上海新世纪英语高二全部课文及重点词组

上海新世纪英语高二年级下学期Unit4教材精讲伴你成长高二新世纪（下）Unit4 Moving Stories知识要点2．重点词组新从……来的be fresh from喜欢take to顺便，附带地in passing点睛之笔finishing touch看一眼cast a glance at好像，仿佛as though吃惊地in shock以……为例take…as an example瓦解，崩溃fall apart来来回回，上上下下up and down顺便（或偶然）访问drop by访问，看望come by(时间等)过去，流逝pass by妨碍get in the way脑损伤brain damage很多many a(n)充分地，最大限度地to the fullest起点starting point排队line up看到at the sight of3．重点句型It has been／is+一段时间+since．．．意为：自从……以来已经多久了21/ 1上海新世纪英语高二年级下学期Unit4教材精讲4．重点语法The Structure for Emphasis(2) 强调结构(2)The Auxiliary Verb Do (助动词Do)知识精讲Vocabulary and Patterns1．Swedish n．the language used in Sweden；people from Sweden 瑞典语；瑞典人adj. of or relating to Sweden，the Swedish or their culture 瑞典的；瑞典人的；瑞典语的Sweden n. 瑞典We call people from Sweden Swedish．我们把来自瑞典的人叫瑞典人。

2．equivalent n. [c]something that is essentially equal to another 同等物The word has no equivalent in English．这个单词在英文中没有对应的词语。

