赖世雄中级美语教程41-50课笔记（彩色word版）41. Getting a Tan p.271
Both my brother and I are outgoing people. He as well as I likes being in the sun. It goes without saying, therefore, that we spend a lot of our free time at the beach. We go there to relax as well as to keep fit. To be frank, though, he no less than I enjoys looking at the beautiful "scenery" around the beach.
However, if you are anything(强调) like us, we have a piece of advice for you. Don't forget to rub a good amount of sunscreen lotion all over your body. Not only does it protect you from getting skin cancer, but it also helps to keep you nicely tanned(过分做a.). Both my brother and I forgot to do that and now we look like Afro-Americans rather than Chinese.
☆tan tanned/ tanned mongolian 人种
v.晒太阳I like to tan at the beach in summer.
n.黄褐色I like to have a tan in summer.
The girl lay in the sun to tan her body. 那女孩躺在阳光下将她的身体晒成古铜色．
☆outgoing a.坐不住的,爱外出的easy-going 随和的
☆What do you do relax on weekends?
☆He as well as I is a student. no less than = as well as以及，都
☆keep fit 保持健康体魄= remain fit Jogging is a good way to keep fit.
☆to be frank = frankly John hurt Sally’s feelings by being too frank.
☆a lot of scenery 永远不可数scene 风景（可数）breathtaking 扣人心弦的
☆an advice 错应为：a piece of advice, some advice, a lot of advice advice 不可数
take one’s advice 接受建议
☆apply=rub 涂，敷，抹suntan lotion = sunscreen lotion
Apply medicine to his wound. 在他伤口上涂药。
☆Never is he quite. = He is never quite. 倒装
☆Afro-Americans 美国黑人／非裔美国人
42. Roast Beef p.282
My brother, Luke, goes to see his girlfriend, Daisy.
D: What on earth happened to you? 你到底／究竟怎么了？
L: Oh, I just had a lazy day at the beach.
D: My goodness! You're really burnt. Are you alright?
L: Well, yes, but I feel like I've been roasted.
D: In that case, let's eat in rather than go out for dinner.
L: Up to you.
D: What would you like to eat?
L: Uh…
D: How about your favorite: roast beef?
L: Uh... Not today(ad.), please.
D: Ok. I understand.
☆roast beef 烤肉
☆burn vt. 燃烧burned/burnt, burned/burnt burnt a.灼伤的，烧焦的
☆a grill 烤肉架charcoal 木炭(不可数)
☆n.吃烤烧肉的野餐barbecue n.吃烤烧肉的野餐
☆pork 猪肉mutton 羊肉lamb 小羊肉chicken 鸡肉rebbit meat 兔肉
☆on earth = in the world adv.究竟，到底(礼貌用语)
Who the hell is he? adv.the hell (粗俗用语)
☆fell like +主+v. = as if = as though
☆eat in 在家吃eat out = go out for dinner 吃馆子to go 外卖
☆lazy days = relaxing days 好词lazybones 贬义
☆rather than 连词，而不
☆skip my breakfast 不吃早餐
☆He fainted at the sight of his father. 他一见到他父亲就昏倒了．
☆What about = How about = What do you sthing to.
43.Hi-tech Romance p.286
Both Charlene and Robert are librarians. Charlene is from America and Robert is from Australia. Four days after they met face to face for the first time, they got married. "That was quick," you might think. Actually, they had known each other for nine months before they met. Thanks to e-mail (electronic mail), they had been corresponding with each other through their computers.
It all started when Charlene came across Robert's note in her computer. She replied to it. From then on, they would not only get in touch but flirt with each other. That was how this "hi-tech" romance began. Sound interesting? Well, if you're looking for a spouse, why not give it a try? Who knows? You might be just as lucky as Charlene and Robert.
☆what’s love? He loves himself only.
☆In an interview,you have to got talk to him face to face.(ad.) 面对面的
intervieser会见者interviewee被邀请者
☆She is craze for(or about) chocalate.
☆I first got acquainted with Herry for a year ago. 我第一次跟Herry认识是在一年前。
☆get married 结婚relpy to 答复
☆from then on 从那时起form now on从现在起
☆for the first time 第一次
☆thanks to …幸亏…由于… = due to.
☆correspond with sb. 通信
☆It all started ... all 习惯写作
☆come across = happen on 偶遇= bump into 撞上
I came across an old high school friend while in town yesterday.
☆a company 公司company 同伴accompany 伴奏
☆flirt with 调情
☆spouse 配偶get in touch with 与…联络
☆left hand = lefty 左撇子
☆give…a try = give/have …a shot 尝试…
44. Better off with E-mail?P.295
Steve is chatting with his sister, Diana.
S: Gee, Diana, you're always at home. Don't you have any friends to go out with?
(不定式短语作a．修饰前面的n. friends. 该n.做不定式短语动词的宾语．)
=Don’t you have any friends that you can go out with. (表从)
D:Sure,I do.But all my friends are either out shopping or they're boring.And you know I hate shopping.
S: Get a boyfriend. I'm sure you won't be bored then.
D: Actually, I want to meet some interesting guys but I don't know how to.
S: Why don't you try E-mail? You might get lucky.
D: I don't think so. Besides, dating through e-mail is neither personal nor romantic. Why don't you introduce me to some of your friends?
S: Why didn't I think of that? How about my best friend, Fred?
D: Uh… maybe I'll be better off with e-mail.
☆be better off + 介词短语／现在分词…处境更佳／境遇更好
☆well off 富裕的，处境好的He is well off with his small house.
☆grocery 杂货店lazy English 省去音节sociable a.好交际的
☆chitchat 闲谈，聊天shoot the breeze v.吹牛, 闲谈chat with … 和…聊天
☆I am bor ed with watching TV, let's go out and play. bro ing无聊的
=I am fed up with ... 厌烦….
