2015年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析三

雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心李珂考试日期 2015年4月30日Reading Passage 1Title SSDPProjectQuestion types 填空题判断题选择题文章内容回顾一个叫Stavos的公司要在地中海地区的一个地方利用geothermal fluid 做一个项目。

题型难度分析1-3填空题1. mineral extraction2. desalination3. grid本篇文章题型难度较低，是非无判断题、填空题、选择题均具有顺序性原则，只要考生平时注重定位能力的训练，在较短的时间内可以提高这三种题型的做题速度和准确性。

题型技巧分析对于是非无判断题有两点需要提醒：第一，是非无判断题理论上是具有顺序性的题型，因此考生在回文章中扫描定位词时可以按照题目顺序来依次定位。

但是是非无判断题的特殊性在于其中有“无”的情况，所以如果考生过于机械的遵循顺序定位的规律，对于答案是NOT GIVEN的题目，有可能会出现需要读完更多内容才能判断出来的情况。

所以建议考生在搜索某题的定位词时，可以同时关注后面题目的定位词是否出现。

在下一题定位词已经出现而本题定位词或者其同义替换的词仍未找到的情况下，则本题可以判断为NOT GIVEN。

第二，考生在判断题目中的定位词时，不必只找唯一的一个词。

如果题目中出现了不止一个词可以用于作为定位词，建议考生可以全部找出来，一起定位，因为这样能够准确定位到题目出现的位置的概率会大大提高。

剑桥雅思推荐原文练习剑6 Test 2 Passage 1（文章话题相关）剑5 Test 3 Passage 3（题型搭配相关）Reading Passage 2Title Newly-hatched Birds（新题，回忆较少）Reading Passage 3Title The Secrets of PersuasionQuestion types 单选题4题判断题4题人名观点配对5题文章内容回顾The Secrets of PersuasionA. Our mother may have told you the secret to getting what you ask for was to say please. The reality is rather more surprising. Adam Dudding talks to a psychologist who has made a life’s work from the science of persuasion. Some scientists peer at things through high-powered microscopes. Others goad （驱赶）rats through mazes （迷宫），or mix bubbling fluids in glass beakers （玻璃烧杯）. Robert Cialdini, for his part, does curious things with towels, and believes that by doing so he is discovering important insights into how society works.B. Cialdini’s towel experiments (more of them later), are part of his research into how we persuade others to say yes. He wants to know why some people have a knack （熟练手法）for bending the will of others, be it a telephone cold-caller talking to you about timeshares, or a parent whose children are compliant even without threats of extreme violence.C. While he’s anxious not to be seen as the man who’s written the bible for snake-oil salesmen, for decades the Arizona State University social psychology professor has been creating systems for the principles and methods of persuasion, and writing bestsellers about them. Some people seem to be born with the skills; Cialdini’s claim is that by applying a little science, even those of us who aren’t should be able to get our own way more often. “All my life I’ve been an easy mark for the blandishment （奉承）of salespeople and fundraisers and I’d always wondered why they could get me to buy things I didn’t want and give to causes I hadn’t heard of,” says Cialdini on the phone from London, where he is plugging his latest book.D. He found that laboratory experiments on the psychology of persuasion were telling only part of the story, so he began to research influence in the real world, enrolling in sales-training programmes: “I learnt how to sell automobiles from a lot, how to sell insurance from an office, how to sell encyclopedias door to door.” He concluded there were six general “principles of influence” and has, since put them to the test under slightly more scientific conditions. Most recently, that has meant messing about with towels. Many hotels leave a little card in each bathroom asking guests to reuse towels and thus conserve water and electricity and reduce pollution. Cialdini and his colleagues wanted to test the relative effectiveness of different words on thosecards. Would guests be motivated to co-operate simply because it would help save the planet, or were other factors more compelling? To test this, the researchers changed the card’s message from an environmental one to the simple (and truthful) statement that the majority of guests at the hotel had reused their towel at least once. Guests given this message were 26% more likely to reuse their towels than those given the old message. In Cialdini’s book “Yes! 50 Secrets from the Science of Persuasion”, co-written with another social scientist and a business consultant, he explains that guests were responding to the persuasive force of “social proof”, the idea that our decisions are strongly influenced by what we believe other people like us are doing.E. So much for towels. Cialdini has also learnt a lot from confectionery （糖果店）.Yes! cites the work of New Jersey behavioural scientist David Strohmetz, who wanted to see how restaurant patrons （老顾客）would respond to a ridiculously small favour from their food server, in the form of an after inner chocolate for each diner. The secret, it seems, is in how you give the chocolate. When the chocolates arrived in a heap with the bill, tips went up a miserly 3% compared to when no chocolate was given. But when the chocolates were dropped individually in front of each diner, tips went up 14%. The scientific breakthrough, though, came when the waitress gave each diner one chocolate, headed away from the table then doubled back to give them one more each, as if such generosity （慷慨）had only just occurred to her. Tips went up 23%.This is “reciprocity” in action: we want to return favours done to us, often without bothering to calculate the relative value of what is being received and given.F. Geeling Ng, operations manager at Auckland’s Soul Bar, says she’s never heard of Kiwi waiting staff using such a cynical （愤世嫉俗的）trick, not least because New Zealand tipping culture is so different from that of the US: “If you did that in New Zealand, as diners were leaving they’d say ‘can we have some more?” ‘ But she certainly understands the general principle of reciprocity （互惠原则）. The way to a diner’s heart is “to give them something they’re not expecting in the way of service. It might be something as small as leaving a mint on their plate, or it might be remembering that last time they were in they wanted their water with no ice and no lemon. “In America it would translate into an instant tip. In New Zealand it translates into a huge smile and thank you.” And no doubt, return visits.THE FIVE PRINCIPLES OF PERSUASIONG. Reciprocity: People want to give back to those who have given tothem. The trick here is to get in first. That’s why charities put a crummy pen inside a mailout, and why smiling women in supermarkets hand out dollops of free food. Scarcity: （缺乏）People want more of things they can have less of. Advertisers ruthlessly exploit scarcity (“limit four per customer”, “sale must end soon”), and Cialdini suggests parents do too: “Kids want things that are less available, so say “this is an unusual opportunity; you can only have this for a certain time.”H. Authority: We trust people who know what they’re talking about. So inform people honestly of your credentials （证书）before you set out to influence them. “You’d be surprised how many people fail to do that,” says Cialdini. “They feel it’s impolite to talk about their expertise.” In one study, therapists whose patients wouldn’t do their exercises were advised to display their qualification certificates prominently. They did, and experienced an immediate leap in patient compliance.I. Commitment/consistency: We want to act in a way that is consistent with the commitments we have already made. Exploit this to get a higher sign-up rate when soliciting （征求）charitable donations. First ask workmates if they think they will sponsor you on your egg-and-spoon marathon. Later, return with the sponsorship form to those who said yes and remind them of their earlier commitment.J. Liking: We say yes more often to people we like. Obvious enough, but reasons for “liking” can be weird. In one study, people were sent survey forms and asked to return them to a named researcher. When the researcher gave a fake name resembling that of the subject (eg, Cynthia Johnson is sent a survey by “Cindy Johansen”), surveys were twice as likely to be completed. We favour people who resemble us, even if the resemblance is as minor as the sound of their name.K. Social proof: We decide what to do by looking around to see what others just like us are doing. Useful for parents, says Cialdini. “Find groups of children who are behaving in a way that you would like your child to, because the child looks to the side, rather than at you.” More perniciously （有害的）, social proof is the force underpinning （打基础）the competitive materialism of “keeping up with the Joneses” （攀比）。

雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心徐航考试日期 2015年5月30日Reading Passage 1Title 偏远地区交通 Practical action（科技类）（V120421 P1）Question types 判断题4题句子填空4题图表填空5题文章内容回顾1-4判断题1. 政府非常了解偏远地区的问题NO2. 贫困地区机动车数量上升NOT GIVEN5-8句子填空题5. The organization is a charity6-7. It is easier for people to access to markets and complete daily task.9-13图表填空题9. rubber tyre10. joining mechanism to the bicycle11. Bed section with cushion12. Seat section for a family member13. A special cover for poor weather condition相关原文阅读Practical actionFor more than 40 years, Practical Action have worked with poor communities to identify the types of transport that work best, taking into consideration culture, needs and skills. With our technical and practical support, isolated rural communities can design, build and maintain their own solutions.A. Whilst the focus of National Development Plans in the transport sector lies heavily in the areas of extending road networks and bridges, there are still major gaps identified in addressing the needs of poorer communities.There is a need to develop and promote the sustainable use of alternative transport systems and intermediate means of transportation (IMTs) that complement the linkages of poor people with road networks and other socio-economic infrastructures toimprove their livelihoods.B. On the other hand, the development of all weathered roads (only30 percent of rural population have access to this so far) and motorable bridges are very costly for a country with a small and stagnant economy. In addition these interventions are not always favourable in all geographical contexts environmentally, socially and economically. More than 60 percent of the network is concentrated in the lowland areas of the country. Although there are a number of alternative ways by which transportation and mobility needs of rural communities in the hills can be addressed, a lack of clear government focus and policies, lack of fiscal and economic incentives, lack of adequate technical knowledge and manufacturing capacities have led to under-development of this alternative transport sub-sector including the provision of IMTs.C. One of the major causes of poverty is isolation. Improving the access and mobility of the isolated poor paves the way for access to markets, services and opportunities. By improving transport poorer people are able to access markets where they can buy or sell goods for income, and make better use of essential services such as health and education. No proper roads or vehicles mean women and children are forced to spend many hours each day attending to their most basic needs, such as collecting water and firewood. This valuable time could be used to tend crops, care for the family, study or develop small business ideas to generate much needed income.Road buildingD. Without roads, rural communities are extremely restricted. Collecting water and firewood, and going to local markets is a huge task, therefore it is understandable that the construction of roads is a major priority for many rural communities. Practical Action are helping to improve rural access/transport infrastructures through the construction and rehabilitation of short rural roads, small bridges, culverts and other transport related functions. The aim is to use methods that encourage community driven development. This means villagers can improve their own lives through better access to markets, health care, education and other economic and social opportunities, as well as bringing improved services and supplies to the now-accessible villages.Driving forward new ideasE. Practical Action and the communities we work with are constantly crafting and honing new ideas to help poor people. Cycle trailers have a practical business use too, helping people carry their goods, such as vegetables and charcoal, to markets for sale. Not only that, but those on the poverty-line can earn a decent income by making, maintaining and operating bicycle taxis. With Practical Action’s know-how, Sri Lankan communities have been able to start a bus service and maintain the roads along which it travels.The impact has been remarkable. This service has put an end to rural people’s social isolation. Quick and affordable, it gives them a reliable way to travel to the nearest town; and now their children can get an education, making it far more likely they’ll find a path out of poverty. Practical Action is also an active member of many national and regional networks through which exchange of knowledge and advocating based on action research are carried out and one conspicuous example is the Lanka Organic Agriculture Movement sky-scraping transport system.F. For people who live in remote, mountainous areas, getting food to market in order to earn enough money to survive is a serious issue. The hills are so steep that travelling down them is dangerous. A porter can help but they are expensive, and it would still take hours or even a day. The journey can take so long that their goods start to perish and become worth less and less. Practical Action has developed an ingenious solution called an aerial ropeway. It can either operate by gravitation force or with the use of external power. The ropeway consists of two trolleys rolling over support tracks connected to a control cable in the middle which moves in a traditional flywheel system. The trolley at the top is loaded with goods and can take up to 120kg. This is pulled down to the station at the bottom, either by the force of gravity or by external power. The other trolley at the bottom is therefore pulled upwards automatically. The external power can be produced by a micro hydro system if access to an electricity grid is not an option. Bringing people on board.G. Practical Action developed a two-wheeled iron trailer that can be attached (via a hitch behind the seat) to a bicycle and be used to carry heavy loads (up to around 200kgs) of food, water or evenpassengers. People can now carry three times as much as beforeand still pedal the bicycle. The cycle trailers are used fortransporting goods by local producers, as ambulances, as mobileshops, and even as mobile libraries. They are made in small villageworkshops from iron tubing, which is cut, bent, welded and drilledto make the frame and wheels. Modifications are also carried out tothe trailers in these workshops at the request of the buyers. Thetwo-wheeled ‘ambulance’ is made from moulded metal, withstandard rubber-tyred wheels. The "bed" section can be paddedwith cushions to make the patient comfortable, while the “seat”section allows a family member to attend to patient during transit.A dedicated bicycle is needed to pull the ambulance trailer, so thatother community members do not need to go without the bicyclesthey depend on in their daily lives. A joining mechanism allows foreasy removal and attachment. In response to user comments, acover has been designed that can be added to give protection tothe patient and attendant in poor weather. Made of treated cotton,the cover is durable and waterproof.题型难度分析难度较低，判断题属于顺序类题型，填空题比较集中。

2015年7月23日雅思考试阅读真题Passage 2：题目：Finding our way内容：人类行为的研究题型：配对题5道，选择题3道，判断题5道题号：V100529Finding Our WayA “Drive 200 yards, and then turn right, “says the car’s computer voice. You relax in the driver’s seat, follow the directions and reach your destination without error. It’s certainly nice to have the Global Positioning System (GPS) to direct you to within a few yards of your goal. Yet if the satellite service’s digital maps become even slightly outdated, you can become lost. Then you have to rely on the ancient human skill of navigating 航行in three-dimensional space. Luckily, your biological finder生物探测器/发现者has an important advantage over GPS: it does not go awry失败/出错if only one part of the guidance system goes wrong, because it works in various ways. You can ask questions of people on the sidewalk. Or follow a street that looks familiar. Or rely on a navigational rubric红色标志: "If I keep the East River on my left, I will eventually cross 34th Street.” The human positioning system is flexible and capable of learning. Anyone who knows the way from point A to point B—and from A to C—can probably figure out how to get fromB to C, too.B But how does this complex cognitive认知system really work? Researchers are looking at several strategies people use to orient 向东themselves in space: guidance, path integration and route following. We may use all three or combinations thereof在其中. And as experts learn more about these navigational skills, they are making the case that our abilities may underlie在什么基础下our powers of memory and logical thinking. Grand Central中央车站, Please Imagine that you have arrived in a place you have never visited—New York City. You get off the train at Grand Central Terminal in midtown Manhattan. You have a few hours to explore before you must return for your ride home. You head uptown to see popular spots you have been told about: Rockefeller Center洛克菲勒中心, Central Park, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art大都会博物馆. You meander 漫步in and out of shops along the way. Suddenly, it is time to get back to the station. But how?C If you ask passersby for help, most likely you will receive information in many different forms. A person who orients herself by a prominent landmark would gesturesouthward: "Look down there. See the tall, broad MetLife Building? Head for that—the station is right be low it. “Neurologists call this navigational approach "guidance,” meaning that a landmark visible from a distance serves as t he marker for one’s destination.D Another city dweller居民might say: "What places do you remember passing? . . . Okay. Go toward the end of Central Park, then walk down to St. Patrick’s Cathedral大教堂.A few more blocks, and Grand Central will be off to yo ur left. “In this case, you are pointed toward the most recent place you recall, and you aim for it. Once there you head for the next notable place and so on, retracing折回your path. Your brain is adding together the individual legs of your trek艰难跋涉into a cumulative积累的progress report. Researchers call this strategy "path integration.”路劲整合Many animals rely primarily on path integration to get around, including insects, spiders, crabs and rodents啮齿动物. The desert ants of the genus类Cataglyphis 沙蚁employ this method to return from foraging觅食as far as 100 yards away. They note the general direction they came from and retrace their steps, using the polarization极化of sunlight to orient themselves even under overcast skies阴暗的天空. On their way back they are faithful to this inner homing vector航线. Even when a scientist picks up an ant and puts it in a totally different spot, the insect stubbornly proceeds in the originally determined direction until it has gone "back" all of the distance it wandered from its nest. Only then does the ant realize it has not succeeded, and it begins to walk in successively larger loops循环to find its way home.E Whether it is trying to get back to the anthill or the train station, any animal using path integration must keep track of its own movements so it knows, while returning, which segments it has already completed. As you move, your brain gathers data from your environment—sights, sounds, smells, lighting, muscle contractions收缩, a sense of time passing—to determine which way your body has gone. The church spire尖塔, the sizzling 极热的sausages香肠on that vendor’s grill小贩的架子, the open courtyard庭院, and the train station—all represent snapshots快照of memorable junctures 连接during your journey.F In addition to guidance and path integration, we use a third method for finding our way. An office worker you approach for help on a Manhattan street comer might say: "Walk straight down Fifth, turn left on 47th, turn right on Park, go through the walkway under the Helmsley Building, then cross the stree t to the MetLife Building into Grand Central.” This strategy, called route following, uses landmarks such as building sand street names, plus directions—straight, turn, go through—for reaching intermediate中间点points. Route following is more precise than guidance or path integration, but if you forget the details and take a wrong turn, the only way to recover is to backtrack until you reach a familiar spot, because you do not know the general direction or have a reference landmark for your goal. The route-following navigation strategy truly challenges the brain. We have to keep all the landmarks and intermediate directions in our head. It is the most detailed and therefore most reliable method, but it can be undone by routine memory lapses记忆差错. With path integration, our cognitive memory is less burdened负担大; it has to deal with only a few general instructions and the homing vector. Path integration works because it relies most fundamentally on our knowledge of our body’s general direction o f movement, and we always have access to these inputs. Nevertheless, people often choose to give route- following directions, in part because saying "Go straight that way!" just does notwork in our complex, man- made surroundings.G Road Map or Metaphor隐喻? On your next visit to Manhattan you will rely on your memory to get around. Most likely you will use guidance, path integration and route following in various combinations. But how exactly do these constructs构图deliver concrete directions? Do we humans have, as an image of the real world, a kind of road map in our heads—with symbols for cities, train stations and churches; thick粗线lines for highways; narrow lines for local streets? Neurobiologists and cognitive psychologists do call the portion部分of our memory that controls navigation a "cognitive map.” The map metaphor is obviously seductive引人注意的: maps are the easiest way to present geographic information for convenient visual inspection. In many cultures, maps were developed before writing, and today they are used in almost every society. It is even possible that maps derive from a universal way in which our spatial空间的-memory networks are wired接电线的.H Yet the notion of a literal map in our heads may be misleading; a growing body of research implies that the cognitive map is mostly a metaphor. It may be more like a hierarchical层级structure of relationships.To get back to Grand Central, you first envision (想象) the large scale—that is, you visualize the general direction of the station. Within that system you then imagine the route to the last place you remember. After that, you observe your nearby surroundings to pick out a recognizable可辨认的storefront店面or street comer that will send you toward that place. In this hierarchical, or nested, scheme, positions and distances are relative, in contrast with a road map, where the same information is shown in a geometrically几何学上的precise scale.Questions 14-18Use the information in the passage to match the category of each navigation method (listed A-C) with correct statement. Write the appropriate letters A-C in boxes 14-18on your answer sheet.NB you may use any letter more than onceA GuidanceB Path integration.C Route following14 Using basic direction from starting point and light intensity强度to move on. B15 Using combination of place and direction heading for destination. C16 Using an iconic标志性building near your destination as orientation. A17 Using a retrace method from a known place if a mistake happens. C18 Using a passed spot as reference for a new integration. BQuestions 19-21Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write your answers in boxes 19-21 on your answer sheet.19 What does the ant of Cataglyphis respond if it has been taken to another location according to the passage?A Changes the orientation sensors感应improvinglyB Releases biological scent气味for help from othersC Continues to move by the original orientationD totally gets lost once disturbed20 Which of the followings is true about "cognitive map" in this passage?A There is not obvious difference contrast by real mapB It exists in our head and is always correctC It only exists under some culturesD It was managed by brain memory21 Which of following description of way findings correctly reflects the function of cognitive map?A It visualizes a virtual route in a large scopeB It reproduces an exact details of every landmarkC Observation plays a more important roleD Store or supermarket is a must in the mapQuestions 22-26Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet, writeTRUEFALSENOT GIVEN22 Biological navigation has a state of flexibility. TRUE23 You will always receive good reaction when you ask direction.NOTGIVEN24 When someone follows a route, he or she collects comprehensive perceptional 知觉/感性information in mind on the way. TRUE25 Path integration requires more thought from brain compared with route-following. FALSE26 In a familiar surroundings, an exact map of where you are will automatically emerge in your head.FALSE。

