2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(上海卷)

2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试一、选择题(1)设集合U={}1,2,3,4,{}1,2,3,M ={}2,3,4,N =则U =（M N ）I ð （A ）{}12， （B ）{}23， （C ）{}2，4 （D ）{}1，4【答案】D【命题意图】本题主要考查集合交并补运算.【解析】{2,3},(){1,4}U M N M N =∴=ðQ I I(2)函数0)y x =≥的反函数为（A ）2()4x y x R =∈ （B ）2(0)4x y x =≥ （C ）24y x =()x R ∈ （D ）24(0)y x x =≥【答案】B【命题意图】本题主要考查反函数的求法. 【解析】由原函数反解得24y x =,又原函数的值域为0y ≥,所以函数0)y x =≥的反函数为2(0)4x y x =≥. (3)设向量,a b 满足||||1a b ==,12a b ⋅=-r r ,则2a b += （A（B（C（D【答案】B 【命题意图】本题主要考查平面向量的数量积与长度的计算方法.【解析】2221|2|||44||14()432a b a a b b +=+⋅+=+⨯-+=r r r r r u r ,所以2a b +=r r (4)若变量x ，y 满足约束条件63-21x y x y x +≤⎧⎪-≤⎨⎪≥⎩，则=23z x y +的最小值为（A ）17 （B ）14 （C ）5 （D ）3【答案】C【命题意图】本题主要考查简单的线性规划.【解析】作出不等式组表示的可行域，从图中不难观察当直线=23z x y +过直线x=1与x-3y=-2的交点（1，1）时取得最小值,所以最小值为5.(5)下面四个条件中，使a b >成立的充分而不必要的条件是（A ）1a b +＞ （B ）1a b -＞ （C ）22a b ＞ （D ）33a b ＞【答案】A【命题意图】本题主要考查充要条件及不等式的性质.【解析】即寻找命题P ,使P a b ⇒>,且a b >推不出P ,逐项验证知可选A.(6)设n S 为等差数列{}n a 的前n 项和，若11a =，公差2d =，224k k S S +-=，则k =（A ）8 （B ）7 （C ）6 （D ）5【答案】D【命题意图】本题主要考查等差数列的基本公式的应用.【解析】解法一2(2)(1)(1)[(2)12][12]442422k k k k k k S S k k k +++--=+⨯+⨯-⨯+⨯=+=，解得5k =. 解法二: 221[1(1)2](12)4424k k k k S S a a k k k +++-=+=++⨯++⨯=+=，解得5k =.(7)设函数()cos (0)f x x ωω=>，将()y f x =的图像向右平移3π个单位长度后，所得的图像与原图像重合，则ω的最小值等于（A ）13（B ）3 （C ）6 （D ）9 【答案】C【命题意图】本题主要考查三角函数的周期性与三角函数图像变换的关系.【解析】由题意将()y f x =的图像向右平移3π个单位长度后，所得的图像与原图像重合，说明了3π是此函数周期的整数倍,得2()3k k Z ππω⨯=∈,解得6k ω=,又0ω>,令1k =,得min 6ω=.(8)已知直二面角l αβ--,点A α∈，AC l ⊥,C 为垂足,B β∈，BD l ⊥,D 为垂 足,若2,1AB AC BD ===，则CD =（A ） 2 （B（C （D ）1 【答案】C【命题意图】本题主要考查二面角的平面角及解三角形.【解析】因为l αβ--是直二面角, AC l ⊥,∴AC ⊥平面β,AC BC ∴⊥BC ∴=又BD l ⊥,CD ∴=(9) 4位同学每人从甲、乙、丙3门课程中选修1门，则恰有2人选修课程甲的不同选法共有(A) 12种 (B) 24种 (C) 30种 (D)36种【答案】B【命题意图】本题主要考查两个原理与排列组合知识，考察考生分析问题的能力.【解析】第一步选出2人选修课程甲有246C =种方法，第二步安排剩余两人从乙、丙中各选1门课程有22⨯种选法，根据分步计数原理，有6424⨯=种选法.(10) 设()f x 是周期为2的奇函数，当01x ≤≤时，()f x =2(1)x x -,则5()2f -= (A) -12 (B)1 4- (C)14 (D)12【答案】A【命题意图】本题主要考查利用函数的周期性和奇偶性求函数值的方法. 关键是把通过周期性和奇偶性把自变量52-转化到区间[0,1]上进行求值. 【解析】由()f x 是周期为2的奇函数,利用周期性和奇偶性得:5511111()(2)()()2(1)2222222f f f f -=-+=-=-=-⨯⨯-=-(11)设两圆1C 、2C 都和两坐标轴相切，且都过点（4，1），则两圆心的距离12C C =(A)4 (B)【答案】C【命题意图】本题主要考查圆的方程与两点间的距离公式.【解析】由题意知圆心在直线y=x 上并且在第一象限,设圆心坐标为(,)(0)a a a >,则a =,即210170a a -+=,所以由两点间的距离公式可求出128C C ===.(12)已知平面α截一球面得圆M ，过圆心M 且与α成060二面角的平面β截该球面得圆N .若该球面的半径为4，圆M 的面积为4π，则圆N 的面积为(A)7π (B)9π (C)11π (D)13π【答案】D【命题意图】本题主要考查二面角的概念与球的性质.【解析】如图所示,由圆M 的面积为4π知球心O 到圆M 的距离OM =,在Rt OMN ∆中,30OMN ︒∠=, ∴12ON OM ==故圆N 的半径r ==,∴圆N 的面积为213S r ππ==.第Ⅱ卷注意事项：1答题前，考生先在答题卡上用直径0．5毫米黑色墨水签字笔将自己的姓名、准考 证号填写清楚，然后贴好条形码。

2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）语文本试卷满分150分，考试时间150分钟。

注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号、考试科目涂写在答题卡上。

2．每小题选出答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

不能答在试题卷上。

3．考试结束后，将试卷和答题卡一并交回。

一、阅读80分（一）阅读下文，完成第1—6题。

（16分）家园城市①如何建设人类美好家园，是城市建设中一个迫在眉睫的重要问题。

城市建设不仅是指建造物质环境，而且是指营造人们的精神家园，后者是城市文化建设的核心。

②相对于西方发达国家，我们城市化起步较晚，但从20世纪80年代改革开放开始，城市化进程加快，发展迅速。

伴随着我国城市化建设的飞速发展，相应的问题也产生了。

这些问题概括起来主要是两个：一是城市的雷同，二是文化的缺失。

两者又有着直接的关系，也就是说，城市的雷同是因为文化的缺失，而文化的缺失又表现为城市的雷同。

③近年来，人们对高品质城市的追求越来越迫切，出现了建设山水城市、生态城市、绿色城市、健康城市、家园城市等多种呼声。

其中家园城市最具代表性，这是□□家园城市涵容了其他几种城市类型的物质性特点，□□突出了对以文化为基础的、把城市打造成人们精神家园的理想追求。

④家园城市必须具有充足的公共活动空间。

城市的各种文化、教育、休闲、娱乐设施应满足各方面的需要，所以，设计者在注重学校、博物馆、图书馆、运动场等大型公共设施建设的同时，还应注意提供方便舒适、有亲切感的小尺度公共空间，如社区和街道的小公园、小广场、咖啡馆、茶馆等，以便于人与人之间的交流。

现代城市发达的通讯网络方便了人们远距离即时交流，但这种单一的联络方式，无法慰藉人们孤独的心灵，也不能满足人们面对面“全信息交往”的渴求。

所以必须创造人与人能够近距离直接交流的公共空间和娱乐休闲场所，以增加人们当面交流的机会，减少城市人的心灵疾病。

2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）理科数学一、填空题（56分） 1．函数1()2f x x =-的反函数为1()f x -= 。

