Five New Standards of China's Nonferrous Metals Industry Announced

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright © 2010 SAE InternationalAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790Email: CustomerService@SAE WEB ADDRESS:h ttp://SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit/technical/standards/J1772_201001SURFACEVEHICLERECOMMENDED PRACTICEJ1772™ JAN2010Issued 1996-10Revised 2010-01Superseding J1772™ NOV2001(R) SAE Electric Vehicle and Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Conductive Charge CouplerRATIONALEThis recommended practice redefines AC Level 1 and AC Level 2 charge levels and specifies a new conductive charge coupler and electrical interfaces for AC Level 1 and AC Level 2 charging. The coupler and interfaces for DC charging are currently being developed and will be added to this document upon completion. Adoption of multiple standard charge couplers based on charge level will enable selection of an appropriate charge coupler based on vehicle requirements thus allowing for better vehicle packaging, reduced cost, and ease of customer use.FOREWORDEnergy stored in a battery provides power for an Electric Vehicle (EV) or Plug In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV). Conductive charging is a method for connecting the electric power supply network to the EV/PHEV for the purpose of transferring energy to charge the battery and operate other vehicle electrical systems, establishing a reliable equipment grounding path, and exchanging control information between the EV/PHEV and the supply equipment. This document describes the electrical and physical interfaces between the EV/PHEV and supply equipment to facilitate conductive charging. Functional and performance requirements for the EV/PHEV and supply equipment are also specified. This document contains 51 pages, including this page, and should not be used as a design tool if any of the pages are missing.NOTE: T his SAE Recommended Practice is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change inorder to harmonize with international standards and to keep pace with experience and technical advances.TABLE OF CONTENTS1. SCOPE .......................................................................................................................................................... 4 2. REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Applicable Publications ................................................................................................................................. 4 2.1.1 SAE Publications ........................................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.2 Canadian Standards Association Publication .. (4)2.1.3 Federal Communication Commission Publications ...................................................................................... 4 2.1.4 International Electrotechnical Commission Publication ................................................................................ 5 2.1.5 International Standards Organization Publication ........................................................................................ 5 2.1.6 National Fire Protection Association Publication .......................................................................................... 5 2.1.7 Underwriters Laboratories Inc. Publications ................................................................................................. 5 2.2 Related Publications ..................................................................................................................................... 5 2.2.1 SAE Publications ........................................................................................................................................... 6 2.2.2 International Electrotechnical Commission Publications .............................................................................. 6 2.2.3Underwriters Laboratories Inc. Publications (6)零点花园标准区欢迎您！零点花园标准区欢迎您！/bbs/?fromuid=3554433.DEFINITIONS (7)3.1AC Level 1 Charging (7)3.2AC Level 2 Charging (7)3.3Charger (7)3.4Chassis Ground (7)3.5Conductive (7)3.6Connector (Charge) (7)3.7Contact (Charge) (7)3.8Control Pilot (7)3.9Coupler (Charge) (8)3.10DC Charging (8)3.11Electric Vehicle (EV) (8)3.12Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) (8)3.13Equipment Ground (Grounding Conductor) (8)3.14EV/PHEV Charging System (8)3.15Insulator (8)3.16Off-Board Charger (8)3.17On-Board Charger (8)3.18Plug In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) (8)3.19Vehicle Inlet (Charge) (9)4.GENERAL CONDUCTIVE CHARGING SYSTEM DESCRIPTION (9)4.1AC Level 1 and AC Level 2 Interface Functions (9)4.2AC Level 1 Charging (11)4.3AC Level 2 Charging (12)4.4DC Charging (12)5.CONTROL AND DATA (12)5.1Typical Control Pilot Circuit (13)5.2Equivalent Control Pilot Circuit (13)5.3Control Pilot Functions (15)5.3.1Verification of Vehicle Connection (15)5.3.2EVSE Ready to Supply Energy (15)5.3.3EV/PHEV Ready to Accept Energy (15)5.3.4Determination of Indoor Ventilation (15)5.3.5EVSE Current Capacity (15)5.3.6Verification of Equipment Grounding Continuity (17)5.4Proximity Detection (17)5.5Digital Data Transfer (18)5.6Typical Start Up Sequence (20)6.GENERAL EV/PHEV REQUIREMENTS (21)6.1EV/PHEV Cable Ampacity Coordination (21)6.2Environmental (22)7.GENERAL EVSE REQUIREMENTS (22)7.1EVSE Electromagnetic Emissions (22)7.1.1EVSE Conducted Emissions (22)7.1.2EVSE Radiated Emissions (22)7.2EVSE Electromagnetic Immunity (22)7.3EVSE Electrostatic Discharge (24)7.4EVSE Harmonic Distortion Immunity (24)7.5EVSE Electrical Fast Transient Immunity (24)7.6EVSE Voltage Dips, Short Interruptions and Voltage Variations Immunity (24)7.7EVSE Magnetic Field Immunity (24)7.8EVSE Capacitor Switching Transient Test (24)7.9EVSE Voltage Surge Test (24)零点花园标准区欢迎您！The Standard is downloaded from Standard Sharing7.10Installation Requirements (25)7.11General Product Standards (25)7.12Personnel Protection System (25)7.13AC Present Indicator (25)7.14Conductor Cord Requirements (25)7.15Coupler Requirements (25)8.COUPLER REQUIREMENTS (25)8.1Vehicle Inlet/ Connector Compatibility (25)8.2Ergonomic Requirements (25)8.2.1Ease of Use (25)8.2.2Indexing (25)8.2.3Alignment (26)8.2.4Tactile Feel (26)8.2.5Latching (26)8.3Safety Requirements (26)8.3.1Isolation (26)8.3.2Exposure of Contacts (26)8.3.3Sharp Edges (26)8.3.4Touch Temperature (26)8.3.5Hazardous Conditions (26)8.3.6Unauthorized Access (26)8.4Performance Requirements (26)8.4.1Design Life (27)8.4.2Impact Resistance (27)8.4.3Vehicle Drive-Over (27)8.5Environmental Requirements (27)8.5.1General Environmental Considerations (27)8.5.2Temperature Range (27)8.5.3Temperature Rise (27)8.5.4Insulation Resistance (27)8.5.5Fluid Resistance (27)8.5.6Mechanical Requirements (27)8.5.7Sealing Requirements (28)8.6General Coupler Physical Description (28)8.6.1Vehicle Inlet General requirements (28)8.6.2Connector General Requirements (29)8.7Dimensional Requirements (29)8.7.1Interface Contacts Sizing (29)8.7.2Vehicle Inlet Physical Dimensions (29)8.7.3Connector Physical Dimensions (29)8.7.4Vehicle Inlet Access Zone (29)8.7.5Contact Sequencing (29)9.CHARGE STATUS INDICATOR (30)10.CONNECTOR / VEHICLE INLET OPTIONAL MARKING (30)11.NOTES (30)11.1Marginal Indicia (30)APPENDIX A HISTORY EVSE/VEHICLE INTERFACE (31)APPENDIX B AC LEVEL 3 CHARGING (34)APPENDIX C PREVIOUS CHARGE COUPLER DESIGNS (37)APPENDIX D CHARGE COUPLER DIMENSIONAL REQUIREMENTS (NON LOCKABLE) (43)APPENDIX E CHARGE COUPLER DIMENSIONAL REQUIREMENTS (LOCKABLE) (49)零点花园标准区欢迎您！1. SCOPEThis SAE Recommended Practice covers the general physical, electrical, functional and performance requirements to facilitate conductive charging of EV/PHEV vehicles in North America. This document defines a common EV/PHEV and supply equipment vehicle conductive charging method including operational requirements and the functional and dimensional requirements for the vehicle inlet and mating connector.2. REFERENCES2.1 Applicable PublicationsThe following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest issue of SAE and other applicable publications shall apply.Publications2.1.1 SAEAvailable from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), .SAE J1113-21 Electromagnetic Compatibility Measurement Procedure for Vehicle Components—Part 21: Immunity to Electromagnetic Fields, 30 MHz to 18 GHz, Absorber-Lined ChamberSAE J1211 Handbook for Robustness Validation of Automotive Electrical/Electronic ModulesSAE J1850 Class B Data Communications Network InterfaceSAE J2293-1 Energy Transfer System for Electric Vehicles—Part 1: Functional Requirements and System ArchitecturesSAE J2293-2 Energy Transfer System for Electric Vehicles—Part 2: Communication Requirements and Network Architecture2.1.2 Canadian Standards Association PublicationAvailable from Canadian Standards Association, 170 Rexdale Boulevard, Rexdale, Ontario, Canada M9W 1R3, www.csa.ca.Canadian Electrical Code Part 1, Section 862.1.3 Federal Communication Commission PublicationsAvailable from the United States Government Printing Office, 732 North Capitol Street, NW, Washington, DC 20401, Tel: 202-512-1800, /cfr/retrieve.html.CFR 40 Code of Federal Regulations—Title 40, Part 600, Subchapter QCFR 47 Code of Federal Regulations—Title 47, Parts 15A, 15B, and 18C零点花园标准区欢迎您！