2015年9月3日雅思阅读真题回忆今天小编给大家带来的主要内容是2015年9月3日雅思阅读真题回忆，本次考试三篇文章一旧两新,第一篇为旧题,人类行为研究，标题Decision making and happiness,相关真题可参考CST2P2, C9T4P2。

第二篇为新题，研究的是丛林狼coyote ，动物类题材可参考C7T1P1和C9T1P3。

第三篇也是新题，题材为心理学，研究了一系列动物的认知能力，相关题材可参考C7T1P1和C7T3P1。

所以大家一定要看看考题回顾，以便更好地备考接下来的雅思阅读考试。

Passage 1题目:Decision making and Happiness内容：人类行为研究题型：特殊词匹配4 +判断题5 +选择题4参考文章(高亮为高频词汇)Decision making and HappinessA Americans today choose among more options in more parts of life than has ever been possible before. To an extent the opportunity to choose enhances our lives. It is only logical to think that if some choice is good, more is better; people who care about having infinite options will benefit from them, and those who do not can always just ignore the 273 versions of cereal they have never tried. Yet recent research strongly suggests that psychologically, this assumption is wrong. Although some choice is undoubtedly better than none, more is not always better than less.B Recent research offers insight into why many people end up unhappy rather than pleased when their options expand. We began by making a distinction between ’maximisers’(those who always aim to make the best possible choice) and ’satisficers’(those who aim for “good enough, ”whether or not better selections might be out there).C In particular, we composed a set of statements——the Maximization Scale——to diagnose people' s propensity to maximize. Then we had several thousand people rate themselves from 1 to 7 (from *“completely disagree”to “completely agree”) on such statements as “I never settle for second best ’We also evaluated their sense, of satisfaction with their decisions. We did not define a sharp cutoff to separate maximisers from satisficers, but in general, we think of individuals whose average scores are higher than 4 (the scale' s midpoint) as maximisers and those whose scores are lower than the midpoint as satisficers. People who score highest on the test—the greatest maximisers—engage in more product comparisons than the lowest scorers, both before and after they make purchasing decisions, and they take longer to decide what to buy. When satisficers find an item that meets their standards, they stop looking. But maximisers exert enormous effort reading labels, checking out consumer magazines and trying new products. They also spend more time comparing their purchasing decisions with those of others.D We found that the greatest maximisers are the least happy with the fruits of their efforts. When they compare themselves with others, they get little pleasure from finding out that they did better and substantial dissatisfaction from finding out that they did worse. They are more prone to experiencing regret after a purchase, and if theiracquisition disappoints them, their sense of well-being takes longer to recover. They also tend to brood or ruminate more than satisficers do.E Does it follow that maximisers are less happy in general than satisficers? We tested this by having people fill out a variety of questionnaires known to be reliable indicators of well-being. As might be expected, individuals with high maximization scores experienced less satisfaction with life and were less happy, less optimistic and more depressed than people with low maximization scores. Indeed, those with extreme maximization ratings had depression scores that placed them in the borderline clinical range.F Several factors explain why more choice is not always better than less, especially for maximisers. High among these are ^opportunity costs. * The quality of any given option cannot be assessed in isolation from its alternatives. One of the 'costs' of making a selection is losing the opportunities that a different option would have afforded. Thus an opportunity cost of vacationing on the beach in Cape Cod might be missing the fabulous restaurants in the Napa Valley. EARLY DECISION-MAKING RESEARCH by Daniel Katmeman and Amos Tversky showed that people respond much more strongly to losses than gains. If we assume that opportunity costs reduce the overall desirability of the most preferred choice, then the more alternatives there are, the deeper our sense of loss will be and the less satisfaction we will derive from our ultimate decision.G The problem of opportunity costs will be worse for a maximiser than for a satisficer. The latter' s *good enough1* philosophy can survive thoughts about opportunity costs. In addition, the *good enough* standard leads to much less searching and inspection ofalternatives than the maximiser' s “best“standard. With fewer choices under consideration, a person will have fewer opportunity costs to subtractH Just as people feel sorrow about the opportunities they have forgone, they may also suffer regret about the option they settle on. My colleagues and I devised a scale to measure proneness to feeling regret, and we found that people with high sensitivity to regret are less happy, less satisfied with life, less optimistic and more depressed than those with low sensitivity. Not surprisingly, we also found that people with high regret sensitivity tend to be maximisers. Indeed, we think that worry over future regret is a major reason that individuals become maximisers. The only way to be sure you will not regret a decision is by making the best possible one. Unfortunately, the more options you have and the more opportunity costs you incur, the more likely you are to experience regret.I ln a classic demonstration of the power of sunk costs, people were offered season subscriptions to a local theater company. Some were offered the tickets at full price and others at a discount Then the researchers simply kept track of how often the ticket purchasers actually attended the plays over the course of the season. Full-price payers were more likely to show up at performances thandiscount payers. The reason for this, the investigators argued, was that the full-price payers would experience more regret if they did not use the tickets because not using the more costly tickets would constitute a bigger loss. To increase sense of happiness, we can decide to restrict our options when the decision is not crucial For example, make a rule to visit no more than two stores when shopping for clothing.参考答案：Questions 1-4Use the information in the passage to match the category (listed A-D) with descriptions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-D in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.A MaximiserB SatisficerC BothD Neither of them1. finish transaction when the items match their expectation B2. buy the most expensive things when shopping D3. consider repeatedly until they make final decision A4. participate in the questionnaire of the author CQuestions 5-9Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1 In boxes S-9 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement is trueFALSE if the statement is falseNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage5. With the society' s advancement more chances make our lives better and happier. False6. There is difference of findings by different gender classification. Not Given7. The feeling of loss is greater than that of acquisition. True8. 'Good enough' plays a more significant role in pursuing Jbestr standards of maximiser‘False9. There are certain correlations between the * regret* people and the maximisers. TrueQuestions 10-13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet10. What is the subject of this passage?A. regret makes people less happyB. choices and Well-beingC. an interesting phenomenonD. advices on shopping11. According to conclusion of questionnaires, which of the following statement is correct?A. maximisers are less happyB. state of being optimistic is importantC uncertain results are foundD. maximisers tend to cross bottom line12. The experimental on theater tickets suggested:A. sales are different according to each seasonB. people like to spend on the most expensive itemsC people feel depressed if they spend their vouchersD. people would regret if they failed to spend on discount sales.13. What is author' s suggestion on how to increase happiness:A. focus the final decisionB. be sensitive and smartC. reduce the choice or optionD. read label carefully(仅供参考)Passage 2:题目:Coyote内容：研究丛林狼——数量的变化、人类活动对丛林狼的影响、未来丛林狼的生存问题题型：段落细节匹配5+填空4+选择4题号：新题这是一篇关于coyote郊狼从野外到城市里生存的文章, 郊狼转战城市的原因是森林面积减少, 郊狼食肉动物,而且适应能力极强，而且在狼逐步灭绝的过程中，郊狼已成为顶端动物。

2015年10月31日雅思阅读真题回忆今天小编给大家带来的主要内容是2015年10月31日雅思阅读真题回忆, 本次考试三篇文章两新一旧，第一篇内容关于脸盲症，第二篇为新西兰的aquaculture , 第三篇是一本书的书评book review。

本次考试内容整体比较简单，没有配对填空题出现，其它题型皆为常规题型。

大家可以参考剑桥真题相似文章，以便更好地备考接下来的雅思阅读考试。

Passage 1 ：题目：Sorry, who you are?内容：脸盲症题型：判断题7+填空题6题号：新题文章大意：文章先用一个人的案例引出脸盲症，分析了脸盲症的出现概率，发病情况，提出先天导致与后天导致两种猜想Question 1- 7答案：1-7判断题1. F2. F3. NG4. T5. T6. T7. NG9-13填空题8. animals9.10.11. gene12. left13. cheating(部分可回忆，答案仅供参考)Passage 2 ：题目：Aquaculture in New Zealand内容：新西兰水产养殖题型：配对题10+填空题3文章大意：介绍了新西兰一种新型保护海底动物多样性兼顾商业运作的方式一aquaculture , 其发展遇到的问题及前景。