2．若全集U R =，集合{|1}{|0}A x x x x =≥≤ ，则U C A = 。

3．设m 为常数，若点(0,5)F 是双曲线2219y x m -=的一个焦点，则m = 。

4．不等式13x x+<的解为 。

5．在极坐标系中，直线(2cos sin )2ρθθ+=与直线cos 1ρθ=的夹角大小为 。

6．在相距2千米的A ．B 两点处测量目标C ，若0075,60CAB CBA ∠=∠=，则A ．C 两点之间的距离是 千米。

7．若圆锥的侧面积为2π，底面积为π，则该圆锥的体积为 。

8．函数sin()cos()26y x x ππ=+-的最大值为 。

9．马老师从课本上抄录一个随机变量ε的概率分布律如下表请小牛同学计算ε的数学期望，尽管“！”处无法完全看清，且两个“？”处字迹模糊，但能肯 定这两个“？”处的数值相同。

据此，小牛给出了正确答案E ε= 。

10．行列式a b c d（,,,{1,1,2}a b c d ∈-）的所有可能值中，最大的是 。

11．在正三角形ABC 中，D 是BC 上的点，3,1AB BD ==，则AB AD ⋅=。

12．随机抽取9个同学中，至少有2个同学在同一月出生的概率是 （默认每月天数相同，结果精确到0.001）。

13．设()g x 是定义在R 上．以1为周期的函数，若()()f x x g x =+在[3,4]上的值域为[2,5]-，则()f x 在区间[10,10]-上的值域为 。

?!?321P(ε=x )x14．已知点(0,0)O ．0(0,1)Q 和0(3,1)R ，记00Q R 的中点为1P ，取01Q P 和10PR中的一条，记其端点为1Q ．1R ，使之满足11(||2)(||2)0OQ OR --<；记11Q R 的中点为2P ，取12Q P 和21P R 中的一条，记其端点为2Q ．2R ，使之满足22(||2)(||2)0OQ OR --<；依次下去，得到点12,,,,n P P P ，则0lim ||n n Q P →∞= 。

