his part. Check your car to see if the pollution-control device is working. Reduce your use of electricity. Is air conditioning really necessary? Don‘t dump garbage or other waste on the land or in the water. Demand that government take firm action against polluters. We can have a clean world, or we can do nothing. The choice is up to you.Text 6 Keeping Food on the TablePre-reading A ctivities1. What do you know about topsoil?2. Can topsoil be exhausted? Why or why not?TextIt‘s early August and the countryside appears peaceful. Planting庄稼has long been finished and the fields are alive with strong, healthy crops. Soybeans and wheat are flourishing under the hot summer sun, and the corn, which was ―knee-high by the fourth of July‖, is now well over six feet tall. Herds of dairy and beef cattle are grazing吃草peacefully in rolling pastures which surround big, red barn s畜棚and neat, white farmhouses. Everything as far as the eye can see radiates a sense of prosperity. Welcome to the Midwest — one of the most fertile agricultural regions of the world.The tranquility宁静of the above scene is misleading. Farmers in the Midwest put in some of the longest workdays of any profession in the United States. In addition to caring for their crops and livestock, they have to keep up with new farming techniques, such as those for combating soil erosion侵蚀and increasing livestock production. It is essential that farmers adopt these advances in technology if they want to continue to meet the growing demands of a hungry world.Agriculture is the number one industry in the United States and agricultural products are the country‘s leading export. American farmers manage to feed not only the total population of the United States, but also millions of other people throughout the rest of the world. Corn and soybean exports alone account for 占approximately 75 per cent of the amount sold in world markets.This productivity, however, has its price. Intensive密集的/精细的cultivation exposes the earth to the damaging forces of nature. Every year wind and water remove tons of rich soil from the nation‘s croplands, with the result that soil erosion has become a national problem concerning everyone from the farmer to the consumer.Each field is covered by a limited amount of topsoil, the upper layer of earth which is richest in the nutrient s营养and minerals necessary for growing crops. Ever since the first farmers arrived in the Midwest almost 200 years ago, cultivation and, consequently, erosion have been depleting耗尽the supply of topsoil. In the 1830s, nearly two feet of rich, black top soil covered the Midwest. Today the average depth is only eight inches, and every decade another inch is blown or washed away. This erosion is steadily decreasing the productivity of valuable cropland. A United States Agricultural Department survey states that if erosion continues at its present rate, corn and soybean yields in the Midwest may drop as much as 30 per cent over the next 50 years.So far, farmers have been able to compensate弥补/补偿for the loss of fertile topsoil by applying more chemical fertilizers to their fields; however, while this practice has increased crop yields, it has been devastating for ecology. Agriculture has become one of the biggest polluters ofthe nation‘s precious water supply. Rivers, lakes, and underground reserves of water are being filled in and poisoned by soil and chemicals carried by drainage from eroding fields. Furthermore, fertilizers only replenish补充the soil; they do not prevent its loss.Clearly something else has to be done in order to avoid an eventual ecological disaster. Conservationists insist that the solution to the problem lies in new and better farming techniques. Concerned farmers are building terrace s梯田on hilly fields, rotating their crops, and using new plowing methods to cut soil losses significantly. Substantial progress has been made, but soil erosion is far from being under control.The problems and innovation s创新of the agricultural industry in the Midwest are not restricted to growing crops. Livestock raising, which is big business in the certral region of the United States, is also undergoing many changes. Recent developments in technology have enabled farmers to raise not only healthier animals, but more animals as well. By employing the techniques of superovulation超数排卵, artificial insemination授精, and embryo胚胎transfer, farmers can more than triple增至三倍the number of offspring后代produced by a single cow per year.The procedure of accomplishing this remarkable feat技艺/壮举is as follows. First, the farmer chooses a cow on the basis of certain valuable trait s特点/特性, such as rapid weight gain or high milk production. A veterinarian then injects the cow with hormone s激素which cause the animal to super ovulate, that is, to produce more eggs, or ―ova卵细胞‖, than the usual one or two. As many as ten or more ova may be released in one superovulation.While