参考文章：(以下文章仅是相似相关内容，并非考试文章，仅供参考)Aquaculture in NewA Aquaculture is the general term given to the cultivation of any fresh or salt water plant or animal. It takes place in New Zealand in coastal marine areas (mariculture) and in inland tanks or enclosures.B Aquaculture in New Zealand currently (2008) occupies 14,188 ha. Of that area, 7,713 ha is in established growing areas and is owned by the aquaculture industry, 4,010 ha is used to enhance the wild scallop fishery and belongs to the Challenger Scallop Enhancement Company,[6] and 2,465 ha is an exposed site six kilometres offshore from Napier where trials are being undertaken by a private company to test the site's economic viability.C In 2005 the aquaculture industry provided direct employment for about 2,500 full time equivalents, mostly in the processing sector. A similar amount of indirect employment resulted from flow-on effects. The aquaculture industry is important for some coastal areas around New Zealand where there is limited employment. This applies particularly to some Maori communities with traditional links to coastal settlements.D Marine aquaculture, mariculture, occurs in the sea, generally in sheltered bays along the coast. In New Zealand, about 70 percent of marine aquaculture occurs in the top of the South Island. In the North Island, the Firth of Thames is productive.E Marine farmers usually look for sheltered and unpolluted waters rich in nutrients. Often these areas are also desirable for other purposes. In the late 1990s, demand forcoastal aquaculture space upsurged, increasing fivefold.[18] Aquaculture consents developed haphazardly, with regional councils unsure about how marine farms might impact coastal environments. By 2001, some councils were inundated with marine farm applications, and were operating with inadequate guidelines for sustainably managing the coast.[19] As the Ministry for the Environment put it: “Attempts to minimise local or cumulative environmental effects resulted in bottlenecks, delays and high costs in processing applications for new marine farms, local moratoria, submitter fatigue and poor environmental outcomes. Marine farmers, local communities, and the government wanted change.”F In 2002, the government stopped issuing consents for more new marine farms while they reformed the legislation. The consents had operated under a system overseen by both the Ministry of Fisheries and the regional councils. The reforms aimed to streamline these applications for both freshwater and marine farms. Industry farmers objected to the moratorium, on the grounds that delaying expansion and diversification could not be in the interest of the industry. Maori groups considered they were especially affected since they were the main applicants for coastal farms.G This took three years, and in early 2005, Parliament passed the Aquaculture Reform Act 2004, which introduced the new legislation. The act amends five existing acts to cope with the new environmental demands, and creates two new acts, the Maori Commercial Aquaculture Claims Settlement Act 2004 and the Aquaculture Reform (Repeals and Transitional Provisions) Act 2004.[20] The legislation and administration of aquaculture inNew Zealand is complex for such a small industry. A more comprehensive overview can be found here.H Aquaculture is administered in New Zealand through labyrinth bureaucracies, with consequent diluted responsibilities. No single ministerial portfolio or government agency is responsible. As an example, in 2007 the government released a strategy on aquaculture. This strategy was endorsed by six government ministers with the following portfolios: fisheries, environment, conservation, local government, Maori affairs, industry and regional development. Further, there were five government departments directly involved in the preparation of the strategy. As another example, the access to marine and freshwater aquaculture sites are under the control of 17 regional local government agencies with yet more oversight by various central government agencies.参考答案：14. vi ( 一受益的村庄)15. 选含beginning的那项16. 选含limitation的那项17. 选含concerns to environment 的那项18. 选含alternative explanation 的那项19. 选含research的那项20. 选含science and business 的那项21. D22. C23. E24. polyculture25. commercial partner26. market value(答案可能有误，仅供参考)Passage 3 ：题名：A review of Hulb Brooks' book: We should live in cities题型：判断题5+单选题5+填空题4文章大意：作者对于这本书带有批判性的分析，先承认其分析合理之处，再批判书中的不足。

2015年12月5日雅思阅读预测1.石油衰落27/ yes [第一句话his successful prediction has hold a new generation of......experts at odac, who worry that the global peak in production with come in the next decade... E段开始的第一句话，说明此人影响力大]28/ Not Given [oil from that area then becomes less competitive in relation to other fuels, or to oil from other areas.定位D段文章是less competitive ... other fuels. 指的价格，题目是比其他持续的长。

不是一回事，但没有冲突，不能直接驳斥]29/ NO [末句Kenneth Deffeyes of Princeton university argues in a lively new book...that global oil production could peak as soon as 2004. E段开始第一句话，chief among... experts ... worry ...global peak. 但是文章说是ran out，一个高峰，一个用完，相互矛盾。

而且文章有next decade, 题目是this decade] 30/ No [末句only around 30-35% industry optimists believe that new techniques on the drawing today could life that figure to 50-605 within a decade.因为题目中此题有不同的两个答案争持不下。

Time to cool it1 REFRIGERATORS are the epitome of clunky technology：solid，reliable and just a little bit dull. They have not changed much over the past century，but then they have not needed to. They are based on a robust and effective idea--draw heat from the thing you want to cool by evaporating a liquid next to it，and then dump that heat by pumping the vapour elsewhere and condensing it. This method of pumping heat from one place to another served mankind well when refrigerators' main jobs were preserving food and，as air conditioners，cooling buildings. Today's high-tech world，however，demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.2 One set of candidates are known as paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change：attach electrodes to them and they generate a current. This effect is used in infra-red cameras. An array of tiny pieces of paraelectric material can sense the heat radiated by，for example，a person，and the pattern of the array's electrical outputs can then be used to construct an image. But until recently no one had bothered much with the inverse of this process. That inverse exists，however. Apply an appropriate current to a paraelectric material and it will cool down.3 Someone who is looking at this inverse effect is Alex Mischenko，of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film，he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications.4 As to what those applications might be，Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has，nevertheless，set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges and air conditioners. The real money，though，may be in cooling computers.页脚内容15 Gadgets containing microprocessors have been getting hotter for a long time. One consequence of Moore's Law，which describes the doubling of the number of transistors on a chip every 18 months，is that the amount of heat produced doubles as well. In fact，it more than doubles，because besides increasing in number，the components are getting faster. Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor，so the faster the processor is，the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output. And the frequency has doubled a lot. The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company，Intel，in 1993，ran at 60m cycles a second. The Pentium 4--the last "single-core" desktop processor--clocked up 3.2 billion cycles a second.6 Disposing of this heat is a big obstruction to further miniaturisation and higher speeds. The innards of a desktop computer commonly hit 80℃. At 85℃，they stop working. Tweaking the processor's heat sinks (copper or aluminium boxes designed to radiate heat away) has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems that divided processing power between first two，and then four，subunits，in order to spread the thermal load，also seems to have the end of the road in sight.7 One way out of this may be a second curious physical phenomenon，the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials，this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics，a significant body of researchers is already working on it.8 The trick to a good thermoelectric material is a crystal structure in which electrons can flow freely，but the path of phonons--heat-carrying vibrations that are larger than electrons--is constantly interrupted. In practice，this trick is hard to pull off，and thermoelectric materials are thus less efficient than paraelectric ones (or，at least，than those examined by Dr Mischenko). Nevertheless，Rama Venkatasubramanian，of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina，claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃. Ali Shakouri，of the University of California，Santa Cruz，says his are even smaller--so small that they can go inside the chip.页脚内容29 The last word in computer cooling，though，may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator. Last year Apple launched a personal computer that is cooled by liquid that is pumped through little channels in the processor，and thence to a radiator，where it gives up its heat to the atmosphere. To improve on this，IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place. In the future，therefore，a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers. The old，as it were，hand in hand with the new.Questions 1-5Complete each of the following statements with the scientist or company name from the box below.Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.A. AppleB. IBMC. IntelD. Alex MischenkoE. Ali ShakouriF. Rama Venkatasubramanian1. ...and his research group use paraelectric film available from the market to produce cooling.2. ...sold microprocessors running at 60m cycles a second in 1993.3. ...says that he has made refrigerators which can cool the hotspots of computer chips by 10℃.页脚内容34. ...claims to have made a refrigerator small enough to be built into a computer chip.5. ...attempts to produce better cooling in personal computers by stirring up liquid with tiny jets to make sure maximum heat exchange.Questions 6-9Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage？In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage6. Paraelectric materials can generate a current when electrodes are attached to them.7. Dr. Mischenko has successfully applied his laboratory discovery to manufacturing more efficient referigerators.8. Doubling the frequency of logical operations inside a microprocessor doubles the heat output.9. IBM will achieve better computer cooling by combining microchannels with paraelectrics.Question 10Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in box 10 on your answer sheet.10. Which method of disposing heat in computers may have a bright prospect？A. Tweaking the processors？heat sinks.B. Tweaking the fans that circulate air over the processor抯heat sinks.页脚内容4C. Shifting from single-core processors to systems of subunits.D. None of the above.Questions 11-14Complete the notes below.Choose one suitable word from the Reading Passage above for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.Traditional refrigerators use...11...pumps to drop temperature. At present，scientists are searching for other methods to produce refrigeration，especially in computer microprocessors....12...materials have been tried to generate temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. ...13...effect has also been adopted by many researchers to cool hotspots in computers. A miniature version of a car ...14... may also be a system to realize ideal computer cooling in the future.Key and Explanations：1. DSee Paragraph 3： ...Alex Mischenko，of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film，he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops...2. CSee Paragraph 5：The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company，Intel，in 1993，ran at 60m cycles a second.3. F页脚内容5See Paragraph 8： ...Rama Venkatasubramanian，of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina，claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃.4. ESee Paragraph 8：Ali Shakouri，of the University of California，Santa Cruz，says his are even smaller梥o small that they can go inside the chip.5. BSee Paragraph 9：To improve on this，IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place.6. TRUESee Paragraph 2： ...paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change：attach electrodes to them and they generate a current.7. FALSESee Paragraph 3 (That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications. ) and Paragraph 4 (As to what those applications might be，Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has，nevertheless，set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges？8. FALSE页脚内容6See Paragraph 5：Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor，so the faster the processor is，the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output.9. NOT GIVENSee Paragraph 9：In the future，therefore，a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers.10. DSee Paragraph 6：Tweaking the processor's heat sinks ？has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems？also seems to have the end of the road in sight.11. heatSee Paragraph 1：Today's high-tech world，however，demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.12. paraelectricSee Paragraph 3：Using commercially available paraelectric film，he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded.13. thermoelectricSee Paragraph 7： ...the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials，this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics，a significant body of researchers is already working on it.页脚内容714. radiatorSee Paragraph 9：The last word in computer cooling，though，may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator.页脚内容8。

2015年8月29日雅思阅读真题回忆今天小编给大家带来的主要内容是2015年8月29日雅思阅读真题回忆，本次阅读考试罕见出现了两套题,A卷三篇文章为小岛生态旅游、机器人和孩子以及海豚; B卷三篇文章为海洋能源、沙漠化以及新型飞行器,其中第一篇文章大家可以参照C9T3P2 Tidal Power来进行复习。

