独立主格结构
- 格式:doc
- 大小:45.00 KB
- 文档页数:3
独立主格结构Absolute Structure一、独立主格结构的定义独立主格结构(absolute structure)是由名词或代词(人称代词、不定代词等)作逻辑主语加上一个分词、不定式、介词短语、形容词或者副词构成的一种独立结构,用于修饰整个句子。
独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
二、独立主格结构用法独立主格结构的作用相当于一个状语从句(也有说可以当做“背景性”结构),常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。
独立主格结构在语法上是一个独立的短语,而不是句子,在意思上依附于整个句子。
它的位置比较灵活,可以放于句首、句中、句末,通常与句子之间用逗号隔开。
独立主格结构可与状语从句转换,当句中的状语从句与主句主语独立主格看起来很复杂,其实只要把它看成是一个从句的省略就容易了。
Because he is ill, he will not go to school.=Being ill, he will not go to school.Because his mother is ill, he weill not go to school.=His mother being ill, he will not go to school.注意:第一句主从句的主语相同,省略主语后,不会产生混乱。
第二句主从句主语不同,因此应保留从句的主语,只将is变为being,这就是独立主格结构的意义所在。
Because the last bus had gone, we had to walk home.=The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.The dark clouds had disappeared and the sun shone again.=The dark clouds having disappeared, the sun shone again.三、含独立主格结构的例句要点:独立主格结构可与状语从句转换,当句中的状语从句与主句主语不一致的时候,可以去掉连词,用独立主格结构。
独立主格结构Absolute Structure(Independent Genitive)一、概念:“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。
这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常称为“独立主格结构”。
二、独立主格结构基本构成形式:独立主格结构在形式上有两部分组成:第一部分有名词或代词担任,第二部分由1分词、2动词不定式、3形容词、4副词、5名词或介词短语担任。
按其结构形式分为:—ing 分词独立主格结构;—ed分词独立主格结构;无动词独立主格结构等。
名词(代词)+现在分词(过去分词;形容词;副词;不定式;名词;介词短语)1. 名词(代词)+现在分词There being no bus, we had to walk home.由于没有公共汽车,我们只好走回家。
2.名词(代词)+过去分词He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲,眼睛紧盯着黑板。
3. 名词(代词)+不定式在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,动词不定式则用主动的形式;如果是动宾关系,则用被动形式。
He is leaving for the conference next week, all expenses to be paid by his company.他下周去参加一个会议,所有费用由他的公司支付。
We divided the money, he to have half of them .4. 名词(代词)+形容词Computers very small, we can use them widely.电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。
5. 名词(代词)+副词The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room.散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。
独立主格结构(Independent Genitive)独立主格结构有两部分组成,前一部份是名词或者主格代词,后一部分是非谓语动词或其他的一些词(现在分词,过去分词, 不定式, 形容词,副词,介词短语)。
前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。
独立主格结构在句中做状语,多用于书面语。
独立主格结构本身不是句子,在句子中作状语,表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。
一.常见的独立主格结构有如下几种:1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。
名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。
如:The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn”t know what to say.Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话,我们明天去郊游。
We being League member, the work was well done.They being our friends, we should help them.2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。
名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。
如:The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决,质量已经提高了。
Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn”t see the words on the blackboard.3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。
名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系,且强调的是一次具体性的动作。
如:He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件,他要做一个飞机模型。
什么是独立主格结构?非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持致。
但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语,在句子中作状语,我们称之为独立主格结构(Absolute Construction)。
独立主格结构的特点是什么?独立主格结构的特点是主要有三点:①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
②独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词、不定式是逻辑上的主动或被动关系③独立主格结构一般有逗号与句子分开。
独立主格结构的构成是什么?独立主格结构的构成主要分为三类:①名词/代词+分词(现在分词/过去分词);②名词/代词+不定式;③with+名词/代词+分词/不定式。
例句:①The test finished(=When the test was finished),we began our holiday.考试结束了,我们开始放假。