the ova are moving down the Fallopian tubes输卵管toward the uterus子宫, about five days after superovulation, the cow is artificially inseminated with semen精子from a prize bull. If the insemination is successful, the eggs are fertilized and become living embryos, each of which has the potential to develop into a calf小牛.Next comes the process of embryo transfer. After the embryos have developed in the uterus for six to eight days, they are carefully removed and examined for defects. Each healthy embryo is then implant ed移植in the uterus of a different cow, where it continues to develop. Nine months later the surrogate代理mother gives birth to a healthy calf to which she is not genetically related.The result of the entire procedure is that a farmer can increase the size of a herd of cows at a rate which was previously impossible. Although three to four calves are the average, as many as ten or more may be produced from the embryos of one mother cow. The possible applications of these techniques are overwhelming when one considers that by freezing an embryo until its sister embryo has been born and become sexually mature, it is even possible for a cow to give birth to its identical同卵双生的twin sister!As the world‘s population continues to increase, farmers will be called upon要求to produce more and more life-sustaining food. Constant technological advances in soil conservation and livestock production will be required to keep pace with this ever-growing need. One concern, however, is that while this technology is solving old problems, it may be creating new ones in the process.Text 7 How to be Happylead-inEveryone wants to live a happy life. How can one be happy? Read the following passage and see whether you can find an answer to that question.Text1. Britain's most prestigious(有声望的) scientific institution, the Royal Society, will host a meeting for some of the world's top psychologists. Their aim is to find out why it is that some people's lives go so right. What is it that makes them happy and fulfilled, while others seem doomed to founder沉没in misery, dissatisfaction and dejection沮丧?2. Psychologists have known for some time that optimism is a good defence against unhappiness. "If you're optimistic and you think life is going to get better, it will become a"self-fulfilling prophecy 预言," says Baylis. "You will involve yourself more, you'll put yourself forward more, you will take more care of yourself. You'll figure认为that if you do more exercise and not booze豪饮as much, life will be better.3. But some of us are just not natural optimists. What are we supposed to do?4. Positive psychologists believe optimism can be learned, and we can teach ourselves to seea half-empty glass as half-full. All we have to do is to spend time mull ing 深思over all the things that have gone right for us, rather than dwelling on细想what has gone badly. "Research on depression shows that one of the biggest causes of depression is ruminating沉思about something that went wrong in the past," says Baylis. "What happens is you look into the past and think about some event and keep turning it over, saying, ‗I messed up, I messed up,' and you let it hurt you. You keep feeding it the oxygen of attention and the flames keep burning you.5. But just as dwelling on negative events can lead to depression, dwelling on things that have gone well can help pick you up, he says: "You have to thank your lucky stars about what goes right on a daily basis. Whenever you get the feeling of being negative about things, just take a moment out and remind yourself of the stuff that has gone well. It could be anything from a conversation to your garden looking nice, or that it didn't rain on you when you were out on your bike. It's an extremely powerful technique. "6. By reminding ourselves what went well instead of what went wrong, positive psychologists believe we can build a buffer减震器/缓冲器against unhappiness, making us better able to take life's knocks when they come.7. Seligman, who is the figurehead of the positive psychology movement, goes further than suggesting people learn to think positively. He has worked out what he sees as a blueprint蓝图for happiness that people can use to set them on the path to a fulfilling and satisfying life. He believes there are three routes to happiness, which he calls the "pleasant life", the "good life" and the "meaningful life". Some are better than others, although a mix of all three is ideal. The pleasant life sees superficial pleasures as the key to happiness, and it is this that many people mistakenly pursue, he says."The biggest mistake that people in the rich west make is to be enchanted with 为...