2019高考复习:第7讲定语从句
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1一、定语从句概述定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语 等来担任,也可以由一个句子来担任。
在句子中起定语作用的从句称为定语 从句。
定语从句在句中的作用相当于形容词,故又称为形容词性从句。
被定 语从句修饰的名词叫先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
二 关系词的用法。
关系词可分为关系代词和关系副词。
关系词指代先行词,放在先行词与 定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又充当定语从句中的某一种成分(主语、宾 语、状语等)。
引导定语从句的关系代词有"at ,who ,whom ,whose ,which;关系副词有 when ,where ,why 等。
关系词在句子中的指代作用及成分如下表 1.关系代词的用法(1) who, whom 的用法二者都用于指人。
who 在定语从句中作主语、宾语;whom 在定语从句中 作宾语。
在现代英语里,有时who 也可代替whom 在从句中作宾语。
作 宾语的关系代词who ,whom 可以省略(介词后作宾语的关系代词除外)。
She was the one who did most of the talking 。
大部分时间都是她在说话。
(作主语) The boy who I know studies best in his class.我认识的那个男孩在班上学习最好。
(作宾语)I happened to meet the professor (who/whom) I got to know at a party. 我碰巧遇见了那位在一次聚会上认识的教授。
(作宾语,whom 可用who 代替) whom 在从句中作介词的宾语,且介词提到whom 前面时,不能用who 代替。
Yesterday I came across a few friends with whom I went to the park .昨天 我碰见了几个朋友,我和他们一起去了公园。
2019-2020年高考英语语法专题复习讲义定语从句定语从句及相关术语1.定语从句:定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分,相当于形容词,所以又称为形容词性从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
2.关系词:引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等;关系副词有where, when, why等。
关系词常有3个作用:1,引导定语从句。
2,代替先行词。
3,在定语从句中担当一个成分。
注:关系代词有主语.宾语之分。
一般whom作为宾语。
4.定语:定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的,是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用‘……的’表示。
主要由形容词担任。
此外,名词,代词,数词,分词,副词,不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任,也可以由一个句子来担任.单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前,作前置定语。
短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后,作后置定语。
先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。
(一)限定性定语从句一、关系代词(在句中作主语、宾语或定语)1. that既可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that 在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语也可以省略。
2而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置3. 代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括当先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时,或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时等,这时的that常被省略还有先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,或先行词就是序数词或最高级时.以及先行词中既有人又有物时.还有句中前面有which时,都只能用that4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语5. whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与of which 调换,表达的意思一样。
定语从句语法专题(Attributive Clauses)教案一. 定语从句的概述:1.定语从句:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
在句中做定语,被修饰的名词或代词,叫做先行词。
从句通常放在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引导。
其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分,相当于形容词,所以又称为形容词性从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
eg She is the girl(who got the first prize.)girl先行词who充当从句主语, 从句做定语修饰girlThis is the boy who broke the window.这就是打破窗子的孩子。
the boy是先行词, who broke the window是限制性定语从句, 明确指出theboy是打破窗子的那个孩子,who 在从句中充当主语That is the house where he lived ten years ago.He is the man who/that lives next door.He is the man who I want to see.先行词关系词定语从句复合句: 是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子, 复合句中的主句和从句都具有完整的的主语和谓语, 主句是复合句的主体, 可以独立存在, 从句需要有一个连词引导, 是修饰说明主句的, 不能独立存在, 根据在句中的不同作用, 从句可以分为三类: 定语从句, 名词性从句, 状语从句。
二. 引导定语从句的关系词有两大类:1.关系词:引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词: that, who, whom, whose, which, as(主, 宾, 定)关系副词: when, where, why.(状语)2.关系词的作用:(1)引导定语从句, 在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用;(2)代替先行词在句中充当成分。
高中定语从句详细讲解高中定语从句详细讲解高中定语从句详细讲解一.基本概念1.定语从句的定义:用作定语的从句叫定语从句。
2.先行词:被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。
3.定语从句的位置:紧跟先行词(名词或代词)之后。
4.引导词:引导定语从句的词(包括关系代词和关系副词)。
﹙1﹚关系代词:that/who/whom/which/as﹙2﹚关系副词:when/where/why5.引导词的位置:位于定语从句之前(先行词之后)。
【as除外】6.引导词的功能(作用):﹙1﹚连接先行词和定语从句。
﹙2﹚在定语从句中充当一定的成分(关系代词充当主语或宾语,关系副词充当状语)。
7.定语从句的类型:﹙1﹚限定性定语从句(主句和定语从句之间无逗号)。
① 直接由引导词引导定语从句The man who you’re talking to is my friend.② 由介词+关系代词(whom/which)引导The man to whom you’re talking is my friend.I need a pen with which I can write a letter.=I need a piece of paper on which I can write a letter.介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定,该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前,也可放在从句之尾。
