杨浦新王牌补习资料第十一讲：文章内容、细节理解(二)(初二)

八年级阅读与写作教学第二讲学会品析句子的含义和作用古人云，“句句珠玑，篇篇锦绣。

”可见，绝妙的美文是离不开精彩的美句的。

由此，“理解文中重要句子的含义”也成了现代文阅读的一个重要方面。

从历年来的试题考点来看，所考察的重要语句一般属于如下类型：从文章的内容来看，中心句、主旨句和点睛句是重要语句；从结构上来说，总说句、过渡句和线索句是重要语句；从表达上说，抒情句、描写句和修辞句是重要语句。

理解文章的重要语句是理解全文的突破口，只有真正理解了重要语句的含义，才能使理解全文成为一种可能。

理解文章的重要语句的含义，包括三层含义：首先是理解句子的表层含义，也就是字面意义。

其次是理解句子的含义，即在一定的语境中句子的临时意义。

最后是理解句子的句外意义，也即“言外之意”。

理解句子的含义的答题方法是多种多样的，归纳起来主要有如下几种：1、从在内容上的作用来理解。

2、从在结构上的作用来理解。

3、从艺术效果的角度来理解。

理解文中重要句子含义的答题思路可以概括为“三步走”：第一步，从重要词语直接切入。

有些句子只要把其中重要的词语意思弄清楚了，就可以推知整句在文中的意思。

理解关键性词语是理解重要语句的基础，抓住了这句话就达到了牵一而发动全身的目的。

第二步，从整个段落全面考虑。

有些句子需要把它放在整个段落中才能找准含义的起点，仔细观察它在段落中的位置，发现它在段落中的作用和地位，然后联系上下文分析其含义，这样才可以准确地把握句子的基本意思。

第三步，从全篇文中小心求证。

完成了对重要语句的理解后一定还要参照全文的背景信息和写作意图去印证你的答案，这样可以避免答案的偏颇，提高回答的精准率。

这也是理解文章语句的一个必不可少的环节。

理解句子的含义还应注意的问题是“三个不要”：一是不要拔高地理解句子含义。

二是不要单一地理解句子含义。

三是不要孤立地理解句子含义。

赏读实践（一）青虫之爱毕淑敏大家不止一次地想法治她这个毛病。

早春天，男生把飘落的杨花坠，偷偷地夹在她的书页里。

杨浦初中补习班杨浦初中培训机构新王牌英语教学资料12【重点句型】1、It is awful to walk in wet and dirty streets. 在又脏又湿的路上行走真是糟糕透了。

此句是用it 作形式主语的句子，真正的主语是to walk in wet and dirty streets.It is + adj. (for sb.)+ to do sth. 意为“做某事怎么样”e.g. It is necessary to have an air-conditioned classroom in our school.2、---- What does spring make you think of? 春天使你想到了什么？----- Spring makes me think of rain.春天让我想到了雨。

make somebody do something表示“使/让某人干某事，make 意为“促使；使得”。

◆ The cool weather makes me feel comfortable. 凉爽的天气使我感到舒适。

think of 意为“联想到”。

◆I think of my hometown when I saw the beautiful scenery.看见这美丽的景色，我想去了我的家乡。

3、The holidays are coming. 假期就要来了。

The holidays are ending. 假期就要结束了。

注意：句中的现在进行时用来表示短期内将要发生的动作。

4、Think about the things you can find during each season。

考虑一下在每个季节里尼会发现的事物。

each (a) 各自的，每个的◆ Each student has a dictionary. each (pron) 各自，每个◆ Please tell me what you can think of for each of the four seasons.请告诉我对四季的每个季节你能想到什么？Sentences1. All summer, the grasshopper sat in the sun and sang happily all the time.整个夏天，蚱蜢一直晒着太阳，开心地唱歌。