上海新世纪英语高二全部课文及重点词组上海新世纪英语高二全部课文（包括additional reading）及重点词组高二第二学期17. words and their stories18. english proverbs19. tips on making a public speech20. keep it short for the audience’s sake21. making friends22. what does friendship mean to westerners?23. adjo24. ryan, his friends, and his incredible torch run25. the father of modern physics26. the survival of the fittest27. miracle in the rice field28. newton’s three important laws29. oliver wants more (adapted from oliver twist charles dickens)30. enjoy the classics31. is she guilty? (adapted from the prince and the pauper mark twain)32. mark twain高二第二学期17. words and their storieseager beaver an eager beaver is a person who is always willing to do and is excited about doing what is expected of him.suppose, for example, that a teacher tells his students they each must solve one hundred math problems before coming to school the next day. the children complain about so much homework. but one student does not protest at all. that student is an eager beaver. he loves to do math problems, and does not mind all the homework.the expression is said to have come from the name of a hard-working animal---the beaver.beavers are strange-looking creatures. they spend a lot of time in the water, building dams to create little lakes or ponds. they use their huge teeth and work hard to cut down trees, remove branches and put them across streams. they use their tails to pack mud on the branches to makethe dams solid. few other animals work so hard.historians say the beaver had an important part in the settlement of north america.there were hundreds of millions of beavers when european settlers first arrived. the settlers put great value on the fur of beavers. in fact, for two hundred years or more, beavers provided the most valuable fur in north america. beaver skins often used as money.young men looking for adventure headed west across the country to search for beavers. in their search, they explored much of the western territories. the trading posts, where they exchanged beaver skins for the goods they needed, became villages, and later towns and cities.it’s in the bag the bag---one of the simplest and most useful things in every man or woman’s life---has given the world many strange expressions that are not very simple. a number of these expressions are widely used in the united states today. some were imported from england a long time ago.when you are sure of something, you can say, “it’s in the bag.”共17页，当前第1页1234567891011121314151617this phrase seemed to have arrived with the modern paper bag. before, americans used to say, “it’s all wrapped up.”then, things you bought were wrapped in plain brown paper, or sometimes in old newspaper. another widely used expressions is “to let the cat out of the bag”, meaning to reveal a well-kept secret.no one can explain how the cat got into the bag, or why it remained there. but there is an old story about it. long ago tradesman sold things in large cloth bags. once a woman asked for a pig. the tradesman held up his cloth bag. inside there was supposed to be a live pig. the woman asked to see it. when the dishonest tradesman opened the bag, out jumped a squealing cat, not a pig. the tradesman’s secret was out: he was tricky, and now everybody knew it.18. english proverbscharactersteacher of english: ms smith (ms)students: li (li), mao (ma), anne (an), rivera (ri)ms: good morning, everyone. i hope you all know what we are here for. the topic of our discussion this morning is “english proverbs”.li: so, i’m in the right group.ma: me, too.ri: me, too.ms: but i was told we would have four…and yet…an: i’m coming. good morning. am i late?ms: morning. “speak of angels and you hear their songs.”an: is that a proverb referring to my coming?ms: exactly.li: we have a saying in chinese, which i think is very close in meaning…ma: speak of cao cao and he appears.ms: right. well, “first things first”. a proverb is a traditional saying which offers advice or presents a moral in a short and brief manner. a proverb normally is a sentence, into which the writer often works rhyme. for instance, “east or west, home is best.”sometimes it comes out in the form of a phrase.ma: i’ve seen dictionaries of proverbs.ms: well, there are thousands of proverbs. they fall into three main categories. those of the first type take the form of abstract statements.they express general truths. here are two good examples: “one is never too old to learn.”and “a man who neglects his studies in youth will regret it in later years.”ri: i think there is some truth in both proverbs. to encourage a person who has had little education for some reason as a young man, we may use the former. with us, i guess the latter works.ms: so you have to keep this in mind. never use proverbs out of context. “one man’s meat is another man’s poison.”li: i see. then, what is the second type?ms: the second type uses specific observations from everyday experience to make a general point.共17页，当前第2页1234567891011121314151617an: “don’t put all your eggs in one basket.”does it fall into the second category?ms: you’re right, dear. then the third type consists of sayings from particular areas of traditional customs and beliefs. “after dinner, rest a while; after supper, walk a mile.”is an example of this type. such proverbs are often related to agriculture, the seasons, and the weather.li: many people hold the opinion that proverbs are going out of fashion. is that true?ms: the fact is, as some old ones are falling into disuse, new ones are being created. the computer world has recently given us lots of them. an: i’ve got one: “rubbish in, rubbish out.”ma: it also goes “garbage in, garbage out.”ms: i think it is more common to say “garbage in, garbage out.”well, i hope, today “you’ll have something nice out as you have had something nice in.”an: thank you, ms smith. by the way, do we have an assignment as usual? ms: yes. you are to collect some proverbs of the first type, that is, proverbs that express general truths.li: i’d like to collect some on studies.ms: good! i’m so glad to have been with you. (to the four students) “strike while the iron is hot.”see you next week.19. tips on making a public speechit is interesting to note that speeches are always “given”or “delivered”. they are never “said”. when giving a speech, therefore,it is useful to think of yourself as playing a part, i.e. acting. this kind of acting calls for an integration of verbal and nonverbal communication. nonverbal communication chiefly involves the speaker’s stance and gestures, the eye contact between the speaker and the audience, and a good control of the presentation speed of talking/speaking.stance this is important to the delivery of a good speech. stand up straight and keep your head up. dropping your head looks unprofessional and may prevent your audience from hearing you clearly. on the other hand, don’t stand like a guard on duty. you have to be able to move in a natural way in order to add expression to your words. body language “says” a lot. avoid holding your hands tightly together; this will interfere with free and natural movement. don’t play with keys or coins in your pocket; this will distract your audience.gestures gestures and facial expressions are both important aids to the spoken word when you are communicating. a dull, long speech delivered without expression, without gestures or eye contact will not be well received. the skill is in deciding how much gesturing to be employed and in making sure that your gestures are natural.共17页，当前第3页1234567891011121314151617in general, the larger the audience, the more expansive the gestures should be, because they will not be seen so clearly by the audience. in a small group, facial expressions will add a lot to understanding. try telling somebody something funny with a very serious face. they will have difficulty believing what you are really saying is funny.different gestures are supposed to be used in delivering a speech. some people use their hands a lot when speaking. you must make sure that your gestures are not repeated too often, and they should be expressive and meaningful.eye contact to have maximum impact you need to make each member of your audience fell as if you were speaking to them personally. to do this, glance towards all sections of the audience and don’t be afraid to move your head. if you favour one direction, the other side may feel you are ignoring them and therefore lose interest in what you are saying.timing accurate timing is essential. you should ensure that you don’t fall short of or run over the time allowed for your speech. either way, the audience will feel unhappy and lose concentration on your speech. thebest way to overcome this is through preparation. clear thinking about what you want to say and how long your speech will last, before you start to write it, will save a lot of time. when practising, make sure that you speak at the correct speed and do time yourself.20. keep it short for the audience’s sakehow long should i make my speech? how long will my audience concentrate on my speech? hoe slowly should i speak to make myself clearly understood? in trying to answer these questions, we see how important timing is to speech.keep your speech less than 15 minutes lin yutang, the famous writer and translator, once said about the length of a speech, “the shorter, the better.”speaking around the topic should be seriously avoided, not only in speech, but in all conversations in english. being indirect and roundabout in your approach may be thought skillful in chinese. but in english speech? no way. when one is making a speech in english, he should always stick to the point, and use simple, clear, and direct language.according to scientists, audiences can generally only manage toconcentrate for about 13 minutes. so a 10-15-minute speech is about right.the famous gettysburg address, delivered by abraham lincoln on november 19, 1863 has about 200 words, but it still managed to express the idea that all people are born equal.150-160 words per minute speaking speed often depends on the occasion for the speech. the number of people in the audience is also an important factor to be considered.共17页，当前第4页1234567891011121314151617if you are speaking to hundreds or even thousands of people, especially in the open air, you should speak slowly. the idea is to let the audience catch every single word of your speech. for example, when martin luther king spoke, even to a small group, his usual speaking speed was only 110 to 120 words per minute.when you are speaking indoors to a small group, say, 10 or 20 people, you may speed up a bit. speaking at a speed of around 200 words a minute, you can still retain the audience’s attention.so, we can see that the average speed is about 150 to 160 words perminute.whether you are speaking slowly or rapidly, the important point is to pronounce every word clearly. otherwise, no matter how wonderful you think your content is, the audience won’t be able to follow you. use phonetic symbols to mark the places you often mess up, in advance, and practise every day before you get up on stage.pause for dramatic effect if you want a particular sentence or expression to leave a deep impression on your audience, you can pause a while before uttering it. during the pause, the audience will grow curious about why you choose to pause and they will anxiously expect to hear the next sentence, which is exactly what you want to happen.but don’t pause too frequently or too long. eye contact and a smile, with a bit of body language, will also effectively impress your audience. if you simply stop suddenly and remain silent for several seconds before you start again, they’ll probably think, “oh, he (she) has forgotten the words!”21. making friendsjamie was like a magnet---she always had a crowd around her. she wasn’t especially pretty, and she wasn’t particularly good at sports. but she was one of the most popular students at school. everyone loved her! why? what was it about jamie that made everyone notice her? if her looks and her talents weren’t anything to show off, what did she have going for her?here it is---short and simple---jamie had learned the secret of how to make friends and keep them. her secret is: be nice to others! jamie was kind and genuinely cared about others: people responded by wanting to be around her.going along with this big secret of making friends are a few additional suggestions:smiling suggests confidence there is something fascinating about someone who smiles a lot. we are automatically drawn to someone who is happy. wearing a smile usually implies the person behind it is approachable. an approachable person makes others feel at ease and comfortable.