例如:The man (who/whom/that) I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing University.=The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University.The palace (which/that) I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century.=The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.﹙2﹚非限定性定语从句(主句和定语从句之间用逗号隔开)。
定语从句定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词(Antecedent)。
定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出1.定义定语从句,就是用来修饰名词或代词的句子,起到定语的作用,所以叫做定语从句。
被修饰的词叫先行词。
定语从句不同于单词作定语的情况,它需要放在被修饰的词(即先行词)之后。
定语从句一般由关系代词来引导。
关系代词必须放在定语从句之首。
2.从句结构:包括先行词,关系词和定语。
3.关系词(1)关系代词:that,which,who,whom,whose,as(在定语中作主语,宾语,定语,表语)------在句中作成分,说明后面的句子不完整。
(2)关系副词:when,where,why,(在句中作状语)-----后面的句子完整。
一.由that,who,whom作关系代词引导的定语从句,先行词指人。
1.Do you know the comerade spoke at the meeting yesterday(两者都修饰前面的comerade).2.This is the man(they say) is a good teacher.(这里who还做了后面they say 的宾语,有双重身份,所以不能用that.)3.This is the teacher I met in the street just now.(作宾语,所以可以省略)。
4.My cousin, is an engineer, went to America last week.(非限定性定语从句,不能用that引导。
)5.先行词是he, they, those, one, ones, anyone,只能用who,不能用that.Anyone breaks the law will be punished.One works hard and without complain is welcome here.6.关系代词指人的先行词(先行词指人)存在于there be 结构中用who。
高考英语语法知识点专题复习—定语从句定语从句---基础篇一、定语从句(一):1. 定语从句的概念:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
2. 先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
3. 关系词:引导定语从句的连词叫关系词。
如that、which、who、whom、whose、as、where、when、why等。
4.由that、which、who、whom、whose引导的定语从句。
二、定语从句(二):1. 先行词是物时,一般情况既可用that也可用which. 但下列情况下,只能用that 不用which。
1). 当先行词为指物的不定代词,如all、everything、something、anything、nothing、none、the one等时,只能用that。
There is nothing ______ I can do for you.2). 当先行词被the only、the very、the last、all、no、little等词修饰时,只能用that。
This is the very book ______ I’m looking for.3). 先行词被序数词修饰时,只能用that。
This is the first textbook ______ I studied in the middle school.4). 先行词为最高级或被最高级修饰时,只能用that。
This is the most beautiful mountain ______ I have ever seen.=I have _____ seen _____ a beautiful mountian.5). 先行词既有人也有物时,只能that。
He told us many interesting things and persons _______ we had.2. 先行词是物时,一般情况既可用that也可用which. 但下列情况下,只能用which不用that。
定语从句知识点总结高中一、定语从句的定义定语从句是在名词或代词之后修饰名词或代词的一类从句,它通常由关系代词或关系副词引导,用来对先行词进行进一步的解释或表达。
例如:The book which you lent me is very interesting.The person who is standing there is my teacher.二、关系代词引导的定语从句1. 关系代词关系代词包括that, which, who, whom, whose,where和when。
它们在定语从句中可以作为主语、宾语或表语。
例如:This is the book that I bought yesterday.The girl who is singing is my friend.He told me the reason why he was late.2. 关系代词的用法(1)that在定语从句中既可以指人也可以指物,在限定性定语从句中通常用来代替先行词是人或物的情况。
无逗号的定语从句通常用that引导。
例如:The pencil that you are looking for is on the desk.The book that I borrowed from the library is very interesting.The girl that is talking to Tom is from Canada.(2)which在限定性定语从句中只能用来指代物,不可用来指代人。
无逗号的定语从句通常用which引导。
例如:I like the dress which is on sale.The car which he bought last year is very expensive.This is the house which my father built.(3)who/whom在定语从句中用来指人,who作为主语或表语,whom作为宾语。
2019高考英语专题复习定语从句(附答案)I. 考点分析一、概述用作定语的从句称为定语从句。
定语从句通常置于它所修饰的名词和代词之后,这种名词和代词被称为先行词。
引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词和关系副词。
其中,关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which等,在从句中可作主语、宾语,定语等;关系副词有when, where, why等词,在定语从句中只用作状语。
其中,1. who, whom, whose指人,在从句中分别作主语(在非正式英语中也可作宾语,但可省略)、宾语和定语;whose也可指物,作定语;that可指人,也可指物,在从句中可作主语,也可作宾语;which指物,在从句中可作主语,也可作宾语。
注意:whom, that, which在从句中作宾语时可以省略。
请看例句:1)The man who was here yesterday is a painter.2) The man (who) I saw is called Smith.3) I know the man (whom) you mean.4) A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.5) I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.6) A letter that is written in pencil is hard to read.7) The letter (that) I received from him yesterday is very important.8) Is he the man that sells eggs?9) That is the boy (that) you are looking for.2. When 指时间,where指地点,why指原因,在从句中都作状语。