张老师春季辅导材料十一Part1Listening（第一部分听力）I.Listen to the passage and fill in the blanks,and tell whether the following statements are true or false.（判断下列句子是否符合你听到的对话内容，符合的用“T”表示，不符合的用“F”表示)：1.Sally was a middle school student.2.Sally didn’t like maths.3.She tried her best to learn maths,but she failed to learn it well.4.Sally spent more time in learning maths than in singing and dancing.5.Sally’s father asked his sister to teach Sally how to learn maths.6.Her aunt thought that girls could also learn maths well.7.Sally worked out the problem at once.II.Listen to the passage and fill in the blanks.（根据你听到的短文，完成下列内容，每空格限填一词）1.Jimmy adopted three homeless baby dogs two ago.2.Jimmy looked after them well and they became and father.3.Jimmy feels worried because he met with some in raising dogs.4.Dogs will lack because it is too expensive for Jimmy to buy.5.Jimmy isn’t able to find enough for these big dogs.6.Jimmy’s mother doesn’t like these dogs as they have become too.7.Jimmy’s friends advised him either to find new for them or call the TV station for help.Part2Grammar&Vocabulary（第二部分语法&词汇）I.词汇检测A1.able adj.能够；有能力的2.adj.准确的3.active adj.积极的；活跃的4.afraid adj.害怕的；担心的5.adj.有……年岁的；上年龄的6.alive adj.活着的，存在的7.all adj.全(部)；总；整adv.全部地8.alone adj.单独的adv.单独地9.adj.令人惊讶的10.American adj.美国的；美洲的11.adj.引起乐趣的12.adj.古代的；古老的13.angry adj.生气的；愤怒的14.another adj.再一；另一；别的；不同的15.any adj.1.（用于疑问句，否定句，条件句）一些；什么；2.任何的；任一的16.adj.有吸引力的17.Australian adj.澳洲的；澳大利亚的18.adj.自动的19.adj.可用的；可得到的20.adj.可怕的B21.bad（比较级worse，最高级worst）adj.1.坏的；有害的，不利的2.糟糕；可惜；3.严重的22.adj.基本的；基础的23.beautiful adj.美丽的24.best（good,well的最高级）adj.&adv.最好的,最好地,最25.better（good,well的比较级）adj.&adv.较好的,更好的,更好地26.big adj.大的27.black adj.黑色的28.adj.瞎的29.blue adj.蓝色的30.boring adj.乏味的；无聊的；令人厌烦的31.both adj.（两）……都；双32.brave adj.勇敢的33.adj.明亮的；聪明的34.busy adj.忙（碌）的C35.adj.镇静的；沉着的36.Canadian adj.加拿大的37.careful adj.小心的；仔细的38.adj.易变的；变化无常的39.cheap adj.便宜的40.adj.主要的，首要的41.Chinese adj.中国的；中国人的；汉语的42.clean adj.干净的；清洁的43.clear adj.清晰的；明亮的；清楚的44.clever adj.聪明的45.adj.亲密的；近，靠近46.cloudy adj.多云的；阴天的47.cold adj.冷的；寒冷的fortable adj.舒服的49.adj.普通的，一般的，共有的50.adj.完整的，完全的51.confident adj.自信的52.adj.便利的；方便的53.cool adj.凉的；凉爽的；酷54.correct adj.正确的55.crazy adj.疯狂的56.adj.拥挤的57.cute adj.可爱的，漂亮迷人的D58.adj.每日的；日常的adv.每天59.dangerous adj.危险的60.dark adj.黑暗的；暗淡的；深色的61.dead adj.死的；无生命的62.dear adj.亲爱的63.deep adj.深64.delicious adj.美味的，可口的65.adj.侦探的n.侦探66.different adj.不同的；有差异的67.difficult adj.困难的；费力的68.dirty adj.脏的69.adj.失望的，沮丧的70.adj.不诚实,欺骗性的71.dry adj.干的；干燥的72.dull adj.单调无味的E73.each adj.&pron.每人；每个；每件74.adj.渴望的，热切的75.early adj.早的adv.早地76.easy adj.容易的；不费力的77.adj.教育的78.either adj.两方任一方的；二者之一的79.elder adj.年龄较大的；前辈的80.adj.电的81.adj.初级的；基本的82.else adj.其他的；别的83.empty adj.空的84.adj.使人愉快的，使人欢乐的85.enough adj.足够的；充分的adv.足够地；充分地86.adj.平等的v.等于87.every adj.每一；每个的88.everyday adj.每日的；日常的89.adj.极好的；优秀的90.excited adj.兴奋的91.exciting adj.使人兴奋的92.expensive adj.昂贵的F93.adj.公平的；合理的；金色的94.adj.熟悉的95.famous adj.著名的96.far（farther,farthest;further,furthest）adj.远的97.fast adj.快的；迅速的98.fat adj.胖的;肥的99.favourite(美favorite)adj.最喜爱的100.adj.女的；女性的；雌性的101.few adj.不多的;少数的102.final adj.最后的；最终的103.fine adj.（身体）健康的；美好的；晴朗的104.first adj.第一的；最初的105.adj.健康的；适合的106.adj.下列的;接着的;以下的107.fond adj.喜爱的108.adj.愚蠢的；傻的109.foreign adj.外国的110.adj.健忘的111.free adj.自由的；空闲的；免费的112.adj.结冰的；极冷的113.French adj.法国的；法国人的；法语的114.fresh adj.新鲜的115.adj.油煎的116.friendly adj.朋友般的；友好的117.adj.受惊吓的;吃惊的118.adj.恐怖的119.front adj.前部的；前面的120.adj.冰冻的121.full adj.满的;充满的；完全的122.funny adj.滑稽的；可笑的II.Choose the best answer.1.An earthquake Dachaidan County in Qinghai province on the morning of April18.A.happenedB.rockedC.took placeD.appeared2.---Will you please show me how to operate the new machine?---Sure.It’s a piece of cake.Now let me tell you to do first.A.whatB.howC.whetherD.when3.---The artist has got much work to do that he hardly has time to help his wife with the housework.---That’s true.Even on Sundays he is busy with his work.A.tooB.soC.veryD.such4.---How long have you a cough?---Ever since last night.A.gotB.hadC.caughtD.Taken5.I went home and my schoolbag and started to help Mother do the cooking.A.put offB.dropped offC.turned offD.shut off6.---He seems ill.Shall we take him to the hospital right now?---I don’t think it matters.Maybe he’s caught a bit of a cold.A.terribleB.terriblyC.evenD.more7.The accident happened a freezing winter morning.A.onB.inC.atD.since8.---Excuse me,I don’t think you can smoke here.----Sorry I didn’t know this is none-smoking zone.A.andB.butC.soD.then9.He was ill and had two weeks.A.ofB.awayC.offD.out10.----Zhang Guorong,a HK pop singer,jumped from the top of a building and killed himself.----What a pity!That’s because he had living in the world.A.been fed up withB.been pleased withC.nothing to do withD.been used to11.---I hear a traffic accident happened yesterday.Was it terrible?---Yes.A car and all the people in it were badly hurt.But luckily,none of them was killed.A.fell overB.fell behindC.fell offD.fell down to12.There are many teenagers in the lake.A.swimming.B.swim.C.swam.D.to swim.13.No matter you do,you must do it as well as possible.A.whatB.howC.whenD.where14.My father prefers to stay at home rather than on May Day.A.travelB.to travelC.travellingD.travels15.Though the price of the camera is OK,I don’t think I’ll take it.A.butB.andC.yetD.so16.There are more people in Class2than in Class1.A.manyB.a lot ofC.a littleD.much17.About20firemen were killed in the fire which broke in Yueyang,Hunan Province last week.A.downB.intoC.outD.in18.The man is very ill.A doctor must be right now.A.sent forB.sent upC.sent toD.sent out19.My memory is not good enough.Could I have a piece of paper to your e-mail address on?A.put awayB.put intoC.put downD.put up20.I’ll never what I’m doing,even though many people think it impossible for me to make it.A.give inB.give toC.give outD.give up21.He died and was buried(葬)in the mountain village he was born.A.thatB.whichC.whereD./22.--How often do you phone your family?---.A.sometimeB.sometimesC.some timeD.some times23.How happy we are each other here away from home!A.seeingB.to seeC.seenD.meeting24.Tom hasn’t phoned us for a long time.What do you suppose to him?A.was happeningB.to happenC.has happenedD.happened25.---The two old friends were busy with each other the time.---Yes.They haven’t met for long.A.too,to talk,to forgetB.too,talking;to forgetC.so,to talk,that they forgotD.so,talking,that they forgot26.--Peter,is there anything else you want to know about China?---Yes,I am still wondering.A.how does Yangzhou food tasteB.how many gardens are there in YangzhouC.what does the Slender West Lake look likeD.who is the first person to invent Yangzhou paper cut27.There are a lot people today than yesterday.A.ofB.mostC./D.more28.Shanghai is larger than city in New Zealand.A.any otherB.otherC.all otherD.any29.It is one thing to enjoy listening to good music,but it is another to play it well yourself.A.quiteB.veryC.ratherD.much30.The prize will go to the writer story shows the most imagination.A.thatB.whichC.whoseD.whatPart3Reading（第三部分阅读）1.In1999,a hotair balloon traveled non-stop around the world.It was f1by Bertran Piccard of Switzerland and Brian Jones of Britain.The giant silver balloon set o2from Switzerland on1March and landed at the Pyramids in Egypt,19days later.In that time,it flew over France,north Africa,Egypt,India,Bangladesh,Myanmar, southern China and then out over the Pacific Ocean.After crossing the USA,the balloon c3the last part of the journey by flying over the Atlantic and northern Africa.There were some n4moments on the way.Over Mali,in Africa,Piccard and Jones had to remove some very heavy icicles(冰柱)from the balloon.These could have slowed the balloon and caused it to lose ter in the flight,when crossing the Pacific Ocean,they could not find the winds that would carry them to the USA.However,by making a s5change of course to the south,they picked up another wind system that helped them to fly all the way to Egypt.It was not a very s6landing,as the balloon bounced twice before it settled on the ground. But Piccard and Jones did not m7.They were the first people to travel around the world non-stop in a hot air balloon.2.Most British telephone cards are just plain green,but card collecting is becoming a popular hobby inBritain and collectors even have their own magazine,International Telephone Cards.One r1for their interest is that cards from around the world come in a wide variety of different and often very attractive designs.There are100,000different cards in Japan alone,and there you can put your own design onto a blank card s2by using a photograph or a business card.The first telephone cards,produced in1976,were Italian.Five years later the first British carda3,and now you can buy cards in more than a hundred countries.People usually start collecting cards because they are attractive,small and l4,and they do not need muchs5.It is also a cheap hobby for beginners,although for some people it becomes a s6 business.In Paris,for example,there is a m7where you can buy only telephone cards,and some French cards cost up to4,000pounds.The first Japanese card has a value of about28,000pounds. Most people only see cards with prices like these in their collectors magazine.3.Think rock,paper,scissors is a children’s game?Think again.Top players from around the world came together in Toronto to compete for a ten thousand Canadian dollar prize and the t1of world champion.More than500players,including national champions from Australia,Norway and New Zealand, a2.As we all know,the simple game is often used to make decisions and resolve basic conflicts(冲突). Players smack(击掌)their fists into their palms and c3to three before making one of three hand signals:a rock,paper or scissors of two fingers.Paper covers rock,scissors cut paper and rockb4scissors.Enthusiasts(热心者)hold different o5about the history of the game,but it is commonly believed to have been played for c6in Japan.The Paper Scissors Stone Club in England was founded in1842and provide an e7where enthusiasts could come together and play for honor(荣誉).In1918,the name was changed to World RPS Club to reflect(反映)the growing international representation and its headquarters moved from London to Toronto.In1925,its membership topped 10,000.。