②The president assassinated(=Because the president was assassinated),the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被暗杀了,全国上下沉浸在悲痛之中。
.[əˈsæsəˌneɪt]③Weather permitting(=If weather permits),we are going to visit you tomorrow.如果天气允许,我们明天打算去看你。
④I stood before her with my heart beating fast.我站在她面前,心脏跳得很快。
练习题:①The party will be held in the garden,weatherA. permittingB. to permitC. permittedD. permit②The children went home from the grammar school,theirlessons___for the day.A.finishingB.finishedC.had finishedD. went finished③The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog____ them.A. to followB. followingC. followedD.follows④I couldn't do my homework with all that noise_____A. going onB. goes onC. went onD. to go⑤The lecture(讲座)____, a lively question--and--answer session followed(跟随; 接着). 尤指法庭、议会等)开庭, 开会A. being givenB. having givenC. to be givenD. having been given答案:A B B A D。
独立主格结构独立结构在形式上与主句没有关系,游离于句子主体之外,跟主句没有任何句法联系,但在意义上与主句联系在一起,共同构成一个完整的语境。
特点: 1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同, 它独立存在.2. 名词或代词与后面的分词,不定式,形容词,介词短语等是主谓关系。
3. 独立主格结构可置于句子前,末或句中,用逗号与主句分开。
4. 独立主格结构与句子之间不能使用任何连词,(包括分号)。
一、独立主格结构的常见结构1. 名词(代词)+ 现在分词:Weather permitting, we’ll go outing tomorrow.2. 名词(代词)+ 过去分词:He lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.3. 名词(代词)+ 形容词:She came into the room, her ears red with cold.4. 名词(代词)+ 不定式:Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.5. 名词(代词)+ 介词短语:He walked out of the camp, rifle in hand.(= with a rifle in his hand.)二、独立主格结构在句中的作用:时间状语:The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, …….条件状语:Weather permitting, we’ll go outing tomorrow. = If weather permits, ……..原因状语:The storm drawing near, the workers decided to stop working. = Since the storm was drawing near, …….伴随状语:He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. = He sat in the front row and his mouth was half open.三、WITH结构1. with+ 宾语+ 现在分词(表示正在发生或发生了的动作)With the boy leading the way, we found his home easily.2. with+ 宾语+ 过去分词(表示被动或完成)He stood silently, with his eyes fixed on the screen.3. with+ 宾语+ 不定式(表示将要发生的动作)With so much homework to do, I can’t go to the party tonight.4. with+ 宾语+ 介词短语With his wife out of temper, he decided to stay at home.5.with+ 宾语+ 形容词She came into the room, her ears red with cold.典型例题:1. The teacher came into the classroom, _________.A. a book in handB. book in his handC. book in handD. a book in his hand2. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience ________ on the benches, chairs or boxes.A. having seatedB. seatingC. seatedD. having been seated3. Without the sun’s light _______ the earth’s surface, it would be so cold that life could not exist on earth.A. warmsB. warmedC. warmingD. to warm4.________, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.A. Other things being equalB. Were other things equalC. To be equal to other thingsD. Other things to be equal5.All flights ________ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.A. had been canceledB. have been canceledC. were canceledD. having been canceled6.All the tasks _______ ahead of time, they decided to go on holiday for a week. been fulfilled B. having been fulfilled C. were fulfilledD. had been fulfilled.7.A new technique _______, the production increased by 20 percent.A. to have been worked outB. having worked outC. working outD. having been worked out8._______, everything has changed.A. Time goes onB. Time going onC. As time going onD. With time went on四、独立主格结构与独立成分的异同:1. 有的分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,实际已成为习惯短语。