The Standard is downloaded from Standard Sharing2.1.4 InternationalElectrotechnical Commission PublicationAvailable from International Electrotechnical Commission, 3, rue de Verambe, P.O. Box 131, 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, Tel: +41-22-919-02-11, www.iec.ch.IEC Publications are also available from the American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036-8002, Tel: 212-642-4900, .CISPR 12 Vehicles, boats and internal combustion engines—Radio disturbance characteristics—Limits and methods of measurement for the protection of off-board receivers61000-4-6 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)—Part 4-6: Testing and measurement techniques—Immunity to conducted disturbances, induced by radiofrequency fields2.1.5 International Standards Organization PublicationAvailable from International Organization for Standardization, 1 rue de Varembe, Case Postale 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, Tel: +41-22-749-01-11, .Also available from American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036-8002, Tel: 212-642-4900, .ISO 11451-2 Road vehicles—Vehicle test methods for electrical disturbances from narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy—Part 2: Off-vehicle radiation sources2.1.6 National Fire Protection Association PublicationAvailable from the National Fire Protection Agency, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, Tel: 617-770-3000, .National Electrical Code, NFPA 70 Article 625 (2008 edition)Laboratories Inc. Publications2.1.7 UnderwritersAvailable from Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062-2096, Tel: 847-272-8800, .UL 50 Standard for Enclosures for Electrical EquipmentUL 1439 Determination of Sharpness of Edges on EquipmentUL 2202 EV Charging System EquipmentUL 2231-1 Personnel Protection Systems for Electric Vehicle Supply Circuits: General RequirementsUL 2231-2 Personnel Protection Systems for Electric Vehicle Supply Circuits: Particular Requirements for Protection Devices for Use in Charging SystemsUL 2251 Plugs, Receptacles, and Couplers for Electric Vehicles2.2 Related PublicationsThe following publications are provide for information purposes only and are not a required part of this document.零点花园标准区欢迎您！2.2.1 SAEPublicationsAvailable from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), .SAE J551-5 Performance Levels and Methods of Measurement of Magnetic and Electric Field Strength from Electric Vehicles, Broadband, 9 kHz to 30 MHzSAE J1742 Connections for High Voltage On-Board Vehicle Electrical Wiring Harness—Test Methods and General Performance RequirementsSAE J1773 SAE Electric Vehicle Inductively Coupled ChargingSAE J1812 Function Performance Status Classification for EMC Immunity TestingSAE J2178-1 Class B Data Communication Network Messages—Detailed Header Formats and Physical Address AssignmentsSAE J2178-2 Class B Data Communication Network Messages—Part 2: Data Parameter DefinitionsSAE J2178-3 Class B Data Communication Network Messages—Part 3: Frame IDs for Single-Byte Forms of HeadersSAE J2178-4 Class B Data Communication Network Messages—Message Definitions for Three Byte HeadersElectrotechnical Commission Publications2.2.2 InternationalAvailable from International Electrotechnical Commission, 3, rue de Verambe, P.O. Box 131, 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, Tel: +41-22-919-02-11, www.iec.ch.IEC Publications are also available from the American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036-8002, Tel: 212-642-4900, .61000-4-3 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)—Part 4-3: Testing and measurement techniques—Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity testIEC 61851-1 Electric Vehicle Conductive Charging System—Part 1: General RequirementsIEC 61851-21 Electric Vehicle Conductive Charging System—Part 21: Electric Vehicle Requirements for Connection to an AC / DC SupplyIEC 61851-22 Electric Vehicle Conductive Charging System—Part 22: AC Electric Vehicle Charging StationLaboratories Inc. Publications2.2.3 UnderwritersAvailable from Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062-2096, Tel: 847-272-8800, .UL 94 Tests for Flammability of Plastic Materials for Parts in Devices and AppliancesUL 231 Power OutletsUL 746A Standard for Polymeric Materials—Short Term Property EvaluationsUL 840 Insulation Coordination Including Clearance and Creepage Distances for Electrical EquipmentUL 2594 Outline of Investigation—Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment零点花园标准区欢迎您！The Standard is downloaded from Standard Sharing3. DEFINITIONS3.1 AC Level 1 ChargingA method that allows an EV/PHEV to be connected to the most common grounded electrical receptacles (NEMA 5-15R and NEMA 5-20R). The vehicle shall be fitted with an on-board charger capable of accepting energy from the existing single phase alternating current (AC) supply network. The maximum power supplied for AC Level 1 charging shall conform to the values in Table 1. A cord and plug EVSE with a NEMA 5-15P plug may be used with a NEMA 5-20R receptacle. A cord and plug EVSE with a NEMA 5-20P plug is not compatible with a NEMA 5-15R receptacle.3.2 AC Level 2 ChargingA method that uses dedicated AC EV/PHEV supply equipment in either private or public locations. The vehicle shall be fitted with an on-board charger capable of accepting energy from single phase alternating current (AC) electric vehicle supply equipment. The maximum power supplied for AC Level 2 charging shall conform to the values in Table 1.3.3 ChargerAn electrical device that converts alternating current energy to regulated direct current for replenishing the energy of an energy storage device (i.e., battery) and may also provide energy for operating other vehicle electrical systems.3.4 Chassis GroundThe conductor used to connect the non-current carrying metal parts of the vehicle high voltage system to the equipment ground.3.5 ConductiveHaving the ability to transmit electricity through a physical path (conductor).3.6 Connector (Charge)A conductive device that by insertion into a vehicle inlet establishes an electrical connection to the electric vehicle for the purpose of transferring energy and exchanging information. This is part of the coupler.3.7 Contact (Charge)A conductive element in a connector that mates with a corresponding element in the vehicle inlet to provide an electrical path.3.8 Control PilotAn electrical signal that is sourced by the Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE). Control Pilot is the primary control conductor and is connected to the equipment ground through control circuitry on the vehicle and performs the following functions:a. Verifies that the vehicle is present and connectedb. Permits energization/de-energization of the supplyc. Transmits supply equipment current rating to the vehicled. Monitors the presence of the equipment grounde. Establishes vehicle ventilation requirements零点花园标准区欢迎您！3.9 Coupler (Charge)A mating vehicle inlet and connector set.3.10 DC ChargingA method that uses dedicated direct current (DC) EV/PHEV supply equipment to provide energy from an appropriate off-board charger to the EV/PHEV in either private or public locations.3.11 Electric Vehicle (EV)An automotive type vehicle, intended for highway use, primarily powered by an electric motor that draws from a rechargeable energy storage device. For the purpose of this document the definition in the United States Code of Federal Regulations – Title 40, Part 600, Subchapter Q is used. Specifically, an automobile means:a. Any four wheeled vehicle propelled by a combustion engine using on-board fuel or by an electric motor drawingcurrent from a rechargeable storage battery or other portable energy devices (rechargeable using energy from a source off the vehicle such as residential electric service).b. Which is manufactured primarily for use on public streets, roads, and highways.c. Which is rated not more that 3855.6 kg (8500 lb), which has a curb weight of not more than 2721.6 kg (6000 lb), andwhich has a basic frontal area of not more than 4.18 m2 (45 ft2).3.12 Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE)The conductors, including the ungrounded, grounded, and equipment grounding conductors, the electric vehicle connectors, attachment plugs, and all other fittings, devices, power outlets, or apparatuses installed specifically for the purpose of delivering energy from the premises wiring to the electric vehicle. Charging cords with NEMA 5-15P and NEMA 5-20P attachment plugs are considered EVSEs.3.13 Equipment Ground (Grounding Conductor)A conductor used to connect the non-current carrying metal parts of the EV/PHEV supply equipment to the systemgrounding conductor, the grounding electrode conductor, or both, at the service equipment.3.14 EV/PHEV Charging SystemThe equipment required to condition and transfer energy from the constant frequency, constant voltage supply network to the direct current, variable voltage EV/PHEV traction battery bus for the purpose of charging the battery and/or operating vehicle electrical systems while connected.3.15 InsulatorThe portion of a charging system that provides for the separation, support, sealing, and protection from live parts.3.16 Off-Board ChargerA charger located off of the vehicle.3.17 On-Board ChargerA charger located on the vehicle.3.18 Plug In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)A hybrid vehicle with the ability to store and use off-board electrical energy in a rechargeable energy storage device.