三、要通过具体的事件来表现人物，决不能象老师给你写品德评语那样来写人。

所选的事件要能充分表现这人性格和品质。

当你把事情写好了，人物也就写好了。

例文4、秦伯伯也非常乐于帮助人。

有一次，我中午放学回家吃饭，到了家门口才发现自己忘记带钥匙了，此时我的肚子已饿得咕咕叫，我呆站在家门口不知任何是好。

这时，秦伯伯正在打扫卫生，见我呆站在那不进家，就问：“小鬼，干啥不进家？”我此时真是哑巴吃黄连----有口难言，可又不能不回答，于是我哭丧着脸，用几乎听不到的声音说：“我没带钥匙，”秦伯伯笑了，他拍拍我的头说：“走，我带你去吃饭，”我的脸一阵红一阵白，很不意思地说：“算了吧，饿一顿也不要紧”秦伯伯很严肃地说：“那怎么能行，不吃饭会把身体搞坏的，你不用跟我讲客气，”说完拉起我的手就走，俗话讲“尊敬不如从命”，于是我就跟着秦伯伯下楼吃饭。

我们来到一家环境和卫生都很好的快餐店，秦伯伯为我买了一份“滑蛋饭”，并坐在我的对面，看着狼吞虎咽地把它吃完。

在回家的路上，秦伯伯说：“人是铁，饭是钢，你又不是在文化大革命期间，一天几两米，省着吃；现在，学习那么紧，饿着肚子可不行。

”听了着番话，我激动极了，默默地点点头……四、要抓住人物细微的动作及其心理变化，给予具体，生动的描写。

即抓住细节刻画人物，使原来比较平板、模糊的形象变得栩栩如生，有血有肉。

例文五：试卷又发下来了。

有的试卷的上面写着鲜红的“100”，得着这样卷子的人自然很高兴，其中有的人不免洋洋自得，腿不停地上下摆动，有一种飘飘然的感觉。

有的人把头埋在桌子上，不用问就知：一定没考好，他头下压着的试卷上露出了好几个红红的大叉，其醒目程度不亚于别人的“100”。

有的则拿着得分不高不低的卷子叽叽喳喳地谈着：“其实这道题我会做，就是马虎了。

”“本来我都做对了，又改错了。

”……话音最大的是我的同桌。

他一手拍着试卷，一手拍着大腿，不住地嚷嚷着：“只差一分，只差一分！为什么只差一分呢？”他的试卷上红蓝黑色俱全：黑色的试题、蓝色的回答、红色的勾勾叉叉，这些和别人的差不多。

熟悉而陌生的力一、探究新知（学习内容）1、（1）力是什么叫做力。

物理学中力通常用字母表示。

为了纪念伟大的科学家牛顿，物理学中，把力的单位定为，简称，符号是。

托起1个鸡蛋所用的力大约是N。

（2）物体间力的作用是相互的①用自己的左手用力拍击自己的右手，是否只有右手感到疼？结论：一个物体对别的物体施力时，也同时受到后者对它的。

也就是说。

②我们在讨论一个力时一定存在个物体，一个是另一个是。

因此力不能离开两个物体而单独存在。

例如：足球运动员在踢球时，相对足球来说是对施力，施力物体是，受力物体是。

（3）力的作用效果（力可以干什么？）1．如图4表示力的作用效果，其中（a）主要是表示了力可以使物体发生__________；（b）主要是表示了力可以使物体__________。