独立主格8种结构一、独立主格结构是指在句子中,独立地出现的名词性短语,它不与主句的其他成分构成任何关系,一般用逗号隔开。
1. 时间状语独立主格结构例如:走到窗前,小明看到了美丽的夕阳。
在这个例句中,“走到窗前”是时间状语独立主格结构,它表示的是动作的时间。
2. 原因状语独立主格结构例如:天气太热了,大家都不愿意出去玩。
在这个例句中,“天气太热了”是原因状语独立主格结构,它表示的是动作的原因。
3. 条件状语独立主格结构例如:天气好的话,我们就去游泳吧。
在这个例句中,“天气好的话”是条件状语独立主格结构,它表示的是动作的条件。
4. 目的状语独立主格结构例如:为了赚钱,他每天都加班到很晚。
在这个例句中,“为了赚钱”是目的状语独立主格结构,它表示的是动作的目的。
5. 结果状语独立主格结构例如:他学习非常努力,成绩自然会提高。
在这个例句中,“他学习非常努力”是结果状语独立主格结构,它表示的是动作的结果。
6. 让步状语独立主格结构例如:尽管天气很冷,他还是坚持锻炼。
在这个例句中,“尽管天气很冷”是让步状语独立主格结构,它表示的是动作的让步条件。
7. 方式状语独立主格结构例如:他边听音乐,边做作业。
在这个例句中,“边听音乐”是方式状语独立主格结构,它表示的是动作的方式。
8. 伴随状语独立主格结构例如:他一边吃饭,一边看电视。
在这个例句中,“一边吃饭”是伴随状语独立主格结构,它表示的是动作的伴随状态。
通过以上的例子,我们可以看出独立主格结构的灵活运用能够使得句子更加丰富多样,表达更加准确清晰。
熟练掌握这些结构,能够让我们的写作更加生动有趣,同时也能提高我们的语言表达能力。
所以,在写作中,我们应该多加运用独立主格结构,让我们的句子更加地道、准确。
独立主格结构:独立主格结构,又叫独立结构(absolute construction)。
它在句法上游离与句子主体之外,跟主句没有任何语法联系;但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起,给他构成一个完整的寓意环境。
独立主格结构没有主语和谓语,只有逻辑上的主语,因此,它在句法上不是句子,而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式。
独立主格结构可置于句首、句尾,用逗号上与主句隔开。
一、独立主格结构的形式独立结构可分为两个部分,一部分事名词或代词(主格),起着逻辑主语的作用;另一部分由形容词、副词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等构成,表示前面名词或代词的状态或动作。
1)名词/代词+形容词I heard that she got injured in the accident , my heart full of worry. 我听说她在这次事故中受了伤,内心充满担忧。
He stood silent in the moon-light, his door open . 月光下,门开着,他默默地站在那。
2)名词/代词+现在分词Winter coming,it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了,天气越来越冷了。
The rain having stopped , he went out for a walk. 雨停了,他出去散散步。
3)名词/代词+过去分词More time given ,we should have done it much better. 如果给我们更多时间,我们会做的更好。
The boy stood there , his right hand raised. 那个男生站在那里,右手高举。
4)名词/代词(主格)+不定式Here are the first two volumes , the third one to come out next month.这是前俩卷,第三卷将于下雨问世。
独立主格结构详细讲解独立主格一、独立主格结构的含义和实质独立主格结构”(absolute n)是一种带有自己主语的非谓语动词分句或无动词分句。
由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语,结构上与主句不发生关系,因此传统语法称之为“独立主格结构”。
实际上,它是一种从属分句,与主句紧密联系在一起,通常在句中起状语分句的作用。
独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾,用逗号和主句隔开。
二、独立主格结构的基本形式和功能独立主格结构由名词或代词和非谓语动词分句(现在分词、过去分词、不定式)或无动词分句(名词、形容词、副词、介词短语)组成,表示前面名词或代词的动作或状态。
基本形式为:名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语,with引导的复合结构。
1.名词/代词+现在分词现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。
例如:The man lay there。
his hands trembling。
So many students being absent。
the meeting had to be put off。
His homework done。
Tom went to sleep.注:“独立结构”中的being或havingbeen有时可以省去,这样就成了无动词分句或过去分词分句。
2.名词/代词+过去分词过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。
例如:The boy lay on his back。
his hands crossed under his head。
The job not finished。
we couldn’t see the film。
Her shirt caught on a nail。
she could not move.后面两个句子也可以看成省略掉了havingbeen,being。
如果加上,这两个句子就又变成了现在分词分句。
3.名词/代词+不定式不定式表示将来的动作。
独立主格结构独立主格结构(Independent Genitive)由两部分组成,前一部份是名词或者代词,后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词)或形容词、副词、名词或介词短语。
前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。
独立主格结构在句中做状语,多用于书面语。
独立主格结构本身不是句子,在句子中作状语,表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。
独立主格,首先它是一个“格”,而不是一个“句子”,在英语中任何一个句子都要有主谓结构,而在这个结构中,没有真正的主语和谓语动词,但又在逻辑上构成主谓或主表关系。