☆strike, struck He struck up a conversation at the party. 打开话匣子
☆lowercase 小写capital 大写的
☆personal, private a.亲切的，私人的
☆go on a date with sb. 和某人约会．
☆introduce A to B
☆bald 秃头ugly twin
☆hate, start, begin, like, love, continue,ask +to do ,or doing 意思不变
45. Tough Guys Do Dance p.301
Not only is Thai boxing violent but it is also bloody. Yet it involves the arts of dance and
music. It is both ugly and beautiful at the same time. That's why it's so exciting to watch.
Thai boxing was created by soldiers over(=more than) five hundred years ago. The fighter use every part of their bodies, especially their feet, knees and elbows to strike their opponents. Their deadly style has earned them respect from other martial artists.
Surprisingly, the fights start off with a graceful dance. The dance is in honor of the boxers' teachers. There is even a small band which plays along with the dance and during the fight. So, who says tough guys don't dance?
☆Tough guys do dance.
助词do, dose, did起强调作用+ 动原，用在肯定句中＂真的，的确＂
Eg：I did try to get him to change his mind, but he wouldn’t listen.
我真的试过要使他回心转意，但他就是不听。
☆tough = rough 霸气十足的 a tough job 粗活
☆bloody 血腥的violent 暴力
☆play around 玩耍，鬼混
☆I am involved in a big project right now, so I don't have much time.涉及
☆at the same time 同时
☆We dance to music. 随着音乐跳舞dance with sb
☆get down on your knees 下跪
☆mischievous = naughty 顽皮的
☆He is back on his fit. 身体复原，东山再起，...
☆Chinese martial artists 武术家
☆wristle 摔跤
☆ear sb. sth.为某人赢得某事
☆hold sb. in (great) respect(非常)尊敬某人
show respect to sb. 对某人表示尊敬
☆start off = begin
☆graceful 反义awkward
☆be in honor of sb 致敬
46. Anything for a Kiss p.310
Martin and Sally have just watched Thai Boxing.
M: How did you like the fight, Sally?
S: I found it not only too violent but also very brutal.
M: You're right. It's amazing how the fighters can take not only the punching but all the kicking as well. I wouldn't be able to handle it.
S: Oh, don't be so modest, Martin.
M: No, really. I wouldn't fight one of those tough guys for all the money in the world.
S: Would you do it for a kiss?
M: That's a different story. Sure, I will. But you've got to pay in advance. (Martin tries to kiss Sally.)
S: No, please don't. I was only kidding.
☆(I would do) anything for a kiss.
☆Watch out for that taxi, Peter. 小心= look out
☆How do you like Bruce? 某人感觉某事如何？
= How do you feel about Bruce?
= What do you think of Bruce?
☆He is as bad as can be.
☆violent 指本性，自然brutal 指后天，修饰人＂残忍的＂He is brutal by nature.
☆amazing a.令人讶异的be amazed at … a.对…(感到)讶异的
It's amazing to find that Bruce can speak seven foreign languages.
☆He pinched(or hit) me on the back. He pinched me in the nose. 打在软的地方
☆pinch in/out 上下班打卡pinching n.拳打(动名词做名词用，不可数)
☆handle = deal with = cope with v.处理，应付n.手柄
Bob can't cope with his girlfriend's complain.
☆modest a.谦虚的accomplishment a.成就
☆thorny 多刺的，痛苦的
☆fight sb = fight with sb
☆beforehand = in advance adv.预先
47. Fast-food Talk p.315
Though it is generally accepted that junk food is not healthful, American fast-food restaurants are popping up all over the world. These restaurants are for people who are always in a rush. If they don't have time to sit down to a regular meal, they race over to the nearest McDonald's. There they can quickly satisfy their hunger.
Because Americans like things (to do) done immediately, they often order their food quickly at fast-food restaurants. They say, "A burger, fries and a coke!" though it's not polite, it's efficient. So when you are in the States, try to order (in) this way. After all, in America do as the Americans do.
☆be hard-pressed for time/money 时间/金钱不够用
fast-food 快餐fast-paced life 快步调的生活lead a happy life过幸福生活
☆junk food n. 垃圾食品，无营养食品
☆pop up v.突然出现，蹦出mushroom n.香菇v.雨后春笋
☆be in a rush = be in a hurry = in haste(不可至于be之后) = on the go(口语,忙碌)
Eg：I’m in __ to catch the train. A.hurry B.a hurry C.haste D.rush B.对
☆a chain of restaurants n.连锁店v. I chained him to the tree.
☆satisfy vt.使满意／满足be satisfied with … a.对…感到满意的
satisfying a.使人有满足感satisfactory a.令人满意的，合乎要求的
satisfy one's hunger/thirst 填饱肚子，止渴quench one's thirst 止渴
☆fries n.炸薯条
☆a coke (口) = a can of coke two coke
☆order 点菜Would you like order new? Check,please / bill
☆In rome do as the romans do 入乡随俗
☆do (in) my way
☆although / though /but /even though(即使)｜because / so 一句话中只能出现一个
48. Fast Food, Slow Service p.324
Tess is a cashier at a fast-food restaurant. Michael is a customer in a hurry.
T: Good afternoon, sir. How are you today?
M: Save it,, lady. Just get me a burger and fries.
T: Would you care for a drink or anything else?
M: Listen. Though I know you're trying to be nice, I don't have all day. If I want anything else, I'll mention it, Ok?
T: Are you sure you don't want a dessert? A milk-shake maybe?
M: No , just go and bring me my order, will you?
T:Wait a minute!You look familiar.You're Michael Jordan,aren't you?Tell me,how does it feel to be such a famous basketball player.
M: That's it. I've had enough. I'm going to a real fast-food restaurant.
☆go nuts = go crazy = go bananas
☆Waiter: I am at your service, Sir. 随时为您效劳
boss sb. around/about [美俗] 指挥他人，使唤别人command
☆cashier 收银员, 出纳员
☆save it = save your breath = stop talking 少废话，省省吧impolite 不礼貌
☆Would you care for... = Would you like... 想要I do care for / like you.我好喜欢你☆...or what = or anything else = or something
☆Don't mention it. = You are welcome. = It's nothing. = Not at all. ＂不客气＂
= My pleasure. 这是我的荣幸= You bet 年轻人用法
☆You wish. 你想的美.