共17页，当前第5页1234567891011121314151617 smiles also convey confidence, which is really important when making friends. you don’t have to actually feel confident to smile, but when youdo, people will think you are. furthermore, the more you smile, the more natural your smile will be. you’ll gain confidence from smiling!learn to listen and talk everyone wants to talk. we all have a story to tell. each of us enjoys having someone listen to what we say. it makes us feel important when someone is truly interested in what we’re saying. when other people find out you are willing to listen, they will be talking to you! when someone is talking to you, zero in 100 per cent on that person. don’t pretend to listen but really think about something else. that won’t work in making friends.meanwhile, don’t put the burden of the entire conversation on someone else. you’ve got to do your part, too. it is learning when to talk that is important. try not to talk just to hear yourself talking; no one else can get a word in.everyone should learn to give and take in any relationship. learn to move from being the centre of attention to focusing on the needs of others. modesty is extremely attractive.try to add value to those around you people light up when you recognize something they do well and let them know. it only takes a minute to givesomeone a compliment or to notice what gifts a person has. it automatically adds value to how they see themselves. try to be the kind of person who’s always seeing the positive qualities in others. don’t tear someone down.22. what does friendship mean to westerners?what is meant by the word “friend”? the dictionary defines it as “one attached to another by affection or respect”. americans use the word freely---that is, a friend may or may not be a person to whom one is really attached. friends may have known each other since childhood or they may have recently met. it is difficult to give an exact definition of this word as it is used in the us, because it covers many types of relationships.it is common for americans to have different “circles”. terms such as office mate and tennis partner indicate different types of friends. the office mate is a friend in the office and the tennis partner is a friend on the tennis court. a person may have many good friends and one best friend. “best friends”are usually two people of the same sex who have known each other for a long period of time. people usually have morecasual friends than close or best friends.americans move around quite often and learn to develop friendships easily and quickly. about one out of every five american families moves every year. people move to new places because they begin new jobs, attend distant colleges, get married, have children or simply want a change in their lives. perhaps as a result of this, people form and end friendships quickly.共17页，当前第6页1234567891011121314151617 relationships based on a common activity may stop or end when the activity ends. students might meet in classes and remain friends for the duration of the course and then stop seeing each other after the final examination. the same holds true for neighbours who are the closest of friends until one moves away. in these friendships, shared daily experiences form the foundation for the relationship. long-lasting friendships develop when individuals have similar interests and a common outlook on life. the high rate of mobility in the us can explain a great deal about short-term friendships.friendship and friendliness do not mean the same thing. friendliness characterizes much of american daily interaction but is not always anindication of friendship. strangers may share life histories without any wish to set up a relationship. instant friendships are characterized by the appearance of two people becoming close but, in reality, there is no string connection between them. two people saying hello to each other after being introduced for the first time do not always mean that they have a strong wish to develop a friendship. many people frequently smile or say “have a nice day”or “see you later”, or even give an invitation as part of a cultural pattern of politeness. such expressions do not always suggest an offer of continued friendship.23. adjohow the years have rushed by! it has been a long time since i knew marget swenson. i was a child when i knew her, and now i myself have children. the mind loses many things as it matures, but i never lost marget---my first love and first hurt.i met marget swenson when she joined our sixth-grade class.marget, just fresh from sweden, and i, a sixth generation american. she spoke very little english, but somehow we did manage to understand each other. we took to each other instantly.marget lived up on the hill. that was the place where there were many large and pretty houses. i suppose it was only in passing that i knew only white people lived there.we had so much fun together. we sat for hours in my garden or hers, surrounded by grass. her words were swedish; mine, english. we laughed at the way each of us slid our tongues over the unfamiliar words. i learned the swedish equivalents of hello, friend, and goodbye. however, such fun did not last long, and the disaster began at marget’s birthday party.it was a wednesday. i arrived at the party early. marget and i ran around quickly, putting the finishing touches on the decorations.共17页，当前第7页1234567891011121314151617some fifteen minutes later, the doorbell rang, and in came mary, another girl in our class.but after that nobody came. no one.when it got to be after five, mrs swenson called marget inside. she was there for a long time, and when she came out, she looked very, very sad. “my mother does not think they are coming,”she said.“why not?”mary blurted.marget cast a quick glance at me, but she didn’t say anything.i took marget’s hand. “it’s me, isn’t it?”i said. oh! i remember so painfully today how much i wanted her quick and positive “no!”to my question. but i was only aware of marget trying to slip her hand from mine. i opened my hand and let her go.it was different between us after her birthday. marget stopped coming to my house, and when i asked her when she would, she looked as though she would cry.one day, uninvited, i went to her house, climbed up the hill, and a restless feeling grew within me at every step.marget almost jumped when she opened the door. she stared at me in shock. then, quickly, in a voice i’d never heard before, she said, “my mother says you can’t come to my house any more.”i opened my mouth, and closed it without speaking. the awful thing had come; my suspicion was confirmed; marget was white and i was not. i did know it deep within myself.since that meeting marget and i did not speak to each other at all.on the last day of school, getting up a strange courage, i handed my autograph book to marget. she hesitated, then without looking up, wrote words i don’t remember now; they were quite common words, the kind everyone was writing in everyone else’s book. i waited. slowly, she passed her book to me and in it i wrote with a slow, firm hand some of the words she had taught me. i wrote adjo min van---goodbye, my friend. i released her, let her go, told her not to worry, told her that i no longer needed her. adjo.24. ryan, his friends, and his incredible torch runwe met in a biology class. ryan sat in the front so that his wheelchair wouldn’t get in the way. i, however, believed that he wouldn’t have gotten in the way wherever he sat. i greeted him with a “hello!”and he replied cheerfully. later it proved that this simple “hello!”was all it took for ryan and me to become great friends.ryan suffered from brain damage and had endured many an obstacle. yet, he is able to go on living his life to the fullest. he knows the old saying, “when the going gets tough, the tough get going.”to the deepest and most personal extent.共17页，当前第8页1234567891011121314151617the highlight of our friendship came in our junior year, when ryan asked me to hold the flag that would mark the spot where he would begin his olympic torch run. when he asked me, i didn’t know what to say. “why me?”i asked. he gently responded that he would be honoured if i would accept this position. he said that the olympic committee sent a letter saying that the person that holds the flag must be someone important to him, and i was important to him because i was the only true friend he had ever made that talked to him and not to his wheelchair. how could i refuse such a gracious compliment and request?on june fifth, i took the flag and reached ryan’s starting point early. by then, the streets had begun to fill with students from the surrounding schools and the area residents. everyone was excited. then came the van that carried the torch runners. all of the runners got out except ryan. they lined up outside of the van and began to chant his name. ryan! ryan! then all of the people that lined the streets joined in. ryan! ryan! all i could do was not to cry.the lift then lowered ryan to the ground. there he was, in all his glory.people saw him for ryan and not for his wheelchair. it all became slow motion at the sight of the arriving torch. i gave ryan a hug and then stepped into my spot. the runner lit ryan’s torch and then ryan began his journey. as he took off down the street, the chanting became louder and louder. the excitement filled the air. i could not have been any prouder of ryan! he deserved this moment in time---a historic moment that he was a part of and allowed me to be a part of, too.that moment will last in time forever. it expressed the whole meaning of the flame: love, enthusiasm, and brotherhood. it showed us all that love is really what makes this small world go around.25. the father of modern physicsalbert einstein was born of jewish parents in 1879 in germany. he did badly in most subjects at school, but was fascinated by mathematics, which he did quite well. when he was fifteen, his family moved to italy, and from there he went to switzerland to attend a polytechnic school. after gaining a teaching qualification from the polytechnic, einstein took a post as a junior clerk in an office. einstein was happy to get such an easy job, because it gave him plenty of time to think about physics. itwas the “thought experiments”that he carried out in his head that led to a new understanding of space, time and gravity(引力).in 1905, when he was twenty-six years old, einstein began to publish his thoughts. one of his theories provided an explanation for a puzzling effect, called the photoelectric effect(光电效应), which had been noticed some years earlier. it was in 1921 that he was awarded the nobel prize for physics for his work on the photoelectric effect.共17页，当前第9页1234567891011121314151617in 1914, einstein became a professor of physics at the university of berlin and all went well until hitler came to power in 1933. einstein, who was jewish, spoke out against nazi crimes. as a result, he had to leave germany and spent the rest of his life teaching in the united states at princeton university.in the long course of research, einstein developed his theories of relativity. these theories were so different and new that most scientists could do not believe or understand them, and it took a long time for them to be accepted.einstein’s theories also predicted that solid objects can be changed intopure energy. this did lead to the development of nuclear power(核能) and the atomic bomb(原子弹). however, einstein himself protested against nuclear weapons, and became involved in the peace movement after the first world war.einstein passed away in 1955 at the age of seventy-six. what he left behind is a wealth of ideas that form the foundation of modern physics today.apart from his scientific work, einstein found much pleasure in simple pastimes. among his hobbies were sailing and playing the violin. besides, he loved the company of children.although he was one of the greatest scientists who ever lived, einstein did not take himself seriously. once, when asked to enter a newspaper competition to write an article explaining how light is bent by gravity, he joked that the competition was much too difficult for him to enter.26. the survival of the fittestfor a long time people had wondered how life had developed on earth. the bible(圣经) stated that god had created everything in a week. some people did not believe this. “what about fossils?”they asked. “whathas happened to the strange creatures which existed so many years ago?”they asked.charles darwin(查尔斯•罗伯特•达尔文，英国生物学家，进化论奠基人), a young man just out of university in 1831, was offered a job on a ship on a voyage of discovery around the world. life on board was tough. darwin was terribly seasick and was only happy when he was ashore collecting plant samples and observing animals. it was to be the most important journey in his life. it lasted for five years; he returned in october 1836.darwin studied nature in south america and in a group of small islands in the south pacific. on each island there were birds. they were very similar, but the shape of their beaks, and even their eating habits varied. darwin wondered why they were different. then he realized that, long before, they had been the same. each island had different foods available. only the birds that could eat available food could survive, this might depend on having the right shape of beak. he realized that the same process happened with all living things. over millions of years, all plants and animals have gradually changed into the forms we see today. what wecall “the survival of the fittest”he named “natural selection”. darwin called this slow process of change “evolution”. it explains why many kinds of creature, whose fossil remains, are no longer alive.共17页，当前第10页1234567891011121314151617by 1846, he had published an article describing his voyage. he also began to think seriously about evolution and natural selection, and wrote two essays describing his ideas. he did not publish these essays because he realized his ideas proved the bible’s theory of creation was wrong, and he was worried about the anger and troubles they would cause.darwin spent the following years developing his theories and making them perfect. in 1859 he published them in the origin of species(《物种起源》). it caused a huge row because it seemed to deny what the bible said. his the descent of man(《人类的由来》), 1871, pointed out that mankind had come from the same ancestor. darwin was upset by the opposition. other scientists agreed with his ideas and took up his cause. the church prohibited the teaching of the theory of evolution(进化论) in some countries. however, today most people believe that darwin was right.。