2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语试题（上海卷，解析版）第I卷 (105分)I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A;you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. At a train station. B. At an airport.C. At a travel agency.D. At a bus station.2. A. $5. B. $10.C. $15.D. $50.3. A. Receptionist and guest. B. Salesperson and customer.C. Doctor and patient.D. Waiter and diner.4. A. Excited. B. Dissatisfied.C. Bored.D. Exhausted.5. A. Her hair has changed. B. She isn’t satisfied with herhair style.C. She prefers to wear long hair.D. The man has changed his hair style.6. A. It is too early to watch the Talent Show. B. He will go to bed in fiveminutes.C. He would rather watch TV than go to bed.D. He is old enough to stay up.7. A. She has got everything ready. B. She never hesitates over what totake.C. She hates packing by herself.D. She needs more time for packing.8. A. They should wait for John for a while. B. They should stay here forthe night.C. They should start the meeting right away.D. They should call John at once.9. A. She is unwilling to move into a new flat. B. Her neighbors get along wellwith her.C. She can’t tell the man why she is moving.D. Her neighbors usually play their TV loud.10.A. Ask for directions. B. Try a different route.C. Go back for the map.D. Cancel their trip.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked to questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the blest answer to the question you haveheard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11.A. A political system. B. Religion.C. Working language.D. Race.12.A. Discuss current issues. B. Join in a writing competition.C. Attend an arts and crafts competition.D. Celebrate their friendship.13.A. The Commonwealth Games. B. An important holiday.C. The Commonwealth members.D. An international association. Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following news.14.A. Equipping students with knowledge. B. Qualifying students forcertain jobs.C. Developing students’ habits of mind.D. Helping students to go to graduate school.15.A. The ability to have critical analysis. B. Creative use of leisuretime.[来C. Logical use of information.D. Willingness to accept uncertainty.16.A. Goals to reach in a college education. B. Roles of knowledge instudents’ growth.C. Qualifications needed for a job.D. Importance of after-class activities.Section CDirections: In Section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.25.Graduation is a good time to thank those who have helped you ______ the tough years.A. throughB. upC. withD. from26.To stay awake, he finished a cup of coffee and ordered ______.A. the otherB. otherC. the othersD. another27.It’s no use ______ without taking action.A. complainB. complainingC. being complainedD. to be complained28.I ______ worry about my weekend—I always have my plans ready before it comes.A. can’tB. mustn’tC. daren’tD. needn’t29.When Mom looked back on the early days of their marriage, she wondered how theyhad managed with ______ money.A. so fewB. such fewC. so littleD. such little30.It doesn’t matter if they want to come to your par ty, ______?A. doesn’t itB. does itC. don’t theyD. do they31.After getting lost in a storm, a member of the navy team ______ four days later.A. rescuedB. was rescuedC. has rescuedD. had been rescued32.The rare fish, ______ from the cooking pot, has been returned to the sea.A. savedB. savingC. to be savedD. having saved33.At one point I made up my mind to talk to Uncle Sam. Then I changed my mind, ______that he could do nothing to help.A. to realizeB. realizedC. realizingD. being realized34.Did you predict that many students ______ up for the dance competition?A. would signB. signedC. have signedD. had signed35.There is clear evidence ______ the most difficult feeling of all to interpret isbodily pain.A. whatB. ifC. howD. that36.If a lot of people say a film is not good, I won’t bother to see it, or I’llwait ______ it comes out on DVD.A. whetherB. afterC. thoughD. until37.The police officers in our city work hard ______ the rest of us can live a safelife.A. in caseB. as ifC. in order thatD. only if38.The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of ______others actually understand.A. whyB. thatC. whichD. what39.You’ll find taxis wa iting at the bus station ______ you can hire to reach yourhost family.A. whichB. whereC. whenD. as40.Today we have chat rooms, text messaging, emailing… but we seem ______ the artof communicating face-to-face.A. losingB. to be losingC. to be lostD. having lostSection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each wordHow would you like to wear the same (内衣裤) for weeks? Owing to the work that has gone into developing intelligent materials, this may not be as 41 as it sounds. Self-cleaning clothes have now been created, and these new materials provide 42 resistance to dirt as well as water. As a result, they require much less cleaning than traditional materials.The creation of self-cleaning clothes provides an example of how nature helps scientists develop better products. This self-cleaning nature is known as the “lotus effect”. The name comes, of course, from the lotus leaves, which are famous for growing in muddy lakes and rivers while remaining almost 43clean. By observing nature, scientists are 44 the qualities of the lotus leaves to the materials they have engineered. Because of this, some remarkable new products have been 45 . Among them are special windows that are resistant to dirt and water.A special 46 on these windows not only prevents dirt from sticking to their surfaces, but also allows dust to be easily washed off by the rain. In fact, these new windows have already been 47 to some cars. Even when traveling at high speed through rain, these cars never have to use their windshield wipers (雨刮器).Although we have already seen some practical applications, even more dramatic 48 will be made in the future, and they will, perhaps, change our world completely.Undoubtedly, technology is an important development, and it will have an even bigger 49 on our lives.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Everyone in business has been told that success is all about attracting and retaining (留住) customers. It sounds simple and achievable. But, 50 , words of wisdom are soon forgotten. Once companies have attracted customers they often 51 the second half of the story. In the excitement of beating off the competition, negotiating prices, securing orders, and delivering the product, managers tend to become carried away. They forget what they regard as the boring side of business—52 that the customer remains a customer.53 to concentrate on retaining as well as attracting customers costs business huge amounts of money annually. It has been estimated that the average company loses between 10 and 30 per cent of its customers every years. In constantly changing 54 , this is not surprising. What is surprising is the fact that few companies have any idea how many customers they have lost.Only now are organizations beginning to wake up to those lost opportunities and calculate the 55implications. Cutting down the number of customers a company loses can make a big56 in its performance. Research in the US found that a five per cent decrease in the number of defecting(流失的) customers led to 57 increases of between 25 and 85 per cent.In the US, Domino’s Pizza estimates that a regular customer is worth more than $5,000 over ten years. A customer who receives a poor quality product or service on their first visit and 58 never returns, is losing the company thousands of dollars in 59 profits (more if you consider how many people they are likely to tell about their bad experience).The logic behind cultivating customer 60 is impossible to deny. “In practice mo st companies’ marketing effort is focused on getting customers, with little attention paid to 61 them”, says Adrian Payne of Cornfield University’ School of Management. “Research suggests that there is a close relationship between retaining customers and making profits. 62 customers tend to buy more, are predictable and usually cost less to service than new customers. Furthermore, they tend to be less price 63 , and may provide free word-of-mouth advertising. Retaining customers also makes it 64 for competitors to enter a market or increase their share of a market.50.A. in particular B. in reality C. at least D.first of all51.A. emphasize B. doubt C. overlook D. believe52.A. denying B. ensuring C. arguing D. proving53.A. Moving B. Hoping C. Starting D. Failing54.A. markets B. tastes C. prices D.expenses55.A. culture B. social C. financial D.economical56.A. promise B. plan C. mistake D. difference57.A. cost B. opportunity C. profit D. budget58.A. as a result B. on the whole C. in conclusion D. on thecontrary59.A. huge B. potential C. extra D. reasonable60.A. beliefs B. loyalty C. habits D.interest61.A. altering B. understanding C. keeping D.attracting62.A. Assumed B. Respected C. Established D.Unexpected63.A. agreeable B. flexible C. friendly D. sensitive64.A. unfair B. difficult C. essential D.convenientSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.AThe teacher who did the most to encourage me was, as it happened, my aunt. She was Myrtle C. Manigault, the wife of my mother’s brother Bill. She taught in second grade at all-black Summer School in Camden, New Jersey.During my childhood and youth, Aunt Myrtle encouraged me to develop every aspect of my potential, without regard for what was considered practical or possible for black females. I liked to sing; she listened to my voice and pronounced it good. I couldn’t dance; she taught me the basic dancing steps. She took me to the theatre not just children’s theatre but adult comedies and dramas—and her faith that I could appreciate adult plays was not disappointed.My aunt also took down books from her extensive library and shared them with me.I had books at home, but they were all serious classics. Even as a child I had a strong liking for humor, and I’ll never forget the joy of discovering Don Marquis’s Archy & Mehitabel through her.Most important, perhaps, Aunt Myrtle provided my first opportunity to write for publication. A writer herself for one of the black newspapers, she suggested my name to the editor as a “youth columnist”. My column, begun when I was fourteen, was supposed to cover teenage social activities—and it did—but it also gave me the freedom to write on many other subjects as well as the habit of gathering material, the discipline of meeting deadlines, and, after graduation from college six years later, a solid collection of published material that carried my name and was my passport to a series of writing jobs.Today Aunt Myrtle is still an enthusiastic supporter of her “favourite niece”. Like a diamond, she has reflected a bright, multifaceted(多面的) image of possibilities to every pupil who has crossed her path.65.Which of the following did Aunt Myrtle do to the author during her childhood andyouth?A. She lent her some serious classics.B. She cultivated her taste for music.C. She discovered her talent for dancing.D. She introduced her to adult plays.66.What does Archy and Mehitabel in Paragraph 3 probably refer to?A. A book of great fun.B. A writer of high fame.C. A serious masterpiece.D. A heartbreaking play.67.Aunt Myrtle recommended the author to a newspaper editor mainly to ______.[来A. develop her capabilities for writingB. give her a chance to collect materialC. involve her in teenage social activitiesD. offer her a series of writing jobs68.We can conclude from the passage that Aunt Myrtle was a teacher who ______.A. trained pupils to be diligent and well-disciplinedB. gave pupils confidence in exploiting their potentialC. emphasized what was practical or possible for pupils.D. helped pupils overcome difficulties in learningBHumpback whalesA. cannot survive in waters near the shoreB. doesn’t live in the samewaters all the timeC. lives mainly on underwater plantsD. prefers to work alone when hunting food70.To make a breach, a humpback whale must ______.A. use its tail flukes to leap out of the waterB. twist its body sideways to jump high.C. blow two streams of waterD. communicate with a group of humpbacks.71.From the passage we can learn that a humpback whale ______.A. has its unique markings on it tail flukesB. has black and white fingerprintsC. gets its name from the way it huntsD. is a great performer due to its songsCHuman remains of ancient settlements will be reburied and lost to science under a law that threatens research into the history of humans in Britain, a group of leading archeologists (考古学家) says. In a letter addressed to the justice secretary, Ken Clarke, 40 archaeologists write of their “deep and widespread concern” about the issue. It centers on the law introduced by the Ministry of Justice in 2008 which requires all human remains unearthed in England and Wales to be reburied within two years, regardless of their age. The decision means scientists have too little time to study bones and other human remains of national and cultural significance.“Your current requirement that all archaeologically unearthed human remains should be reburied, whether after a standard period of two years or a further special extension, is contrary to basic principles of archaeological and scientific research and o f museum practice,” they write.The law applies to any pieces of bone uncovered at around 400 dig sites, including the remains of 60 or so bodies found at Stonehenge in 2008 that date back to 3,000 BC. Archaeologists have been granted a temporary extension to give them more time, but eventuallly the bones will have to be returned to the ground.The arrangements may result in the waste of future discoveries at sites such as Happisburgh in Norfolk, where digging is continuing after the discovery of stone tools made by early humans 950,000 years ago. If human remains were found at Happisburgh, they would be the oldest in northern Europe and the first indication of what this species was. Under the current practice of the law those remains would have to be reburied and effectively destroyed.Before 2008, guidelines allowed for the proper preservation and study of bones of sufficient age and historical interest, while the Burial Act 1857 applied to more recent remains. The Ministry of Justice assured archaeologists two years ago that the law was temporary, but has so far failed to revise it.Mike Parker Pearson, an archaeologist at Sheffield University, said: “Archaeologists have been extremely patient because we were led to believe the ministry was sort ing out this problem, but we feel that we cannot wait any longer.” The ministry has no guidelines on where or how remains should be reburied, or onwhat records should be kept.72.According to the passage, scientists are unhappy with the law mainly because______.A. it is only a temporary measure on the human remainsB. it is unreasonable and thus destructive to scientific researchC. it was introduced by the government without their knowledgeD. it is vague about where and how to rebury human remains73.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A. Temporary extension of two years will guarantee scientists enough time.B. Human remains of the oldest species were dug out at Happisburgh.C. Human remains will have to be reburied despite the extension of time.D. Scientists have been warned that the law can hardly be changed.74.What can be inferred about the British law governing human remains?A. The Ministry of Justice did not intend it to protect human remains.B. The Burial Act 1857 only applied to remains uncovered before 1857.C. The law on human remains hasn’t changed in recent decades.D. The Ministry of Justice has not done enough about the law.75.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. New discoveries should be reburied, the government demands.B. Research time should be extended, scientists require.C. Law on human remains needs thorough discussion, authorities say.D. Law could bury ancient secrets for ever, archeologists warn.Section CDirections: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A-F for each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need.With the arrival of the age of “information economy”, intellectual work is becoming a more important source of wealth than manufacturing. Organizations in all walks of life are doing more to spread their information. So people of the Public Relations are hired to speak for them. A lot of our news is actually collected from press releases and reports of events intentionally staged for journalists. In the information age, journalists spend their time, not investigating, but passing on the words of a spokesperson.77.______There is a joke in the novel Scoop about the newspaper’s owner, Lord Copper. The editors can never disagree with him. When he’s right about something they answer “definitely”, and when he’s wrong they say “to some extent, Lord Copper.” It seems reasonable to suppose that, in the real world, the opinions of such powerful people still influence the journalists and editors who work for them.78.______In countries where the news is not officially controlled, it may be provided by commercial organizations who depend on advertising. The news has to attract viewers and maintain its audience ratings. I suspect that some stories get air-time just because there happen to be exciting pictures to show. In Britain, we have the tabloid newspapers which millions of people read simply for entertainment. There is progressively less room for historical background, or statistics, which are harder to present as a sensational story.79.______There is an argument that with spreading access to the internet and cheap technology for recording sound and images we will all be able to find exactly the information we want. People around the world will be able to publish their own eye-witness accounts and compete with the widely-accepted news-gatherers on equal terms. But what it will mean also is that we’ll be subjected to a still greater a mount of nonsense and lies. Any web log may contain the latest information of the year, or equally, a made-up story that you will never be able to check.80.______Maybe the time has come to do something about it, and I don’t just mean changing your choice of TV channel or newspaper. In a world where everyone wants you to listen to their version, you only have two choices: switch off altogether or start looking for sources you can trust. The investigative journalist of the future is everyone who wants to know the truth.Section DDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.Sociologists have long recognised that organisations of less than 200 individuals can operate through the free flow of information among the members. Once their size goes beyond this figure, the organizations are getting less flexible. So it seems necessary to prevent total disorder resulting from failures of communication.One solution to this problem would, of course, be to structure large organisationsinto smaller units of a size that can act as a group. By allowing these groups to build reliance on each other, larger organizations can be built up. However, merely having groups of, say, 150 will never of itself be a complete solution to the problems of the organization. Something else is needed: the people involved must be able to build direct personal relationships. To allow free flow of information, they have to be able to communicate with each other in a casual way. Maintaining too formal a structure of relationships inevitably prevents the way a system works.The importance of this was drawn to my attention two years ago by the case of a TV station. Whether by chance or by design, it so happened that there were almost exactly 150 people in the station. The whole process worked very smoothly as an organization for many years until they were moved into purpose-built accommodation. Then, for no apparent reason, the work seemed to be more difficult to do, not to say less satisfying.It was some time before they work out what the problem was. It turn out that, when the architects were designing the new building, they decided that the coffee room where everyone ate their sandwiches at lunch times was an unnecessary luxury and so did away with it. And with that, they accidentally destroyed the close social networks that strengthened the whole organization. What had apparently been happening was that, as people gathered informally over their sandwiches in the coffee room, useful information was casually being exchanged.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN EIGHT WORDS.)81.What size of an organization may lead to communication failures?82.What are the two solutions to the communication problem within a largeorganization?83.After the TV station moved into new accommodation, itsoperation_____________________84.From the case of the TV station, we can conclude it is________________________________ that make(s) an organization more successful.第Ⅱ卷 (共45分)I. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1.你为什么不在网上订票? (Why)2.我常把王海误认为他的双胞胎弟弟，因为他们长得太像了。