☆de'sert v.抛弃'desert n.沙漠重音位置不同
ditch = dump = desert
☆milk-shake 奶吸
☆You look familiar (to me).
I am familiar with Hangkong. = Hangkong is famaliar to me.
☆How does it feel to be rich? ...当个有钱人感觉(滋味)怎么样／如何？
☆That's it. 够了
49. Stop Snoring!P.329
Millions of families have trouble fall ing asleep. Do you know why? There's someone in the family who has a snoring problem. The problem can be quite serious. In some cases, couples have to sleep in separate bedrooms. And in others, kids can never study or even watch TV once Dad hits the sack.
So how can we avoid being a snoring nuisance? One way is to avoid eat ing a big meal before going to bed. Drinking alcohol near bedtime is something, which also causes snoring. Changing the position in which the snorer sleeps also helps. Another alternative is to wear ear plugs. But if all these ideas fail, you have only one choice: Wake the snorer up. Tell him it's his turn to watch you sleep.
☆snore vi.打呼噜annoy heal
☆Quite good.相当／挺不错。
☆How often do you have a physical (check up)? 身体检查
physical problem difficulty,trouble 不可数 a problem 可数
have trouble/ difficulty/ a problem(s)/ a hard time + 动名词．做／在….方面有困难／麻烦have a good time / fun doing 玩得愉快这些词后面都省了介词in,所以要加n./doing have lot of fun doing
☆Dear Jean letter 男给女的绝交信
☆deep-seated problem 老毛病或：deep-rooted a.根深蒂固的
Smoking is his deep-seaed problem.
☆In U.S.A. in most cases, private schools are better than public schools.
☆separate A from B.
☆hit the sack 就寝= turn in = go to bed = go to sleep pillow 枕头
☆mosquitoes 蚊子
☆eat between meals 吃零食
☆liquor 烈酒
☆snatch n.片刻ear plugs 耳塞
☆alternative = choice = option 把bruce开除外，别无选择。
Peter had no alternative/option/choice, but to fire Bruce.
☆表语从句P336
50. Laser Cures Snoring p.343
A mother and son are talking.
S: I can't stand Dad's snoring anymore, mom. I didn't sleep a wink last night.
M: I understand. Neither did I. But what can we do?
S: I read in a magazine that there's some kind of laser which can cure snoring.
M: I read that, too. But it's pretty expensive. Besides, people who have tried it say it's painful and could cause voice change.
S: Oh, I didn't know that. I guess there's no hope then.
M: Well, I'll talk to Dad about it.
S: I hope he agrees to do it. Anyway, a voice change will do him a world of good. Have you heard
him try to sing lately?
M: Come to think of it, you're right.
☆laser缩自light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
acronym 只取首字母的缩略词
☆cure/heal +sb. patients cure + 病diseases 不说：heal diseases
☆stand n./doing = put up with = tolerate = bear ＂容忍＂sound
☆anymore = any longer 再
☆not sleep a wink = not sleep at all没合上眼
catch a wink小睡That girl is winking at me.使眼色
☆I was at a loss about what to do.如何去做，我感很困惑．
☆kind of = sort of = a little = somewhat adv.有点
☆Dr.Smith will perform an operation on his patient tommorrow.动手术
☆a world of good = a lot of good
☆Doing excercise everyday does everybody a lot of good. 不说:：do good to sb．Working with Bruce did Peter a lot of harm. 可以说：do harm to sb．☆many times = many a time 许多次
☆come to think of it. 令我想起／明白了一件事．
第一、二章传播、传播学及其发展历史 一、传播学的概念 1、定义 1)库利（社会学角度） 2)皮尔士（符号学或语义学角度） 3)施拉姆 4)郭庆光（本书观点）:社会信息的传递或社会信息系统的运行。 （共享说）信息的共享。 （劝服说）突出强调传播是有目的的。 （反映说）传播是一个有机体对于某种刺激的不同反应。 （交流说）用语言进行思想交流。 2、人类社会传播的基本特点: ①社会传播是一种信息共享活动； ②社会传播是在一定社会关系中进行的，又是一定社会关系的体现； ③从传播的社会关系性而言，它又是一种双向的社会互动行为； ④传播成立的重要前提之一，是传受双方必须要有共通的意义空间； ⑤传播是一种行为，是一种过程，也是一种系统。 二、传播与信息 1、信息的定义 ①信息科学认为，信息是物质的普遍属性，是一种客观存在的物质运动形式。 ②德国哲学家克劳斯指出，信息是由物理载体和意义构成的统一整体，揭示了社会信息的本质。 ③社会信息是物质载体和精神内容的统一，主体和客体的统一，符号和意义的统一。 2、信息的特点和分类 信息分类: 根据信息系统和作用机制的不同，分为非人类信息和人类信息。 或分为物理信息、生物信息和社会信息。 社会信息及其传播的特点: 社会信息：指的是人类社会在生产和交往活动中所交流或交换的信息。它是物质载体和精神内容的统一，主体与客体的统一，符号和意义的统一。 三、传播学是研究社会信息系统及其运行规律的科学。 研究对象正是社会信息系统本身 1、社会传播的系统性 系统：指的是由相互联系，相互制约的若干部分结合在一起并且具有特定功能的有机整体。传播学把社会传播分为人内传播、人际传播、群体传播、组织传播、大众传播。 任何传播活动都是在一定的信息系统（即传播系统）中进行，传播的系统性是普遍存在的。 2、社会信息系统的特点 ①社会信息系统是一个开放性系统（开放性是社会信息系统执行其功能的重要前提。） ②社会信息系统由各种子系统相互连结、相互交织而构成的整体。 ③社会信息系统是一个具有双重偶然性的系统 双重偶然性：德国社会传播学家鲁曼指的是传播双方都存在不确定性。因此，通过传播所做出选择有受到拒绝的可能。双重偶然性是人类社会信息系统所特有的属性，这与它是以人为主体的活动有关。人类活动受到生物运动规律、精神和心理运动规律的制约，使社会信