Sheet 1: Rearrange Paragraphs (Shopping in the States) Rearrange the disordered paragraphs below, and tell your classmates what clues help you to find out the correct order. （underlined phrases are for your reference）将下列打乱顺序的段落重新排序，告诉同学们你排序的依据。

(划线部分供参考)Sheet 2: Class Activity OutlineJigsaw Reading(Aim: catch the logic and structure)Loot at sheet 1, you may find the whole passage but in disorder. 2 minutes for you to rearrange these paragraphs. (You may refer to page 92 for new words and expressions) Skimming(Aim: know something about Expository writing and Narrative writing)Skim over the text and find out whether it is written mainly in the present tense or past tense? Is there any exception? Why?Reading aloud & Scanning(Aim: pay attention to pronunciation)(Aim: search out key information: 6Ws of the story)Read paragraph D and find out the 6 Ws (When, Where, Who, What, How, Why)Pair Talk & Role Play(Aim: cooperate to create dialogues according to situation in the text)(Aim: try to use language in situation-based activity; improve performing ability)Now work with your partner and role play the dialogue between the customer and the lady at the service counter.You may design dialogues by yourself. 2 minutes for preparation.Translation(Aim: cultivate language sense, especially for vivid expressions)You Name It!You won’t be challenged…Brainstorm(Aim: expand vision in cooperative study)Compare the advantages of E-shopping and Store shopping.Group leader please come to the front and write down the key points from your group members.Homework(Aim: shift attention to locality and reinforce textual content)(Aim: put the types of writing learned in this lesson into use)Do some research and write an article entitled “Shopping in China”.A combination of Expository and Narrative way of writing is suggested.A comparison between shopping in the States and shopping in China will be welcomed.。