陶醉/迷恋the Hollywood idea of happiness, which is really just giggling and smiling a lot," he says. While a life bent (bend:专心于) on instant pleasure and gratification offers some degree of happiness, it is ultimately dissatisfying on its own, he says.8. Money, it turns out, isn't the answer either. Seligman believes that once we have enough to pay for life's basics such as food and a roof over our heads, more money adds little to our happiness.9. To be seriously happy, Seligman says, we have to set our sights on a good life and a meaningful life. To do this we need to identify what he calls our signature strengths, which could be anything from perseverance(坚持不懈) and leadership to a love of learning. (能力特点)10. Seligman says that once we know our signature strengths, using them more and more in our daily lives will make us feel happier and more fulfilled. By exploiting our strengths, he says, we will find life more gratifying and become completely immerse d in what we are doing, whether working, making music or playing sport - a state positive psychologists call "flow".11. Using our signature strengths in our working and social lives will help us achieve what Seligman calls a good life, while using them to help others will put us on course for achieving a meaningful life, he says.12. While positive psychology is broadly seen as valid by the psychology and psychiatry establishment, it does have its critics.13. Positive psychologists also stand accused of burying their heads in the sand and ignoring that depressed, even merely unhappy people, have real problems that need dealing with. Seligman counter s反驳this, saying positive psychology is not meant to replace other forms of therapy, but should be complementary, while people work through their negative feelings.Text 8 Never be nervous againPre-reading A ctivities1. How can you avoid being nervous when you meet people?2. Have you ever experienced uncontrollable nervousness? How can you get it over?TextSocial anxiety is the single most common psychological problem, according to the 1986 results of the Stanford shyness Inventory, a survey conducted by Philip G. Zimbardo, professor of social psychology at Stanford University in California. At a party with strangers, for instance,three-qua rters of adults feel anxiety. ―T he best estimate is that 40 per cent of all Americans suffer from shyness,‖ says Zimbardo.How can you avoid being nervous when you meet people? Prepare. Preparation for any communicating situation is a must. You‘ve been invited to a big dinner party in two weeks. You know that one of the other guests is a politician. Scan the newspapers and magazines; listen to newscasts for topics of conversation in political areas. Then at the party, pretend you‘re an interviewer on talk show. Think of question to ask that can‘t be answered yes or no. ―In your opinion, who… ― ―what do you think of… ― keep the momentum势头going.W hether you‘re delivering a speech, approac hing your boss for a raise or an important social occasion, do your homework. The most polished, smoothly delivered, spontaneous-sounding talks are the result of many hours of work. The memorable one-liner s and moving phrases that go down in history don‘t come from last-minute bursts of inspiration.If you‘re maki ng a presentation of any sort, begin preparing as far ahead of time as possible. ―good writing,‖ say Harvard university historian Richard Marius, ―is a kind of wrestling with thought‖.。

雅思阅读第064套P2-SLEEP雅思阅读第064套P2-SLEEPREADING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 13-27, which are based on Reading Passage 2 belowSLEEPA. Like many things about your body, scientists and medical professionals still have a lot to learn about the process of sleep. One earlier misconception that has now been revised is that the body completely slows down during sleep; it is now dear that the b ody’s major organs and regulatory systems continue to work actively –the lungs, heart and stomach for example. Another important part of the body also operates at night – the glands and lymph nodes, which strengthen the immune system. This is commonly why the body’s natural immunity is weakened with insufficient sleep.B.In some cases, certain systems actually become more active while we sleep. Hormones required for muscle development and growth, for instance, as well as the growth of new nerve cells. In the brain, activity of the pathways needed for learning and memory is increased.C.Another common myth about sleep is that the body requires less sleep the older we get. Whilst It is true that babies need 16 hours compared to 9 hours and 8 hours respectively for teenagers and adults, this does not mean that older people need less sleep. However, what is true if that for a number of different factors, they often get less sleep or find their sleep less refreshing. This is because as people age, they spend less time in the deep,restful stages of sleep and are more easily awakened. Older people are also more likely to have medical conditions that affect their sleep, such as insomnia, sleep apnoea and heart problems.D.Getting a good sleep is not just a matter of your head hitting the pillow