零点花园标准区欢迎您！The Standard is downloaded from Standard Sharing3.19 Vehicle Inlet (Charge)The device on the electric vehicle into which the connector is inserted for the purpose of transferring energy andexchanging information. This is part of the coupler.4. GENERAL CONDUCTIVE CHARGING SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONIn the most fundamental sense, there are 3 functions, 2 electrical and 1 mechanical, that must be performed to allow charging of the EV/PHEV battery from the electric supply network. The electric supply network transmits alternating current electrical energy at various nominal voltages (rms) and a frequency of 60 Hz. The EV/PHEV battery is a DC device that operates at a varying voltage depending on the nominal battery voltage, state-of-charge, and charge/discharge rate. The first electrical function converts the AC to DC and is commonly referred to as rectification. The second electrical function is the control or regulation of the supply voltage to a level that permits a managed charge rate based on the battery charge acceptance characteristics – i.e., voltage, capacity, electrochemistry, and other parameters. The combination of these two functions are the embodiment of a charger. The mechanical function is the physical coupling or connecting of the EV/PHEV to the EVSE and is performed by the user. The conductive charging system consists of a charger and a coupler. The conductive system architecture is suitable for use with electrical ratings as specified in Table 1 and as shown in Figure 1.TABLE 1 - CHARGE METHOD ELECTRICAL RATINGS (NORTH AMERICA)Charge Method Nominal Supply Voltage(Volts) Maximum Current (Amps-continuous) Branch Circuit Breakerrating (Amps) AC Level 1 120 V AC, 1-phase 12 A 15 A (minimum)120 V AC, 1-phase16 A 20 AAC Level 2 208 to 240 V AC, 1-phase ≤ 80 A Per NEC 625 DC ChargingUnder DevelopmentConductive CouplerEV Supply EquipmentElectric VehicleFIGURE 1 - CONDUCTIVE EV/PHEV CHARGING SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE4.1AC Level 1 and AC Level 2 Interface FunctionsThe conductive coupler consists of a connector/vehicle inlet set with electromechanical contacts imbedded in an insulator and contained within a housing for each of the mating parts. The contacts provide a physical connection at the vehicle interface for the power conductors, equipment grounding conductor, and control pilot conductor between the EV/PHEV and EVSE. In addition a proximity sense conductor is provided between the EV/PHEV and charge connector. The interface consists of 5 contacts that perform the interface functions as shown in Figure 2 and specified in Table 2.零点花园标准区欢迎您！FIGURE 2 - AC LEVEL 1 AND AC LEVEL 2 CONDUCTIVE COUPLER CONTACT INTERFACE FUNCTIONSTABLE 2 - AC LEVEL 1 AND AC LEVEL 2 CONDUCTIVE COUPLER CONTACT FUNCTIONSContact #Connector Function Vehicle Inlet Function Description1 AC Power (L1) Charger 1 Power for AC Level 1 and2 2 AC Power (L2,N) Charger 2Power for AC Level 1 and 23 Equipment ground Chassis ground Connect EVSE equipment grounding conductor to EV/PHEV chassis ground during charging4 Control pilot Control pilot Primary control conductor (operation described in Section 5)5 Proximity DetectionProximity DetectionAllows vehicle to detect presence of charge connector零点花园标准区欢迎您！The Standard is downloaded from Standard Sharing4.2 AC Level 1 ChargingA method of EV/PHEV charging that extends AC power from the most common grounded electrical receptacle to an on-board charger using an appropriate cord set, as shown in Figure 3 at the electrical ratings specified in Table 1. AC level 1 allows connection to existing electrical receptacles in compliance with the National Electrical Code - Article 625.FIGURE 3 - AC LEVEL 1 SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONFigure Illustrates Vehicle Charging零点花园标准区欢迎您！4.3 AC Level 2 ChargingThe primary method of EV/PHEV charging that extends AC power from the electric supply to an on-board charger from a dedicated EVSE as shown in Figure 4. The electrical ratings are similar to large household appliances and specified in Table 1. AC Level 2 may be utilized at home, workplace, and public charging facilities.FIGURE 4 - AC LEVEL 2 SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONFigure Illustrates Vehicle Charging4.4 DC ChargingUnder development.5. CONTROL AND DATAThe control pilot circuit is the primary control means to ensure proper operation when connecting an EV/PHEV to the EVSE. This section describes the functions and sequencing of events for this circuit based on the recommended typical implementation or equivalent circuit parameters.零点花园标准区欢迎您！The Standard is downloaded from Standard Sharing5.1 Typical Control Pilot CircuitA typical control pilot circuit is shown in Figure 5.FIGURE 5 - TYPICAL CONTROL PILOT CIRCUIT5.2 Equivalent Control Pilot CircuitThe equivalent control pilot circuit and vehicle states are shown in Figure 6 and defined in Table 3, Table 4, and Table 5.FIGURE 6 - CONTROL PILOT EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT零点花园标准区欢迎您！TABLE 3 - DEFINITION OF VEHICLE STATESVehicle State Designation Voltage (vdc Nominal) Description of Vehicle StateState A 12.0(1)Vehicle not connectedState B 9.0(2)(3)Vehicle connected / not ready to accept energyState C 6.0(2)Vehicle connected / ready to accept energy / indoorcharging area ventilation not requiredState D 3.0(2)Vehicle connected / ready to accept energy / indoorcharging area ventilation requiredState E 0 EVSE disconnected, utility power not available, orother EVSE problemState F –12.0(1)EVSE not available, or other EVSE problem1. Static voltage.2. Positive portion of 1 KHz square wave, measured after transition has fully settled.3. From a transition from State A to State B begins as a static DC voltage which transitions to PWM upon the EVSE detection of vehicleconnected / not ready to accept energy.TABLE 4 - EVSE CONTROL PILOT CIRCUIT PARAMETERS (SEE FIGURE 6)Parameter(1)Symbol Units Nominal Value Maximum Value Minimum Value Generatorvoltage high, open circuit Voch Volts 12.00 12.60 11.40voltage low, open circuit Vocl Volts –12.00 –12.60 –11.40Frequency FoHertz10001020980 pulse width(2)Pwo Microsec Per Figure 7 Nom, + 25 µs Nom, - 25 µsrise time(3) TrgMicrosecn.a.2n.a. fall time(3) TfgMicrosecn.a.2n.a. settling time(4) TsgMicrosecn.a.3 n.a. Output Componentsequivalent source resistance R1 Ohms 1000 1030(5) 970(5)total equivalent EVSE capacitance, w/o cable C1 Picofaradsn.a. n.a. 300(6)total equivalent EVSEcapacitance, including cableC1 + Cc Picofarads n.a. 3100 n.a.1. Tolerances to be maintained over the environmental conditions and useful life as specified by the manufacturer.2. Measured at 50% points of complete negative-to-positive or positive-to-negative transitions.3. 10% to 90% of complete negative-to-positive transition or 90% to 10% of complete positive-to-negative transition measured betweenthe pulse generator output and R1. Note that the term Generator is referring to the EVSE circuitry prior to and driving the 1KΩ sourceresistor with a ±12V square wave. This circuitry should have rise/fall times faster than 2 µsec. Rise/fall times slower than this will beginto add noticeably to the output rise/fall times dictated by the 1KΩ resistor and all capacitance on the Pilot line.4. To 95% of steady-state value, measured from start of transition.5. Maximum and minimum resistor values are ±3% about nominal.6. Guarantees rise time slow enough to remove transmission line effects from cable.零点花园标准区欢迎您！The Standard is downloaded from Standard Sharing。