结构:n/pron + 非谓语V一、一般独立主格形式,与主句逻辑关系松散1、n/ pron + V-ing 表示主动关系The girl staring at him , he didn’t know what to say .Time permitting , we will go for an outing tomorrow.2、n/ pron + V-ed 表示被动关系The problems solved , the quality has been improved.3、n/ pron + to do 表示主动关系,强调的是一次具体性的动作He is going to make a model plane , some old parts to help.4、n/ pron + adj / adv / n / 介词短语An air accident happened to the plane ,nobody alive.He put on his sweater ,wrong side out .The boy goes to the classroom , book in hand .Two hundred people died in the accident ,many of them children .His first shot failure, he fired again .二、with 引导的独立主格,与逻辑主语关系紧密(多数情况下with可以省略,但without 不可以省略)结构:With(without) +宾语(n/ pron) + 宾语补足语(V-ed / V-ing / adj / 介词短语)Without a word more spoken , she left the meeting room .三、each引导的强调型独立主格句子+ n(复数结尾),each + 介词短语/ 形容词短语/ 名词短语/ V-ing / V-ed形式,这种结构为了强调句尾的名词(复数)Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operates the company's basic businesses will be divided into five groups, each with its own executive。
独立主格结构独立主格结构一.构成:独立主格结构是由充当逻辑主语的名词或代词加上其他成分(分词、不定式、名词、代词、形容词、副词、介词短语)构成。
二.特点:独立主格结构没有主语和谓语,所以在语法上不是句子。
但多有名词或代词表示的逻辑主语,分词或不定式表示的逻辑谓语,有时还有其他修饰成分。
三.作用:通常在句中起方式、时间、原因、条件等状语从句的作用,主要用于书面语。
四.和分词短语的区别:如从句的主语和主句的主语不一致,用独立主格结构;也就是说,独立主格结构的逻辑主语和主句主语不同。
而分词短语则主句主语和从句主语一致。
试区别:1.Seeing from the topof the hill ,you willsee a beautiful lake .2.Seen from the top ofthe hill, the parklooks morebeautiful .3.Having done hishomework , he went tobed .4.His homework done ,he went to bed .5.The meeting ( being ) over , they went out of the meetingroom .6.There are ten people injured ,two old men included.其他独立主格结构例句:1.Today ( It ) being Sunday ,we have no school.2.Spring having come, it is getting warmerand warmer.3.There being no train ,we had to wait till the next day .4.He lay on his back , his teeth set ,his right hand clenched on his breast ,and his glaring eyes looking straight upward .5.The boy followed that man here ,and climbed in ,sword in hand .6.Time permitting, we’ll stay longer.7.In front of the house was a tall tree ,its top well above the tops of the other trees .8.The mid-term examination is over, the end-of-term examination to come two months later. 9.My work having been done ,I went home .10.M y watch having been lost ,I didn’t know what time it is .11.H e came into the house , his face red with cold .12.A man came in ,his face hidden by an upturned coat collar.Exercise指出下列句中的独立主格结构:1.My work having been finished , I wenthome .2.The woman sat smiling , surrounded by her flowers , a faraway look in her eyes .3.My watch having been lost , I didn’t know what time it was .4.He came into the room , his face red with cold .5.There an elderly patient was sitting inher wheelchair alone , head bowed .6.A man came in , his face hidden by an upturned coat collar and a cap pulled low over his brow .用独立主格结构改正下列句子:1.Being cold , he put on his overcoat .2.Being no bus , we had to walk home .3.Getting colder ,some birds are flying away to the south . 4.Being ill , Mr. Li taught the lesson in place of Mr. Wang . /doc/7614604217.html, is the largest continent , being about 43 million square kilometers.用独立主格结构将括号内的汉语译成英语:1. Bing Bing entered the room , ____________________(手里拿着一个大苹果)。
独立主格结构我们知道,“V—ing或—ed形式”短语作状语时,其实就是状语从句在主从句主语一致的情况下省略的结果。
所以通常情况下,“V—ing或—ed形式”作状语时其逻辑主语是和主句的主语一致的。
在前后主语不一致的情况下,我们通常采用“V—ing或—ed形式”短语前加上其逻辑主语一起构成主句的状语部分,因此我们就把自带逻辑主语的“V—ing或—ed形式”结构叫做“独立主格结构”。
事实上,在英语中,“独立主格结构”还可以由“逻辑主语+不定式、名词、形容词、副词、介词短语等”构成,其功能相当于“with复合结构”或“非限制性定语从句”。
独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