所以大家一定要看看考题回顾，以便更好地备考接下来的雅思阅读考试。

二、具体题目分析A卷Passage 1 ：题目：小岛旅游参考文章(原文有删减)：Eco-Resort Management PracticesA Ecotourism is often regarded as a form of nature-based tourism and has become an important alternative source of tourists. In addition to providing the traditional resort-leisure product, it has been argued that ecotourism resort management should have a particular focus on best-practice environmental management, an educational and interpretive component, and direct and indirect contributions to the conservation of the natural and cultural environment (Ayala, 1996).B Couran Cove Island Resort is a large integrated ecotourism-based resort located south of Brisbane on the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. As the world's population becomes increasingly urbanised, the demand for tourist attractions which are environmentally friendly, serene and offer amenities of a unique nature, has grownrapidly. Couran Cove Resort, which is one such tourist attractions, is located on South Stradbroke Island, occupying approximately 150 hectares of the island. South Stradbroke Island is separated from the mainland by the Broadwater, a stretch of sea 3 kilometers wide More than a century ago, there was only one Stradbroke Island, and there were at least four nitribes living and hunting on the island. Regrettably, most of the original island dwellers were eventually killed by diseases such as tuberculosis, smallpox and influenza by the end of the 19th century. The second ship wreak on the island in 1894, and the subsequent destruction of the ship (the Cambus Wallace) because it contained dynamite, caused a large crater in the sandhills on Stradbroke Island. Eventually, the ocean broke through the weakened land form and Stradbroke became two islands. Couran Cove Island Resort is built on one of the world's few naturally-occurring sand lands, which is home to a wide range of plant communities and one of the largest remaining remnants of the rare livistona (i) rainforest left on the Gold Coast. Many mangrove and rainforest areas, and Malaleuca Wetlands on South Stradbroke Island (and in Queensland), have been cleared, drained or filled for residential, industrial, agricultural or urban development in the first half of the 20th century. Farmers and graziers finally abandoned South Stradbroke Island in 1939 because the vegetation and the soil conditions there were not suitable for agricultural activities.SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES OF COUTRAN COVE RESORTBeing located on an offshore island, the resort is only accessible by means of water transportation. The resort provides hourly ferry service from the marina on the mainlandto and from the island. Within the resort, transport modes include walking trails, bicycle tracks and the beach train. The reception area is the counter of the shop which has not changed in 8 years at least. The accommodation is an octagonal "Bure (草屋，房子)'These are large rooms that are clean but! The equipment is tired and in some cases just working. Our ceiling fan only worked on high speed for example. Beds are hard but clean, there is television, radio, an old air conditioner and a small fridge. These "Bures" are right on top of each other and night noises do carry so be careful what you say and do. The only thing is the mosquitoes but if you forget to bring mosquito repellant they sell some on the island.As an ecotourism-based resort, most of the planning and development of the attraction has been concentrated on the need to co-exist with the fragile natural environment of South Stradbroke Island to achieve sustainable development.WATER AND ENERGY MANAGEMENTC South Stradbroke Island has groundwater at the centre of the island, which has a maximum height of 3 metres above sea level. The water supply is recharged by rainfall and is commonly known as an unconfined freshwater aquifer C 蓄水层)•Couran Cove Island Resort obtains its water supply by tapping into this aquifer and extracting it via a bore system. Some of the problems which have threatened the island's freshwater supply include pollution, contamination and over-consumption. In order to minimise some of these problems, all laundry activities are carried out on the mainland. The resort considers washing machines as onerous to the island's freshwater supply, and that the detergentscontain a high level of phosphates which are a major source of water pollution. The resort uses LPG-power generation rather than a diesel-powered(柴油动力) plant for its energy supply, supplemented by wind turbine, which has reduced greenhouse emissions by 70% of diesel-equivalent generation methods. Excess heat recovered from the generator is used to heat the swimming pool. Hot water in the eco-cabins and for some of the resort's vehicles are solar-powered. Water efficient fittings are also installed in showers and toilets. However, not all the appliances used by the resort are energy efficient, such as refrigerators. Visitors who stay at the resort are encouraged to monitor their water and energy usage via the in-house television systems, and are rewarded with prizes (such as a free return trip to the resort) accordingly if their usage level is low.CONCLUDING REMARKSD We examined a case study of good management practice and a pro-active sustainable tourism stance of an eco-resort. In three years of operation, Couran Cove Island Resort has won 23 international and national awards, including the 2001 Australian Tourism Award in the 4-Star Accommodation category. The resort has embraced and has effectively implemented contemporary environmental management practices. It has been argued that the successful implementation of the principles of sustainability should promote long-term social, economic and environmental benefits, while ensuring and enhancing the prospects of continued viability for the tourism enterprise. Couran Cove Island Resort does not conform to the characteristics of the Resort Development Spectrum, as proposed by Prideaux (2000). According to Prideaux, the resort should be atleast at Phase 3 of the model (the National tourism phase), which describes an integrated resort providing 3-4 star hotel-type accommodation. The primary tourist market in Phase 3 of the model consists mainly of interstate visitors. However, the number of interstate and international tourists visiting the resort is small, with the principal visitor markets comprising locals and residents from nearby towns and the Gold Coast region. The carrying capacity of Couran Cove does not seem to be of any concern to the Resort management. Given that it is a private commercial ecotourist enterprise, regulating the number of visitors to the resort to minimize damage done to the natural environment on South Stradbroke Island is not a binding constraint. However, the Resort7s growth will eventually be constrained by its carrying capacity, and quantity control should be incorporated in the management strategy of the resort.Passage 2 ：内容：机器人与小孩参考答案：待补充Passage 3 ：内容：海豚参考答案：待补充B卷Passage 1 ：题目：Energy from the Ocean内容：海洋中可以利用的4种能源，分别为tidal power, marine current power, wave power, ocean thermal energy a题型：多选3+匹配5+填空题5道参考答案：多选题(7选3 )在海洋中建立Tidal power plant 的positive effects ?A range of sea shoreB cost of establishing a tidal power plantC it is helpful to establish transportation systemD effect of fish and some other sea life around配对题A Tidal energyB Current energyC Thermal energy题目集合均关于三种能量在现阶段开采、使用的程度以及未来发展的潜力(NB )1. which kind of energy has already been subject to a successful trial AA2. Which kind of energy has been largely used during the past time? B3. Which kind of energy has failed in an experiment? C填空题1. Water, above 30°C, will be冲到水底产生能量2. ammonia3. 热能机制里用到了水冲刷turbine的原理4. 深度是海底500米Passage 2 :题目：Desert Formation内容：沙漠化题型：匹配7+判断6参考文章：DESERT FORMATIONThe deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. The expansion of desert like conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called desertification. It has been estimated that an additional one-fourth of the Earth's land surface is threatened by this process.Desertification is accomplished primarily through the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated erosion of the soil by wind and water. In some cases the loose soil is blown completely away, leaving a stony surface. In other cases, thefiner particles may be removed, while the sand-sized particles are accumulated to form mobile hills or ridges of sand.Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water. The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration. Water absorption is greatly reduced; consequently runoff is increased, resulting in accelerated erosion rates. The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established.In some regions，the increase in desert areas is occurring largely as the result of a trend toward drier climatic conditions. Continued gradual global warming has produced an increase in aridity for some areas over the past few thousand years. The process may be accelerated in subsequent decades if global warming resulting from air pollution seriously increases.There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures. Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide them with food and fuel. In wet periods, the land may be able to respond to these stresses. During the dry periods that are common phenomenaalong the desert margins, though, the pressure on the land is often far in excess of its diminished capacity, and desertification results.Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification processes: over cultivation, overgrazing, firewood gathering, and over irrigation. The cultivation of crops has expanded into progressively drier regions as population densities have grown. These regions are especially likely to have periods of severe dryness, so that crop failures are common. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion.The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion.Firewood is the chief fuel used for cooking and heating in many countries. The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs. The increasing use of dried animal waste as a substitute fuel has also hurt the soil because this valuable soil conditioner and source of plant nutrients is no longer being returned to the land.The final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization resulting from overirrigation. Excess water from irrigation sinks down into the water table. If no drainage system exists, the water table rises, bringing dissolved salts to the surface. The water evaporates and the salts are left behind, creating a white crustal layer that prevents air and water from reaching the underlying soil.The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form. In areas where considerable soil still remains, though, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface.参考答案：段落信息配对题1. Migration在沙漠化的过程中是如何演进的2.沙漠形成的类型3. Soil是如何从正常土地变成沙漠的4. 农业和畜牧业对沙漠化的影响5. 20世纪的一个沙漠化的例子6. 利用卫星研究沙漠化判断题1 沙漠形成是由于lack of rain. NG2. Soil degradation is because of the farm animals.3. The West Africa still not recover from the droughts. TRUE4. 关于未来如何处理沙漠化，一些科学家还没有找到合理的解决方案。

2015年5⽉9⽇雅思阅读真题2015年5⽉9⽇雅思考试已经结束，新东⽅在线邀请雅思阅读名师-李梦佳，为⼤家带来雅思真题回忆。

更多雅思机经、雅思试题、雅思复习计划、雅思培训以及雅思考试技巧等相关信息，请持续关注新东⽅在线雅思频道！祝各位烤鸭学习愉快！以下是5⽉9⽇雅思阅读考试考场的机经Passage 1题材：环境健康类新旧情况：新题题⽬：Solutions to Indoor Air Pollution题型：简答5 +图表填空4+判断4⽂章⼤意：介绍了关于室内空⽓污染治理项⽬的情况和成果。

部分答案回忆：1.weight2.fuel3.distribution4.stoves5.consultations6.pilot7.review8.10 million9.internationalPassage 2题材：环境能源类新旧情况：新题题⽬：Egypt’s Sunken Treasures题型：Matching4+判断+填空⽂章⼤意：埃及⼀个古建筑在海底被发现了，考古学家拯救海底建筑。