at night and waking up in the morning. Your sleep goes in cycles throughout the night, moving back and forth between deep restorative sleep and more alert stages with dreaming. As the night progresses, you spend more time in a lighter dream sleep.E. Sleep patterns can be broken down into two separate and distinct stages –REM and NREM sleep, REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep is when you dream. You usually have 3 to 5 periods of REM sleep each night, lasting from 5 minutes to over an hour, during which time your body’s activities increase. Breathing becomes fast, shallow and uneven, with an increase in brain activity, heartbeat and blood pressure. Although your major muscles generally don’t move, fingers and toes may twitch and body temperature changes and you may sweat or shiver.F. Research has concluded that this sleep is most important for your brain. It is when it is most active, processing emotions and memories and relieving stress. The areas used for learning and developing more skills are activated. In fact, the brain waves measured during REM sleep are similar to those measured when awake.G.NREM (Noil-Rapid Eye Movement) sleep is dreamless sleep. NREM sleep consists of four stages of deeper and deeper sleep. As you move through the stages, you become more relaxed, less aware of what is happening around you and more difficult to wake. Your body’s activity will also decrease as youmove through the NREM stages, acting in the opposite manner to REM sleep. Stage 1 of NREM sleep is when you are falling to sleep. This period generally lasts between 5 and 10 minutes, during which time you can be woken easily. During stage 2, you are in a light sleep- the in-between stage before your fall into a deep sleep. It lasts about 20 minutes. In stage 3, deep sleep begins, paving the way for stage 4, in which you are difficult to awake and unaware of anything around you. This is when sleep walking and talking can occur. This is the most important stage for your body. Your brain has slowed right down and is recovering. Blood flow is redirected from your brain to your large muscles allowing them to mend any damage from your day at work. People woken quickly from stage 4 sleep often feel a sense of disorientation, which is why it is helpful to use an alarm clock with an ascending ring.H. About an hour and a half into your sleep cycle you will go from deep Stage 4 sleep back into light Stage 2 sleep, then into REM sleep, before the cycle begins again. About 75% of your sleep is NREM sleep. If you sleep for eight hours, about six of them will be NREM sleep. As the night progresses, you spend more time in dream sleep and lighter sleep.I. When you constantly get less sleep (even 1 hour less) than you need each night, it is called sleep debt. You may pay for it in daytime drowsiness, trouble concentrating, moodiness, lower productivity and increased risk of falls and accidents. Although a daytime nap cannot replace a good night’s sleep, it can help make up for some of the harm done as a result of sleep debt. But avoid taking a nap after 3 pm as late naps may stop you getting to sleep at night. And avoid napping for longer than 30 minutes as longer naps will make it harder to wake up and get back intothe swing of things.Questions 13-16Do the following statements agree with the information, given in the reading passage?In boxes 13-16 on your answer sheet write13 _________________ It was previously believed that biological processes slowed during sleep.14_________________ Teenagers lose less sleep than adults when they have a medical condition.15_________________ During the night, our sleep becomes increasingly deep.16 _________________ Lack of sleep can cause heart problems and other medical conditions.Questions 17-20Complete the sentences below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer,Write your answers in boxes 17–20on your answer sheet.REM sleep can help reduce 17 _________________During REM sleep, 18_________________ are similar to those recorded whilst awake.During Stage 1 NREM sleep, you can be 19 _________________ with little effort.Suddenly being woken from deep sleep can cause 20 _________________Questions 21-22Choose TWO letters, A-E.Write your answers in boxes 21-22.NB Your answers may be given in either order.REM sleepA is more common for younger people.B is when we dream.C may cause your extremities to move of their own accord.D lasts about an hour a night.E is when the brain is most relaxed.Questions 23-27The reading passage has nine paragraphs, A-I.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter A-I in boxes 23-27.23_____________ Differences in sleep patterns between generations24_____________ Brain activity is limited as resources are diverted25 _____________ Repetition of the cycle26 _____________ Dangers of accumulated lack of sleep27 _____________ Increased activity during sleep。