饲料国标英语版As an essential document for the feed industry, the National Standard of the People's Republic of China for Feeds is crucial for ensuring the quality and safety of animal feed products. 这是饲料行业的必备文件，中国饲料国家标准对于保证动物饲料产品的质量和安全至关重要。

It provides guidelines and regulations that manufacturers must adhere to in order to meet the necessary requirements for producing feed for various animals. 它提供了制造商必须遵循的指导方针和规定，以满足为各种动物生产饲料的必要要求。

By establishing a set of standards, the national standard helps to streamline the production process, improve efficiency, and ensure that the final products are safe for consumption by animals. 通过建立一套标准，国家标准有助于简化生产过程，提高效率，并确保最终产品对动物的消费安全。

Furthermore, the standard plays a key role in promoting the development and competitiveness of the Chinese feed industry on a global scale. 此外，这一标准在促进中国饲料行业在全球范围内的发展和竞争力方面起着关键作用。

《国际中文教育中文水平等级标准》（GF0025-2021）（以下简称《标准》）经国家语委语言文字规范标准审定委员会审定，2021年3月由教育部、国家语言文字工作委员会发布，作为国家语委语言文字规范自2021年7月1日起正式实施。

以下是《标准》研发组专家对《标准》内容及研发情况做出的部分解读。

Chinese Proficiency Standards for International Chinese Language Education (GF0025-2021) (hereinafter referred to as The Standards) was validated by the Standard Validation Committee of the State Language Commission for Language Specifications and released by the Ministry of Education and the State Language Commission in March 2021. It has been officially implemented as the national language standards since July 1, 2021. The following is an interpretation of The Standards by the experts who participated in its making.H ow long did the preparation of The Standards take? Howmany experts were involved? What was the starting pointand basis for it?At present, 75 countries around the world have included Chinesein their national education systems, more than 4,000 foreignuniversities have offered Chinese language courses, 25 million people have been studying Chinese, and 40 million Chinese language tests have been taken. The international Chinese language education has undergone significant changes in terms of many aspects including its scale and form. In order to further improve international Chinese language education and meet diversified needs of learning, there is an urgent need to introduce a new set of standards that is scientific, inclusive and easy to implement to guide the learning, teaching, testing and assessment of Chinese language, and to provide reference and services for countries around the world to carry out Chinese language education. Since May 2017, commissioned by Center for Language Education and Cooperation, Chinese Testing International has formed a task force of more than 20 experts in related fields from Peking University, Beijing Language and Culture University, Beijing Normal University, Renmin University of China, Capital Normal University, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai University and other institutions to develop The Standards . The group has consulted more than 80 Chinese and foreign experts and scholars from more than 30 institutions in countries including the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, Korea, and conducted more than 50 interviews and focused discussions. After three and a half years of discussion and revision, The Standards eventually came into being in early 2021.《标准》从筹备到正式出台，经历了多长时间？有多少专家参与？修改的动机和依据是什么？目前全球已有75个国家将中文纳入国民教育体系，4,000多所国外大学开设了中文课程，2,500多万人学习中文，4,000多万人次参加各类中文考试，国际中文教育的规模、形式等都发生了重大变化。

收稿日期:2010-09-10作者简介:李水福(1957-),男,浙江松阳人,主任中药师,学士,研究方向:中药和畲族医药。

参考文献[1] 陈颢,张剑军,陈震,等.多学科干预大肠癌肝转移的预后研究[J].实用肿瘤学杂志,2008,23(3):239-242.[2] Vog lTJ ,z angos S ,Balzer J O,et a.l Transarterial c h e moe m bol -ization of li ver m etas-t ases :Ind icati on,techn i que ,res u lts [J].Rofo ,2002,174(6):675-683.[3] B arb er FD ,M avligit G,Kurzrock R H epatic arteri al i nfus i onch e m otherapy f or m e-tastati c col orectal cancer .a concise over -vie w [J].C ancer T reat Rev ,2004,30(5):425-436.[4] ScheeffED ,b ri ggs J M,ho w ell SB.m ol ecu l ar m odeli ng of the i n -trastrand guan i ne -guan i n e dna adducts produced by cis p lati n and oxali p lati n[J].M o lPhar m aco,l 1999,56:633.[5] C apdev il a J,E lez E ,Peralta S ,et al.Oxali p l ati n -basedche -motherapy i n t h em anage m en t of col orect al cancer[J].ExvertRe -vie w of Anti cancer Theranv ,2008,8(8):1223-1236.[6] Ru iD,X iaoyan C,Tai x i ang W,et a.l E l e m ene f or the treat m entof lung cancer [J].C och rane Dat abase Syst Rev ,2007,17(4):6054.[7] T an G ,W ang Z Y,W ang XG ,et a.l I mmunotherapeu tic eff ects ofbetaele m ene co m b i ned w it h i nterl euk i n-23gene-m od ified den -dritic cell on m u ri ne pancreati c carci no m a [J ].Cen cer A iZheng ,2006,25(11):1082-1086.[8] 秦叔逵,钱军,杨爱珍,等.榄香烯乳抗肺癌细胞的实验研究[J].肿瘤防治究,1996,23(4):251-255.[9] 苏影,王成昆,彭波.B -榄香烯对Hepg2和HT229细胞体外抗癌作用的实验研究[J].当代医学,2008,14(22):1-3.[10] 刘明远,张春斌,侯霞,等.榄香烯诱导卵巢癌细胞株COC 1细胞凋亡的研究[J].中国临床医药研究杂志,2003,98,9933-9935.[11] 郑瑾,刘强,任凯夕,等.B -榄香烯对肝癌细胞SK -hep-1的迁移和侵袭力的影响[J].现代肿瘤医学,2009,17(11):2054-2058.[12] 郝立宏,赵瑾瑶,高船舟,等.B -榄香烯对K562/阿霉素细胞多药耐药性的逆转及其对P-糖蛋白表达的影响[J].解剖学报,2006,37(1):48-51.[13] 吴大鹏,姜睿斌,赵德强,等.B -榄香烯对体外培养T ca-8113细胞放射增敏、细胞周期、凋亡及Bcl-2、Bax 蛋白表达的影响[J].郑州大学学报:医学版,2009,44(2):414-417.[14] 佘军军,王子明,车向明,等.B -榄香烯对兔VX2肾移植癌的放疗增敏作用[J].中西医结合学报,2006,4(4):392-396.[15] 官成浓,何国章,银正民.榄香烯乳配合化疗对进展期胃癌患者免疫功能的影响[J ].中国肿瘤临床,2001,28(2):123-124.中华中医药学刊新版5中华人民共和国药典6的饮片研析李水福(丽水市食品药品检验所,浙江丽水323000)摘 要:目的:更加规范中药饮片质量标准。