部分答案：待补充Passage 3题材：⽂化类新旧情况：新题题⽬：The Future of Language题型：summary4+判断+填空⽂章⼤意：类似旧题，仅供练习Save Endangered Language“Obviously we must do some serious rethinking of our priorities, lest linguistics go down in history as the only science that presided obviously over the disappearance of 90percent of the very field to which it is dedicated. “-Michael Krauss, “The World’s Languages in Crisis ”.ATen years ago Michael Krauss sent a shudder through the discipline of linguistics with his prediction that half the 6,000 or so languages spoken in the world would cease to be uttered within a century. Unless scientists and community leaders directed a worldwide effort to stabilize the decline of local languages, he warned, nine tenths of the linguistic diversity of humankind would probably be doomed to extinction. Krauss’s prediction was little more than an educated guess, but other respected linguists had been clanging out similar alarms. Keneth L. Hale of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology noted in the same journal issue that eight languages on which he had done fieldwork had since passed into extinction. A 1990 survey in Australia found that 70 of the 90 surviving Aboriginal languages were no longer used regularly by all age groups. The same was true for all but 20 of the 175 Native American languages spoken or remembered in the US., Krauss told a congressional panel in 1992.BMany experts in the field mourn the loss of rare languages, for several reasons. To start, there is scientific self-interest: some of the most basic questions in linguistics have to do with the limits of human speech, which are far from fully explored. Many researchers would like to know which structural elements of grammar and vocabulary—if any— are truly universal and probably therefore hardwired into the human brain. Other scientists try to reconstruct ancient migration patterns by comparing borrowed words that appear in otherwise unrelated languages. In each of these cases, the wider the portfolio of languages you study, the more likely you are to get the right answers.CDespite the near constant buzz in linguistics about endangered languages over the past 10 years, the field has accomplished depressingly little. “You would think that there would be some organized response to this dire situation,” some attempt to determine which language can be saved and which should be documented before they disappear, says Sarah G. Thomason, a linguist at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. “But there isn’t any such effort organized in the profession. It is only recently that it has become fashionable enough to work on endangered languages.” Six years ago, recalls Douglas H. Whalen of Yale University, “when I asked linguists who was raising money to deal with these problems, I mostly got blank stares.” So Whalen and a few other linguists founded the Endangered Languages Fund. In the five years to 2001 they were able to collect only $80,000 for research grants. A similar foundation in England, directed by Nicholas Ostler, has raised just $8,000 since 1995.。

2015年10月31日雅思阅读真题（网友回忆版）2015年10月31日雅思阅读回忆(网友版)阅读两新一旧passage1是讲脸盲症，针对一种人容易对别人的面庞无意识的解释。

说怎样研究他们忘性大，还说了先天和后天的两种可能性passage2 讲新西兰海水养殖。

有标题题和配对题，文章说新西兰的方法能创造收益还能维持海洋生态，还讨论这个模式遇到的问题passage3 讲一个人的书，貌似在批评说那个书的缺点集中在哪些方面。

延伸阅读：雅思阅读评分标准(一)介绍类学术说明文的结构要判断文章类别，一般看标题就可以了。

介绍类文章是对某事物或现象进行描述或介绍，所以标题一般为名词短语或者以How开头的疑问句。

具体结构如下：Introduce a phenomenon or a fact.Detailed Description:Timeline/Different Aspects/Logic DevelopmentLook into the future/Summary无论什么文章，起始段总是引出主题，所以多用叙述描写性语言，或介绍现象，或陈述事实，或交代问题。

在介绍类说明文中，中间断落是对事物细节的展开描述，各种话题可以通过三种不同方式展开。

第一类时间顺序，通常用于陈述一个历史事件，例如剑五中的“Johnson’s Dictionary”就是这一类。

第二类并列或递进，从各个侧面来介绍，例如剑四中的“What Do Whales feel?”，一看标题就知道是介绍鲸鱼各个感官的，属于并列结构。

第三类是逻辑顺序，据笔者统计，环境自然类文章多依照这种顺序，下文对此会作详细评述，这里不再赘言。

(二)论证类文章的结构(1)实验类文章Introduce ExperimentPreexperiment (Subjects, Tools, Methods)Experiment ProcessResult (Collecting Data)Analyses and Syntheses在雅思阅读中，实验类文章结构最为固定。

雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心李亚珊考试日期 2015年5月9日Reading Passage 1Title Solutions to Indoor Air Pollution (2013.06.08 P1)Question types Short Answer Questions 5题Summary Completion 4题TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN 4题文章内容回顾介绍了关于室内空气污染治理项目的情况和成果。

如何帮助贫困地区的人们改善环境污染，先是回答三个第一段的问题，然后是改善措施的方法，最后是判断正误。

1-5 Short Answer Questions1. weight2. fuel3. distribution4. stoves5. consultations6-9 Summary Completion6. pilot7. review8. 10 million9. international答案分析：室内污染会造成新生儿的low birth weight；很多贫穷地区因为使用biomass fuel而对身体产生危害；有一种技术没有持续使用下去，是因为high distribution cost；有一种新的设备special stoves。

为控制室内空气污染项目的开展流程，开始会做一些consultations和proposals；在中国和印度地区开展pilot projects；先对已经存在的项目做review，这个项目设计让10 million人受益；这个项目是international范围展开的。

题型难度分析第一篇的题型包括简答，归纳填空题以及判断题。

本篇文章简答和判断的难度适中，归纳填空题个别题目定位略难。

题型技巧分析对于Summary一般把握三个关键信息：逻辑关系词，语法属性，定位。

首先，观察空格前后语义间是否有逻辑关系的连接词；其次，预测空格处所填的语法属性；最后，根据顺序原则在空格前后找定位关键词回原文定位。

2015雅思模拟试题及答案：阅读1. British scientists are preparing to launch trials of a radical new way to fight cancer, which kills tumours by infecting them with viruses like the common cold. 2. If successful, virus therapy could eventually form a third pillar alongside radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the standard arsenal against cancer, while avoiding some of the debilitating side-effects. 3. Leonard Seymour, a professor of gene therapy at Oxford University, who has been working on the virus therapy with colleagues in London and the US, will lead the trials later this year. Cancer Research UK said yesterday that it was excited by the potential of Prof Seymour's pioneering techniques. 4. One of the country's leading geneticists, Prof Seymour has been working with viruses that kill cancer cells directly, while avoiding harm to healthy tissue. "In principle, you've got something which could be many times more effective than regular chemotherapy," he said. 5. Cancer-killing viruses exploit the fact that cancer cells suppress the body's local immune system. "If a cancer doesn't do that, the immune system wipes it out. If you can get a virus into a tumour, viruses find them a very good place to be because there's no immune system to stop them replicating. You can regard it as the cancer's Achilles' heel." 6. Only a small amount of the virus needs to get to the cancer. "They replicate, you get a million copies in each cell and the cell bursts and they infect the tumour cells adjacent and repeat the process," said Prof Seymour. 7. Preliminary research on mice shows that the viruses work well on tumours resistant to standard cancer drugs. "It's an interesting possibility that they may have an advantage in killing drug-resistant tumours, which could be quite different to anything we've had before." 8. Researchers have known for some time that viruses can kill tumour cells and some aspects of the work have already been published in scientific journals. American scientists have previously injected viruses directly into tumours but this technique will not work if the cancer is inaccessible or has spread throughout the body. 9. Prof Seymour's innovative solution is to mask the virus from the body's immune system, effectively allowing the viruses to do what chemotherapy drugs do - spread through the blood and reach tumours wherever they are. The big hurdle has always been to find a way to deliver viruses to tumours via the bloodstream without the body's immune system destroying them on the way. 10. "What we've done is make chemical modifications to the virus to put a polymer coat around it - it's a stealth virus when you inject it," he said. 11. After the stealth virus infects the tumour, it replicates, but the copies do not have the chemical modifications. If they escape from the tumour, the copies will be quickly recognised and mopped up by the body's immune system. 12. The therapy would be especially useful for secondary cancers, called metastases, which sometimes spread around the body after the first tumour appears. "There's an awful statistic of patients in the west ... with malignant cancers; 75% of them go on to die from metastases," said Prof Seymour. 13. Two viruses are likely to be examined in the first clinical trials: adenovirus, which normally causes a cold-like illness, and vaccinia, which causes cowpox and is also used in the vaccine against smallpox. For safety reasons, both will be disabled to make them less pathogenic in the trial, but Prof Seymour said he eventually hopes to use natural viruses. 14. The first trials will use uncoated adenovirus and vaccinia and will be delivered locally to liver tumours, in order to establish whether the treatment is safe in humans and what dose of virus will be needed. Several more years of trials will be needed, eventually also on the polymer-coated viruses, before the therapy can be considered for use in the NHS. Though the approach will be examined at first for cancers that do not respond to conventional treatments, Prof Seymour hopes that one day it might be applied to all cancers. Questions 1-6 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 1-6 write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage 1.Virus therapy, if successful, has an advantage in eliminating side-effects. 2.Cancer Research UK is quite hopeful about Professor Seymour’s work on the virus therapy. 3.Virus can kill cancer cells and stop them from growing again. 4.Cancer’s Achilles’ heel refers to the fact that virus may stay safely in a tumor and replicate. 5.To infect the cancer cells, a good deal of viruses should be injected into the tumor. 6.Researches on animals indicate that virus could be used as a new way to treat drug-resistant tumors. Question 7-9 Based on the reading passage, choose the appropriate letter from A-D for each answer. rmation about researches on viruses killing tumor cells can be found (A) on TV (B) in magazines (C) on internet (D) in newspapers 8.To treat tumors spreading out in body, researchers try to (A) change the body’ immune system (B) inject chemotherapy drugs into bloodstream. (C) increase the amount of injection (D) disguise the viruses on the way to tumors. 9.When the chemical modified virus in tumor replicates, the copies (A) will soon escape from the tumor and spread out. (B) will be wiped out by the body’s immune system. (C) will be immediately recognized by the researchers. (D) will eventually stop the tumor from spreading out. Questions 10-13 Complete the sentences below. Choose your answers from the list of words. You can only use each word once. NB There are more words in the list than spaces so you will not use them all. In the first clinical trials, scientists will try to ……10…… adenovirus and vaccinia, so both the viruses will be less pathogenic than the ……11…….These uncoated viruses will be applied directly to certain areas to confirm safety on human beings and the right ……12…… needed. The experiments will firstly be ……13……to the treatment of certain cancers Questions 10-13 Complete the sentences below. Choose your answers from the list of words. You can only use each word once. NB There are more words in the list than spaces so you will not use them all. In the first clinical trials, scientists will try to ……10…… adenovirus and vaccinia, so both the viruses will be less pathogenic than the ……11…….These uncoated viruses will be applied directly to certain areas to confirm safety on human beings and the right ……12…… needed. The experiments will firstly be ……13……to the treatment of certain cancers List of Words dosage responding smallpox virus disable natural ones inject directed treatment cold-like illness kill patients examined Answers Keys:。