2．足球是一个对抗很强的运动项目，如图5（a）是罚点球时，运动员用脚把球踢出去了；（b）是运动员用头来顶飞来的足球；（c）是守门员一下子抱住飞来的球。

这三张图都说明____________________________。

如图（d），用力把直的钢卷尺弯成弧状，这说明__________________。

小结：①力的作用效果一：力可以使物体发生。

②力的作用效果二：力可以使物体发生改变。

（4）影响力的作用效果的因素（力的三要素）探究影响塑料刻度尺形变的因素看下图的实验【试一试】（1）怎样使使塑料刻度尺向下弯曲？施加力的方向应向。

（2）要使塑料尺产生相同的弯曲，力作用于（A/B）点较省力。

（3）作用的力应（增大/减小）才能使塑料尺向下弯曲程度大一些。

【结论】力的作用效果与力的、和有关，统称为。

(5)如何用图形表示一个力？若要清晰的表示一个力，必须表示出这个力的、、。

可以一条线段的长短表示力的。

可以用箭头表示力的。

用线段的起点和终点表示力的。

1．画出小车受到的150N水平向右的拉力的示意图。

16．在图8中，根据给定的标度，用力的图示法画出物体所受的水平向右的6牛的推力F（作用点在A点）2、不接触的两个物体间能产生力的相互作用吗? 请举例说明。

高二秋季班Extensive ReadingThe Battle Against AIDSAcquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was diagnosed in the United States in the late 1970s. Since then, AIDS has killed more than 204,000 Americans—half of that number in the past few years alone. Another 185,000 of the one million infected with the HIV virus are expected to die within the next year.Nearly half of those diagnosed with the virus are blacks and Latinos. Women and youth in rural southern communities now constitute the fastest growing segment of people with AIDS.Despite such alarming numbers, the federal and state governments have been slow in implementing programs to stop the spread of AIDS. In place of government inactivity, a number of local organizations have emerged.One organization, the South Carolina AIDS Education Network, formed in 1985 to combat the growing number of AIDS cases. Like many local organizations, this organization suffers from a lack of money, forcing it to use its resources creatively. To reach more people in the community, some AIDS educational programs operate out of a beauty shop.The owner hands out AIDS information to all her clients when they enter the shop and shows videos on AIDS prevention while they wait for their hair to dry. She also keeps books and other publications around so customers can read them while waiting for their appointments. It's amazing how many people she has educated on the job.Recently, the network began helping hair stylists throughout the southeast set up similar programs in their shops. The hair stylists are also valuable resources in spreading information to their schools, community groups, and churches.The organization has developed several techniques useful to other groups doing similar work. While no one way of winning the war against AIDS exists, the network shares these lessons learned in its battle against AIDS:Speak to your community in a way they can hear. Many communities have a low literacy rate, making impossible passing out AIDS literature and expecting people to read it. To solve this problem, ask people in the community who can draw well to create low-literacy AIDS education publications.These books use simple, hand-drawn pictures of "sad faces" and "happy faces" to illustrate ways people can prevent AIDS. They also show people who look like those we need to educate, since people can relate more when they see familiar faces and language they can understand. As a result, such books actually have more effect in the communities where they are used than government publications, which cost thousands of dollars more to produce.Train teenagers to educate their peers. Because AIDS is spreading fastest among teenagers in the rural South, the stylists have established an "AIDS Busters" program which trains youth from 8 to 26 to go into the community and teach "AIDS 101" to their peers. They make it simple and explain the risk of catching AIDS to friends their own age much better than an adult can. They also play a vital role in helping parents understand the types of peer pressure their children experience.Redefine "at risk" to include women from different backgrounds and marital status. One woman's doctor told her she was not at risk for AIDS because she was married and didn't usedrugs. Such misinformation plagues the medical establishment. According to the Centers for Disease Control, women will soon make up 80 percent of those diagnosed with HIV.The stylists also emphasize that everyone is at risk and that all of us have a right to protect ourselves—regardless of marriage status.These lessons are not the only solutions to the crisis, but until there is a cure for AIDS, education represents the only safe measure to guard against the virus.Like no other plague before, the AIDS epidemic threatens to wipe out an entire generation and leave another without parents. We must not let cultural, racial, or social barriers distract us from the job that must be done. Nor can we let political inefficiency stop us from our task. This is an undeclared war that everyone must sign up for in order for us to win. We simply cannot let people continue to die because we don't feel comfortable talking about AIDS. Everyone must become an educator and learn to live.NEW WORDSAIDS n. 获得性免疫缺陷综合症（艾滋）acquire vt.获得immune a.免疫的，不受影响的deficiency n.不足，缺乏syndrome n.综合症diagnose vt.诊断infect vt.感染，影响HIV n.艾滋病病毒virus n. 病毒，计算机病毒rural a. 农村的，乡村的constitute vt. 组成，构成segment n. 部分alarm vt/n.使惊慌担心；报警器，闹钟alarming a.令人惊恐的，令人担心的federal a.联邦的，联邦制的implement vt.实施，执行organization n.组织，机构，安排emerge vi.浮现，出现network n.人际关系网，联网络，网络combat vt/n.与……斗争，战斗resource n.资源creative a.创造性的，有创造力的creatively ad.有创造力地educational a.教育的，与教育有关的client n.客户，顾客publication n.出版物，公布，发表oppointment n.约会，约定educate vt.教育，训练stylist n.发型师literacy n.有文化，识字literature n.资料，文学solve vt.解决，解答illustrate vt.说明establish vt.建立，创办buster n.克星risk n/vt.危险性，风险；使遭受…危险pressure n.压力define vt.下定义，描述redefine vt.重新说明marital a.婚姻的plague vt/n.折磨，使苦恼；瘟疫，传染病establishment n.机构，单位emphasize vt.强调regardless ad.无论如何，不管怎样solution n.解决的办法，解决crisis n.危机，紧急关头cure n/vt.治愈，措施；改善状况represent vt.表示，应视为，象征；代表epidemic n.流行病，传染病threaten vt.威胁到，危害到，恐吓racial a.种族的distract vt.使注意力转移，分心efficiency n.效率，功效inefficiency n.效率低下，无效undeclared a.未正式宣布的❀❀❀❀❀❀❀❀❀❀be infected with 感染（疾病）in place of 代替suffer from 患…病hand out 分、散发set out 建立，创办at risk 有危险regardless of 不管，不顾guard against 防止…发生wip out 消灭distract sb. from sth. 使分心sign up for 报名参加GRAMMAR_非谓语之不定式非谓语之不定式一、不定式的形式：（一）动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。

新王牌2014年秋季班高中物理课时计划高一物理课时计划第1讲直线运动（1）——描述运动的基础概念第2讲直线运动（2）——匀变速直线运动规律第3讲直线运动（3）——运动图像问题第4讲直线运动（4）——追击和相遇问题第5讲直线运动（5）——自由落体运动第6讲直线运动（6）——单元总结与测试第7讲力物体的平衡（1）——生活中常见的力第8讲力物体的平衡（2）——受力分析专题第9讲力物体的平衡（3）——力的合成与分解第10讲期中复习与测试第11讲力物体的平衡（4）——共点力的平衡第12讲力物体的平衡（5）——单元总结与测试第13讲牛顿运动定律（1）——牛顿第一定律第14讲牛顿运动定律（2）——牛顿第二定律第15讲牛顿运动定律（3）——力学单位制牛顿第三定律第16讲牛顿运动定律（4）——牛顿第二定律的应用第17讲牛顿运动定律（5）——单元总结与测试第18讲期末复习与测试第1讲内能能量守恒定律第2讲电场（1）——电荷电荷的相互作用第3讲电场（2）——电场强度电场线第4讲电场（3）——电势等势面第5讲电场单元与测试第6讲电路（1）——串联和并联电路第7讲电路（2）——电功电功率第8讲期中复习与测试第9讲电路（3）——闭合电路的欧姆定律第10讲电路（4）——多用表第11讲电路（5）——逻辑电路第12讲电路（6）——电路实验第13讲单元总结与测试第14讲磁场（1）——磁场磁感应强度磁通量第15讲磁场（2）——磁场对电流的作用第16讲磁场（3）——磁场实验第17讲磁场（4）——单元总结与测试第18讲期末复习与测试第1讲力学综合复习第2讲电场（1）——库仑定律第3讲电场（2）——电场力的性质第4讲电场（3）——电场能的性质第5讲电路（1）——电路的基础知识第6讲电路（2）——闭合电路的欧姆定律第7讲电路（3）——闭合电路中的能量转换第8讲电路（4）——简单的逻辑电路第9讲磁场（1）——磁场的基本概念第10讲磁场（2）——磁场对电流的作用第11讲电磁感应（1）——电磁感应现象楞次定律第12讲电磁感应（2）——法拉第电磁感应定律第13讲电磁感应（3）——电磁感应的综合问题第14讲热学（1）——分子动理论内能第15讲热学（2）——气体的状态参量气体的等温变化第16讲热学（3）——气体的等容和等压变化第17讲热学（4）——理想气体状态方程第18讲期末综合训练。