⼯程建设标准英⽂版翻译细则（试⾏）⼯程建设标准英⽂版翻译细则（试⾏）为规范⼯程建设标准英⽂版的翻译⼯作，根据《⼯程建设标准翻译出版⼯作管理办法》，制定本细则。

1 翻译质量及技术要求1.1 基本要求1）⼯程建设标准的翻译必须忠于原⽂，并遵守完整、准确、规范、统⼀的原则。

2）标准的译⽂应当完整。

标准的前引部分、正⽂部分、补充部分都应全⽂翻译；脚注、附录、图、表、公式以及相应的⽂字都应翻译并完整地反映在译⽂中，不得误译、缺译、漏译、跳译。

3）强制性条⽂的翻译必须准确⽆误，译⽂⽤⿊体字注明。

4）译⽂的内容、术语应当准确，语法应当恰当，⾏⽂流畅。

5）标准中的典型语句、术语、计量单位、专业词汇应当前后统⼀。

6）标准翻译稿的幅⾯、版⾯、格式、字体等应当规范并符合《⼯程建设标准英⽂版出版印刷规定》，图表、公式的编号应与原⽂相⼀致。

1.2 具体要求1）数字表达应符合英⽂表达习惯。

2）标准中的符号、代号、计量单位、公式应直接引⽤原⽂，时间、货币、标点符号可按英⽂惯例翻译或表达。

3）⽇期按译⽂语⾔，应采⽤公历，按⽉、⽇、年顺序排列（例如，December 1,2006）。

4）术语的英⽂翻译，应以中⽂版中的英⽂术语为准。

如果中⽂版中英⽂术语表达不准确或出现错误，应由翻译⼈员与编制组共同商议后做出必要修正，并在译⽂中注明。

5）标准名称应以中⽂版的英⽂译名为准。

如果中⽂版标准名称的英⽂译⽂不准确，翻译⼈员可向翻译出版办公室提出书⾯修改建议。

6）⼈员的中⽂姓名译成英⽂时，采⽤标准汉语拼⾳。

外籍⼈员的姓名应按其原姓名或相应的英⽂姓名表达。

地名、团体名、机构名，使⽤惯⽤译名。

⽆惯⽤译名的，可⾃⾏翻译，必要时附注原⽂。

7）法律、法规、规范性⽂件等名称应采⽤官⽅或既定译法，其他⽂件、著作、⽂献名称采⽤既定译法。

8）缩写词⾸次出现时,应附注全称译⽂。

经前⽂注释过或意义明确的缩写词，可以在译⽂中直接使⽤。

9）译⽂的章节条款项的编号，应与中⽂版⼀致。

测试标准Testing Standards测试服务项目Testing Items★强度测试Strength tests☆拉伸强力☆接缝强力☆粘合强力☆胀破强力☆撕裂强力Tensile Strength Seam Performance Bonding Strength Bursting Strength Tearing Strength ★纤维成份分析Fiber composition analysis☆纤维定性分析☆纤维定量分析Fiber Qualitative Analysis Fiber Quantitative Analysis★色牢度测试Color fastness tests☆耐唾液色牢度☆耐水色牢度☆汗渍色牢度☆耐洗色牢度To Saliva To Water To Perspiration To Washing☆耐干热色牢度☆耐氯漂色牢度☆非氯漂色牢度☆干洗色牢度To dry Heat To Chlorine Bleaching To Non-chlorine Bleaching To Dry cleaning☆日晒色牢度☆耐碱斑色牢度☆耐热压色牢度☆耐漂白色牢度To Light To Alkaline Spotting To Hot Pressing To Bleaching☆摩擦色牢度☆耐水斑色牢度☆耐酸斑色牢度☆耐海水色牢度To Rubbing/Crocking To Water Spotting To Acid Spotting To Sea-water★性能测试Performance tests☆耐磨性能☆透湿性☆透气性☆抗毛性Abrasion Resistance Water Vapour Transmission Air Permeability Pilling Resistance☆织物褶皱回复性☆防水性☆防油性Wrinkle Recovery Water Repellency Oil Repellency★尺寸变化率测试Dimensional stability (shrinkage) tests☆水洗缩率测试☆干洗缩率☆洗涤后外观Dimensional Stability to Washing Dimensional Stability to Dry Cleaning Appearance After Laundering ★织物组织结构分析Fabric construction tests☆织物密度☆纱支☆织物厚度☆织物组织类别Threads Per Unit Length Counts Of Yarn Fabric Thickness Type Of Weave☆幅宽☆布重A单位面积布重B单位长度布重Fabric Width Fabric Weight Per Unit Area Per Running Yardage★燃烧测试Flammability tests☆纺织品燃烧性能☆家具防火测试Textiles Flammability Flame Retardancy of Upholstered Furniture☆地毯燃烧测试☆床上用品燃烧度Surface Flammability of Carpets And Rugs Burning Behavior of Bedding Items☆家具填充物燃烧测试Flame Resistance of Filling Materials Used in Furniture★纤维及纱线测试Fibre & Yarn tests☆纤维直径☆纤维线密度（纤维细度）☆纱线强力☆條干均匀度（CV%）Fibre Diameter Linear Density Tenacity Of Yarn Yarn Evenness☆纤维熔点☆捻度☆纱线线密度（纱支）Melting Point Of Fibres Twist Per Unit Length Yarn Count★化学有害物质检测Chemical Hazardous Substancetests☆pH值☆甲醛☆重金属溶出☆总铅pH Value Formaldehyde Heavy Metals Extractable Total Lead☆六价铬☆邻苯二甲酸盐☆偶氮染料☆总鎘Chromium(VI) Phthalates AZO Dye Total Cadmium☆镍释放量☆致敏性分散染料☆致癌染料☆多氯联苯Nickel Release Allergenic Disperse Dyes Carcinogen Dyes Polychlorinated Biphenyls(PCBS)☆有机锡☆阻燃剂☆聚氯乙稀☆多氯三联苯Organictin Flame Retardants Polyvinyl Chloride Polychlorinated Terphenyls(PCTs)☆邻苯基酚☆生物灭杀剂☆气味☆五氯苯酚OPP Biocide Sensory Pentachlorophenol(PCP)☆四氯苯酚☆三氯苯酚☆烷基酚☆氯化有机载体Tetrachlorophenol(TeCP) Trichlorophenol(TCP) Alkylphenol(AP) Chlorinated Organic Carriers☆挥发性有机化合物☆烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Alkylphenol Ethoxylates (APEO)★羽绒产品测试Feather product tests☆含水量☆耗氧量☆可溶性杂质Moisture Content Oxygen Number Determination of Solvent Soluble Matter☆蓬松度☆酸性测试☆填充物净重Filling Power Acidity Net weight of Filling Material☆含油脂量☆水混性测试☆羽绒净重Oli And Fat Content Turbidity of Extract Net Weight of Feather☆羽绒成份分析☆纤维穿透性测试☆绒穿透测试Composition Analysis Fibre Penetration Test Penetration Resistance of Cloth to Feather★其它测试Other tests☆防紫外线光系数☆色差评定☆洗涤标签建议Ultraviolet Protection Factor Color Difference Assessment Care Label Recommendation☆紫外线穿透力☆服装规格测量Penetration of Solar UVR Garment Size Measurement纺织品检测中心获得资质Textile Testing Center QualificationCNAS:中国合格评定国家认可委员会China National Accreditation Service for conformity Assessment ILAC-MRA国际实验室认可合作组织多边承认协议International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation Mutual Recognition Arrangement美国消费品安全委员会认可实验室U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission(CPSC)。