1. Rome Wasn't Built in a Day p.1. English is an international language. Therefore, it is necessary(/ important) for us to learn it. It(/learning English) can be rewarding or just(/only) a waste of time. It's up to you. It depends on how you study it. Here are some tips about(/on) learning English. First, don't be afraid to make(/of making) mistakes. You will learn (something)from them(the mistakes that you make). Second, you must not be shy. Be thick-skinned and speak up! Finally, you must be patient. Remember, "Rome wasn't built in a day." Well, Rome does not refer to the city of Rome only, it refers to the Roman empire, that is the great country that Rome built more than 2000 years ago. It was a great empire and of course you can not build anything good or great in just a short time . the Roman Empire [??m?pa?r] 罗马帝国 Empire--this word is spelled e-m-p-i-r-e. Now, I have this question: in what situation will you use this expression "Rome wasn't built in a day "? Please give us an example. Well, let's say that your friend wants to learn how to do something, like typing or swimming, and at first, your friend feels a little discouraged, because it is not easy to learn a new skill, but you tell him: Hey, come on. Rome wasn't built in a day. We want to encourage our friends with this saying. Your friend is learning how to type. He is a little bit discouraged. We can encourage our friends with this saying. 谚语 We say that English is an international language, because English is spoken around the world. Of course, there are more speakers of Mandarin than of English, but English is spoken by more people in more countries than Mandarin is, so, when you travel or do business or study overseas, you can always find English speakers, and English TV programs and English newspapers. In other words, English is a universal/ an international language, that is why we should learn it. Mandarin 普通话，国语Bruce speaks beautiful Mandarin.[?m?nd?r?n] foul language 下流话 Your stay here is just(or only) a waste of time. rewarding a.有（获）益的；值得做的，划算的． Teaching is a very rewarding profession.教书是一种很有价值的职业． Exercise is very rewarding for our health. It pays(/is rewarding) to exercise It is up to you. 随你吧 Well, if Peter asks me: do you want to go to a restaurant first or see a movie first tonight? I might say: it's up to you. Do we go to the movies first or shall we go to a restaurant first? It's up to you .but I know the true answer. He enjoys eating more than anything, let's go to the restaurant first . In our studio[?studio?], we have got a small studio over here and we have only two people here, that's Bruce and me, but Bruce is much too big, we have little room left here. by fits and starts adv.间歇地,断断续续地,一阵一阵地 If you learn English by fits and starts, you’ll get no where. My brother studied accounting by fits and starts, so he failed. If you give me a tip, I’ll give some tips on how to learn English.