2015年3月14日雅思真题解析2015年3月14日雅思真题解析下载：/20150316/yszh-fsy-031405.html?seo=wenku3.5452015年3月14日雅思考试已经落下了帷幕，考生对于自己的表现是否满意呢，在这给大家整理了2015年3月14日雅思真题解析，考生可复制链接免费索取下载使用，查看对照此次考试内容。

以下为2015年3月14日雅思真题解析部分内容：Section 3 旧题V09309;一男一女讨论语言学习10选择21-26) multiple choice21. the research report was based on recording equipment in each room22. Ben felt not proper becauseA. without the child’s permissionDaughter too young to give permission23. Ben 为什么有疑惑A. 孩子太小不能recordB. 全世界都这样C. parents’ simplified language is 对孩子成长没有长远影响24. 女的问什么学习法语的方法B. 他认为这样可以连语法grammarC.日常用到的口语表达oral expression25. 男的为什么喜欢learn by role dialogue 学外语A.*** C. because Ben is confident,不怕跟外国人交流27-28)M(女)问这两个人用什么方法调查project, survey; video interview; experiment; dairy; observation 29-30)男生在数据分析data collect 的时候的困难, 五选二A. missed appointmentB. broken facilitiesC. technical errorsD. the data cannot usedE. interruptionSection 4 新题;讲座场景(澳大利亚文学)填空1031. song32. Industry publishing33. What does the author experienced poverty扫描左侧二维码可下载小马机经app进行备考：1.最全面，最权威，最及时，最精准的预测机经。

雅思15test3阅读摘要：一、引言1.雅思考试简介2.雅思阅读部分的重要性3.15test3阅读概述二、阅读材料与题目类型1.阅读材料内容概述2.题目类型及解题策略a.细节题b.推断题c.判断题d.概括题三、阅读策略与技巧1.快速浏览全文2.细节题定位策略3.推断题解题技巧4.判断题注意事项5.概括题答题方法四、实战演练与解析1.实战演练概述2.阅读解析与答案五、总结与建议1.雅思阅读备考建议2.提高阅读成绩的方法正文：一、引言雅思（International English Language Testing System）作为全球范围内广泛认可的英语能力测试，涵盖了听力、阅读、写作和口语四个方面。

在这四个部分中，阅读部分对于中国考生来说尤为重要，因为它不仅要求考生具备一定的词汇量和语法基础，还需要掌握一定的阅读策略和技巧。

本文将以雅思15test3阅读为例，为大家详细解析阅读部分的相关内容。

二、阅读材料与题目类型雅思阅读部分通常包括三篇文章，涵盖了各种话题，如科技、教育、社会等。

15test3阅读的三篇文章分别为：“海洋酸化”、“社交媒体与心理健康”和“鸟类导航”。

每篇文章的题目类型有所不同，包括细节题、推断题、判断题和概括题。

1.阅读材料内容概述在“海洋酸化”这篇文章中，讲述了人类活动导致海洋酸化现象加剧，对海洋生态系统带来的影响。

文章从海洋酸化的原因、影响以及应对措施等方面进行了阐述。

“社交媒体与心理健康”一文探讨了社交媒体对人们心理健康的影响。

文章指出，过度使用社交媒体可能导致焦虑、抑郁等心理问题，并提出了如何应对的建议。

“鸟类导航”这篇文章介绍了鸟类导航的原理及其在科学研究中的应用。

文章从生物学的角度解释了鸟类导航的原理，并讨论了鸟类导航在寻找迁徙路线等方面的应用。

2.题目类型及解题策略a.细节题：细节题主要考察对文章具体信息的掌握。

解题策略为在文中找到关键词，定位到相关句子，仔细比对选项，选出正确答案。

2015年8月8日雅思考试阅读真题回忆Passage1Dust and American大意：美国西南沙尘的起源、历史调查，和影响。

题型：判断题；y填空Passage2Follow your nose题型：段落信息匹配；人名配对；选择题Passage3What is meaning?题型：选择题；判断题；句子完成配对题2015年8月8日雅思阅读真题解析2015年8月8日雅思考试听力真题回忆今天听力貌似两套题，有一套是粉色试卷，信息量比较多需要时间认真核对确认。

2015年8月8日雅思听力真题回忆解析2015年8月8日雅思考试口语真题回忆1.北外RM1P1工作，工作中最重要的是人还是事;P2描述你和朋友意见不一致的一件事;P3小孩子吵架都为什么，你为什么不理解孩子吵架，青年人为什么常不同意自己家长，中国人为什么不能直接表达否定意见，中国人为什么只知道工作赚钱?2.北外20150805RM11女考官人很好很温柔还会笑。

但考试的时候灯突然炸了 (1)学习，水果蔬菜，记忆p2：有偿工作p3：为什么有人喜欢工作，专业工作会改变人的生活吗。

3.首经贸P1专业，看天气预报，衣服;P2一条好的消息;P3新闻相关问题，老人喜欢看新闻还是年轻人，新闻有哪些种类，经济类新闻大家都喜欢吗?4.沈阳RM04P1房子，数学，喜不喜欢读报纸，新闻P2最享受的一个人生阶段;P3你认为从何时开始children变成adult，社会经验重要吗，children变成adult后有什么不同，大学生和未上大学的人成年时期应该一样吗，中国人怎么庆祝不同仪式?5.太原理工大room10part1work or study：major difficult or not.ideal job;time management;sleeping part2favorite famous person Part3what kinds of people are famous Disadvantage and advantages of being famous白人帅哥考官说话温柔会解释问题6.太原理工大room8挺帅的一个男考官不笑会打断part1major collection visitors part2a good cook part3人们一般花在做饭上的时间聚在一起吃饭的好处还给我举个例说如果一个人没钱他是应该把钱花在做饭上还是努力工作上7.深圳赛格VIP0P1house,shop,program,visitor;P2一个讨厌但你必须友好的人;P3人们需要这样做吗，有没有具体的情况，为什么有的人外表看起来很友好?8.广州仲恺农业技术学院room402P1home or flat,why do you like your home,helping people,how do you help people;P2educational television program;P3internet and television,TV commerical,culture,does globalization affect the culture in China.9.湖南大众传媒学院P1Work or study,fruit and vegetables P2The occasion u surprisingly meet someone P3Making new friends,ways,places,n making foreign friends 10.上海对外经贸Room403白人女考官，很和蔼、很鼓励人、虽然我说的很…part1house、math;part2擅长外语的人part3语言好不好学、应不应该送孩子书籍11.上海对外经贸room201，P1讲了accomodation，math，at weekend alone.part2是get up early part3就是什么你觉得休息多久好，晚上睡不好中午休息一下怎么样，有些人只睡3-4个小时你怎么看12.上海白人男考官，比较nice，part1很顺利，part2你参加过什么team，呵呵了，编了一个voluntary team给他.part3真的要抓狂了young children参加team sport就算了，还问为啥是educational13.华师大313很和蔼的大叔趴一：专业，工作，客人，树木;趴二：想再看一次的电影;趴三：电影相关，演员，品质，电影的选择。

雅思阅读模拟试题及参考答案雅思阅读模拟试题 Section 1Passage 1: 旅游业的兴起阅读以下段落，回答问题。

旅游业已成为全球最大的产业之一。

每年有数亿人次的国际旅行，产生了数百万个工作岗位，并为国家经济做出了巨大贡献。

随着人们生活水平的提高和交通工具的发展，旅游业仍在不断增长。

然而，旅游业的发展也带来了一些问题，如环境污染、文化冲突和生态破坏。

Question 1: 旅游业的全球影响是什么？{content}Question 2: 旅游业发展最快的因素是什么？{content}Passage 2: 保护野生动物阅读以下段落，回答问题。

保护野生动物已成为全球关注的焦点。

然而，许多野生动物正面临生存威胁，如非法狩猎、栖息地丧失和气候变化。

为了保护这些动物，各国政府和国际组织已经采取了一系列措施，如设立自然保护区、加强法律法规和提高公众意识。

Question 3: 为什么保护野生动物变得重要？{content}Question 4: 保护野生动物采取了哪些措施？{content}雅思阅读模拟试题 Section 2Passage 1: 太阳能的未来阅读以下段落，回答问题。

太阳能是一种清洁、可再生的能源，有巨大的潜力。

随着技术的进步，太阳能电池的效率不断提高，成本也在逐渐降低。

许多国家已经开始建设太阳能发电站，以减少对化石燃料的依赖并应对气候变化。

预计未来太阳能将成为全球主要的能源来源之一。

Question 5: 太阳能的优势是什么？{content}Question 6: 为什么太阳能电池的效率不断提高？{content}Passage 2: 数字鸿沟阅读以下段落，回答问题。