国际标准英文International Standard English。

English is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, and it serves as the international language of communication in many areas such as business, science, technology, and diplomacy. As a result, there is a need for a standard form of English that can be understood and used by people from different linguistic backgrounds. This is where International Standard English comes into play.International Standard English, often abbreviated as ISE, is a form of English that is intended to be used as a global standard for communication. It is not tied to any particular country or region, and it is designed to be easily understood by speakers of different varieties of English as well as by non-native speakers. The goal of ISE is to facilitate clear and effective communication across linguistic and cultural boundaries.One of the key features of International Standard English is its simplicity and clarity. It avoids the use of complex grammatical structures, obscure vocabulary, and regionalisms that might be unfamiliar to non-native speakers. Instead, it relies on straightforward and commonly understood language that can be easily comprehended by a wide range of users. This makes ISE an ideal choice for international business communication, academic writing, and other forms of global discourse.In addition to its linguistic simplicity, International Standard English also emphasizes cultural sensitivity and inclusivity. It is designed to be free from any culturally specific references, idioms, or expressions that might be confusing or offensive to people from different backgrounds. Instead, it promotes the use of neutral and universally acceptable language that respects the diversity of its users.Another important aspect of International Standard English is its adaptability. While it is based on commonly accepted rules and conventions of English grammar and usage, it is also flexible enough to accommodate variations and innovations that may arise indifferent contexts. This allows ISE to evolve and respond to the changing needs of its users without sacrificing its fundamental principles of clarity and inclusivity.In conclusion, International Standard English plays a crucial role in facilitating effective communication in a globalized world. By providing a clear, simple, and culturally sensitive form of English that can be understood and used by people from diverse linguistic backgrounds, ISE helps to bridge the gaps between different cultures and promote mutual understanding. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the importance of International Standard English will only continue to grow. It is an essential tool for anyone who seeks to communicate across linguistic and cultural boundaries, and it serves as a powerful symbol of the unity and diversity of the global community.。

浅谈无损检测在日常生活中的应用发表时间：2019-11-20T12:04:28.843Z 来源：《科技新时代》2019年9期作者：彭智伟[导读] 从中指出五大常规检测的最基础特征，帮助无损检测初学者或非专业无损检测者，了解或理解这五种检测方法的基础应用特征。

（中国飞机强度研究所，西安，710065）摘要：通过无损检测中五大常规检测原理的描述，引出一些生活中无损检测的生活实例或一些基础物理现象，从中指出五大常规检测的最基础特征，帮助无损检测初学者或非专业无损检测者，了解或理解这五种检测方法的基础应用特征。

关键词：无损检测；五大常规检测；物理现象NDT in Daily LifePENG Zhi-wei（Aircraft Strength Research Institute of China，Xi’an 710065，China）Abstract: Based on the introduction to the principle of the five conventional nondestructive testing (NDT), some examples or some basic physical phenomena of NDT in life are introduced .Then the most basic features of five conventional NDT in daily Life are pointed out .On this basis ,it could make NDT beginners and non- NDT professional understand the basic application characteristics of these five conventional NDT.Key words: NDT; five conventional NDT; physical phenomena0 引言无损检测技术是以物理现象为基础的，其起源与发展过程，都是自然科学中新的物理现象被发现后，随之进行深入研究并投入应用，一般的规律往往首先是在医学领域、军事与军工领域得到应用，然后进一步推广到工业领域应用。

联合国国际货物销售合同公约（１９８０年４月１１日订于维也纳）本公约各缔约国，铭记联合国大会第六届特别会议通过的关于建立新的国际经济秩序的各项决议的广泛目标，考虑到在平等互利基础上发展国际贸易是促进各国间友好关系的一个重要因素，认为采用照顾到不同的社会、经济和法律制度的国际货物销售合同统一规则，将有助于减少国际贸易的法律障碍，促进国际贸易的发展，兹协议如下：第一部分适用范围和总则第一章适用范围第一条（１）本公约适用于营业地在不同国家的当事人之间所订立的货物销售合同：（ａ）如果这些国家是缔约国；或（ｂ）如果国际私法规则导致适用某一缔约国的法律。

（２）当事人营业地在不同国家的事实，如果从合同或从订立合同前任何时候或订立合同时，当事人之间的任何交易或当事人透露的情报均看不出，应不予考虑。

（３）在确定本公约的适用时，当事人的国籍和当事人或合同的民事或商业性质，应不予考虑。

第二条本公约不适用于以下的销售：（ａ）购供私人、家人或家庭使用的货物的销售，除非卖方在订立合同前任何时候或订立合同时不知道而且没有理由知道这些货物是购供任何这种使用；（ｂ）经由拍卖的销售；（ｃ）根据法律执行令状或其它令状的销售；（ｄ）公债、股票、投资证券、流通票据或货币的销售；（ｅ）船舶、船只、气垫船或飞机的销售；（ｆ）电力的销售。

第三条（１）供应尚待制造或生产的货物的合同应视为销售合同，除非订购货物的当事人保证供应这种制造或生产所需的大部分重要材料。

（２）本公约不适用于供应货物一方的绝大部分义务在于供应劳力或其它服务的合同。

第四条本公约只适用于销售合同的订立和卖方和买方因此种合同而产生的权利和义务。

特别是，本公约除非另有明文规定，与以下事项无关：（ａ）合同的效力，或其任何条款的效力，或任何惯例的效力；（ｂ）合同对所售货物所有权可能产生的影响。

第五条本公约不适用于卖方对于货物对任何人所造成的死亡或伤害的责任。

第六条双方当事人可以不适用本公约，或在第十二条的条件下，减损本公约的任何规定或改变其效力。

深圳市安信达咨询有限公司SHENZHEN ANXINDA ADVISORY CO. LTD.培训教材文件名称： 5S推行方法文件编号: JC-180102版次： 00编制：审核：批准：生效日期：未经许可不得翻印引言：5—S五常法是什么？在各组织里，5—S是用来维持环境品质的一种技术。

五常法的名称—5-S代表下列五个日本词的意义：常组织、常整顿、常清洁、常规范和常自律（Osada,1991）。

下表展示了对等5—S之五个词的英文词：日语英语意义例子Seiri Structurise 常组织把垃圾扔掉Seiton Systematise 常整顿 30秒内就可找到要找的文件Seiso Sanitise 常清洁个人清洁卫生责任Seiketsu Standardise 常规范贮藏的透明度Shitsuke Self-discipline 常自律每天运用五常法5-S五常法在日常工作得到了广泛的使用。