上海新世纪英语高二全部课文（包括Additional Reading）及重点词组上海新世纪英语高二全部（包括Additinal Reading）及重点词组高二第二学期17 rds and their stries18 English prverbs19 Tips n aing a publi speeh20 eep it shrt fr the audiene’s sae21 aing friends22 hat des friendship ean t esterners?23 Ad24 Ran, his friends, and his inredible trh run2 The father f dern phsis26 The survival f the fittest27 irale in the rie field28 Netn’s three iprtant las29 liver ants re (Adapted fr liver Tist harles Diens)30 En the lassis31 Is she guilt? (Adapted fr The Prine and the Pauper ar Tain)32 ar Tain高二第二学期17 rds and their striesEAGER BEA VER An eager beaver is a persn h is alas illing t d and is exited abut ding hat is expeted f hiSuppse, fr exaple, that a teaher tells his students the eah ust slve ne hundred ath prbles befre ing t shl the next da The hildren plain abut s uh her But ne student des nt prtest at all That student is an eager beaver He lves t d ath prbles, and des nt ind all the herThe expressin is said t have e fr the nae f a hard-ring anial---the beaver Beavers are strange-ling reatures The spend a lt f tie in the ater, building das t reate little laes r pnds The use their huge teeth and r hard t ut dn trees, reve branhes and put the arss streas The use their tails t pa ud n the branhes t ae the das slid Fe ther anials r s hardHistrians sa the beaver had an iprtant part in the settleent f Nrth Aeria There ere hundreds f illins f beavers hen Eurpean settlers first arrived The settlers put great value n the fur f beavers In fat, fr t hundred ears r re, beavers prvided the st valuable fur in Nrth Aeria Beaver sins ften used as neung en ling fr adventure headed est arss the untr t searh fr beavers In their searh, the explred uh f the estern territries The trading psts, here the exhanged beaver sins fr the gds the needed, beae villages, and later tnsand itiesIT’S IN THE BAG The bag---ne f the siplest and st useful things in ever an r an’s life---has given the rld an strange expressins that are nt ver siple A nuber f these expressins are idel used in the United States tda Se ere iprted fr England a lng tie aghen u are sure f sething, u an sa, “It’s in the bag”This phrase seeed t have arrived ith the dern paper bag Befre, Aerians used t sa, “It’s all rapped up” Then, things u bught er e rapped in plain brn paper, r seties in ld nespaperAnther idel used expressins is “t let the at ut f the bag”, eaning t reveal a ell-ept seretN ne an explain h the at gt int the bag, r h it reained there But there is an ld str abut it Lng ag tradesan sld things in large lth bags ne a an ased fr a pig The tradesan held up his lth bag Inside there as suppsed t be a live pig The an ased t see it hen the dishnest tradesan pened the bag, ut uped a squealing at, nt a pig The tradesan’s seret as ut: he as tri, and n everbd ne it18 English prverbsharatersTeaher f English: s Sith (S)Students: Li (LI), a (A), Anne (AN), Rivera (RI)S: Gd rning, everne I hpe u all n hat e are here fr The tpi f ur disussin thisrning is “English Prverbs”LI: S, I’in the right grupA: e, tRI: e, tS: But I as tld e uld have fur…and et…AN: I’ing Gd rning A I late?S: rning “Spea f angels and u hear their sngs”AN: Is that a prverb referring t ing?S: ExatlLI: e have a saing in hinese, hih I thin is ver lse in ea ning…A: Spea f a a and he appearsS: Right ell, “first things first” A prverb is a traditinal saing hih ffers advie r presents a ral in a shrt and brief anner A prverb nrall is a sentene, int hih the riter ften rs rhe Fr instane, “East r est, he is best” Seties it es ut in the fr f a phraseA: I’ve seen ditinaries f prverbsS: ell, there are thusands f prverbs The fall int three ain ategries Thse f the first tpe tae the fr f abstrat stateents The express general truths Here are t gd exaples: “ne is never t ld t learn” and “A an h neglets his studies in uth ill regret it in later ears”RI: I thin there is se truth in bth prverbs T enurage a persn h has had little eduatin fr se reasn as a ung an, e a use the frer ith us, I guess the latter rsS: S u hav e t eep this in ind Never use prverbs ut f ntext “ne an’s eat is anther an’s pisn”LI: I see Then, hat is the send tpe?S: The send tpe uses speifi bservatins fr everda experiene t ae a general pintAN: “Dn’t put all ur eggs in ne baset” Des it fall int the send ategr?S: u’re right, dear Then the third tpe nsists f saings fr partiular areas f traditinal usts and beliefs “After dinner, rest a hile; after supper, al a ile” is an exaple f this tpe Suh prverbs are ften related t agriulture, the seasns, and the eatherLI: an peple hld the pinin that prverbs are ging ut f fashin Is that true? S: The fat is, as se ld nes are falling int disuse, ne nes are being reated The puter rld has reentl given us lts f theAN: I’ve gt ne: “Rubbish in, rubbish ut”A: I t als ges “Garbage in, garbage ut”S: I thin it is re n t sa “Garbage in, garbage ut” ell, I hpe, tda “u’ll have sething nie ut as u have had sething nie in”AN: Than u, s Sith B the a, d e have an assignent as usual?S: es u are t llet se prverbs f the first tpe, that is, prverbs that express general truthsLI: I’d lie t llet se n studiesS: Gd! I’s glad t have been ith u (T the fur students) “Strie hile the irn isht” See u next ee19 Tips n aing a publi speehIt is interesting t nte that speehes are alas “given” r “delivered” The are never “said” hen giving a speeh, therefre, it is useful t thin f urself as plaing a part, ie ating This ind f ating alls fr an integratin f verbal and nnverbal uniatin Nnverbal uniatin hiefl invlves the speaer’s stane and gestures, the ee ntat beteen the speaer and the audiene, and a gd ntrl f the presentatin speed f taling/speaingSTANE This is iprtant t the deliver f a gd speeh Stand up straight and eep ur head up Drpping ur head ls unprfessinal and a prevent ur audiene fr hearing u learl n the ther hand, dn’t stand lie a guard n dut u have t be able t ve in a natural a in rder t add expressin t ur rds Bd language “sas” a lt Avid hlding ur hands tightl tgether; this ill interfere ith free and natural veent Dn’t pla ith es r ins in ur pet; this ill distrat ur audiene GESTURES Gestures and faial expressins are bth iprtant aids t the spen rd hen u are uniating A dull, lng speeh delivered ithut expressin, ithut gestures r ee ntat ill nt be ell reeived The sill is in deiding h uh gesturing t be epled and in aing sure that ur gestures are naturalIn general, the larger the audiene, the re expansive the gestures shuld be, beause the ill nt be seen s learl b the audiene In a sall grup, faial expressins ill add a lt t understanding Tr telling sebd sething funn ith a ver serius fae The ill have diffiult believing hat u are reall saing is funnDifferent gestures are suppsed t be used in delivering a speeh Se peple use their hands a lt hen speaing u ust ae sure that ur gestures are nt repeated t ften, and the shuld be expressive and eaningfulEE NTAT T have axiu ipat u need t ae eah eber f ur audiene fell as if u ere speaing t the persnall T d this, glane tards all setins f the audiene and dn’t be afraid t ve ur head If u favur ne diretin, the ther side a feel u are ignring the and therefre lse interest in hat u are saingTIING Aurate tiing is essential u shuld ensure that u dn’t fall shrt f r run ver the tie alled fr ur speeh Either a, the audiene ill feel unhapp and lse nentratin n ur speeh The best a t vere this is thrugh preparatin lear thining abut hat u ant t sa and h lng ur speeh ill last, befre u start t rite it, ill save a lt f tie hen pratising, ae sure that u spea at the rret speed and d tie urself20 eep it shrt fr the audiene’s saeH lng shuld I ae speeh? H lng ill audiene nentrate n speeh? He sll shuld I spea t ae self learl understd? In tring t anser these questins, e see h iprtant tiing is t speehEEP UR SPEEH LESS THAN 1 INUTES Lin utang, the faus riter and tra nslatr, ne said abut the length f a speeh, “the shrter, the better” Speaing arund the tpi shuld be seriusl avided, nt nl in speeh, but in all nversatins in English Being indiret and rundabut in ur apprah a be thught sillful in hinese But in English speeh? N a hen ne is aing a speeh in English, he shuld alas sti t the pint, and use siple, lear, and diret languageArding t sientists, audienes an generall nl anage t nentrate fr abut 13 inutes S a 10-1-inute speeh is abut rightThe faus Gettsburg Address, delivered b Abraha Linln n Nveber 19, 1863 has abut 200 rds, but it still anaged t express the idea that all peple are brn equal10-160 RDS PER INUTE Speaing speed ften depends n the asin fr the speeh The nuber f peple in the audiene is als an iprtant fatr t be nsidered If u are speaing t hundreds r even thusands f peple, espeiall in the pen air, u shuld spea sll The idea is t let the audiene ath ever single rd f ur speeh Fr exaple, hen artin Luther ing spe, even t a sall grup, his usual speaing speed as nl 110 t 120 rds per inutehen u are speaing indrs t a sall grup, sa, 10 r 20 peple, u a speed up a bit Speaing at a speed f arund 200 rds a inute, u an still retain the audiene’s attentinS, e an see that the average speed is abut 10 t 160 rds per inutehether u are speaing sll r rapidl, the iprtant pint is t prnune ever rd learl therise, n atter h nderful u thin ur ntent is, the audiene n’t be able t fll u Use phneti sbls t ar the plaes u ften ess up, in advane, and pratise ever da befre u get up n stagePAUSE FR DRAATI EFFET If u ant a partiular sentene r expressin t leave a deep ipressin n ur audiene, u an pause a hile befre uttering it During the pause, the audiene ill gr urius abut h u hse t pause and the illanxiusl expet t hear the next sentene, hih is exatl hat u ant t happenBut dn’t pause t frequentl r t lng Ee ntat and a sile, ith a bit f bd language, ill als effetivel ipress ur audiene If u sipl stp suddenl and reain silent fr several sends befre u start again, the’ll prbabl thin, “h, he (she) has frgtten the rds!”21 aing friendsaie as lie a agnet---she alas had a rd arund her She asn’t espeiall prett, and she asn’t partiularl gd at sprts But she as ne f the st ppular students at shl Everne lved her!h? hat as it abut aie that ade everne ntie her? If her ls and her talents eren’t anthing t sh ff, hat did she have ging fr her?Here it is---shrt and siple---aie had learned the seret f h t ae friends and eep the Her seret is: Be nie t thers! aie as ind and genuinel ared abut thers: peple respnded b anting t be arund herGing alng ith this big seret f aing friends are a fe additinal suggestins: SILING SUGGESTS NFIDENE There is sething fasinating abut sene h siles a lt e are autatiall dran t sene h is happ earing a sile usuall iplies the persn behind it is apprahable An apprahable persn aes thers feel at ease and frtableSiles als nve nfidene, hih is reall iprtant hen aing friends u dn’t have t atuall feel nfident t sile, but hen u d, peple ill thin u are Furtherre, the re u sile, the re natural ur sile ill be u’ll gain nfidene fr siling!LEARN T LISTEN AND TAL Everne ants t tal e all have a str t tell Eah f us ens having sene listen t hat e sa It aes us feel iprtant hen sene is trul interested in hat e’re sainghen ther peple find ut u are illing t listen, the ill be taling t u! hen sene is taling t u, zer in 100 per ent n that persn Dn’t pretend t listen but reall thin abut sething else That n’t r in aing friendseanhile, dn’t put the burden f the entire nversatin n sene else u’ve gt t d ur part, t It is learning hen t tal that is iprtant Tr nt t tal ust t hear urself taling; n ne else an get a rd inEverne shuld learn t give and tae in an relatinship Learn t ve fr being the entre f attentin t fusing n the needs f thers dest is extreel attrativeTR T ADD V ALUE T THSE ARUND U Peple light up hen u regnize sething the d ell and let the n It nl taes a inute t give sene a plient r t ntie hat gifts a persn has It autatiall adds value t h the see theselves Tr t be the ind f persn h’s alas seeing the psitive qualities in thers Dn’t tear sene dn 22 hat des friendship ean t esterners?hat is eant b the rd “friend”? The ditinar defines it as “ne attahed t anther b affetin r respet” Aerians use the rd freel---that is, a friend a r a nt be a persn t h ne is reall attahed Friends a have nn eah ther sine hildhd r the a have reentl et It is diffiult t give an exat definitin f this rd as it is used in the US, beause it vers an tpes f relatinshipsIt is n fr Aerians t have different “irles” Ters suh as ffie ate and tennispartner indiate different tpes f friends The ffie ate is a friend in the ffie and the tennis partner is a friend n the tennis urt A persn a have an gd friends and ne best friend “Best friends” are usuall t peple f the sae sex h have nn eah ther fr a lng perid f tie Peple usuall have re asual friends than lse r best friendsAerians ve arund quite ften and learn t develp friendships easil and quil Abut ne ut f ever five Aerian failies ves ever ear Peple ve t ne plaes beause the begin ne bs, attend distant lleges, get arried, have hildren r sipl ant a hange in their lives Perhaps as a result f this, peple fr and end friendships quilRelatinships based n a n ativit a stp r end hen the ativit ends Students ight eet in lasses and reain friends fr the duratin f the urse and then stp seeing eah ther after the final exainatin The sae hlds true fr neighburs h are the lsest f friends until ne ves aa In these friendships, shared dail experienes fr the fundatin fr the relatinship Lng-lasting friendships develp hen individuals have siilar interests and a n utl n life the high rate f bilit in the US an explain a great deal abut shrt-ter friendshipsFriendship and friendliness d nt ean the sae thing Friendliness haraterizes uh f Aerian dail interatin but is nt alas an indiatin f friendship Strangers a share life histries ithut an ish t set up a relatinship Instant friendships are haraterized b the appearane f t peple being lse but, in realit, there is n string nnetin beteen the T peple saing hell t eah ther after being intrduedfr the first tie d nt alas ean that the have a strng ish t develp a friendship an peple frequentl sile