2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试文科综合能力测试（全国卷二）第I卷读图1.完成1~2题。

1.组成该山体岩石的矿物直接来自A．地表 B.地壳上部C.地壳下部D.地幔2.在岩石圈物质循环过程中，该山体岩石在地球表层可转化为A．喷出岩 B.侵入岩C．沉积岩 D.变质岩【解析】本组题难度中等，1题对大纲版而言，有超纲的嫌疑，因为大纲版未涉及地球内部圈层结构。

对课标版而言，则属于容易题。

1题、据图可知演示的是火山喷发，火山喷发物包括岩浆、碎屑物质和气体，这些物质均来自上地幔中的软流层。

2题、抓住“表层”和“转化”，岩浆岩可转化为沉积岩（地表）和变质岩（地下），这道题学生容易忽略“地球表层”而错选变质岩或者直接看成火山喷发物应该形成喷出岩。

芝加哥是美国五大湖区最大的城市，其位置见图2。

1848年修通联系密西西比河水系和五大湖的运河，随后兴建铁路并形成以芝加哥为中心的放射状铁路网。

这段时期，芝加哥工业主要有农产品加工、农具、交通工具等生产部门。

1890年，芝加哥人口达到100万。

20世纪上半叶，芝加哥发展以钢铁为主导的重工业，并成为20世纪美国最大的钢铁工业基地。

据此完成3~5题。

3．1848年后，芝加哥成为美国中西部农产品集散中心的主导区位条件是A．濒临五大湖B．位于美国中西部的中心位置C．位于密西西比河航运的上游起点D．位于密西西比河与五大湖的转运地点4.20世纪之前，芝加哥的工业活动主要联系A．芝加哥周边农村地区B．五大湖沿岸各城市C．美国东北部工业区D．美国本土5．芝加哥发展钢铁工业最有利的条件是A．良好的工业基础B．便捷的交通运输C．充足的劳动力D．丰富的原料和燃料【解析】本组题材料来自鲁教版教材，难度中等，主要考察学生提取、解读图文材料所显示信息的能力，答案基本都隐含在图文材料中。

3题、从材料中“1848年修通联系密西西比河水系和五大湖的运河，”得出早期以水运为主，结合图中显示的芝加哥的位置可推知芝加哥位于位于密西西比河与五大湖的转运地点。

2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）历史试题-解析版考生注意：1．考试时间120分钟。

试卷满分150分。

2．本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分，试卷包括试题与答题要求；所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上；做在试卷上一律不得分。

3．答题前，务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名．并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上。

4．答题纸与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的，答题时应特别注意，不能错位。

一、选择题（共70分）以下每小题2分，共58分，每题只有一个正确的选项。

1．一位古希腊人经过实地调查研究，在其著作中记述了希波战争的始末。

他是A．伯里克利 B．希罗多德 C．柏拉图 D．罗马答案：B解析：本题主要考查世界古代历史人物。

希罗多德(Herodotus，约公元前484——425)，古希腊历史学家，在古罗马时代,就被誉为“历史之父”。

所著《历史》一书，是西方史学上的第一座丰碑，为西方历史编纂学“开辟了一个新时代”。

《历史》详细记述了希波战争爆发的原因、经过和结果。

2．公元前509年，罗马进入共和国时期，这一时间也可表述为A．公元前5世纪初 B．公元前5世纪末C．公元前6世纪初 D．公元前6世纪末答案：D解析：本题主要考查历史时间的不同表述方式。

表示历史时间的常用词汇有很多，如公元、世纪、年代、时代、朝代、年号等。

其中公元纪年是世界上最通用的时间纪年法，比如本题时间“公元前509年”就是公元纪年法。

世纪纪年法：每100年称为一个“世纪”，公元前1年到公元前100年为公元前1世纪，公元1年到公元100年为公元1世纪，因此公元前509年应该表述为公元前6世纪末。

3．根据所学的知识，右侧表格①②处分别填上A．封建等级制：城市的复兴B．封建等级制；民族国家形成C．城市的复兴：君主专制D．民族国家形成：君主专制答案：A解析：本题主要考查西欧封建制度的形成和发展。

8世纪上半期，西欧进行采邑改革。

中央把土地作为采邑封给大封建主，大封建主再把它封给自己的臣下为采邑，层层分封，层层结成主从关系，形成像阶梯似的等级制。

普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(上海卷)数学注意事项：1．答题前，先将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在试题卷和答题卡上，并将准考证号条形码粘贴在答题卡上的指定位置。

2．选择题的作答：每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，写在试题卷、草稿纸和答题卡上的非答题区域均无效。

3．非选择题的作答：用签字笔直接答在答题卡上对应的答题区域内。

写在试题卷、草稿纸和答题卡上的非答题区域均无效。

4．考试结束后，请将本试题卷和答题卡一并上交。

一、填空题（本大题共有12题，满分54分第1-6题每题4分，第7-12题每题5分）1.行列式的值为2.双曲线的渐近线方程为______3.的二项展开式中的系数为(结果用数值表示)4.设常数,函数,若的反函数的图像经过点,则=5.已知复数满足,(是虚数单位),则6.记等差数列的前项和为,若,则7.已知.若函数为奇函数,且在上递减,则8.在平面直角坐标系中,已知点是轴上的两个动点,且,则最小值为9.有编号互不相同的五个砝码,期中5克,3克,1克砝码各两个,从中随机挑选三个,则这三个砝码的总质量为9克的概率为___________(结果用最简分数表示)10.设等比数列的通项公式为,前项和为,若,则___________11.已知常数,函数的图像经过点,若,则=12.已知实数1212,,,x x y y 满足:22221122121211,1,2x y x y x x y y +=+=+=,则+的最大值为_____二、选择题（本大题共有4题，满分20分，每题5分）每题有且只有一个正确选项.考生应在答题纸的相应位置，将代表正确选项的小方格涂黑.13.设p 是椭圆22153x y +=上的动点,则p 到该椭圆的两个焦点的距离之和为()A. B. C. D.14.已知a R ∈,则“1a >”是“11a<”的()A.充分非必要条件B.必要非充分条件C.充要条件D.既非充分又非必要条件15.《九章算术》中,称底面为矩形而有一侧棱垂直于底面的四棱锥为阳马。