数字鸿沟是指信息技术在不同群体之间的差距。

这种差距可能源于经济、教育和地理等因素。

数字鸿沟可能导致社会不平等，限制人们的发展机会。

为了解决这一问题，政府和社会组织正在努力提供更多的信息技术培训和教育，以提高人们的数字素养。

Time to cool it1 REFRIGERATORS are the epitome of clunky technology： solid， reliable and justa little bit dull. They have not changed much over the past century， but then they have not needed to. They are based on a robust and effective idea--draw heat from the thing you want to cool by evaporating a liquid next to it， and then dump that heat by pumping the vapour elsewhere and condensing it. This method of pumping heat from one place to another served mankind well when refrigerators' main jobs were preserving food and， as air conditioners， cooling buildings. Today's high-tech world， however， demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.2 One set of candidates are known as paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change： attach electrodes to them and they generate a current. This effect is used in infra-red cameras. An array of tiny pieces of paraelectric material can sense the heat radiated by， for example， a person， and the pattern of the array's electrical outputs can then be used to construct an image. But until recently no one had bothered much with the inverse of this process. That inverse exists， however. Apply an appropriate current to a paraelectric material and it will cool down.3 Someone who is looking at this inverse effect is Alex Mischenko， of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film， he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications.4 As to what those applications might be， Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has， nevertheless， set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges and air conditioners. The real money， though， may be in cooling computers.5 Gadgets containing microprocessors have been getting hotter for a long time. One consequence of Moore's Law， which describes the doubling of the number of transistors on a chip every 18 months， is that the amount of heat produced doubles as well. In fact， it more than doubles， because besides increasing in number，the components are getting faster. Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor， so the faster the processor is， the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output. And the frequency has doubled a lot. The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company，Intel， in 1993， ran at 60m cycles a second. The Pentium 4--the last "single-core" desktop processor--clocked up 3.2 billion cycles a second.6 Disposing of this heat is a big obstruction to further miniaturisation and higher speeds. The innards of a desktop computer commonly hit 80℃. At 85℃， they stop working. Tweaking the processor's heat sinks (copper or aluminium boxes designed to radiate heat away) has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems that divided processing power between first two， and then four， subunits， in order to spread the thermal load， also seems to have the end of the road in sight.7 One way out of this may be a second curious physical phenomenon， the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials， this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics， a significant body of researchers is already working on it.8 The trick to a good thermoelectric material is a crystal structure in which electrons can flow freely， but the path of phonons--heat-carrying vibrations that are larger than electrons--is constantly interrupted. In practice， this trick is hard to pull off， and thermoelectric materials are thus less efficient than paraelectric ones (or， at least， than those examined by Dr Mischenko). Nevertheless， Rama Venkatasubramanian， of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina， claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃. Ali Shakouri， of the University of California， Santa Cruz， says his are even smaller--so small that they can go inside the chip.9 The last word in computer cooling， though， may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator. Last year Apple launched a personal computer that is cooled by liquid that is pumped through little channels in the processor， and thence to a radiator， where it gives up its heat to the atmosphere. To improve on this， IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place. In the future， therefore， a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers. The old， as it were， hand in hand with the new.Questions 1-5 Complete each of the following statements with the scientist or company name from the box below.Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.A. AppleB. IBMC. IntelD. Alex MischenkoE. Ali ShakouriF. Rama Venkatasubramanian1. ...and his research group use paraelectric film available from the market to produce cooling.2. ...sold microprocessors running at 60m cycles a second in 1993.3. ...says that he has made refrigerators which can cool the hotspots of computer chips by 10℃.4. ...claims to have made a refrigerator small enough to be built into a computer chip.5. ...attempts to produce better cooling in personal computers by stirring up liquid with tiny jets to make sure maximum heat exchange.Questions 6-9 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage？In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage6. Paraelectric materials can generate a current when electrodes are attached to them.7. Dr. Mischenko has successfully applied his laboratory discovery to manufacturing more efficient referigerators.8. Doubling the frequency of logical operations inside a microprocessor doubles the heat output.9. IBM will achieve better computer cooling by combining microchannels with paraelectrics.Question 10 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in box 10 on your answer sheet.10. Which method of disposing heat in computers may have a bright prospect？A. Tweaking the processors？heat sinks.B. Tweaking the fans that circulate air over the processor抯 heat sinks.C. Shifting from single-core processors to systems of subunits.D. None of the above.Questions 11-14 Complete the notes below.Choose one suitable word from the Reading Passage above for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.Traditional refrigerators use...11...pumps to drop temperature. At present，scientists are searching for other methods to produce refrigeration， especially in computer microprocessors....12...materials have been tried to generate temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. ...13...effect has also been adopted by many researchers to cool hotspots in computers. A miniature version of a car ...14... may also be a system to realize ideal computer cooling in the future.Key and Explanations：1. DSee Paragraph 3： ...Alex Mischenko， of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film， he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops...2. CSee Paragraph 5： The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company， Intel，in 1993， ran at 60m cycles a second.3. FSee Paragraph 8： ...Rama Venkatasubramanian， of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina， claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃.4. ESee Paragraph 8： Ali Shakouri， of the University of California， Santa Cruz，says his are even smaller梥o small that they can go inside the chip.5. BSee Paragraph 9： To improve on this， IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place.6. TRUESee Paragraph 2： ...paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change： attach electrodes to them and they generate a current.7. FALSESee Paragraph 3 (That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications. ) and Paragraph 4 (As to what those applications might be， Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has，nevertheless， set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges？8. FALSESee Paragraph 5： Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor， so the faster the processor is， the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output.9. NOT GIVENSee Paragraph 9： In the future， therefore， a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers.10. DSee Paragraph 6： Tweaking the processor's heat sinks ？has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems？also seems to have the end of the road in sight.11. heatSee Paragraph 1： Today's high-tech world， however， demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.12. paraelectricSee Paragraph 3： Using commercially available paraelectric film， he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded.13. thermoelectricSee Paragraph 7： ...the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials，this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics， a significant body of researchers is already working on it.14. radiatorSee Paragraph 9： The last word in computer cooling， though， may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator.。

2015年9月19日雅思阅读真题回忆今天小编给大家带来的主要内容是2015年9月19日雅思阅读真题回忆。

Passage 1题材：自然环境题目：How deserts grow题型：判断7+填空6文章大意：沙漠形成的原因，形式及其影响参考答案：1. "desertification"第一次是在DB(地点)使用的NOT GIVEN2. 沙漠化地区占地球表面20%. FALSE3. 沙漠化形成把人们赶到了不适合耕种的地方TRUE4. 多下雨会使土地肥沃NOT GIVEN5. 由于沙漠化人口减少。

FALSE6. NOT GIVEN7. 沙漠化现象在Africa地区要比别的地方严重。

TRUE8. 草的消失由animals造成9. trees destroyed for erosion10. more sunlight was back to the atmosphere.11. evaporation 的量増加了13. dust 和smoke 形成了Particles(答案仅供参考)Passage 2 ：题材：动物类题目：Australia Parrots题型：匹配6+选择3+填空4文章大意：Australia Parrots起源地由于环境的变迁以及现状参考答案：14. one example of one parrot species survive from the change of environment. D15. F16. G17. J18. C19. H20. parrot都分布在哪些地区？C in the continent which split up.21. 关于parrot beaks 哪一项是对的？D22、nesting的确定是什么？D23. one-sixth in Australia24. as early as 16th century25. map maker cartographer26. in 1865，……(答案仅供参考)Passage 3 ：题材：科技类题目：Multitasking题型：单选5+匹配4+判断5参考文章(非考试原文)：Multitasking DebateCan you do them at the same time？Talking on the phone while driving isn't the only situation where we1 re worse at multitasking than we might like to think we are. New studies have identified a bottleneck in our brains that some say means we are fundamentally incapable of true multitasking If experimental findings reflect real-world performance，people who think they are multitasking are probably just underperforming in all — or at best，all but one - of their parallel pursuits. Practice might improve your performance，but you will never be as good as when focusing on one task at a time.The problem，according to Rene Marois，a psychologist at Vanderbilt University in Nashville，Tennessee，is that there's a sticking point in the brain. To demonstrate this，Marois devised an experiment to locate it Volunteers watch a screen and when a particular image appears，a red circle，say，they have to press a key with their index finger. Different coloured circles require presses from different fingers. Typical response time is about half a second，and the volunteers quickly reach their peak performance. Then they learn to listen to different recordings and respond by making a specific sound. For instance，when they hear a bird chirp，they have to say "ba〃；an electronic sound should elicit a "ko"，and so on. Again，no problem. A normal person can do that in about half a second，with almost no effort.The trouble comes when Marois shows the volunteers an image，and then almost immediately plays them a sound Now they' re flummoxed."If you show an image and play a sound at the same time，one task is postponed，he says. In fact，if the second task is introduced within the half-second or so it takes to process and react to the first，it will simply be delayed until the first one is done. The largest dual-task delays occur when the two tasks are presented simultaneously；delays progressively shorten as the interval between presenting the tasks lengthens.There are at least three points where we seem to get stuck，says Marois. The first is in simply identifying what we‘re looking at This can take a few tenths of a second，during which time we are not able to see and recognize a second item. This limitation is known as the "attentional blink" ：experiments have shown that if you're watching out for a particular event and a second one shows up unexpectedly any time within this crucial window of concentration，it may register in your visual cortex but you will be unable to actupon it Interestingly，if you don7 t expect the first event，you have no trouble responding to the second. What exactly causes the attentional blink is still a matter for debate.A second limitation is in our short-term visual memory. It' s estimated that we can keep track of about four items at a time，fewer if they are complex. This capacity shortage is thought to explain，in part，our astonishing inability to detect even huge changes in scenes that are otherwise identical，so-called "change blindness" . Show people pairs of near-identical photos - say，aircraft engines in one picture have disappeared in the other - and they will fail to spot the differences. Here again，though，there is disagreement about what the essential limiting factor really is. Does it come down to a dearth of storage capacity，oris it about how much attention a viewer is paying？A third limitation is that choosing a response to a stimulus — braking when you see a child in the road，for instance，or replying when your mother tells you over the phone that she' s thinking of leaving your dad —also takes brainpower. Selecting a response to one of these things will delay by some tenths of a second your ability to respond to the other* This is called the "response selection bottleneck" theory，first proposed in 1952.But David Meyer，a psychologist at the University of Michigan，Ann Arbor，doesn't buy the bottleneck idea. He thinks dual-task interference is just evidence of a strategy used by the brain to prioritise multiple activities. Meyer is known as something of an optimist by his peers. He has written papers with titles like "Virtually perfect time-sharing in dual-task. people can benefit from practice. Not only did they learn to perform better，brain scans showed that underlying that improvement was a change in the way their brains become active. While if s clear that practice can often make a difference，especially as we age，the basic facts remain sobering. \ have this impression of an almighty complex brain/，says Marois，"and yet we have very humbling and crippling limits/' For most of our history，we probably never needed to do more than one thing at a time，he says，and so we haven't evolved to be able to. Perhaps we will in future，though. We might yet look back one day on people like Debbie and Alun as ancestors of a new breed of true multitaskers.参考答案：27. RM (A名)的实验目的是什么？D29. 28. DM (A名)的观点是什么？B两个人共同同意的是什么？D30、A31. 21 B32. attractional blink. C33. change blindness E34. bottleneck A35. adaptive executive B36、NOT GIVEN37. NO[1]38. 8‘ NOT GIVENYESYES(答案仅供参考)以上是2015年9月19日雅思阅读真题回忆的全部内容，大家可以参考一下。