1.与状语从句的转化1). All the work finished, he sat down for a coffee.【= When all the work was finished, he sat down for a coffee.】2). Weather permitting, we will go swimming tomorrow.【= If weather permits, we will go swimming tomorrow.】3). The boy being late, his teacher was very angry.【= As the boy was late, his teacher was very angry. 】4) Everything taken into consideration, the event was a great event.【= When everything taken into consideration, the event was a great event.】5)There being something more important to attend to, he had to cancel the appointment with me.【= As there was something more important to attend to, he had to cancel the appointment with me.】6). The floor wet, they stayed outside.【= As the floor was wet, they stayed outside.】2.与with复合结构的转化1). A lot of homework to do, I have to stay home all day.【=With a lot of homework to do, I have to stay home all day.】2)The president entered the meeting room, his secretary following him.【=The president entered the meeting room, with his secretary following him.】3). The crazy man, a gun in his hand, was trying to kill his wife.【=The crazy man, with a gun in his hand, was trying to kill his wife.】3. 与非限制性定语从句的转化1). The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent having been launched at the end of last month.【=The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecrafts, the most recent of which was launched at the end of last month.】2). The old farmer raised 10 pigs, two weighing 200kg.【=The old farmer raised 10 pigs, two of which weighed 200kg.】巩固联系1. Everything ___ into consideration, they ought to have another chance.A. to takeB. takenC. to be takenD. taking2. An expert ___ to help them tomorrow, they are sure to work out the problem.A. will comeB. comingC. to comeD. having come3. The meeting ___ over, he went to pick up his son directlyA. to beB. isC. wasD. being4. --- They sat still in the room, ___.--- Why did they do like that?A. drawing the curtainsB. with the curtains drawnC. with the curtains drawingD. having the curtains drawn5. The sun ___, they continued their way.A. has risenB. having risenC. has raisedD. having raised6. The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent ___ at the end of last March.A. has been launchedB. having been launchedC. being launchedD. to be launched7. Here are two volumes, the third one ____ next month.A. comes outB. came outC. coming outD. to come out8. With his son___ , the old man felt unhappy.A. to disappointB. to be disappointingC. disappointingD. being disappointed9. --- Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.---Sorry. With so much work ___ my mind, I almost break down.A. filledB. fillingC. to fillD. being filled10. John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work ___ , he gladly accepted it .A. finishedB. finishingC. having finishedD. was finished11. ___, I had to ask for two days’ leave.A. Mother being illB. Mother illC. As mother was illD. A, B and C12. With so many books ___, I couldn’t go to surf the Internet.A. to readB. to be readC. readingD. read13. The thief stood before the policeman ____ admitting what he had done.A. with his dropping headB. dropping his headC. raising his headD. with his head down14. Winter ___, it is time to buy warm clothes .A .has come on B. is coming on C. coming on D. comes on15. The old man lay on his back at the corner of the street, his eyes ___ and his hands ___.A. close, trembleB. closed, tremblingC. closing, tremblingD. closed, trembled16. With nothing __ to burn, the fire became weak and finally died out .A. leavingB. leaveC. leftD. to leave17. It was a pity that the great writer died ___ his works unfinished .A. forB. withC. ofD. from18. I couldn’t do my homework with that noise ___ on.A. to goB. wentC. goingD. goes19. ___ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.A. Because ofB. WithC. As forD. Besides20. Tom came home, ___.A. a dog following himB. a dog followed himC. being followed himD. a dog was followed him参考答案:BCDBB BDCBA DADCB CBCBA。