初三语文春季班第十一讲标题的含义和作用【教学目标】知识与技能：掌握常见的命题方式，理顺解题思路。

过程与方法：真题解析讲评。

【教学重难点】：1、理解和把握记叙文标题的含义。

2、识记并运用记叙文标题的作用。

3、掌握此类题型的解题方法和技巧。

【知识梳理】标题是文章的“眼睛”。

总体说来，叙事写景抒怀类文章的标题一般具有深刻的含义，或者隐含有多重的意思。

正确理解这类文章标题的含义和作用，能够帮助学生领悟文学作品的思想内涵、理清文章思路。

因此，对标题的分析理解就显得尤其重要，理解文章的标题和作用，也就成了历年中考的一个热门的知识点。

☞标题的含义：标题的含义一般分为字面意思和深层含义。

深层含义一般指向文章的中心。

☞标题的作用:1、交代文章的主要内容；2、揭示（或者暗示）文章主旨；3、作为线索贯穿全文；4、设置悬念，吸引读者阅读兴趣；5、运用比喻或拟人，生动形象。

……【典型例题】（2016黄埔二模）时间存折聂鑫森二十六岁的史力，突然一摸口袋，那个存折弄丢了。

是掉在上下班的路上，还是遗落在其他地方？天知道。

这个存折，存的不是钱，是时间，整整五十个小时啊，比钱还珍贵。

史力父母为了供他读书，吃尽了苦头。

史力本科读的是汉语言文学专业，硕士主修古典文学。

没想到毕业后，找工作难于上青天，只好应聘到一家策划公司搞文案工作。

好在公司在吉和山庄买了几套房子，供未婚员工无偿居住。

一套房子住八个人，热闹得像集市，下班回来，打牌、看电视、聊天。

史力对这些都不感兴趣，只想看看书，但看得进去吗？于是，他常孤零零地在社区闲逛；若是下雨，就在长廊里呆坐。

一天，史力发现吉和社区有一家奇异的时间储蓄所。

社区很大，老人不少，其中一些老人的日常生活需要人帮助。

管委会倡导中青年利用休息时间到这些家庭去做义工，所花费的时间一笔一笔记于存折，当自己需要时，则由其他义工来帮忙干活，谓之“领取时间”。

史力的业余时间太难打发了，于是申请去做义工，并领取了一个存折。

杨浦新王牌预初英语张K秋季班教材Part 1 Listening （第一部分听力）I. Listen to the passage and tell whether the following statements are true or false (判断下列句子是否符合你听到的短文内容,符合用"T”表示，不符合用“F”表示）1. The businessman couldn’t fall asleep (入睡) because he was worried about his business.2. The businessman worked at night and slept during the day.3. The businessman visited the doctor again and again because he still couldn’t sleep well.4. The doctor told the man he wasn’t badly ill and would soon be well.5. The businessman grew worse because the doctor gave him the wrong medicine (药).II. Listen to the passage and complete the following table (听短文，完成下列内容，每空格限填一词）Protect Myself (自我保护）When at Home AloneSituations (情况）Solutions (解决办法）When I am 1 at home I should keep the door locked.To call for help I should keep a list of phone 2Before going to sleep I should make a 3 check of the electricalappliances (家用电器).If there are strangers 4 the doorbell I should ask “Who’s that?” with the door locked.Instead of saying “My parents are away” to I should say “Mum’s having a shower.” Orthe strangers. “Dad’s having a 5Part 2 V ocabulary （第二部分词汇）I. 根据音标写出单词，词性及中文词义1./beik/2./'sentə/3./'entə/4./'frəuzn/5./helθ/6./'intrist/7./kaind/8./'laudli/9./mi:n/10./ru:l/11./swi:t /12./teist/13./'terəbl/14./'westən/II. 根据单词写出中文意思及词性1.also2.bacon3.beef4.beer5.boil6.cabbage7.chase8.chicken9.cola10.cut11.delicious12.dumpling13.escalator14.exit15.fry16.garlic17.hamburger18.hate19.kiwi fruit20.lift21.menu22.middle23.mushroom24.noodle25.packet26.pizza27.pork28.potato29.prawn30.seafood31.section32.shrimp33.stall34.steam35.tea36.tooth37.upstairs38.vegetable39.wingIII. Choose the word which is different in pronunciation of the underlined part in each group (选出划线部分发音不同的词）A B C D1. idea real cereal break2. discuss dumpling nugget push3. serve together order western4. example expensive excuse excite5. want water what watchIV. Complete the sentences with the given words in their proper forms (用所给单词的适当形式填空）1. We mustn’t downstairs after class. (run)2. What rules we in the classroom? (must obey)3. Today my family to the cinema. The film was very interesting. (go)4. Our class a barbecue with the class teacher tomorrow. (have)5. Bob would like an astronaut. (be)6. He never to the primary school, so he can’t write. (be)7. Who the flower show now? (watch)8. Everyone, out of the window! (look)9. Let’s at the menu first. (look)10. Jack, dessert before dinner. (not have)11. — What you , Mum? (buy)—I some crabs. (buy)—Where you them just now? (buy)—In the market.—How much they? (be)—They ¥250. (be)12. Would you like some peas? (eat)13. The weather more wonderful next week. (be)14. The in the restaurant are nice. (dish)15. We can’t sing at night. (loud)16. We mustn’t speak in our English classes. (China)17. It’s too in the classroom. (noise)18. We must keep in the reading room. (quietly)19. Too soft drinks are bad for you. (more)20. Be careful when you walk the street. (cross)21. Don’t the teachers’office without permission. (entrance)22. The in black is our headmaster. (teach)23. Kitty and Alice live in the same _________________ estate. (house)24. What’s the_____________ of this word? (mean)25. They are going to take the train to Beijing. (one)26. Would you like apples or after dinner? (peach)27. potatoes taste nice. (bake)28. Julia goes to the food section to buy some meatballs. (freeze)29. The seafood are fresh. (dish)30. fish is my favourite dish. (steam)31. She's just some fresh watermelons. (buy)32. Would you like apples or ? (orange)33. Before , we’d like to make a list. (shop)34. Amy doesn’t like seafood. She would like chicken wings. (fry)35. Most people would like to compare the prices of food and buy food. (cheap)36. They will have a to talk about their plan.(discuss)37. Our class teacher has made the not to give up the choice. (decide)38.How this kind of car can run ! (quick)39. His family is too poor to pay his college . (expensive)40. Tell us what you think. (true)41. Tell us the about the accident. (true)42. Help to some spring rolls, May. (you)43. Help to some spring rolls, everyone. (you)44. Telephone are developing (发展) very quickly in the countryside. (serve)45. The in this restaurant served us well and we had a good time. (serve)46. He was born(出生)in (French) , but his nationality is (Australia).47. Tell me the names of all the . (win)48. Tell me all the names. (win)49. Some old friends of my called on him last week. (father)50. July the is the Independence Day in the United States. (four)V. Complete the following sentences (完成下列句子）1. Students can’t break the r in their schools.2. D on’t talk. Please keep q in class.3. People must wait on the p .4. Look! That cat is c a mouse!5. The new department store has e to carry people from one floor to another.6. You mustn’t e here.1. We can eat a lot of v every day.2. S are very delicious.3. These c are too spicy.4. Jenny’s favourite fruit is m.5. Bobby likes eating n .6. We can buy some p at the fish stall.VI. Choose the words or phrases in the box and fill in the blanks in their proper forms (选择正确的单词或词组，并用其适当形式填空）1.Taking part in hobby group activities __________________ is good for our study.2. — May I borrow a few books on medicine? — Yes, please ___________________ .3. Remember to ______ _______ the lights before you leave the room.4. In the summer holidays, I want to have enough sleep, play computer games .5. The fast food restaurants are always clean. People can _______________ or take their food away.Part 3 Writing （第三部分写作）1.Write at least six sentences about the topic “The rules of our school ” (以“我们的校规”为题，至少写六句话）2.Write at least 6 sentences about the topic “ Stop Eating Fast Food ” by using the given expressions (以“停止吃快餐”为题写话，不少于6句，以下表达作为参考）like eating in my opinion stop eating such as something harmfulbe bad for had better not keep fit and healthy。