《传播学教程》 第一章传播学的研究对象与基本问题 第一节从传播定义看传播学的研究对象 一、如何把握传播概念 （一）关于传播的定义与传统 1、社会学传统：美—库利——社会互动理论倡始人。强调传播的社会关系性，把传播看做是人与人关系得以成立和发展的基础。 2、符号学或语义学传统：美—皮尔士——符号学的创始人，强调符号作为精神内容的载体在传播中所起的特殊作用。 3、他们开创了界定传播概念的两传统，一是社会学的传统，一是符号学或语义学的传统。后来，这两传统逐渐发生融合。信息概念引入后，人与人之间的社会互动行为的介质是作为意义和符号、精神内容和物质载体之统一体的信息。 (二)传播的实质与其他定义 1、传播的实质：是一种社会互动行为，人们通过传播保持着相互作用和影响的关系。 2、施拉姆：当我们从事传播的时候，也就是在试图与其他人共享信息——某个观点或某个态度。传播至少有三个要素：信源、讯息和信宿。 3、阿耶尔：传播在广义上指的是信息的传递，它不仅包括接触新闻，而且包括表达感情、期待、命令、愿望或其他任何什么。 二、传播与信息:传播学考察的主要对象—始终都是人类的社会信息及其传播活动 （一）社会信息科学与传播学 1、社会信息与自然界的其他信息的联系和区别 A.联系（共同点）:以质、能波动的形式表现出来。精神内容的载体都表现为一定的物质讯号，作用于人的感觉系统并引起反馈。因此，社会信息也具有物质属性(至少就精神内容与载体的不可分离性而言)。 B.区别:为什么说“信息是物理载体和意义构成的统一整体”? （特殊性质）第一，它并不单纯地表现为人的生理层次上的作用和反作用，而伴随着人复杂的精神和心理活动，伴随着人的态度、感情、价值和意识形态；（两个伴随） 第二，作为社会信息的物质载体——符号系统本身，也是与物质劳动密切相关的人的精神劳动的创造物。（一个创造物）在此意义上，我们把社会信息看做是物质载体和精神内容的统一，主体和客体的统一，符号和意义的统一。 2、（传播学与信息科学是相互影响和相互渗透的）信息科学对传播学的巨大贡献： （1）把信息概念引进了传播学领域，提高了传播学理论表述的科学性和严谨性；（提高两性） （2）拓宽了传播学的视野，使它能够把人类传播活动放在更大的系统和环境中加以考察，这有助于探索人类社会传播的一般和特殊规律。（一宽一大） （二）信息 1、信息：信息是物质的普遍属性，是一种客观存在的物质运动形式。它在物质运动过程中所起的作用是表述它所属的物质系统，在同其他任何物质系统全面相互作用的过程中，以质、能波动的形式所呈现的结构、状态和历史。——最广义的信息概念。一切表述事物的内部或外部互动状态或关系的东西都是信息。信息是由物理载体和意义构成的统一整体。 2、社会信息：除人的生物和生理信息以外的、与人类的社会活动有关的一切信息。社会信息是物质载体和精神内容的统一，主体和客体的统一，符号和意义的统一。 3、社会学视点和信息科学视点结合的传播概念：传播是社会信息的传递或社会信息系统的运行。 三、传播的定义和特点 1、传播：即社会信息的传递或社会信息系统的运行。 2、传播的基本特点是什么？ 第一、社会传播是一种信息共享活动。独有—多人共有。共享意味着社会信息的传播具有交流、交换和扩散的性质。(传播是在一定社会关系中进行的，又是一定社会关系的体现。如何理解这个观点?) 第二、社会传播是在一定社会关系中进行的，又是一定社会关系的体现。 ①“传播和社区有共同词根，彼此不可分。”（施拉姆） ②传播产生于一定的社会关系，这种关系可能是纵向，也可是横向的。 ③它又是社会关系的体现，传受双方表述的内容和采用的姿态、措辞等无不反映其社会角色和地位。 ④社会关系是人类传播的一本质属性，通过传播，人们保持既有社会关系并建立新的社会关系。） 第三、从传播的社会关系性而言，它又是一种双向的社会互动行为。任何传播都是通过信息的授受和反馈展开的社会互动。 第四、传播成立的重要前提之一，是传受双方必须要有共通的意义空间。否则传而不通，导致误解。在广义上，共通的意义空间还包括人们大体一致或接近的生活经验和文化背景。 第五、传播是一种行为，是一种过程，也是一种系统。行为、过程、系统是人们解释传播时的三个常用概念，它们从不同角度概括了传播的另一些重要属性。 3、传播学现状：20世纪出现的一门新兴的社会科学和边缘学科，与诸科学联系渗透因而对象和研究领域不甚明确。分科领域（大众传播学、文化传播学、广告传播学等）繁荣，基础理论研究却显薄弱。 第二节传播学是研究社会信息系统及其运行规律的科学 一、社会传播的系统性 （一）传播学及其类型 1、传播学的研究对象：社会信息系统，传播学是研究社会信息系统及其运行规律的科学。 2、系统：由相互联系、相互制约的若干部分结合在一起并且具有特定功能的有机整体。 3、如何理解社会传播的系统性?：一切事物都处于一定的系统之中。社会传播同样具有系统性。 4、社会传播五种基本类型： A.人内传播——是个人接受外部信息并在人体内部进行处理的活动。具有典型的系统性，主要表现在人体本身就是一个由相互联系、制约的各部分构成，能对个人信息进行处理的有机整体（完整的信息系统 B.人际传播——(个人与个人间的信息传递)是由两个个体系统相互连结所形成的新的信息系统。在这个系统里，人们通过信息的授受，保持着相互影响和作用的关系 C.群体传播——(主指自然发生的社会群体，如家庭、亲友、社交圈等)是更大的系统，它不仅存在许多个体系统的活动，这些个体系统的有机结合还产生了新的输出物——群体规范和群体价值。群体信息系统的一个重要功能就是帮助个人实现社会化，在社会化完成之
赖世雄中级美语教程41-50课笔记（彩色word版）41. Getting a Tan p.271 Both my brother and I are outgoing people. He as well as I likes being in the sun. It goes without saying, therefore, that we spend a lot of our free time at the beach. We go there to relax as well as to keep fit. To be frank, though, he no less than I enjoys looking at the beautiful "scenery" around the beach. However, if you are anything(强调) like us, we have a piece of advice for you. Don't forget to rub a good amount of sunscreen lotion all over your body. Not only does it protect you from getting skin cancer, but it also helps to keep you nicely tanned(过分做a.). Both my brother and I forgot to do that and now we look like Afro-Americans rather than Chinese. ☆tan tanned/ tanned mongolian 人种 v.晒太阳I like to tan at the beach in summer. n.黄褐色I like to have a tan in summer. The girl lay in the sun to tan her body. 那女孩躺在阳光下将她的身体晒成古铜色． ☆outgoing a.坐不住的,爱外出的easy-going 随和的 ☆What do you do relax on weekends? ☆He as well as I is a student. no less than = as well as以及，都 ☆keep fit 保持健康体魄= remain fit Jogging is a good way to keep fit. ☆to be frank = frankly John hurt Sally’s feelings by being too frank. ☆a lot of scenery 永远不可数scene 风景（可数）breathtaking 扣人心弦的 ☆an advice 错应为：a piece of advice, some advice, a lot of advice advice 不可数 take one’s advice 接受建议 ☆apply=rub 涂，敷，抹suntan lotion = sunscreen lotion Apply medicine to his wound. 在他伤口上涂药。 ☆Never is he quite. = He is never quite. 倒装 ☆Afro-Americans 美国黑人／非裔美国人 42. Roast Beef p.282 My brother, Luke, goes to see his girlfriend, Daisy. D: What on earth happened to you? 你到底／究竟怎么了？ L: Oh, I just had a lazy day at the beach. D: My goodness! You're really burnt. Are you alright? L: Well, yes, but I feel like I've been roasted. D: In that case, let's eat in rather than go out for dinner. L: Up to you. D: What would you like to eat? L: Uh… D: How about your favorite: roast beef?