2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试日语试题分析（不含听力试卷）第一部分：补全对话（满分30分）第一节——阅读下列7段对话，每段对话后有1道小题，从A.B.C.D.3个选项中选出最佳选项（共7个小题；每小题2分，满分14分）１．先輩：仕事のほうはどうですか。

後輩：はい、＿＿＿。

Ａ．失礼しますＢ．おかげさまでＣ．お願いします２．友達Ａ：もう暗いから、＿＿＿。

友達Ｂ：はい。

お休みなさい。

Ａ．失礼してくださいねＢ．安心してくださいねＣ．気を付けてくださいね３．学生Ａ：これ、使ってもいいですか。

学生Ｂ：ええ、＿＿＿。

Ａ．そうですよＢ．いけませんよＣ．かまいませんよ４．女子社員：田中さんはどんな本を読みますか。

男子社員：＿＿＿。

難しい本がいいですね。

夜なかなか眠れないとき、わからないものを読んでいると、すぐ眠くなるんです。

Ａ．そうですかＢ．そうですねＣ．そうですよ５．Ａ社社員：はい、田中商事でございます。

Ｂ社社員：どうもいつもお世話になっております。

東洋銀行の佐藤ですが、木村課長いらっしゃいますか。

Ａ社社員：はい、＿＿＿。

Ａ．お待ちですかＢ．お待たせしましたＣ．少々お待ちください６．学生：おはようございます。

先生：おはよう。

会場は？学生：はい、２階にあります。

＿＿＿。

Ａ．ご案内しますＢ．連れて行きますＣ．お連れになります７．女子社員：どうしたんですか、足。

男子社員：いや、別に……女子社員；怪我でもしたんですか。

男子社員：＿＿＿。

買ったばかりの靴が、どうも足に合わなくて……Ａ．いいえ、何もありませんＢ．いや、そういうわけじゃないＣ．えっ、そんなことありますか第二节——阅读下列4段对话，每段对话后有2道小题，从A.B.C.3个选项中选出最佳选项。

（共8小题；每小题2分，满分16分）（一）学生Ａ：今回の壁新聞、内容も面白いし、デザインもいいし、李さん、＿８＿。

学生Ｂ：いいえ、＿９＿。

８．Ａ．大変ですねＢ．すごいですねＣ．気の每ですね９．Ａ．大丈夫ですＢ．そうなんですよＣ．大したことはないです（二）女子社員：父が昨日倒れたの。

2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语（上海卷）本试卷分第一卷（选择题）和第二卷（非选择题）两部分。

共150分。

考试时间120分钟。

第一卷注意事项：1. 答第一卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号、考试科目用铅笔涂写在答题卡上。