初中语文备课组教师班级初一学生日期：上课时间:主课题文言文专题2教学目标1、巩固课内基础知识，掌握基础字词，能够辨析成语俗语的使用。

2、掌握文言文的基础实词，正确领悟文言文的文章主旨、道理。

3、正确理解文章题目的含义，学会通过分析文章内容把握人物形象。

4、通过文中人物的语言、动作、心理等描写，体会人物的思想感情。

5、通过课外文言语段的阅读，培养学生由课内向课外的迁移能力，提高学生的课外文言文阅读能力。

教学重点 1.巩固课内基础知识，掌握基础字词，能够辨析成语俗语，能够准确地语言表达。

2. 培养学生由课内向课外的迁移能力，提高学生的课外文言文阅读能力。

3. 通过文中人物的语言、动作、心理等描写，体会人物的思想感情。

教学难点 1.正确理解文章题目的含义，学会通过分析文章内容把握人物形象。

2.通过课外文言语段的阅读，培养学生由课内向课外的迁移能力，提高学生的课外文言文阅读能力。

教学内容【知识精要】阿柴折箭以喻吐谷浑（1）阿柴有子二十人，病笃，命诸子各献一箭。

取一箭授其弟慕利延，使折之。

利延折之；又取十九支箭使折之，利延不能折。

阿柴喻之曰：“汝曹知之乎？孤者易折，众所难摧，戮力（2）同心，社稷可固。

”言毕而卒。

注释：1.吐谷浑：我国古代西部的一个少数民族。

2。

戮力：尽力【文言知识】释“笃”。

上文中的“病笃”中的“笃”，指“严重”的意思。

整句的意思是说阿柴已经病得十分严重，表示程度之深。

同时它还有很多其它的意思，这些我们都需要从它的字形演变过程来一一推出。

造字解说：金文（竹）（马），造字本义：马匹头套竹笼，若有所失。

篆文承续金文字形。

引申线索：分类词汇①本义，形容词：马套竹笼，若有所失。

本义只见于古文（笃笃末末笃笃寞寞）笃，马行顿迟也。

——《说文》②形容词：专注的，忠诚的。

笃定笃专笃行笃学笃志朋友不笃，非孝也。

——《吕氏春秋• 孝行》慎思之，明辨之，笃行之。

——《礼记• 中庸》其为人笃学强记，恭俭孝友。

——宋• 苏轼《邵茂诚诗集叙》③形容词：程度深的。

叙事文章阅读及写作【知识精要】考点1．理解文中重要词语的含义；2．理解文中重要句子的含义；3．概括文章故事情节、内容、人物特点；4．理清文章线索和结构；5．概括义章思想内容；6。

理解作者情感；7，分析文章表达技巧；8．赏析文章语言；9．探究文章内容。

答题指导1．理解文中重要词语，常常是指理解一些运用巧妙、富有表现力的词语，如一些动词、形容词，或者是运用修辞手法的词语。

要结合具体语言环境和词语原义，准确分析、推断词语在文中的具体含义。

2．理解重要句子，往往是理解总起句、概括句、修辞句、抒情句、议沦句、表达土旨句或有深刻含义的句子，分析这些句子在具体语言环境中的含义和作用，答题时，要立足于具体语言环境．找出句子在文中的位置，分析句子的特点．联系上文进行探究。

3．概括文章内容类试题，通常涉及对文章的叙事要素、段落层次和内容等的把握和应用。

要熟练掌握使用短语或简单的句子来概括文章内容的方法，可以从叙述的重点、主题或者关键词出现的频率等方面来综合判断并加以概括。

4．理清文章线索和结构，要求准确把握文章的整体思路，注意题目中具有限制和提示作用的信息。

根据汜叙的线索，认真分析各个段落是按怎样的顺序结合在一起的，进而分析文章的结构。

5．概括文章思想内容，包括概括文章主旨、概括主要人物的性格品质等。

要关注文章的开头、结尾，特别是文巾的议论句、抒情句，可从原文中直接摘取对人物的评价性词语进行整合，或结合文章描写的重点，自己概括总结。

6．理解作者感情，要根据文章中流露出来的已知信息，结合文章内容和主旨进行推断，感悟作者所抒发的思想感情，学会设身处地体验作者的情感。

7．分析文章表达技巧，包括分析某个具体句子或文段运用了何种表达方式及其作用，辨析文章所使用的表现手法并体会其作用等。

要了解常见的表达方式(记叙、议论、说明、抒情、描写)，掌握其运用的效果；了解常用的表现手法(象征、烘托、对比、借物抒情、托物言志、欲扬先抑、寓情于景、讽刺、联想、想象、以小见大等)，掌握其使用技巧及作用。

说明方法及作用【类型与作用】1.举例子：化抽象为具体，生动形象地说明了事物的xx特征。

2.列数字：从数量上具体准确地说明事物的xx特征，使说明更有说服力。

3.作比较：通过比较显示异同，强调了事物的xx特性。

4.列图表：生动形象地说明了事物的xx特征。

（5.打比方：生动形象地说明了事物的xx特点，增强文章的趣味性。

）1.⑦最令人迷惑的幻觉，是日落时的太阳看上去要比高挂天空时大两倍半到三倍半。

但实际上，在大气层外天文学家用各种仪器，包括周照相机拍照，已经证明黄昏的太阳与中午的太阳大小是一样的。

17.第⑦段画线句主要运用了的说明方法，其作用是(3分)2.①中国龙起源于新石器时代早期，距今约8000年。

辽宁阜新查海原始村落遗址出土的“龙形堆塑”，是我国迄今为止发现的年代最早、形体最大的龙。

17．第①段运用了什么说明方法，请试举一例，说说其作用。

（6分）说明方法：举例：作用：3.人们为什么爱吃垃圾食品？①人们常常问：为什么甜点和油脂含量高的垃圾食品总能勾起人们的食欲？②研究发现，大多数垃圾食品都油大糖多，更能够给人们带来饮食的愉悦感。

民间曾有“油多不坏菜”的说法，意思是炒菜多放油，吃起来就觉得香。

科学家曾从进化论角度解释这种现象。

③史前人类物质匮乏、觅食艰难，他们整体奔忙却难以糊口，体力永远“入不敷出”，皮下脂肪永远“太薄”，他们最向往的就是糖和脂肪，因为只有高热量食物能让他们生存下来。

当我们看到食物时，大脑就会分泌多巴胺。

阿片样物质则是大脑分泌的另一种化学物质，它会让我们感到开心和享受，它和多巴胺共同作用，大脑就会把吃某种食物和愉悦的心情联系在一起，让我们不断重复。

它们让人类的祖先在高脂和高糖食物中得到了享受，大脑便下令让祖先们去寻找这些食物。

于是大脑就将摄入高卡路里的食物视作愉悦行为，指挥人们去寻找高油脂高糖分的食物。

即使进化到今天，虽然食物来源充足，大脑里的这种化学反应依然存在，让我们依然爱吃油大糖多的垃圾食品。

李生论善学者王生勤学而不得法。

其友李生问之曰： “或谓君不善学，信①乎”王生不说，曰：“凡师之所言，吾悉能志②之，是不亦善学者乎”李生说之曰：“孔子云‘’，盖学贵善思，君但志之而不思之，终必无所成，何以谓之善学也”王生益愠，不该而还③走。

④闻道也。

学者之大忌，莫逾居五日，李生故寻王生，告之曰： “夫善学者不耻下问，择善而从之，冀自厌，盍⑤改之乎否则，迨⑥年纪蹉跎，虽欲改励，恐不及矣！”王生惊觉，谢⑦曰：“余不敏，今天始知君言之善。