r sa “Have a nie da” r “See u later”, r even give an invitatin as part f a ultural pattern f pliteness Suh expressins d nt alas suggest an ffer f ntinued friendship23 AdH the ears have rushed b! It has been a lng tie sine I ne arget Sensn I as a hild hen I ne her, and n I self have hildren The ind lses an things as it atures, but I never lst arget--- first lve and first hurtI et arget Sensn hen she ined ur sixth-grade lassarget, ust fresh fr Seden, and I, a sixth generatin Aerian She spe ver little English, but seh e did anage t understand eah ther e t t eah ther instantl arget lived up n the hill That as the plae here there ere an large and prett huses I suppse it as nl in passing that I ne nl hite peple lived theree had s uh fun tgether e sat fr hurs in garden r hers, surrunded b grass Her rds ere Sedish; ine, English e laughed at the a eahf us slid ur tngues ver the unfailiar rds I learned the Sedish equivalents f hell, friend, and gdbe Hever, suh fun did nt last lng, and the disaster began at arget’s birthda partIt as a ednesda I arrived at the part earl arget and I ran arund quil, putting the finishing tuhes n the deratinsSe fifteen inutes later, the drbell rang, and in ae ar, anther girl in ur lass But after that nbd ae N nehen it gt t be after five, rs Sensn alled arget inside She as there fr a lng tie, and hen she ae ut, she led ver, ver sad “ ther des nt thin the are ing,” she said“h nt?” ar blurtedarget ast a qui glane at e, but she didn’t sa anthingI t arget’s hand “It’s e, isn’t it?” I said h! I reeber s painfull tda h uh I anted her qui and psitive “N!” t questin But I as nl aare f arget tring t slip her hand fr ine I pened hand and let her gIt as different beteen us after her birthda arget stpped ing t huse, and hen I ased her hen she uld, she led as thugh she uld rne da, uninvited, I ent t her huse, libed up the hill, and a restless feeling gre ithin e at ever steparget alst uped hen she pened the dr She stared at e in sh Then, quil, in a vie I’d never heard befre, she said, “ ther sas u an’t e t huse an re”I pened uth, and lsed it ithut speaing The aful thing had e; suspiin as nfired; arget as hite and I as nt I did n it deep ithin selfSine that eeting arget and I did nt spea t eah ther at alln the last da f shl, getting up a strange urage, I handed autgraph b t arget She hesitated, then ithut ling up, rte rds I dn’t reeber n; the ere quite n rds, the ind everne as riting in everne else’s b I aited Sll, she passed her b t e and in it I rte ith a sl, fir hand se f the rds she had taught e I rte Ad in van---Gdbe, friend I released her, let her g, tld her nt t rr, tld her that I nlnger needed her Ad24 Ran, his friends, and his inredible trh rune et in a bilg lass Ran sat in the frnt s that his heelhair uldn’t get in the a I, hever, believed that he uldn’t have gtten in the a herever he sat I greeted hi ith a “Hell!” and he replied heerfull L ater it prved that this siple “Hell!” as all it t fr Ran and e t bee great friendsRan suffered fr brain daage and had endured an an bstale et, he is able t g n living his life t the fullest He ns the ld saing, “hen the ging gets tugh, the tugh get ging” t the deepest and st persnal extentThe highlight f ur friendship ae in ur unir ear, hen Ran ased e t hld the flag that uld ar the spt here he uld begin his lpi trh run hen he ased e, I didn’t n hat t sa “h e?” I ased He gentl respnded that he uld be hnur ed if I uld aept this psitin He said that the lpi ittee sent a letter saing that the persn that hlds the flag ust be sene iprtant t hi, and I as iprtant t hi beause I as the nl true friend he had ever ade that taled t hi and nt t his heelhair H uld I refuse suh a graius plient and request?n une fifth, I t the flag and reahed Ran’s starting pint earl B then, the streets had begun t fill ith students fr the surrunding shls and the area residents Everne as exited Then ae the van that arried the trh runners All f the runners gt ut exept Ran The lined up utside f the van and began t hant his nae Ran! Ran! Then all f the peple that lined the streets ined in Ran! Ran! All I uld d as nt t rThe lift then lered Ran t the grund There he as, in all his glr Peple sa hi fr Ran and nt fr his heelhair It all beae sl tin at the sight f the arriving trh I gave Ran a hug and then stepped int spt The runner lit Ran’s trh and then Ran began his urne As he t ff dn the street, the hanting beae luder and luder The exiteent filled the air I uld nt have been an pruder f Ran! He deserved this ent in tie---a histri ent that he as a part f and alled e t be a part f, tThat ent ill last in tie frever It expressed the hle eaning f the flae: lve, enthusias, and brtherhd It shed us all that lve is reall hat aes this sall rld g arund2 The father f dern phsisAlbert Einstein as brn f eish parents in 1879 in Geran He did badl in st subets at shl, but as fasinated b atheatis, hih he did quite ell hen he as fifteen, his fail ved t Ital, and fr there he ent t Sitzerland t attend a pltehni shlAfter gaining a teahing qualifiatin fr the pltehni, Einstein t a pst as a unir ler in an ffie Einstein as happ t get suh an eas b, beause it gave hi plent f tie t thin abut phsis It as the “thught experients” that he arried ut in his head that led t a ne understanding f spae, tie and gravit(引力)In 190, hen he as tent-six ears ld, Einstein began t publish his thughts ne f his theries prvided an explanatin fr a puzzling effet, alled the phteletri effet(光电效应), hih had been ntied se ears earlier It as in 1921 that he asaarded the Nbel Prize fr Phsis fr his r n the phteletri effetIn 1914, Einstein beae a prfessr f phsis at the Universit f Berlin and all ent ell until Hitler ae t per in 1933 Einstein, h as eish, spe ut against Nazi ries As a result, he had t leave Geran and spent the rest f his life teahing in the United States at Prinetn UniversitIn the lng urse f researh, Einstein develped his theries f relativit These theries ere s different and ne that st sientists uld d nt believe r understand the, and it t a lng tie fr the t be aeptedEinstein’s theries als predited that slid bets an be hanged int pure energ This did lead t the develpent f nulear per(核能) and the ati bb(原子弹) Hever, Einstein hiself prtested against nulear eapns, and beae invlved in the peae veent after the First rld arEinstein passed aa in 19 at the age f sevent-six hat he left behind is a ealth f ideas that fr the fundatin f dern phsis tdaApart fr his sientifi r, Einstein fund uh pleasure in siple pasties Ang his hbbies ere sailing and plaing the vilin Besides, he lved the pan f hildren Althugh he as ne f the greatest sientists h ever lived, Einstein did nt tae hiself seriusl ne, hen ased t enter a nespaper petitin t rite an artile explaining h light is bent b gravit, he ed that the petitin as uh t diffiult fr hi t enter26 The survival f the fittestFr a lng tie peple had ndered h life had develped n earth The Bible(圣经)stated that gd had reated everthing in a ee Se peple did nt believe this “hat abut fssils?” the ased “hat has happened t the strange reatures hih existed s an ears ag?” the asedharles Darin(查尔斯•罗伯特•达尔，英国生物学家，进化论奠基人), a ung an ust ut f universit in 1831, as ffered a b n a ship n a vage f disver arund the rld Life n bard as tugh Darin as terribl seasi and as nl happ hen he as ashre lleting plant saples and bserving anials It as t be the st iprtant urne in his life It lasted fr five ears; he returned in tber 1836 Darin studied nature in Suth Aeria and in a grup f sall islands in the Suth Paifi n eah island there ere birds The ere ver siilar, but the shape f their beas, and even their eating habits varied Darin ndered h the ere different Then he realized that, lng befre, the had been the sae Eah island had different fds available nl the birds that uld eat available fd uld survive, this ight depend n having the right shape f bea He realized that the sae press happened ith all living things ver illins f ears, all plants and anials have graduall hanged int the frs e see tda hat e all “the survival f the fittest” he naed “natural seletin” Darin alled this sl press f hange “evlutin” It explains h an inds f reature, hse fssil reains, are n lnger aliveB 1846, he had published an artile desribing his vage He als began t thin seriusl abut evlutin and natural seletin, and rte t essas desribing his ideas He did nt publish these essas beause he realized his ideas prved the Bible’s ther f reatin as rng, and he as rried abut the anger and trubles theuld auseDarin spent the flling ears develping his theries and aing the perfet In 189 he published the in The rigin f Speies(《物种起》) It aused a huge r beause it seeed t den hat the Bible said His The Desent f an(《人类的由》), 1871, pinted ut that anind had e fr the sae anestr Darin as upset b the ppsitin ther sientists agreed ith his ideas and t up his ause The hurh prhibited the teahing f the Ther f Evlutin(进化论) in se untries Hever, tda st peple believe that Darin as right27 irale in the rie fieldIt is said that ever sientist has a hildhd drea fr his r her future suess Fr uan Lngpin, nn as the “father f hbrid rie(杂交水稻)”, the drea is that he ultivates rie as huge as peanuts, and farers an have a rest in the l shad f big rie plantsuan Lngpin as brn int a pr fail in 1931 Upn graduating fr the Suthestern Agriultural llege(西南农业学院) in 193, he began his teahing areer at an agriulture shl and has sine devted hiself t agriultural eduatin and researh He ae up ith the idea f hbrid rie fr the first tie in the 1960s In the earl 1970s, he sueeded in develping the rld’s first high-ield hbrid rie f great iprtane is his pineering r, hih has established hina’s psitin f rld leadership in this areaThe UN Fd and Agriulture rganizatin(FA)(联合国粮食与农业组织) has deided t get invlved in the r f spreading the verage f uan’s high-ield hbridrie, hih it nsiders the best a t inrease the rld’s grain utputIn the flling ears, inreasing grain utput f hbrid rie further shed the suess f uan Lngpin’s researh This ade hi firl believe that hina an surel feed her large ppulatin ith her liited ultivated landThis breathrugh in rie ultivatin has signifiantl ntributed t slving the fd prble in hina and the rest f the rld uan’s aazing ahieveent has n hi a great an aards and hnurs fr the United Natins and rldideHever, even ith suh a great ahieveent, uan n’t tae a brea In his ind there alas exist a drea, re pratial than that f his uth, that ppularizing the ne hbrid rie ith higher ields arund the rld an eliinate starvatin n Earth “If the ne hbrid rie ere grn in the rld’s reaining fields, the present grain utput arund the rld uld be re than dubled This an slve the grain shrtage,” said the sientistSe peple estiate uan’s atual frtune ight ae hi ne f the rihest peple in hina But he desn’t n fr sure hiself, fr he sees t are fr nthing re than his researh In spite f his bus researh r, uan Lngpin has anaged t eep se hbbies in his spare tie, inluding reading bs and listening t usi He ens dail tr ling and seties plaing the vilin28 Netn’s three iprtant lasThings that ve be ertain las Three iprtant las f tin ere established b Isaa Netn (1642～1727) (英国物理学家、天学家和数学家，被公认为有史以最伟大和影响最深远的科学家)NETN Ⅰ: INERTIA(惯性定律)Netn’s first la f tin sees siple: bets at rest tend t reain at rest, hile ving nes ntinue t ve at a unifr speed in a straight line---unless ated upn b an utside fre This resistane(阻力) t hange is alled inertia, and it explains a lt f everda experiened n atter here u happen t livene is that hen the ar r airplane u’re in begins t ve, ur bd is pushed ba against the seat That is, it tends t reain at rest despite the frard-ving fre f the vehile transferred t u thrugh the seat Anther aspet f this la shs that the nral urses fr freel ving bets is a straight line That explains h, hen u hirl(迅速旋转) sething arund ur head---suh as a ball n a string---and then let it g, the ball flies straight It neither eeps irling ur head nr des it ve ff in a seeping(做大幅度弧线形运动的) urve(曲线)NETN Ⅱ: F=ANetn’s send la relates the aunt f fre needed t ve an bet t the bet’s ass and tits aeleratin(加速度)Push a hild in a sing, r ride a planet arund the sun, and u’re using Netn’s send la f tin, hih states that henever u ant t hange the speed r diretin f sething, u have t appl an apprpriate fre The bigger the ass r the larger the intended aeleratin, the greater the neessar fre This la’s frula alls engineers t alulate hat’s required t launh a et fighter(喷气式战斗机) fr an airraft arrier(航空母舰), r h strng a seat belt ust be t restrain(抑制，控制), sa, a 160-pund persn hen his ar stps suddenl hile travelling at 60 phNETN Ⅲ: EQUAL AND PPSITE(作用力与反作用力)All bets, ving r at rest, be Netn’s third la f tin, hih hlds that in nature, unapanied(无陪伴的) fres d nt existu an’t tae a step ithut appling Netn’s third la, hih explains that fr ever atin there is an equal and ppsite reatin Eah tie ur ft pushes dn n the grund, the grund pushes ba ith the sae aunt f fre pinted in preisel(精确地，准确地) the ppsite diretin In fat, it’s the fre exerted(施加压力) b the grund that pushes u alng, nt the fre f ur ftThat sees dd, but it’s eas t denstrate Stand n a nearl fritinless(无摩擦力的) surfae suh as an il flr, r put n a pair f rller sates(四轮旱冰鞋) N tae a step Push as hard as u lie, but the il r sates eep that fre fr being applied t the flr, s there is n ppsite, reative fre exerted n ur ft The result: ur legs and feet a struggle t ve abut, but u dn’t ve frard29 liver ants re (Adapted fr liver Tist harles Diens)Life in the rhuse as ver severe indeed The eber f the bard f anageent had ruled that the hildren shuld r t earn their living, and that the shuld be given three eals f thin sup a da, ith an nin tie a ee and half a ae n Sundas The r, in hih the bs ere fed, as a large stne hall, ith a huge pt at ne end ut f this, the aster, assisted b ne r t en, served ut the sup at ealties Eah b had ne sall bl, and nthing re---exept n publi hlidas, hen he had a sall piee f bread as ell Never ever did the bls need ashing The bs plished the ith their spns till the shne again; and hen the had perfred this peratin, the uld sit staring。