2. 每小题选出答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

不能答在试卷上。

3. 考试结束，考生将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

Part I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. Where does the conversation most probably take place?A. At a train station.B. At an airport.C. At a travel agency.D. At a bus station.2. How much is the service charge if the food costs 50 dollars?A. $5B. $10C. $15D. $503. What is the most probable relationship between the two speakers?A. Receptionist and guest.B. Salesperson and customer.C. Doctor and patient.D. Waiter and diner.4. How does the man feel?A. Excited.B. Dissatisfied.C. Bo red.D. Exhausted.5. What does the woman mean?A. Her hair has changed.B. She iSn’t SatiSfied with her hair Style.C. She prefers to wear long hair.D. The man has changed his hair style.6. What does the man mean?A. It is too early to watch the Talent Show.B. He will go to bed in five minutes.C. He would rather watch TV than go to bed.D. He is old enough to stay up.7. What can we learn about Jenny?A. She has got everything ready.B. She never hesitates over what to take.C. She hates packing by herself.D. She needs more time for packing.8. What does the woman mean?A. They should wait for John for a while.B. They should stay here for the night.C. They should start the meeting right away.D. They should call John at once.9. What can we learn about the woman?A. She is unwilling to move into a new flat.B. Her neighbors get along well with her.C. She Can’t tell the man why She iS moving.D. Her neighbors usually play their TV loud.10. What will the speakers probably do?A. Ask for directions.B. Try a different route.C. Go back for the map.D. Cancel their trip.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked to questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the blest answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. What do the member states of the Common Wealth have in common?A. A political system.B. Religion.C. Working language.D. Race.12. What do people do on Common Wealth Day according to the passage?A. Discuss current issues.B. Join in a writing competition.C. Attend an arts and crafts competition.D. Celebrate their friendship.13. What is the passage mainly about?A. The Commonwealth Games.B. An important holiday.C. The Commonwealth members.D. An international association.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following news.14. Which of the following is regarded as the most important at Harvard?A. Equipping students with knowledge.B. Qualifying students for certain jobs.C. developing StudentS’ haBitS of mind.D. Helping students to go to graduate school.15. Which quality mentioned below can be cultivated both inside and outside the classroom?A. The ability to have critical analysis.B. Creative use of leisure time.C. Logical use of information.D. Willingness to accept uncertainty.16. What is the speech mainly about?A. Goals to reach in a college education.B. roleS of knowledge in StudentS’ growth.C. Qualifications needed for a job.D. Importance of after-class activities.Section CDirections: In Section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.Part II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.25. Graduation is a good time to thank those who have helped you ____ the tough years.A. throughB. upC. withD. from26. To stay awake, he finished a cup of coffee and ordered ____.A. the otherB. otherC. the othersD. another27. it’S no uSe ____ without taking aCtion.A. complainB. complainingC. being complainedD. to be complained28. I ____ worry about my weekend—I always have my plans ready before it comes.a. Can’t B. muStn’t C. daren’t d. needn’t29. When Mom looked back on the early days of their marriage, she wondered how they had managed with ____ money.A. so fewB. such fewC. so littleD. such little30. it doeSn’t matter if they want to Come to your party, ____?a. doeSn’t it B. does it C. don’t they D. do they31. After getting lost in a storm, a member of the navy team ____ four days later.A. rescuedB. was rescuedC. has rescuedD. had been rescued32. The rare fish, ____ from the cooking pot, has been returned to the sea.A. savedB. savingC. to be savedD. having saved33. At one point I made up my mind to talk to Uncle Sam. Then I changed my mind, ____ that he could do nothing to help.A. to realizeB. realizedC. realizingD.being realized34. Did you predict that many students ____ up for the dance competition?A. would signB. signedC. have signedD. had signed35. There is clear evidence ____ the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain.A. whatB. ifC. howD. that36. If a lot of people say a film i S not good, i won’t Bother to See it, or i’ll wait ____ it comes out on DVD.A. whetherB. afterC. thoughD. until37. The police officers in our city work hard ____ the rest of us can live a safe life.A. in caseB. as ifC. in order thatD. only if38. The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of ____ others actually understand.A. whyB. thatC. whichD. what39. you’ll find taxiS waiting at the BuS Station ____ you can hire to reach your host family.A. whichB. whereC. whenD. as40. today we have Chat roomS, text meSSaging, emailing… But we Seem ____ the art of communicating face-to-face.A. losingB. to be losingC. to be lostD. having lostSection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.How would you like to wear the same underwear (内衣裤) for weeks? Owing to the work that has gone into developing intelligent materials, this may not be as 41 as it sounds. Self-cleaning clothes have now been created, and these new materials provide 42 resistance to dirt as well as water. As a result, they require much less cleaning than traditional materials.The creation of self-cleaning clothes provides an example of how nature helps scientists develop better products. This self-cleaning nature iS known aS the “lotuS effeCt”. the name ComeS, of CourSe, from the lotus leaves, which are famous for growing in muddy lakes and rivers while remaining almost 43 clean. By observing nature, scientists are 44 the qualities of the lotus leaves to the materials they have engineered. Because of this, some remarkable new products have been 45 . Among them are special windows that are resistant to dirt and water. A special 46 on these windows not only prevents dirt from sticking to their surfaces, but also allows dust to be easily washed off by the rain. In fact, these new windows have already been 47 to some cars. Even when traveling at high speed through rain, these cars never have to use their windshield wipers (雨刮器).Although we have already seen some practical applications, evenmore dramatic 48 will be made in the future, and they will, perhaps, change our world completely. Undoubtedly, technology is an important development, and it will have an even bigger 49 on our lives.Part III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Everyone in business has been told that success is all about attracting and retaining(留住) customers. It sounds simple and achievable. But, 50 , words of wisdom are soon forgotten. Once companies have attracted customers they often 51 the second half of the story. In the excitement of beating off the competition, negotiating prices, securing orders, and delivering the product, managers tend to become carried away. They forget what they regard as the boring side of business—52 that the customer remains a customer.53 to concentrate on retaining as well as attracting customers costs business huge amounts of money annually. It has been estimated that the average company loses between 10 and 30 per cent of its customers every years. In constantly changing 54 , this is not surprising. What is surprising is the fact that few companies have any idea how many customers they have lost.Only now are organizations beginning to wake up to those lost opportunities and calculate the 55 implications. Cutting down the number of customers a company loses can make a big 56 in its performance. Research in the US found that a five per cent decrease inthe number of defecting(流失的) customers led to 57 increases of between 25 and 85 per cent.in the uS, domino’S Pizza estimates that a regular customer is worth more than $5,000 over ten years. A customer who receives a poor quality product or service on their first visit and 58 never returns, is losing the company thousands of dollars in 59 profits (more if you consider how many people they are likely to tell about their bad experience).The logic behind cultivating customer 60 is impossible to deny. “in praCtiCe moSt CompanieS’ marketing effort iS foCuSed on getting customers, with little attention paid to 61 them”, SayS adrian payne of Cornfield univerSity’ SChool of management. “reSearCh suggests that there is a close relationship between retaining customers and making profits. 62 customers tend to buy more, are predictable and usually cost less to service than new customers. Furthermore, they tend to be less price 63 , and may provide free word-of-mouth advertising. Retaining customers also makes it 64 for competitors to enter a market or increase their share of a market.50. A. in particular B. in reality C. at leastD. first of all51. A. emphasize B. doubt C. overlook D. believe52. A. denying B. ensuring C. arguing D. proving53. A. Moving B. Hoping C. Starting D. Failing54. A. markets B. tastes C. prices D. expenses55. A. culture B. social C. financial D. economical56. A. promise B. plan C. mistake D. difference57. A. cost B. opportunity C. profit D. budget58. A. as a result B. on the whole C. in conclusion D. on the contrary59. A. huge B. potential C. extra D. reasonable60. A. beliefs B. loyalty C. habits D. interest61. A. altering B. understanding C. keeping D. attracting62. A. Assumed B. Respected C. Established D. Unexpected63. A. agreeable B. flexible C. friendly D. sensitive64. A. unfair B. difficult C. essential D. convenientSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.AThe teacher who did the most to encourage me was, as it happened, my aunt. She was Myrtle C. Manigault, the wife of my mother’S Brother Bill. She taught in second grade at all-black Summer School in Camden, New Jersey.During my childhood and youth, Aunt Myrtle encouraged me to develop every aspect of my potential, without regard for what was considered practical or possible for black females. I liked to sing; she liStened to my voiCe and pronounCed it good. i Couldn’t danCe; She taught me the basic dancing steps. She took me to the theatre not just Children’S theatre But adult ComedieS and dramaS—and her faith that I could appreciate adult plays was not disappointed.My aunt also took down books from her extensive library and shared them with me. I had books at home, but they were all serious classics. even aS a Child i had a Strong liking for humor, and i’ll n ever forget the joy of diSCovering don marquiS’S Archy & Mehitabel through her.Most important, perhaps, Aunt Myrtle provided my first opportunity to write for publication. A writer herself for one of the black newspapers, she suggested my name to the edit or aS a “youth ColumniSt”. My column, begun when I was fourteen, was supposed to cover teenage social activities—and it did—but it also gave me the freedom to write on many other subjects as well as the habit of gathering material, the discipline of meeting deadlines, and, after graduation from college six years later, a solid collection of published material that carried my name and was my passport to a series of writing jobs.Today Aunt Myrtle is still an enthusiastic supporter of her “favorite nieCe”. li ke a diamond, she has reflected a bright, multifaceted(多面的) image of possibilities to every pupil w ho hascrossed her path.65. Which of the following did Aunt Myrtle do to the author during her childhood and youth?A. She lent her some serious classics.B. She cultivated her taste for music.C. She discovered her talent for dancing.D. She introduced her to adult plays.66. What does Archy and Mehitabel in Paragraph 3 probably refer to?A. A book of great fun.B. A writer of high fame.C. A serious masterpiece.D. A heartbreaking play.67. Aunt Myrtle recommended the author to a newspaper editor mainly to ________.A. develop her capabilities for writingB. give her a chance to collect materialC. involve her in teenage social activitiesD. offer her a series of writing jobs68. We can conclude from the passage that Aunt Myrtle was a teacher who ________.A. trained pupils to be diligent and well-disciplinedB. gave pupils confidence in exploiting their potentialC. emphasized what was practical or possible for pupils.D. helped pupils overcome difficulties in learningB69. According to Quick Facts, a humpback whale ________.A. cannot survive in waters near the shoreB. doeSn’t live in the same waters all the timeC. lives mainly on underwater plantsD. prefers to work alone when hunting food70. To make a breach, a humpback whale must ________.A. use its tail flukes to leap out of the waterB. twist its body sideways to jump high.C. blow two streams of waterD. communicate with a group of humpbacks.71. From the passage we can learn that a humpback whale ________.A. has its unique markings on it tail flukesB. has black and white fingerprintsC. gets its name from the way it huntsD. is a great performer due to its songsCHuman remains of ancient settlements will be reburied and lost to science under a law that threatens research into the history of humans in Britain, a group of leading archeologists (考古学家) says. In a letter addressed to the justice secretary, Ken Clarke, 40arChaeologiStS write of their “deep and wideSpread ConCern” aBout the issue. It centers on the law introduced by the Ministry of Justice in 2008 which requires all human remains unearthed in England and Wales to be reburied within two years, regardless of their age. The decision means scientists have too little time to study bones and other human remains of national and cultural significance.“your Current requirement that all arChaeologiCally unearthed human remains should be reburied, whether after a standard period of two years or a further special extension, is contrary to basic principles of archaeological and scientific research and of museum praCtiCe,” they write.The law applies to any pieces of bone uncovered at around 400 dig sites, including the remains of 60 or so bodies found at Stonehenge in 2008 that date back to 3,000 BC. Archaeologists have been granted a temporary extension to give them more time, but eventually the bones will have to be returned to the ground.The arrangements may result in the waste of future discoveries at sites such as Happisburgh in Norfolk, where digging is continuing after the discovery of stone tools made by early humans 950,000 years ago. If human remains were found at Happisburgh, they would be the oldest in northern Europe and the first indication of what this species was. Under the current practice of the law those remains would have to be reburied and effectively destroyed.Before 2008, guidelines allowed for the proper preservation and study of bones of sufficient age and historical interest, while the Burial Act 1857 applied to more recent remains. The Ministry of Justice assured archaeologists two years ago that the law was temporary, buthas so far failed to revise it.Mike Parker Pearson, an archaeologist at Sheffield University, said: “arChaeologiStS have Been extremely patient BeCauSe we were led to believe the ministry was sorting out this problem, but we feel that we Cannot wait any longer.”The ministry has no guidelines on where or how remains should be reburied, or on what records should be kept.72. According to the passage, scientists are unhappy with the law mainly because ________.A. it is only a temporary measure on the human remainsB. it is unreasonable and thus destructive to scientific researchC. it was introduced by the government without their knowledgeD. it is vague about where and how to rebury human remains73. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A. Temporary extension of two years will guarantee scientists enough time.B. Human remains of the oldest species were dug out at Happisburgh.C. Human remains will have to be reburied despite the extension of time.D. Scientists have been warned that the law can hardly be changed.74. What can be inferred about the British law governing human remains?A. The Ministry of Justice did not intend it to protect human remains.B. The Burial Act 1857 only applied to remains uncovered before 1857.C. the law on human remainS haSn’t Changed in reCent deC ades.D. The Ministry of Justice has not done enough about the law.75. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. New discoveries should be reburied, the government demands.B. Research time should be extended, scientists require.C. Law on human remains needs thorough discussion, authorities say.D. Law could bury ancient secrets for ever, archeologists warn.Section CDirections: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A-F for each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need.76. ______with the arrival of the age of “information eConomy”, intelleCtual work is becoming a more important source of wealth than manufacturing. Organizations in all walks of life are doing more to spread their information. So people of the Public Relations are hired to speak for them. A lot of our news is actually collected from press releases and reports of events intentionally staged for journalists. In the information age, journalists spend their time, not investigating, but passing on the words of a spokesperson.77. ______There is a joke in the novel Scoop aBout the newSpaper’S owner, lord Copper. the editorS Can never diSagree with him. when he’S right aBoutsomething they ans wer “definitely”, and when he’S wrong they Say “to Some extent, lord Copper.” it SeemS reaSonaBle to SuppoSe that, in the real world, the opinions of such powerful people still influence the journalists and editors who work for them.78. ______In countries where the news is not officially controlled, it may be provided by commercial organizations who depend on advertising. The news has to attract viewers and maintain its audience ratings. I suspect that some stories get air-time just because there happen to be exciting pictures to show. In Britain, we have the tabloid newspapers which millions of people read simply for entertainment. There is progressively less room for historical background, or statistics, which are harder to present as a sensational story.79. ______There is an argument that with spreading access to the internet and cheap technology for recording sound and images we will all be able to find exactly the information we want. People around the world will be able to publish their own eye-witness accounts and compete with the widely-accepted news-gatherers on equal terms. But what it will mean alSo iS that we’ll Be SuBjeCted to a Still greater amount of nonSenSe and lies. Any web log may contain the latest information of the year, or equally, a made-up story that you will never be able to check.80. ______mayBe the time haS Come to do Something aBout it, and i don’t juSt mean changing your choice of TV channel or newspaper. In a world where everyone wants you to listen to their version, you only have two choices: switch off altogether or start looking for sources you can trust. Theinvestigative journalist of the future is everyone who wants to know the truth.Section DDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.Sociologists have long recognized that organizations of less than 200 individuals can operate through the free flow of information among the members. Once their size goes beyond this figure, the organizations are getting less flexible. So it seems necessary to prevent total disorder resulting from failures of communication.One solution to this problem would, of course, be to structure large organizations into smaller units of a size that can act as a group. By allowing these groups to build reliance on each other, larger organizations can be built up. However, merely having groups of, say, 150 will never of itself be a complete solution to the problems of the organization. Something else is needed: the people involved must be able to build direct personal relationships. To allow free flow of information, they have to be able to communicate with each other in a casual way. Maintaining too formal a structure of relationships inevitably prevents the way a system works.The importance of this was drawn to my attention two years ago by the case of a TV station. Whether by chance or by design, it so happened that there were almost exactly 150 people in the station. The whole process worked very smoothly as an organization for many years until they were moved into purpose-built accommodation. Then, for noapparent reason, the work seemed to be more difficult to do, not to say less satisfying.It was some time before they work out what the problem was. It turn out that, when the architects were designing the new building, they decided that the coffee room where everyone ate their sandwiches at lunch times was an unnecessary luxury and so did away with it. And with that, they accidentally destroyed the close social networks that strengthened the whole organization. What had apparently been happening was that, as people gathered informally over their sandwiches in the coffee room, useful information was casually being exchanged.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN EIGHT WORDS.)81. What size of an organization may lead to communication failures?82. What are the two solutions to the communication problem withina large organization?83. After the TV station moved into new accommodation, its operation _____________________.84. From the case of the TV station, we can conclude it is ________________________________ that make(s) an organization more successful.第二卷注意事项：1. 用钢笔或圆珠笔直接答在试卷上。