请铭之坐右，以昭炯戒⑧。

”【说明】①信：真的，真切。

②志：通“记” ，记着。

③还：通“旋”，掉转身。

④冀：希望。

⑤盍：何不⑥迨：等到。

⑦谢：致歉。

⑧请铭之坐右，以昭炯戒：请让我把你的话看作座右铭，用来展现显然的戒备。

10．解说以下句中加点的词语。

（2 分）（1）李生说之曰说：（2）是不亦善学者乎是：．．11．用现代汉语翻译以下句子。

（2 分）否则，迨年纪蹉跎，虽欲改励，恐不及矣 12．依据要求填空。

（3分）（ 1 ） 根 据 上 下 文 的 意 思 ， 用 本 学 期 学 过 的 有 关 语 句 填空：。

（2）请用文中词语梳理王生的感情变化：不说→ →→请铭之坐右，以昭炯戒。

13．以下理解不切合文意的一项为哪一项 （2分）．．．．．A．李生论“善学”时借用孔子的名言是为了加强阐述的说服力。

B．王生一直以为自己“善学”，故不肯意接受李生的责备。

C．从全文来看，王生是一个知错能改的人，也是个“善学”之人。

D．从本文可总结出学习要擅长思虑、多向他人讨教、择善而从等学习方法。

《黄生借书说》1、为一说，使与书俱．为：（）俱：（）．2、若业为无全部业：（）．焉假：（）4、家贫难致难：（）3、非夫人之物而强假．．乃悟前狼假寐假：（）受命于危难之间难：（）．．5、汗牛塞屋塞：（）7、归而形诸梦归：（）．．以塞忠谏之路塞：（）而其归书也必速归：（）．．6、而后叹借者之专心专．专：（）有蒋氏者，专其利三世矣专：（）．衣食所安，弗敢专．也专：（）8、下边加点词语中与“吾不得而见之矣”的“得”意思相同的一项为哪一项A.获取日，或否，绛皓驳色B.以俟异日观人风者得焉．．无异 D.必能使行阵友善，好所乎坏得C.览物之情，得．．9、以下加点词解说错误的一项为哪一项书而告之曰（把）B.荣华家之书（的）A.随园主人授以．．C.吾不得而见之矣（表示二者转折关系） D.归而形诸梦（表示二者顺承关系）．．二、句子解说1.书非借不可以读也。

杨浦新王牌现代汉语语法基础一、词类划分实词：能单独用来回答问题，又比较实在意义的词。

分类：虚词：不能单独用来回答问题，也没什么实在意义，只是有些帮助造句作用的词。

分类：二、实词（一）名词：表示人和事物名称的词。

A、分类①表示——————-——————的词：雷锋、画家、同志②表示——————-——————的词：昆虫、江河、原子③表示——————-——————的词：理想、技术、教训④表示——————-——————的词：冬天、凌晨、立春⑤表示处所名称——————-——————的词：亚洲、中国、江西⑥表示——————-——————的词：上边、左面、前面B、名词的语法功能特点1、★如：一支笔×不笔（特殊格式和古汉语：不毛之地人不人，鬼不鬼）2、★★在句中常作——————-——————。

3、表示方位、方向、位置的方位名词常用在其他名词后面，组成表处所、范围或时间的名词短语。

如：黑板前面国庆节前黄河以南（二）动词：表示动作行为、发展变化、心理活动或存在等意义的词。

A、分类①表示——————-——————的：走、哭、唱、学习、打扫、爱护、反动②表示——————-————————————-——————的：在、有、存在、出现、扩大、演变③表示——————-——————的：爱、怒、希望、想念、恐惧④表示——————-————的动词：叫、请、要（求）、命令、号召⑤★表示——————-——————的动词（——————-——动词）：能、会、敢、愿意、应当、值得⑥表示——————-——————的动词：去、回、上、下⑦表示——————-——————的：是、就是、正是B、动词的语法功能特点1、动词常作——————-——，并且大多数能够后带——————-———。

★不过:也有些动词不能带宾语，但在某些特定的语言环境中，有的也可以带一定宾语。

如：落后、生长、退→——————-——————（却匈奴数百步：）★2、能愿动词最通常的用法，主要是和后边的——————-————————————-————组合起来，构成“能愿短语”。

杨浦寒假补习班新王牌八年级英语阅读理解和写作Choose the best answer (根据短文内容，选择最恰当的答案) (12分)Sir Steven Redgrave―Winner of 5 Olympic Gold Medals “In 1997 I was found to have developed diabetes (糖尿病), believing the profession trained for the whole of my life ended, I felt very sorry. Then one of my friends said there was no reason why I should stop training and competing. That was it―the encouragement I needed. I could still be a winner if I believed in myself. I am not saying that it isn?t difficult sometimes. But I wanted to prove to myself that I wasn?t finished yet. Nothing is to stand in my way.”Karen Pickering―Swimming World Champion (冠军) “I swim 4 hours a day, 6 days a week. I manage that work by putting it on top of my diary. This is the key to success―you can?t follow a profession in any field without well-organized. Make a list of what you believe you can Trust yourself, write down your goals for the day, however are, and you?ll be a step closer to achieving them.”Kristen Stewart―Actress“When things are getting hard, a voice inside my head tells me that I can?t achieve anything. Then, there are other distractions, such as family or hobbies. The key is to give most of your attention to one thing. When I feel nervous, it helps a lot to repeat words such as ?focus? , ?calm?, ?peace?, either out loud or silently in my mind. It makes me feel more in control and increases my confidence. This is a habit and is a powerful psychological(心理学的) tool.”69．Sir Steven Redgrave mainly talks about ________.A) difficulties stopped his professionB) doctors offered him help D) he didn?t believe in himself C) 6 days a weekD) 4 hours a weekC)illness couldn?t stop him trying to win 70．Karen Pickering trained in swimming ________.A) 6 hours a dayB) 6 hours a week71． Karen Pickering puts ________ on top of her diary.A) the amount of work B) her activitiesC) her goals D) her sports news72．The underlined word “distractions” probably means ________. A) thingsthat turn one?s attention away B) things that make one tired C) words to enjoy A) self-confidenceD)good habits B) happinessC) humour D) wisdom73．The same character of the three people is________. 74．The best title for the passage is ________.A) How to Be a Winner B) Health and Food C)Difficulties and HabitsB.Choose the best words and complete the passage(选择最恰当的单词完成短文) (12分)D) Be a Sportsmanbeing achieve. small they amount ofRespect your teachers.First of all, students should respect the teachers. You should 75your teachers in the classes. That means to give your respect to him, to stand from your chairs when the teacher enters the classroom, etc. Attend any classattentively. In class of a certain subject or a teacher you don?t like very much, if it is totally anarchy(无政府状态), how can we talk about respect?Play by the 76.If your teacher wants you to take notes in class, do it. If she tells youto sharpen your pencils only before class starts, listen to her. If she77late homework, do yours on time. Sometimes classroom rules seem strict or evensilly, but most teachers know what?s necessary to make things run well andwhat it takes to let the learning begin. And the better the learning environment, the78 you will be!Expect him/her to like you.Teachers are teachers because they like kids. Given the chance, most teachers want to be your79, too. Respect your teacher, but do not be afraid of him/her. He/ she wants you to have a great school year just as much as youwant to have one!Put first things first.Friends are a fun part of school. But they are not the most important part. When your teacher is teaching, give him/her full attention, 80when it?s hardto do. Class will end and the ten-minute break will come soon enough, andthat?s the time for playing with your friends 75．A) pay attention to B)play with 76．A) chances 77．A) hopes 78．A) more 79．A) leader 80．A) evenB) times B) refuses B) friend B)stillC) live onD) pick upD) classesD)smarterC) rules C) wantsD) asksD)classmate D) asB) biggerC)harderC) brotherC) beforeC. Read the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words(在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺。