上海新世纪英语高二全部课文及重点词组上海新世纪英语高二的教材内容丰富多样，涵盖了听、说、读、写等多个方面。

下面为大家详细介绍高二全部课文及重点词组。

高二上册的课文主题广泛，包括了科技、文化、环保等领域。

在第一单元“Science and Technology”中，课文《The Future of Transportation》为我们描绘了未来交通的发展趋势。

重点词组有“keep pace with（跟上的步伐）”“come into being（形成；产生）”“make a breakthrough（取得突破）”等。

第二单元“Culture and Custom”里的《Different Cultures, Different Celebrations》让我们领略到不同文化中的各种庆祝活动。

相关重点词组有“be characteristic of（是的特点）”“in honor of（为纪念；为向表示敬意）”“pass down（传下来；遗传）”。

第三单元“Environment and Protection”中的《Saving Our Planet》强调了环境保护的重要性。

这单元的重点词组有“be aware of（意识到）”“take measures（采取措施）”“run out（用完；耗尽）”。

高二下册同样精彩纷呈。

第四单元“Literature and Art”中的《The Masterpieces of World Literature》带我们走进了世界文学的经典之作。

重点词组包括“be basedon（以为基础）”“have an influence on（对有影响）”“be known for（因而出名）”。

第五单元“History and Civilization”里的《The Rise and Fall of Empires》讲述了帝国的兴衰。

重点词组有“date back to（追溯到）”“play a role in （在中起作用）”“bring about（导致；引起）”。

上海新世纪英语高二年级下学期Unit4教材精讲伴你成长高二新世纪（下）Unit4 Moving Stories知识要点2．重点词组新从……来的be fresh from喜欢take to顺便，附带地in passing点睛之笔finishing touch看一眼cast a glance at好像，仿佛as though吃惊地in shock以……为例take…as an example瓦解，崩溃fall apart来来回回，上上下下up and down顺便（或偶然）访问drop by访问，看望come by(时间等)过去，流逝pass by妨碍get in the way脑损伤brain damage很多many a(n)充分地，最大限度地to the fullest起点starting point排队line up看到at the sight of3．重点句型It has been／is+一段时间+since．．．意为：自从……以来已经多久了21/ 1上海新世纪英语高二年级下学期Unit4教材精讲4．重点语法The Structure for Emphasis(2) 强调结构(2)The Auxiliary Verb Do (助动词Do)知识精讲Vocabulary and Patterns1．Swedish n．the language used in Sweden；people from Sweden 瑞典语；瑞典人adj. of or relating to Sweden，the Swedish or their culture 瑞典的；瑞典人的；瑞典语的Sweden n. 瑞典We call people from Sweden Swedish．我们把来自瑞典的人叫瑞典人。

2．equivalent n. [c]something that is essentially equal to another 同等物The word has no equivalent in English．这个单词在英文中没有对应的词语。

伴你成长高二新世纪（下）Unit 8 Enjoying the Classics (2)2、重点词组把……误以为mistake … for…导致bring about完全有理由做某事have every reason to do sth.拿掉；脱去pull off弯腰，屈身bend down具有……的才华be gifted with成废墟，被毁灭in ruins平静地，安静地in peace逐步建立build up负债in debt竞选run for被指控be accused of突然开始burst out看穿see through3、重点语法Should+ Have Done 情态动词(2)：情态动词表达虚拟语气Vocabulary and Patterns1. fate n. 命运They met with a terrible fate．他们的结局十分可怕。

He expected to spend his life in Germany，but fate had decided otherwise．他希望到德国生活，而命运却偏偏另有安排。

by a twist of fate由于命运的安排，由于阴错阳差By a twist of fate，they met again In New York ten years later．这真是命运的安排．他们十年后又在纽约相遇了。

fatal adj.命中注定的,决定性的；致命的a fatal wound致命伤，不治之症The loss of all my money was fatal to my plan．钱都亏损了，把我的计划也毁灭了。

2．ruin n. 毁坏，破产；前途断送；废墟Gambling was his ruin (=the ruin of him). 赌博是他堕落的原因。

be／lie in ruins成为废墟；破败不堪The building is in ruins after the earthquake．地震过后那建筑物已成断壁残垣。