在日本，绝大多数实践过五常法的人都认为它不仅有助于改善现有的物质环境，而且还有助改善他们的思维过程。

很明显，五常法在生活的各个方面都可发挥作用。

日常的许多问题都可以通过五常法来解决，很可惜，五常法与其它品质工具和技术不一样，西方世界还不很了解这套品质改善技术。

下一章将会更详细讨论5—S五常法。

日本工厂以其干净整齐而闻名于世。

这应归功于日本人历来对工人（特别是制造工厂的工人）不断地灌输责任感和纪律的结果。

5—S五常法的逻辑是：工作现场的常组织、常整顿、常清洁、常规范是生产高品质产品、提供高品质服务、杜绝或减少浪费和提高生产力的最根本的要求。

令人惊讶的是，对于如此强而有力的品质工具，西方国家却对其一无所知。

虽然有迹象表明有些西方公司虽然没有意识到5—S五常法已成了一种品质技术，但实际上，他们已在日常工作中应用了5—S五常法的某些方面。

西方各国只是在近年来才意识到5—S五常法的某些原理而获得了成功。

特别是在服务行业，例如快餐店、超级市场、酒店、图书馆和娱乐中心。

EATURESBETTER COMMUNICATION ｜ GREATER VALUECHINA’S STANDARDSChina’s fruitful results of intl cooperation on standards国际标准化合作协议遍地开花“The world needs the coordinated development of standards, as standards can promote the interconnectivity of the world.” Just as what Chinese President Xi Jinping said, standard is the common language of the world, which is also the pass for international trade.President Xi has attached great importance to standardization work and stressed for many times that we should facilitate innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development by standards. On the first Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation in 2017, Xi emphasized that it is important to promote the “soft connectivity” of policies, rules and standards.Countries around the world have actively carried out standardization cooperation and exchanges to facilitate production capacity cooperation and exchanges on technology, economy and trade. With the international standardization cooperation agreement, standards can play a more helpful role in trade like reducing technical barriers, as mutually recognized standards become the technical foundation of bilateral business activities.Since its establishment in 2001, the Standardization Administration of China (SAC) has actively conducted bilateral and multilateral cooperation and exchanges on standardization with international, regional and national standardization organizations and bodies. As of now, SAC has signed 98 bilateral and multilateral cooperation agreements with 55 international, regional standardization organizations and national standardization bodies.Data tells everythingUp to now, SAC has signed cooperation agreements on standardization with partners from five continents, see Figure 1 and 2.Figure 1: The numbers of SAC’s cooperation agreements and the countries/organizations whosigned agreements with SACFigure 2: The number of China’s standardization cooperation agreements since 2002The significance of these agreementsRepresent that the State values intl cooperation on standardizationChina has highly valued international cooperation on standardization. Also, its state leaders have witnessed the signing of 13 bilateral or multilateral cooperation agreements. In particular, President Xi witnessed the signing of 6 standardization cooperation agreements with 4 countries such as France and Nepal.EATURESBETTER COMMUNICATION ｜ GREATER VALUEFacilitate the establishment of bilateral and multilateral cooperation mechanismLeaders of China, Japan and South Korea released the Joint Statement on China-Japan-South Korea Standardization Cooperation as early as in 2010, aiming to promote standardization cooperation in Northeast Asia. After that, the three countries held the Northeast Asia Standardization Cooperation Meeting each year, which has become the regular cooperation mechanism for the three parties.Since 2011, SAC has also successively signed cooperation agreements to set up the China-Germany, China-France, China-UK standardization cooperation committees, promoting the pragmatic, effective standardization cooperation in many fields.Promote the mutual recognition and adoption of Chinese and foreign standardsAn important part of international standardization cooperation is to promote the compatibility of the Chinese and foreign standards systems and continue to improve the consistency of standards. To this end, when discussing cooperation with other countries, SAC always seeks to promote the mutual recognition and adoption of standards.Up to now, 45 cooperation agreements signed with 38 countries have included the content of standard mutual recognition and adoption, e.g. the list of mutual recognition standards between China and the UK, the list of mutual recognition standards between China and France, the standardization cooperation agreement between China and Mongolia, etc.Deepen standard cooperation with the countries along the Belt and RoadStandards also play a crucial role in the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative. SAC has expanded the cooperation on standards with the countries along the Belt and Road in recent years, and signed 44 cooperation agreements with 36 countries like Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Singapore, Tajikistan and Armenia, facilitating the interconnectivity of policies, facilities and trade via standards.In particular, at the first Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation, SAC and 12 countries signed the Joint Initiative on Enhancing Standard Cooperation and Promoting the Construction of Belt and Road, writing a new chapter of the standard cooperation with these countries.In the future, SAC is committed to establishing the partnership with more countries, implementing pragmatic effective cooperation, and making greater contributions to the international standardization community.(Chinese version provided by International Cooperation Office of Standards Innovative Management Department, SAMR; edited and translated by Cao Xinxin)供稿：标准创新司国际标准合作处；编译：曹欣欣建党百年话标准CHINA’S STANDARDSS T O R Y I N DECADES。

BETTER COMMUNICATION ｜ GREATER VALUEStandardization tasks in the 14th Five-Year Plan period Array Approved at the 4th session of the 13th NPC on March 11, the Outline of the 14th Five-YearPlan (2021-2025) for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range ObjectivesThrough the Year 2035, has been published in a booklet.The Outline is a blueprint for embarking on a new journey to build China into a modern socialistcountry in all respects. It mainly expounds on national strategic planning and work priorities, andguide and regulate the activities of market entities, which also defines the standardization tasks inmany aspects.To improve the technical innovation capability of enterprises, China will enhance its impetusfor technical innovation through measures such as improving standards, quality and competitionrules.To strengthen the fundamental ability of industry, China will improve the supporting systemof industrial foundation, deploy an array of national manufacturing innovation centers in importantareas, and perfect the national quality infrastructure. It will establish the demonstration platformfor production and application together with the public service platforms for industrial technicalfoundation in the fields such as standards and metrology, certification and accreditation, inspectionand testing, as well as experiment and verification, and improve the industrial databases on technologies, processes and other aspects.To drive the optimization and upgrading of manufacturing industry, China will establish demonstration factories for intelligent manufacturing, and improve relevant standards system.To accelerate quality-oriented development of consumer service industry, China will speedup improving the standards on services such as elderly care and housekeeping, improve the certification and accreditation system of consumer service industry, and promote the developmentof the industry in a credible and professional manner.To deepen the reform and opening up of service sector, China will improve the standardssystem of service quality, and enhance the implementation and promotion of standards. It willmove faster to develop the supervision catalog, procedure and standards in key service fields, andestablish an efficient and coordinated regulation system for the service industry.To move faster to develop new infrastructure, China will exert the leading role of market,open up the diversified channels of investment, and establish the standards system on new infrastructure.To increase the suitability of standards supply, China will establish and improve the qualitygrading system, and accelerate the upgrading of standards and the adoption and application of international standards.To enhance the supporting role of circulation system, China will move faster to establish a unified national market, optimize the market environment in compliance with internationally advanced rules and best practices, facilitate the harmonization of standards, rules and policies in different regions and sectors, and effectively eliminate the regional protectionism, industrial monopoly and market segmentation. It will improve the system of modern trade circulation, cultivate a batch of modern circulation enterprises with globally leading competitiveness, support the transformation and upgrading of trade circulation facilities such as convenience store and farmer’s market, develop contactless trade services, and strengthen the standardization and green development of trade circulation.To facilitate the coordinated development of imports and exports, China will improve the integrated regulation system of domestic and foreign trade, boost the coordination of relevant laws and regulations, regulatory system, business qualification, quality standards, inspection and quarantine, and certification and accreditation, and boost the identical production lines, standards and quality of products for both kinds of trade.To increase the international two-way investment, China will improve the system of network and circulation of overseas productive services, accelerate the international development of productive services such as finance, advisory, accounting and legal business, and promote the spread of Chinese products, services, technologies, brands and standards across the globe.To promote consumption in an all-round way, China will reinforce the protection of consumer rights, improve the quality standards and post-assessment system, strengthen the systems such as defective product recall, product injury monitoring and product quality assurance, and perfect the diversified mechanisms for protecting consumers’ rights and dispute resolution.To improve the rules of data element market, China will make plan for the development and utilization, privacy protection and public safety of data, and speed up the establishment of the basic system, standards and specifications on property rights, trade circulation, cross-border transmission and security protection of data resources.To strengthen the protection of cyber security, China will improve national laws, regulations, systems and standards on cyber security, and strengthen the security assurance of data resources, key networks and information systems in key fields.To boost the community with a shared future in the area of cyberspace, China will actively participate in the development of international rules and technical standards related to data security, digital currency and digital tax.To improve the social credit system, China will improve the laws, regulations and standards system on social credit system, develop the catalog of public credit information and the list of punishment measures for dishonest behaviors, and intensify the repairing mechanism for the credit of dishonest bodies.BETTER COMMUNICATION ｜ GREATER VALUETo accelerate the establishment of modern finance system, China will strengthen the deployment of financial resources, boost the standardization of financial expenditure, and enhance the budget constraint and performance management.To enhance the agricultural comprehensive production, China will focus on grain production functional areas and key agricultural product protection areas, establish the national industrial zone on grain safety, start the project for establishing high-standard farmland, and complete the contiguous high-standard farmland for 1.075 billion mu.To further adjust agricultural structure, China will improve the standards system on green agriculture, and enhance the certification management of green products, organic agricultural products and agricultural products with geographic indication.To enrich the rural economic forms, China will enhance the facilities for the storage and preservation of agricultural products and cold-chain logistics, strengthen the facilities such as platforms and intelligent standard factories on rural property transaction, trade circulation, inspection, testing, certification and other aspects, and guide the aggregative development of secondary and tertiary industries in rural areas.To improve the rural infrastructure and public services, China will promote the harmonized standards and systems of basic public services in urban and rural areas, increase the supply of services in education, medical care, elderly care and culture in rural areas, boost the exchanges and work shift of teachers and doctors within counties, and encourage social forces to pursue welfare cause in rural areas.To increase the level of city governance, China will enhance the regulation of property service, and improve the coverage, quality and standardization of the service.To perfect the system of public cultural services, China will establish a platform for the dissemination of Chinese language, and construct the system for global dissemination of Chinese language and culture and the standards system for international Chinese language education.To fully increase the efficiency of resource utilization, China will insist on the approach of energy-saving first, advance energy saving in the areas of industry, construction and transportation and among public institutions, improve energy efficiency in emerging fields such as 5G and big data center, enhance the energy management of key energy-using units, put into place the key projects including optimizing energy system and transforming energy-saving technologies, and accelerate the development and revision of mandatory national standards on energy consumption limit and energy efficiency of product and equipment.To improve the resource cycle and utilization system, China will boost the reduction, standardization and circulation of express packages.To vigorously develop green economy, China will establish uniform systems of standards, certification and labels on green products, and improve the mechanisms for promoting energy-saving household appliances and high-efficient lightening products and water-saving products.To establish the new system for an open economy at higher level, China will raise the level of opening up in an all-round way, advance trade and investment liberalization and facilitation, sustain the mobile openness of commodities and elements, and steadily expand the institutional openness of rules, provisions, management and standards.To enhance the harmonization of development strategies and policies, China will promote the harmonization of strategies, plans and mechanisms, and strengthen the interconnection of policies, rules and standards.To boost the equalization of basic public education, China will consolidate equality in compulsory education, improve the standards related to school running, and promote the high-quality, balanced development and urban-rural integration of compulsory education.To reinforce the adaption to vocational and technological education, China will improve related national standards, and implement the system of “academic certificate & vocational skill rating certificate”.To perfect the universal health care system, China will steadily advance the standardization and information construction of health care, and improve related services.To improve the equalization of basic public services, China will establish and improve the standards system on basic public services in the fields such as public education, employment and business startups, social insurance, medical care, social service, housing security, public culture and sports, veteran benefit and placement as well as services for the disabled, define related national standards and establish a dynamic adjustment mechanism, and promote the coordination and balance of standards level between urban and rural areas.To raise the level of production safety, China will boost the standardization of production safety in enterprises, and strengthen the safety management in key areas such as industrial parks.To strictly regulate the safety of food and drug, China will improve the related regulation mechanisms, laws, regulations and standards system, and explore to establish the system for punitive damage of civil public welfare lawsuit on food safety.To perfect the national system for emergency management, China will conduct the inspection and management of risks and hidden dangers in disaster accidents, implement the project for reinforcing the safety of public infrastructure and improving the capability of natural disaster prevention and control, and improve the standards on the projects for preventing natural disasters such as deluge and drought, forest grassland fire, geological disaster, meteorological disaster and earthquake.To facilitate the synchronous improvement of national defense and economic strengths, China will optimize the industrial layout of national defense science and technology, and accelerate the process toward standardization and generalization.。