传播学教程 第一章 1、信息的定义 统全面相互作用的过程中，以质、能波动的形式所呈现的结构、状态和历史。在此意义上，一切反映事物内部或外部互动状态或关系的东西都是信息。 一。 2、传播的定义和特点 的体现；一种双向的社会互动行为；传播双方须有共通的意义空间；一种行为、过程、系统。 3、传播学的定义 4、社会传播的类型 5、社会信息系统的特点 6、双重偶然性 信息系统特有的属性，与它是以人为主体的活动有关。其存在说明，社会信息系统是一个多变量的系统，若变量处理不当，便会引起传播障碍和传播隔阂。 7、传播障碍和传播隔阂 能是否正常。 之间在特定利益、价值、意识形态和文化背景方面的隔阂。有无意的误解和有意的曲解之分。 在是必然的。 第二章 1、人类传播经历的发展阶段 —用手写字。口语的产生大大加速了人类社会进化和发展进程，却受到时空限制只能在近距离、小规模的群体中传播； 类利用体外化媒介系统的进程； 刷媒介在社会变革社会生活和社会经济中扮演了越来越重要的角色。 人类体外化的声音和影像信息系统，使人类知识经验的积累和文化传承的效率和质量有了新的飞跃。电子技术推动了电脑诞生。 2、信息社会的定义和特点 60年代末70年代初，日本、美国等发达国家最早提出。
核心价值而得到发展的社会。 a.社会经济主体由制造业转向以高新科技为核心的第三产业，即信息和知识产业占据主导地位； b.劳动力主体不再是机械的操作者而是信息的生产者和传播者； c.贸易不局限于国内，跨国贸易和全球贸易成为主流； d.交易结算不再主要依靠现金，而是信用。 3、哈特关于媒介系统的分类 A.哈特，根据传播媒介的发展史分类： 手段； 摄影等； —人类传播的媒介手段日趋丰富，人体的信息功能日益向外扩展，体外化信息系统逐渐获得相对独立的过程。 4、《后工业化社会的到来》和《第三次浪潮》 D.贝尔。把人类社会的发展进程分为前“工业社会”（农业社会）、“工业社会”（生产商品的社会）和“后工业社会”（以服务业为基础的社会）三大阶段。 A.托夫勒。人类社会已经经历两次变革浪潮，从原始社会向农业社会和从农业社会向工业社会。目前正迎来以信息革命为代表的第三次浪潮，必然会极大地改变现存的社会结构和社会生活。 5、二战后信息社会发展过程 50—80年代中期）：报刊、广播、电视等大众传播媒介得到高度普及，个人媒介日趋多样化；②高度信息化阶段（80年代末—今）：大众传媒进一步发达，广播电视进入数字化多频道和卫星跨国传播时代；微型电脑普及，成为个人综合信息处理的媒介；以计算机、互联网和多媒体为代表的新传播发展，使不同媒介出现融合的新趋势。 第三章 1、符号的定义和基本功能 a.表述和理解（人与人之间的传播活动首先表现为符号化和符号解读的过程）； b.传达（作为精神内容的意义只有转换为一定物质形式的符号才能在时空中得到传播和保存）； c.思考（即引发思维活动，思考首先要有对象及关于对象的知识，而这些都以符号形式存在于人的头脑中）。 2、象征符的特性 通过传统、学习继承；④可自由创造，与指代对象的关系具有随意性。 3、意义的定义 4、符号意义的分类 ；③指示性和区别性。 5、传播过程中的意义（符号本身之外） 使得不同的受众对同一种符号构成的信息会有不同的理解；
Lesson 7 Doctor Death Whether very sick people should be helped to end their own lives is a question many people cannot answer. However, Dr.Kevorkian is an exception. That he has done this more than twenty times is known to everyone. Some say what he is doing is immoral. They call him Doctor Death. Others say what he is doing is merciful. They call it mercy killing. Whether Dr.Kevorkian should be allowed to continue doing this is a real problem for the government. There seem to be two sides to the argument. Which side are you on? spooky 幽灵般的Halloween 万圣节 to end one's own life = to put an end to one's own life When the movie came to an end, many people were crying. 结束 I helped Mother wash(do) the dishes last night. Every rule has its exception. = There is an exception to every rule. With an exception .... inconvenient 不方便不说：Are you convenient? 而说：Are you free? That he doesn't study makes me angry. 名词从句that 不能省 mercy killing 安乐死 One is known by company he keeps. 观其友，知其人 讲解： P: Are we talking here or do we have any purposes on the air? B: Well, yes, we do. We are trying to teach our students how to read and understand by listening these English lessons. P: So we are not simply chatting. In fact, we do have a plan over here. That is we want to acquaint our students with more of English. B: Our plan is to teach English. P: Doctor death It sounds spooky. B: It certainly does. Well, in the United Stated, Halloween is a spooky night. P: Following is an article, and has a title here "Doctor death". This article sounds a little spooky, but we will find out about this. So we'd like have Bruce read this article for us first. Whether very sick people should be helped to end their own lives is a question many people cannot answer. Whether we should help very sick people end their own lives. B: I help Mother to wash the dishes last night.