CDE F杨浦新王牌第十一课时四边形（四）『经典例题』1、（宜宾）如图，在平面直角坐标系中，已知四边形ABCD为菱形，且A（0,3）,B（-4,0）. （1）求经过点C的反比例函数解析式；（2）设P是（1）中所求函数图象上的一点，以P、O、A为顶点的三角形的面积与△COD 的面积相等，求点P的坐标。

2、已知：如图所示，ABCD是正方形，过B作BF∥AC，E是BF上一点，四边形AEFC 是菱形，试说明：∠FCA＝5∠F。

3、（12滨州）如图1，l 1，l 2，l 3，l 4是一组平行线，相邻2条平行线间的距离都是1个单位长度，正方形ABCD 的4个顶点A ，B ，C ，D 都在这些平行线上．过点A 作AF ⊥l 3于点F ，交l 2于点H ，过点C 作CE ⊥l 2于点E ，交l 3于点G ．（1）求证：△ADF ≌△CBE ；（2）求正方形ABCD 的面积；（3）如图2，如果四条平行线不等距，相邻的两条平行线间的距离依次为h 1，h 2，h 3，试用h 1，h 2，h 3表示正方形ABCD 的面积S ．4、(13河南)如图，在等边三角形ABC 中，6BC cm =,射线AG BC ∥，点E 从点A 出发沿射线AG 以1/cm s 的速度运动，同时点F 从点B 出发沿射线BC 以2/cm s 的速度运动，设运动时间为()t s（1）连接EF ，当EF 经过AC 边的中点D 时，求证：ADE CDF ≅（2）填空： ①当为 s 时，四边形ACFE 是菱形；②当为 s 时，以,,,A F C E 为顶点的四边形是直角梯形。

【基础练习】：一、选择题:1. 等腰梯形的两条对角线互相垂直，则它的高h 与两腰中点的连线m 间的关系是（ ） Ａ．m h > Ｂ．m h = Ｃ．m h < Ｄ．不能确定2. 若等腰梯形的大底与对角线的长度相等，小底与高相等，则小底与大底的比为（） Ａ．1:2 Ｂ．1:1 Ｃ．3:4 Ｄ．3:53. 下列命题中，正确的个数是（ ）①如果一个梯形是轴对称图形，则它一定是等腰梯形②有两个角相等的梯形，一定是等腰梯形③一组对边平行，另一组对边相等的四边形事实上是等腰梯形④对角线相等的梯形是等腰梯形Ａ．1个 Ｂ．2个 Ｃ．3个 Ｄ．4个4. 等腰梯形上底长2，过它的一个顶点引一腰的平行线与下底相交，所得三角形得周长为6，则梯形的周长为（ ）A ．12B ．10C ．8D ．95. 在课外活动课上，老师让同学们做一个对角线互相垂直的等腰梯形形状的风筝，其面积为2450cm ，则对角线所用的竹条至少需（ ）Ａ． Ｂ．30cm Ｃ．60cmＤ． 6. 如图，在梯形ABCD 中，AB CD ∥，2D B AD a ∠=∠=，，CD b =，则AB 等于（ ） Ａ．2b a + Ｂ．2a b + Ｃ．a b + Ｄ．2a b +7. 若等腰梯形的三边长分别为3411，，，则这个等腰梯形的周长为（ ） Ａ．21 Ｂ．29 Ｃ．21或29 Ｄ．21或22或29 8. 在梯形ABCD 中，AD ∥BC ，∠A =90°，AD =2cm ，且△DBC 是等边三角形，则BC 等于（ ） A ．3cm B ．4cm C ．5cm D ．2cm9. 在梯形ABCD 中，AB CD ∥，2AD DC CB ===，45A ∠=，则梯形周长是（ ） Ａ．8 Ｂ．8+Ｃ．10 Ｄ．10-10. 如果梯形的面积为2144cm ，且两底长的比为45∶，高为16cm ，那么两底长为（ ）Ａ．4cm 10cm ， Ｂ．6cm 7.5cm ，Ｃ．8cm 10cm ， Ｄ．10cm 12.5cm ， 11. 梯形ABCD 的面积是4cm 2，M 为CD 的中点，连AM ，BM 则△ABM 的面积是（ ）A BA 、1 cm2 B 、2 cm 2 C 、3 cm 2 D 、4 cm 212、如图梯形ABCD 中，AD//BC ，∠ABC+∠C=9︒0，AB=6，CD=8，M ，N ，P 分别为AD 、BC 、BD 的中点，则MN 的长为（ ）A 、4B 、5C 、6D 、7『综合能力』1、在梯形ABCD 中，F E BC AD ,,//分别是对角线BD 、AC 的中点，,38,22cm BC cm AD ==求：EF 长。

杨浦新王牌说明文阅读【定义】说明文是客观地说明事物的一种文体。

它或者说明事物的状态、性质、功能等特征，或者阐明事理，给人以知识。

【考试目标】《上海市初中毕业统一学业考试考试手册》中对说明文阅读的考试目标有：※能读懂文章的内容，能提取并解释文章中的信息。

※能概括文章的要点和主旨。

※能把握句子在文中的含义，能分析句子和段落的表达作用。

※能梳理文章的思路，分析文章的结构：说明文（时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序）。

※能辨别举例子、列数字、作比较、列图表等4种说明方法，并分析其作用。

※能依据文意，对文章的思想内容、表达方式、语言特点，表达自己的感受和见解。

※能在理解文意的基础上，根据要求作适当的拓展。

【命题特点】多年来，在考查初中学生说明文阅读能力和水平时，命题大都体现在两个方面：❶从文章的知识方面命题（字、词、句、段等，与记叙文、议论文阅读有相同之处）；❷根据说明文问题特点，从说明的对象、说明对象的特征、说明的顺序、说明的方法、说明的语言这五个方面命题。

把握说明对象及其特征【方法指要】（一）通过把握说明对象，区分事物说明文和事理说明文说明对象，是指被说明的事物或事理。

主要分为两个方面：１．是具体事物，包括事物的状态、性质、功能和特征等；２．是抽象事理，包括事物的本质、事物内部或事物之间的内在联系。

（二）如何把握说明的对象把握说明对象可先从标题入手。

如《苏州园林》、《人类的语言》等。

当然，也有例外，如《人民英雄永垂不朽》一文的说明对象并不是人民英雄，而是首都人民英雄纪念碑。

中考中要求分析的说明文常常并无标题，那又怎么办呢?那还得认真阅读课文(语段)，逐段(逐句)排队、梳理，追本求源，找出说明对象。

须要提醒的是不要将文章的局部的说明对象视为全文的说明对象，例如《蜘蛛》一文的说明对象是蜘蛛，而不能以偏概全，只将蜘蛛的生活习性这一方面作为全文的说明对象。

（三）分析文章内容，把握说明对象的特征阅读说明文的重点和难点在于把握说明对象的特征。