中国国家标准英文翻译指南-- 中国国家标准英文翻译指南中国国家标准英文翻译指南出处：中国电力标准化网站作者：国家质量技术监督局国家质量技术监督局质技监局标函[2000]39号关于印发《国家标准英文版翻译指南》的通知国务院务有关部门，全国各专业标准化技术委员会：为适应我国加入世界贸易组织（WTO）和标准化活动对外交流的需要，及时准确地把我国国家标准翻译成英文版本，我局组织制定了《国家标准英文版翻译指南》，现予以公布。

自公布之日起实行。

二○○○年二月十三日主题词：国家标准规定通知抄送：中国标准出版社、中国标准研究中心国家质量技术监督局办公室2000年2月12日印发打字：王岷校对：张琳国家标准英文版翻译指南国家质量技术监督局标准化司二○○○年二月目次1 前言2 格式3 用词和用语4 引用标准化中心附录A：封面格式附录B：首页格式一、前言为适应我国加入世界贸易组织和我国对外开放的需要，我局从1997年起开始将一部分国家标准翻译成英文。

在翻译过程中，不少有关单位建议对翻译的格式和通用用语进行规范。

为此，我司于1999年初成立了《国家标准英文版翻译指南》编制工作组，开始指南的起草工作。

编制《国家标准英文英文版翻译指南》的目的是：1．对国家标准英文版标准中需要统一的格式进行规范2．对国家标准英文版标准中需要统一的语句和用词进行规范3．对与现行GB1.1及ISO/IEC导则要求有出入的老格式标准文本中有必要进行调整的内容进行规范。

本指南适用于将我国国家标准翻译成英文文本的标准化中心二、格式2.1 等同/修改（等效）采用国际标准的国家标准应使用原英文版本，并符合ISO/IEC指南21（1999版）的要求。

2.2 对于非等效采用国际标准的国家标准，在翻译时应尽可能与原英文版本格式保持一致。

2.3 对于非采用国际标准的国家标准，在翻译时应尽可能以相应国际标准作为格式参考。

2.4 封面和首页格式见附录A和附录B。

三、用词和用语3.1 封面封面用语的英文表述3.1.1 中华人民共和国国家标准National Standard of the People’s Republic of China3.1.2 国家质量技术监督局发布Issued by China State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision3.1.3 国家技术监督局发布Issued by China State Bureau of Technical Supervision3.1.4 国家标准局发布Issued by China State Bureau of Standards3.1.5 发布日期Issue date3.1.6 实施日期Implementation date3.1.7 等同采用IDT3.1.8 修改(等效)采用MOD3.1.9 非等效采用NEQ3.2 目次目次用语的英文表述3.2.1 目次contents3.2.2 附录annex3.2.3 参考文献bibliography3.2.4 索引index(es)3.2.5 图figure(s)3.2.6 表table(s)3.3 前言前言部分用语的英文表述3.3.1 前言Foreword3.3.2 本国家标准等同采用IEC(ISO) ××××标准:This national standard is identical to IEC(ISO) ××××3.3.3 本国家标准修改(等效)采用IEC(ISO) ××××标准:This national standard is modified in relation to IEC(ISO) ××××3.3.4 本国家标准非等效采用IEC(ISO) ××××标准:This national standard is not equivalent to IEC(ISO) ××××3.3.5 本国家标准附录××××是标准的附录(补充件)Annex ××××/Annexes ××××of this national standard is/are normative3.3.6 本国家标准附录××××是提示的附录(参考件)Annex ××××/annexes ××××of this national standard is/are informative3.3.7 本国家标准对先前版本技术内容作了下述重要修改There have been some significant changes in this nationals standard over its previous edition in the following technical aspects3.3.8 本国家标准与所采用国际标准的主要技术差异The main technical differences between the national standard and the international standard adopted3.3.9 本国家标准从实施日期起代替××××This national standard will replace ××××from the implementation date of this standard3.3.10 本国家标准由××××提出This national standard was proposed by ××××3.3.11 本国家标准由××××归口This national standard is under the jurisdiction of ××××3.3.12 本国家标准由××××起草This national standard was drafted by ××××3.4 引言3.4.1 引言introduction3.5 范围范围部分用语的英文表述:3.5.1 主题和范围subject and the aspect(s) covered3.5.2 本国家标准规定……的尺寸This national standard specifies the dimensions of ……3.5.3 本国家标准规定……的方法This national standard specifies a method of ……3.5.4 本国家标准规定……的性能This national standard specifies the characteristics of ……3.5.5 本国家标准规定……的系统This national standard establishes a system for ……3.5.6 本国家标准规定……的基本原理This national standard establishes general principles for3.5.7 本国家标准适用于……This national standard is applicable to ……3.6 引用标准引语的英文表述(根据中文文本从a, b中选取):a. 下列标准中所包含的条文，通过在本标准中引用而构成为本标准的条文。