2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新课标卷）语文一、现代文阅读(9分，第小题3分)阅读下面的文字，完成l～3题。

《诗经》原来是诗，不是“经”，这在咱们今天是很明确的。

但在封建社会里，诗三百篇却被尊为“经”，统治阶级拿它来做封建教化的工具。

从西周初期到春秋中叶，诗三百篇是一种配乐演唱的乐歌。

这些乐歌一方面用于祭祀、宴会和各种典礼，当作仪式的一部分或娱乐宾主的节目。

另一方面则用于政治、外交及其他社会生活，当作表情达意的工具，其作用和平常的语言差不多，当然它更加曲折动人。

例如周代有一种“献诗陈志”的做法，当一些人看到国君或者同僚做了什么好事或坏事，就做一首诗献给他们，达到颂美或者讽谏的目的。

还有人由于个人遭受冤屈或不幸，也往往通过诗来发泄和申诉。

应该说明，“献诗陈志”是要通过乐工的演唱来献给君上或同僚的，所以卿士“献诗”宗和“替献曲”或“睃贼”、“曚诵”并提。

在人民群众的生活里，诗歌也常用于表情达意，例如《诗经·邶风·新台》和《诗经·泰风·黄鸟》等，都是针对具体的现实问题而发的。

古代史传中还有一些不在三百篇之内的“徒歌”，例如《左传·宣公二年》记载宋国将军华元被郑国人提了去，后来逃回来，人民讥笑这位败军之将，做了一个歌儿对他唱。

这样的歌，从性质上说和“献诗陈志”没有什么区别。

不过士大夫献诗，是特地做了给乐工唱的；庶人的作品则先是在社会上流传，给采访诗歌的人收集去了，才配上乐曲，达到统治阶级的耳中。

在外交宴会等场合，宾主各方往往通过“贼诗”来表达愿望和态度。

“贼诗”时点出现成的诗篇，叫乐工们演唱，通过诗歌的问答，了解彼此的立场，这就叫“贼诗言志”。

这种“贼诗”往往不管原作本身的内容和意义，仅仅是把贼诗者的观点和愿望寄托在诗中某几句之上，来作比喻成暗示，所以是一种典型的断章取义。

《左传·寰公二十六年》记晋侯为了卫国一个叛臣的缘故，把卫侯羁押起来，齐侯和郑伯到晋国去说情，郑国的子展就贼《诗经·郑风·将仲子》一诗。

2011年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海综合能力测试试卷(文科使用)本试卷分第Ⅰ卷和第Ⅱ卷两部分。

全卷共12页。

满分为150分。

考试时间为120分钟。

第Ⅰ卷(共63分)考生注意：1．答第Ⅰ卷前，考生必须用钢笔或圆珠笔在试卷和答题卡上清楚填写姓名、准考证号、校验码，并用铅笔在答题卡上正确涂写准考证号和校验码。

2．第Ⅰ卷(1～21题)为单选题，由机器阅卷，答案必须全部涂写在答题卡上。

考生必须将代表正确答案的小方格用2B铅笔涂黑。

注意试题题号和答题卡编号一一对应，不能错位。

答案需要更改时，必须将原选项用橡皮擦去，重新选择。

答案写在试卷上一律不给分。

1．今年1月，美国纽约时报广场的户外大屏幕出现了一抹亮丽的中国红——“中国国家形象片·人物篇”。

59位优秀中华儿女向世界展现了一个柔和、善意、充满人情味的中国。

这一做法是为了( )。

①开辟与美国人民有效沟通的新渠道②展示当代中国开放包容的精神风貌③通过文明对话同美国结成战略同盟④让更多的美国民众了解和感知中国A．①②③ B．①②④ C．②③④ D．①③④2．玉树地震灾区属藏族群众聚居区，民族文化底蕴深厚。

为保护民族文化遗产，使重建工作体现当地的民族和宗教特色，青海省委和省政府聘请了藏学等民族文化方面的专家担任灾后重建顾问，同时制定了一系列配套政策。

这体现了我们党和国家( )。

①尊重少数民族的风俗习惯②巩固边疆少数民族地区安全③保护少数民族宗教信仰自由④维持少数民族地区各方面原状A．①⑦ B．①③ C．③④ D．②④3．某同学通过实验发现食用动物油在15～20℃凝固，常用的食用植物油在一15～一10℃凝固。