上海新世纪英语高二全部课文<包括AdditionalReading）及重点词组高二第二学期17. Words and their stories18. English proverbs19. Tips on making a public speech20. Keep it short for the audience’s sake21. Making friends22. What does friendship mean to westerners?23. Adjo24. Ryan, his friends, and his incredible torch runb5E2RGbCAP25. The father of modern physics26. The survival of the fittest27. Miracle in the rice field28. Newton’s three important laws29. Oliver wants more (Adapted from Oliver Twist Charles Dickens>p1EanqFDPw30. Enjoy the classics31. Is she guilty? (Adapted from The Prince and the Pauper Mark Twain>DXDiTa9E3d32. Mark Twain高二第二学期17. Words and their storiesEAGER BEAVER An eager beaver is a person who is always willing to do and is excited about doing what is expected of him.RTCrpUDGiTSuppose, for example, that a teacher tells his students they each must solve one hundred math problems before coming to school the next day. The children complain about so much homework. But one student does not protest at all. That student is an eager beaver. He loves to do math problems, and does not mind all the homework.5PCzVD7HxAThe expression is said to have come from the name of a hard-working animal---the beaver.jLBHrnAILgBeavers are strange-looking creatures. They spend a lot of time in the water, building dams to create little lakes or ponds. They use their huge teeth and work hard to cut down trees, remove branches and put them across streams. They use their tails to pack mud on the branches to make the dams solid. Few other animals work so hard.xHAQX74J0XHistorians say the beaver had an important part in the settlement of North America.LDAYtRyKfEThere were hundreds of millions of beavers when European settlers first arrived. The settlers put great value on the fur of beavers. In fact, for two hundred years or more, beavers provided the most valuable fur in North America. Beaver skins often used as money.Zzz6ZB2LtkYoung men looking for adventure headed west across the country to search for beavers. In their search, they explored much of the western territories. The trading posts, where they exchanged beaver skins for the goods they needed, became villages, and later towns and cities.dvzfvkwMI1IT’S IN THE BAG The bag---one of the simplest and most useful things in every man or woman’s life---has given the world many strange expressions that are not very simple. A number of these expressions are widely used in the United States today. Some were imported fromEngland a long time ago.rqyn14ZNXIWhen you are sure of something, you can say, “It’s in the bag.”EmxvxOtOcoThis phrase seemed to have arrived with the modern paper bag. Before, Americans used to say, “It’s all wrapped up.”Then, things you bought were wrapped in plain brown paper, or sometimes in old newspaper.SixE2yXPq5Another widely used expressions is “to let the cat out of the bag”, meaning to reveal a well-kept secret.6ewMyirQFLNo one can explain how the cat got into the bag, or why it remained there. But there is an old story about it. Long ago tradesman sold things in large cloth bags. Once a woman asked for a pig. The tradesman held up his cloth bag. Inside there was supposed to be a live pig. The woman asked to see it. When the dishonest tradesman opened the bag, out jumped a squealing cat, not a pig. The tradesman’s secret was out: he was tricky, and now everybody knew it.kavU42VRUs18. English proverbsCharactersTeacher of English: Ms Smith (MS>Students: Li (LI>, Mao (MA>, Anne (AN>, Rivera (RI>y6v3ALoS89MS: Good morning, everyone. I hope you all know what we are here for. The topic of our discussion this morning is “English Proverbs”.M2ub6vSTnPLI: So, I’m in the right group.MA: Me, too.RI: Me, too.MS: But I was told we would have four…and yet…AN: I’m coming. Good morning. Am I late?MS: Morning. “Speak of angels and you hear their songs.”0YujCfmUCwAN: Is that a proverb referring to my coming?MS: Exactly.LI: We have a saying in Chinese, which I think is very close in meaning…eUts8ZQVRdMA: Speak of Cao Cao and he appears.MS: Right. Well, “first things first”. A proverb is a traditional saying which offers advice or presents a moral in a short and brief manner. A proverb normally is a sentence, into which the writer often works rhyme. For instance, “East or west, home is best.” Sometimes it comes out in the form of a phrase.sQsAEJkW5TMA: I’ve seen dictionaries of proverbs.MS: Well, there are thousands of proverbs. They fall into three main categories. Those of the first type take the form of abstract statements. They express general truths. Here are two good examples: “One is never too old to learn.”and “A man who neglects his studies in youth will regret it in later years.”GMsIasNXkARI: I think there is some truth in both proverbs. To encourage a person who has had little education for some reason as a young man, we may use the former. With us, I guess the latter works.TIrRGchYzgMS: So you have to keep this in mind. Never use proverbs out of context. “One man’s meat is another man’s poison.”7EqZcWLZNXLI: I see. Then, what is the second type?MS: The second type uses specific observations from everyday experience to make a general point.lzq7IGf02EAN: “Don’t put all your eggs in one basket.” Does it fall into the second category?zvpgeqJ1hkMS: You’re right, dear. Then the third type consists of sayings from particular areas of traditional customs andbeliefs. “After dinner, rest a while。

伴你成长高二新世纪（下）Unit One12. 重点词组乐意去做某事be willing to do sth．期望从某人身上得到某物expect sth．of sb．抱怨某事complain about sth．长相奇怪的生物strange-looking creatures 砍树cut down trees在…….身上起到重要的作用have an important part in 高度重视put great value on sth．拿某物去交换某一物exchange sth．for sth．‘许多的，大量的（修饰可数名词） a number of对……有把握be sure of sth．用……抱起来be wrapped in举起某物hold sth．up跳出jump out谈论；涉及refer to可以分为fall into采用……的形式take the form of普遍真理general truths把……记在心里keep sth．in mind充分解释一个普遍真理make a general point 由……组成consist of和……有关be related to持某种观点hold the opinion不再流行go out of fashion向往常一样as usual3. 重点句型sb. /sth. /is/was said/reported... to have doneexchange A for Bbe supposed to be/doUp/Away/Out.....开头的倒装句4. 重点语法Word Formation (1) Derivation（派生）知识精讲Vocabulary and Patterns(一)Text1．expect v．(1)expect sth．from sb．or sth．预料，期待，盼望I’m expecting a letter of admission from that university．我在等待那所大学的录取通知书。

伴你成长高二新世纪（下）Unit 8 Enjoying the Classics (2)1、重点单词单词词性中文含义衍生词相关常见短语fate n. 命运confess v. 承认evident adj. 显然evidenceaccuse v. 指控；责备accusation accuse sb. of sth.humorist n. 幽默作家humor; humorous2、重点词组把……误以为mistake … for…导致bring about完全有理由做某事have every reason to do sth.拿掉；脱去pull off弯腰，屈身bend down具有……的才华be gifted with成废墟，被毁灭in ruins平静地，安静地in peace逐步建立build up负债in debt竞选run for被指控be accused of突然开始burst out看穿see through3、重点语法Should+ Have Done 情态动词(2)：情态动词表达虚拟语气Vocabulary and Patterns1. fate n. 命运They met with a terrible fate．他们的结局十分可怕。

He expected to spend his life in Germany，but fate had decided otherwise．他希望到德国生活，而命运却偏偏另有安排。

by a twist of fate由于命运的安排，由于阴错阳差By a twist of fate，they met again In New York ten years later．这真是命运的安排．他们十年后又在纽约相遇了。

fatal adj.命中注定的,决定性的；致命的a fatal wound致命伤，不治之症The loss of all my money was fatal to my plan．钱都亏损了，把我的计划也毁灭了。

伴你成长高二新世纪（下）Module Three Exploring NatureUnit 5 Great Scientists知识要点1.2.重点词组对……着迷be fascinated by在……过程中in the course of郑重对待take．．．seriously去世pass away留下leave behind从事take up大量的 a wealth of上台come to power投入be involved in实施carry out导致了lead to指出point out3.重点句型It is／was+被强调成分+that从句It was the ‘‘thought experiment’’ that he carried out in his head that led to a newunderstanding of space，time, and gravity.正是他头脑中进行的这种“思维试验”最终带来了对宇宙，时间和引力的全新解释。

4.重点语法The Inversion (1) 倒装句（1）知识精讲1.qualify v.(1)qualify sb．for／as／to be使具备资格The training course will qualify you as／to be a teacher in a junior high school.参加这个培训课程之后你就可以做初级中学老师了。

Your ID card should qualify you to live independently of your parents.身份证应该使你有权利离开父母独立生活。

(2)be qualified for (经过训练，考试等)具备了资格的，合格的I think she is the one qualified for the post.我认为她是胜任这个职务的最佳人选。

The Modal Verbs(1)：Must．May／Might，Can’t／Couldn’t+ Be(Doing)／Have Done 情态动词(1)：情态动词表示推测Vocabulary and Patterns1．classic n.经典(著作)Her daughter particularly likes reading the classics of English literature她女儿特别喜欢读英国古典文学名著。

adj. 古典(指古罗马或古希腊文艺)的；(文学，艺术等)第一流的modern classic writers 当代第一流的作家2．board n.板：船舷；董事会on board在船上on a notice／chess board在布告栏／棋盘上on the board of the company在公司董事会上v.用板盖上；包饭；提供膳食；上(船，飞机等)board at Gate No．2 在二号门登机boarding school寄宿学校aboard adv．&prep．在船(或飞机、火车、公共汽车)上(里)He has gone aboard．他已上船(飞机、车)了。

3. management n．经营；管理bad／poor management管理不善manage. v. 管理，经营；支配；设法manage a shop／a factory经营商店／管理工厂We finally managed to get there in time最后我们及时赶到了。

manage to do=succeed in doing成功做……；设法做成……It was very dirty，but he managed to clean it．这很脏，但他设法把它打扫干净了。

manager n. 经理the general manager总经理4．assist v.(1)to help or support协助，帮助assist sb．to his feet搀扶某人站起来(2)assist(sb．)in doing／to do／with sth．帮助某人做某事We children all assisted father in mending the roof.我们都帮助父亲修理屋顶。

上海外语教育出版社——新世纪英语高二全部课文(包括Additional Reading）及重点词组高二第一学期1。

Food in the United StatesMany changes are taking place in food styles in the United States. The United States is traditionally famous for its very solid and unchanging diet, chiefly made up of meat and potatoes。

Now people in America have many different choices: ethnic food, health food, and fast food, in addition to the traditional home-cooked meal.Ethnic restaurants and supermarkets are common in the United States。

Being a country of immigrants, the United States enjoys a wide variety of ethnic food。

Most American cities and towns are filled with restaurants serving international cooking。

Many even have ethnic sections：Chinatown，Little Italy，or Germantown. Having vast ethnic choices, Americans can enjoy food from all over the world。

Besides sections of cities, there are ethnic regions，which are well-known for certain food because of the people who have settled there。