《传播学教程》第二版郭庆光 第一章传播学的研究对象与基本问题 第一节从传播的定义看传播学的研究对象 一、如何把握传播概念 美—库利社会学传统 社会互动理论倡始人。强调传播的社会关系性，把传播看做是人与人关系得以成立和发展的基础。 美—皮尔士符号学或语义学传统 符号学的创始人，强调符号作为精神内容的载体在传播中所起的特殊作用。 他们开创了界定传播概念的两传统，一是社会学的传统，一是符号学或语义学的传统。后来，这两传统逐渐发生融合 传播的实质：是一种社会互动行为，人们通过传播保持着相互作用和影响的关系。 两个传统的融合：传播是通过符号或象征手段而进行的社会互动。/通过社会互动而共享意义。 信息概念引入后，人与人之间的社会互动行为的介质是作为意义和符号、精神内容和物质载体之统一体的信息。 施拉姆：当我们从事传播的时候，也就是在试图与其他人共享信息——某个观点或某个态度。传播至少有三个要素：信源、讯息和信宿。 阿耶尔：传播在广义上指的是信息的传递，它不仅包括接触新闻，而且包括表达感情、期待、命令、愿望或其他任何什么。 二、传播与信息 传播学考察的主要对象—始终都是人类的社会信息及其传播活动 社会信息与自然界的其他信息的联系和区别 联系（共同点）以质、能波动的形式表现出来。精神内容的载体都表现为一定的物质讯号，作用于人的感觉系统 并引起反馈。因此，社会信息也具有物质属性(至少就精神内容与载体的不可分离性而言)。 区别:为什么说“信息是物理载体和意义构成的统一整体”? （特殊性质）第一，它并不单纯地表现为人的生理层次上的作用和反作用，而伴随着人复杂的精神和心理活动，伴随着人的态度、感情、价值和意识形态；（两个伴随） 第二，作为社会信息的物质载体——符号系统本身，也是与物质劳动密切相关的人的精神劳动的创造物。（一个创造物）在此意义上，我们把社会信息看做是物质载体和精神内容的统一，主体和客体的统一，符号和意义的统一。 （传播学与信息科学是相互影响和相互渗透的）信息科学对传播学的巨大贡献 一．把信息概念引进了传播学领域，提高了传播学理论表述的科学性和严谨性；（提高两性） 二．拓宽了传播学的视野，使它能够把人类传播活动放在更大的系统和环境中加以考察，这有助于探索人类社会传播的一般和特殊规律。（一宽一大） 信息：信息是物质的普遍属性，是一种客观存在的物质运动形式。它在物质运动过程中所起的作用是表述它所属的物质系统，在同其他任何物质系统全面相互作用的过程中，以质、能波动的形式所呈现的结构、状态和历史。——最广义的信息概念。一切表述事物的内部或外部互动状态或关系的东西都是信息。 社会信息：除人的生物和生理信息以外的、与人类的社会活动有关的一切信息。 社会信息是物质载体和精神内容的统一，主体和客体的统一，符号和意义的统一。 信息是由物理载体和意义构成的统一整体。 社会学视点和信息科学视点结合的传播概念：传播是社会信息的传递或社会信息系统的运行。 社区：由地缘关系和社会关系构成的共同体。 三．传播的定义和特点 什么是传播？它的基本特点是什么？] (定义)即社会信息的传递或社会信息系统的运行。（递行—地形） 它的基本特点是什么？ 社会传播是一种信息共享活动。独有—多人共有。共享意味着社会信息的传播具有交流、交换和扩散的性质。 (传播是在一定社会关系中进行的，又是一定社会关系的体现。如何理解这个观点?) 社会传播是在一定社会关系中进行的，又是一定社会关系的体现。
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《传播学教程》（郭庆光著）复习笔记 第一章传播学研究对象的基本问题 一、名解 1、传播：是指社会信息的传播或社会信息系统的运行。 2、传播学：研究社会信息系统及其运行规律的科学。 3、信息：是物质的普遍属性，是一种客观存在的物质运动形式。信息既不是物质，也不是 能量，它在物质运动过程中所起的作用是表述它所属的物质系统，在同其他任何物质系统全 面相互作用（或联系）的过程中，以质、能波动的形式所呈现的结构、状态和历史。 4、双重偶然性：是德国社会学家鲁曼提出的概念，指的是传播的双方都存在着不确定性， 因此，通过传播所做出的选择有受到拒绝的可能性。 5、传播障碍：指的是在传播活动进行过程中，由于传播系统本身存在的结构性和功能性障碍，如不合理的传播制度，不畅通的传播渠道而导致的传播行为受到障碍。包括结构与功能障碍，如传播制度是否合理，传播渠道是否畅通，信息系统的各部分的功能是否正常等等。 6、传播隔阂：指的是在传播过程之中，个体，群体，世代之间因为特定利益、价值、意识 形态和文化的差异，导致传播双方的正常传播行为受到影响，甚至严重阻碍传播行为的进展。 包括个人之间的隔阂，个人与群体的隔阂，成员与组织的隔阂，以及群体与群体、组织与组 织、世代与世代、文化与文化间的隔阂等等。由于社会信息系统的参与者，无论是个人、群体还是组织，都是具有特定利益、价值、意识形态和文化背景的主体，这里的传播隔阂，既包括无意的误解，也包括有意的曲解。 二、简答 1、传播的基本特点 答：（1）社会传播是一种信息共享活动；（2 ）社会传播是在一定社会关系中进行的，又是一 定社会关系的体现；（3）从传播的社会关系性而言，它又是一种双向的社会互动行为； （4） 传播成立的重要前提之一，是传受双方必须要有共通的意义空间；（5）传播是一种行为，是一种过程，也是一种系统。
赖世雄中级美语教程 1. Rome Wasn't Built in a Day English is an international language. Therefore, it is necessary for us to learn it. It can be rewarding or just a waste of time. It's up to you. It depends on how you study it. Here are some tips about learning English. First, don't be afraid to make mistakes. You will learn from them. Second, you must not be shy. Be thick-skinned and speak up! Finally, you mush be patient. Remember, "Rome wasn't built in a day." 罗马不是一天造成的 英语是国际语言。所以，我们必须学英文。学英文可以使我们获益，也可能是白白浪费时间。那就看你的了。那要看你如何去学习。以下是一些关于学习英语的诀窍。 首先，别怕出错。你可以从错误中学习。其次，千万不要害羞。脸皮厚一点大声说出来！最后，一定要有耐心。记住：“罗马不是一天造成的。” 2. How to Improve Your English Mack is talking to his friend Don. (M=Mack, D=Don) M: Hi, Don! How are you doing in your English class? D: Not so well, I'm afraid. M: What's the problem? D: I'm not improving. Tell me, how come your English is so good? M: Well, uh…I have an American girlfriend. D: Aha! That's it. Now I know what to do. (He runs off.) M: Hey, Come back! I was just kidding! 如何加强你的英文 梅克正在和他的朋友唐聊天。 梅克：嗨，唐！你英文课上得怎么样？ 唐：恐怕不怎么理想。 梅克：出了什么问题？ 唐：我一直没进步。告诉我, 为什么你的英文那么棒？ 梅克：呃, 这个吗 我交了个美国女朋友。 唐：啊哈！就是这样。现在我知道该怎么做了！（他跑走了。） 梅克：嘿，回来啊！我只是在开玩笑！ 