由上述动物油和植物油混合而成的地沟油凝固点在两者之间，即一5～0℃。

该同学根据这一现象，在教师指导下发明了鉴别地沟油的简易装置，赢得创新大赛二等奖。

她的发明思路符合的哲学道理是( )。

A．在主次矛盾原理的指导下，抓住事物的重点和关键B．在整体与部分关系原理的指导下，立足局部统筹全局C．在矛盾普遍性原理的指导下，具体地分析矛盾的特殊性D．在矛盾同一性和斗争性原理的指导下，实现创新性发展4．右图是新华社发布的一张漫画，它反映的是汽车从给人们出行带来方便到反而成为累赘的过程。

2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新课标全国卷）文科综合能力测试本试卷分第I卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两部分，第Ⅰ卷1至8页，第Ⅱ卷9至16页，共300分。

考生注意：1．答题前，考生务必在将自己的准考证号、姓名填写在答题卡上。

考生要认真核对答题卡上粘贴的条形码的“准考证号、姓名、考试栏目”与考生本人准考证号、姓名是否一致。

2．第Ⅰ卷每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

第Ⅱ卷用黑色墨水签字笔在答题卡上书写作答，在试题卷上作答，答案无效。

3．考试结束，监考员将试题卷、答题卡一并收回。

第Ⅰ卷（选择题共140分）本卷共35个小题，每小题4分，共140分。

在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。

日本某汽车公司在中国建有多个整车生产厂和零件生产厂。

2011年3月11日东日本大地震及随后的海啸、核辐射灾难，使该公司在灾区的工厂停产。

受其影响，该公司在中国的整车生产厂也被迫减产。

据此完成1～2题。

1．该公司在中国建零部件生产厂，主要目的是A．避免自然灾害对本土汽车生产的影响B．为其中国整车厂配套，降低整车生产成本C．利用中国廉价劳动力，为其日本整车厂服务D．建立其全球整车生产的零部件工业基地2．中国整车生产厂被迫减产是由于该公司在灾区有A．研发中心B．一般零部件厂C．核心零部件厂D．整车厂第二次世界大战后，美国通过大量技术投入和大规模专业化生产，成为世界最大的大豆生产国和出口国。

巴西自20世纪70年代开始种植大豆，在积极培育优良品种的同时，鼓励农民组建农场联合体，实现了大豆的规模化生产与经营。

目前，巴西的大豆产量、出口量仅次于美国。

中国曾是世界最大的大豆生产国和出口国，近些年大豆的质量下降（品种退化，出油率低），生产成本较高，成为世界最大的大豆进口国。

据此完成3～5题。

3．巴西大豆总产量增加的潜力大于美国，主要是因为巴西A．技术力量较雄厚B．气候条件较优越C．可开垦的土地资源较丰富D．劳动力较充足4．在国际市场上，巴西大豆价格低于美国的主要原因是巴西A．专业化水平较高B．科技投入较大C．劳动生产率较高D．劳动力价格较低5．中国要提高大豆质量需A．加大科技投入B．扩大种植面积C．增加劳动力投入D．加大化肥使用量读图1，完成6～8题。

2011 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）一阅读 80分（二）阅读下文，完成第7-12题。

（20分）又见鹭鸶陈忠实⑴那是春天的一个惯常的傍晚，我沿着水边的沙滩漫不经意地悠步。

绕过一道河石垒堆的防洪坝，我突然瞅见了鹭鸶，两只，当下竟不敢再挪动一步，便悄悄在沙地上坐下来。

哦!鹭鸶又飞回来了!⑵在顺流而下大约30米处，河水从那儿朝南拐了个大弯儿，弯儿拐得不急不直随心所欲，便拐出一大片生动的绿洲，靠近水流的沙滩上水草尤其茂密。

两只雪白的鹭鸶就在那个弯头上踯躅，在那一片生机盎然的绿草中悠然漫步；曲线优美到无与伦比的脖颈迅捷地探入水中，倏忽又在草丛里扬起头来；两只峭拔的长腿淹没在水里，举止移步悠然雅然；一会儿此前彼后，此左彼右，一会儿又此后彼前此右彼左；断定是一对儿没有雄尊雌卑或阴盛阳衰的纯粹感情维系的平等夫妻……⑶于是，小河的这一方便呈现出别开生面令人陶醉的风景，清澈透碧的河水哗哗吟唱着在河滩里蜿蜒，两个穿着艳丽的女子在对岸的水边倚石搓洗衣裳，三头紫红毛色的牛和一头乳毛嫩黄的牛犊在沙滩草地上吃草，三个放牛娃三对角坐在草地上玩扑克，蓝天上只有一缕游丝似的白云凝而不动，落日正渲染出即将告别时的热烈和辉煌……这些时常见惯的景致，全都因为一双鹭鸶的出现而生动起来。

⑷不见鹭鸶，少说也有二十多年了。

小时候在河里耍水在河边割草，鹭鸶就在头前或身后的浅水里，有时竟在草笼旁边停立；上学和放学涉过河水时，鹭鸶在头顶翩翩飞翔，我曾经妄想把一只鸽哨儿戴到它的尾毛上；大了时在稻田里插秧或是给稻畦里放水，鹭鸶又在稻田圪梁上悠然踱步，丝毫也不戒备我手中的铁锨……难以泯灭的永远鲜活的鹭鸶的倩影，现在就从心里扑飞出来，化成活泼的生灵在眼前的河湾里。

⑸至今我也搞不清鹭鸶突然离去突然绝迹的因由。

也许是水流逐年衰枯稻田消失绿地锐减，这鸟儿瞧不上越来越僵硬的小河川道了?许是乡民滥施化肥农药污染了流水也污浊了空气，鹭鸶感到窒息而逃逸了?许是沿河两岸频频敲打的庆贺"指示"发表的锣鼓和震天撼地的炮铳，使这喜欢悠闲的贵族阶级心惊肉跳恐惧不安，抑或是不屑于这一方地域上人类的愚蠢可笑拂尾而去?许是那些隐蔽在树后的猎手暗施的冷枪，击中了鹭鸶夫妻双方中的雌的或雄的，剩下的一个悲怆遁逃?⑹又见鹭鸶!又见鹭鸶!⑺落日已尽红霞隐退暮霭渐合。

2011年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海 物理试卷本试卷分第I 卷(1—4页)和第II 卷(4—10页)两部分。

全卷共10页。

满分150分。

考试时间120分钟。

第I 卷(共56分)考生注意：1. 答第1卷前，考生务必在试卷和答题卡上用蓝色或黑色的钢笔或圆珠笔清楚填写姓名、准考证号、校验码，并用2B 铅笔在答题卡上正确涂写准考证号和校验码。

2. 第I 卷（1—20题)由机器阅卷，答案必须全部涂写在答题卡上。

考生应将代表正确答案的小方格用2B 铅笔涂黑。

注意试题题号和答题卡编号一一对应，不能错位。

答案需要更改时，必须将原选项用橡皮擦去，重新选择。

答案不能涂写在试卷上，涂写在试卷上一律不给分。

一．单项选择题（共16分，每小题2分。

每小题只有一个正确选项。

答案涂写在答题卡上。

) 1．电场线分布如图昕示，电场中a ，b 两点的电场强度大小分别为已知a E 和b E ，电势分别为a ϕ和b ϕ，则(A) a b E E >，a b ϕϕ> (B) a b E E >，a b ϕϕ< (C) a b E E <，a b ϕϕ> (D) a b E E <，a b ϕϕ<1．C 解析：考查用电场线判断场强与电势。

沿电场线方向电势降低，同一电场中电场线密的地方场强大，故C 正确。

易2．卢瑟福利用α粒子轰击金箔的实验研究原子结构，正确反映实验结果的示意图是2．D 解析：考查α粒子散射，越靠近原子核的α粒子偏转角越大，D 正确。

易3．用一束紫外线照射某金属时不能产生光电效应，可能使该金属产生光电效应的措施是(A)改用频率更小的紫外线照射 (B)改用X 射线照射(C)改用强度更大的原紫外线照射 (D)延长原紫外线的照射时间 3．B 解析：考查光电效应的极限频率，只有改用频率更高的X 射线照射才能使该金属产生光电效应，B 对。

易4．如图，一定量的理想气体从状态a 沿直线变化到状态b ，在此过程中， 其压强(A)逐渐增大 (B)逐渐减小(C)始终不变 (D)先增大后减小4．A 解析：考查理想气体的状态变化。