3. The City of Song Listening to music is the favorite pastime of many people all over the world. This is especially true for people living in Vienna, the city of song. Being the home of Mozart, this city is the birthplace of classical music and the waltz. Music fills the air in Vienna. Going to public concerts is often free of charge. And don't forget, Vienna is also home to the world famous Vienna Boys' Choir. No wonder people say Austria is always alive with the sound of music. 音乐之都 听音乐是全世界许多人最喜爱的消遣。这对生活在音乐之都的维也纳人民来说更是贴切。 这个城市不但是莫札特的故乡，也是古典音乐和华尔兹舞曲的发源地。 音乐缭绕于整个维也纳。欣赏公开的演奏会通常都是免费的。别忘了，维也纳也是世界著名维也纳少年合唱团的所在地。难怪人们说奥地利永远充满着音乐的声音。
第三节“使用与满足”------一种受众行为理论 ?使用与满足理论站在受众的立场上，通过分析受众对媒介的使用动机和获得需求满足来考察大众传播给人类带来的心理和行为上的效用。 ?同传统的讯息如何作用受众的思路不同，它强调受众的作用，突出受众的地位。 ?该理论认为受众通过对媒介的积极使用，从而制约着媒介传播的过程，并指出使用媒介完全基于个人的需求和愿望。 一、受众的传媒接触动机和使用形态 ?使用与满足研究起源于19世纪40年代。 ?背景：美国收音机家庭普及率达到80%；人们对媒介寄予正面的期待；事实上，启蒙教育节目并不被看好，而格调低俗的轻喜剧，肥皂剧以及猜谜游戏收听率极高。 于是引发了人们对受众媒介接触行为背后的心里动机的研究兴趣。 ?早期“使用与满足”研究揭示的受众媒介接触动机和满足有哪些类型？ 对广播媒介的“使用与满足”的需求；对印刷媒介的“使用和满足”的需求；对电视媒介的“使用与满足”的需求。 ◆什么是“使用与满足”？如何理解受众需求？ 使用与满足，是把受众成员看作是有着特定“需求”的个人，把他们的媒介接触活动看作是基于特定的需求动机来“使用”媒介，从而使这些需求得到“满足”的过程。 对广播媒介的“使用与满足”的需求：竞争心理需求；获得新知的需求；自我评价的需求。 对印刷媒介的“使用和满足”的需求：获得外界信息消息的来源，日常生活工具，休息的手段，获得社会威信的手段，社交的手段，读报本身的目的化。 对电视媒介的“使用与满足”的需求：心绪转移效用；人际关系效用；自我确认效用；环境监测效用。二、传媒接触的社会条件因素
受众成员媒介活动既是一种满足个人基本需求的活动，又受到他所处的环境或社会条件因素制约。 如：施拉姆研究少年儿童的电视接触行为和家庭、学校中的环境有着密切联系。 家庭处境不顺、和同学关系不佳，喜欢看打斗暴力节目； 家庭关系融洽、和同学关系顺畅，喜欢看轻松快活节目。 结论：“欲求”不满→到媒体中寻求代替的满足 对成人的“使用与满足”研究 ?制约成人接触媒介的因素：政治、经济、文化、价值观、群体归属意识。 ?1974年E·卡兹在其著作《个人对大众传播的使用》中首先提出该理论，他将媒介接触行为概括为一个"社会因素+心理因素——媒介期待——媒介接触——需求满足"的因果连锁过程，提出了"使用与满足"过程的基本模式。日本传播学家竹内郁郎对其进行补充，提出如下： “使用与满足”的过程： （1）人们接触使用传媒的目的都是为了满足自己的需要，这种需求和社会因素、个人的心理因素有关。 （2）人们接触和使用传媒的两个条件： a 接触媒介的可能性，即身边必须要有电视机或报纸一类的物质条件； b媒介印象，即受众对媒介能否满足需求的评价，这种媒介印象或成为评价是在以往媒介接触经验基础上形成的。 （3）受众选择特定的媒介和内容开始具体的接触行为。 （4）接触使用后的结果有两种：一种是满足需求，一种是未满足。 （5）无论满足与否，都将影响到以后的媒介选择使用行为，人们根据满足结果来修正既有
1. New Y ork is a window on the world.纽约是世界之窗。 2. This river abounds in fish. 这条河里有好多鱼哦。 3. When it comes to singing, Jay is unsurpassed/unrivaled/second to none. 说到唱歌，杰是无人能比的。 4. Miami is a magnum for the sun lover. 对喜欢阳光的人来说，迈阿密是个胜地。 5. Out of (choice/curiosity) sympathy, I gave the beggar some change.出于同情，我给了这个乞丐一些零钱。 6. As hard as this may be to imagine…/As beautiful as she is, I still don’t like her. =Beautiful as she is… 7. Teenagers are mostly rebellious. 青少年大多比较叛逆。 8. To make a long story short, I love you no more. 长话短说，我不爱你了。 9. Conserve energy. 节约使用能源。 10. In Singapore, chewing gun is a no-no. 在新加坡，吃口香糖是被禁止的。 11. The mayor will take office on the first of the month. 这个市长将在这个月月初就职。 12. On her way to the library, Mary ran into Bill. 玛丽在往图书馆途中，碰到了比尔。（Hey, don’t stand in my way!不要挡路。Don’ t stand in the way of…） 13. For me, chocolate is addictive. =I am addicted to chocolate.对于我来说，吃巧克力是会上瘾的。(He is a drug addict.) 14. We should put the student‘s whole performance into perspective in order to understand the student. 15. Main roads in cities or highways in or between big cities always have high density traffic. / This city is densely populated. 这个城市人口很多。（sparsely稀少） 16. My daughter is the apple of my eye. 我女儿是我的掌上明珠。 17. That’s a cinch. = That’s a piece of cake. 18. Mountain biking is not my cup of tea. 骑山地车可并不是我所喜爱的东西。（通常用于否定） 19. Have you ever read the Chinese version of that story? 这个小说的中文版你看过了吗？ I listen to his version of the story and then I listen to her version of the story.我听了他的说法，又听了她的说法。 20.I have fire insurance for my house. = I have insured my house against fire. (burglary/theft窃盗险) 21.catch the fancy of somebody I fancy that suit in the window.