高考定语从句归纳课件在高考中,定语从句会考哪些知识呢?一起来学习定语从句归纳知识吧。
定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子。
被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。
定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which, as。
关系副词有:when, where, why, how。
关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起连接作用,同时又可做定语从句的一个成分。
当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。
定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。
定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
1关系代词引导的定语从句1) who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:Is he the man who/that wants to see you?(who/that在从句中作主语)He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.(whom/that在从句中作宾语)2) whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同of which互换).例如:Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.3) which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等.例如:A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.(which / that在句中作宾语)The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.(which / that在句中作宾语)关系代词that和which 都可以指物,that 和Who 都可以指人,其用法区别:不用that的情况:a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.b) 介词后不能用We depend on the land from which we get our food.c) 多用who 的情况①关系代词在从句中做主语A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.②先行词为those, people 时Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.③先行词为all, anyone, ones, one 指人时One who doesn't work hard will never succeed in his work.④在There be句型中There is a stranger who wants to see you.⑤在被分隔的定语从句中A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.⑥在有两个定语从句的句子中,其一用who,其二用that,但若先行词后接两个以上的并列定语从句时,后一个必须重复前一个关系代词。
定语从句(完整)高中定语从句详细讲解一.定语从句:修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。
二.先行词:被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
一般情况下,定语从句紧跟在先行词之后,定语从句对先行词起修饰限定作用。
三.关系词:引导定语从句的词叫关系词,分为关系代词和关系副词,关系代词有who, whom, that, which, whose 和as,关系代词在定语从句中充当主语,宾语,表语或定语,关系副词有when, where 和why,在定语从句中充当状语。
四.关系代词:1.who 指人,在定语从句中作主语,宾语。
The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。
That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。
2.whom 指人,在定语从句中做宾语,常可省略,可用who代替。
Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. 刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。
The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.3.Which 指物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时常可省略。
The factory which makes computers is far away from here. 制造计算机的那家公司离这儿很远。
4.That 指人时,相当于who 或whom;指物时,相当于which.。
在定语从句中作主语或宾语,表语,作宾语时常可省略。
The season that / which comes after spring is summer. 春天以后的季节是夏季。
I received a letter that / which came from Australia. 昨天我收到了一封来自澳大利亚的信。
第七讲定语从句考点一关系代词引导的定语从句1.which指物,在从句中可以作主语或宾语,作宾语时可以省略。
2.that指人或物均可,在从句中可以作主语或宾语,作宾语时可以省略。
She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years before.她带着这些游客参观了那座三年前建造的博物馆。
3.who,whom的用法who或whom均可指代人,但who在从句中作主语或宾语,whom在从句中作宾语;两者在引导限制性定语从句时常可用that替换。
作主语时,who/that不可省略;作宾语时,whom/who/that可以省略。
I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school who/whom/that I met in the English speech contest last year.我与好几位去年在英语演讲比赛中结识的同校同学成了好朋友。
4.whose的用法whose表所属关系,既可指人也可指物,在从句中作定语。
指物时相当于of which;指人时相当于of whom。
The school shop,whose customers are mainly students,is closed for the holidays.这家校内商店的主要顾客是学生,放假时商店关门。
5.关系代词只用that而不用which的情况。
(1)先行词为不定代词all,anything,something,everything,nothing,none,the one等或被不定代词修饰时。
I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else’s fault.我拒绝接受因别人的错误而对我进行的指责。
(2)先行词是形容词最高级或序数词,或先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。
The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.他们在桂林参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。
(3)先行词被the only,the very,the last,the same,any,every,each,few,little,no,some 等修饰时。
The only part of the meal that I really liked was the dessert.这顿饭只有甜点是我爱吃的。
(4)先行词既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。
They will never forget the things and persons that they’ve seen or heard of during their long journey.他们将永远不会忘记在他们的长途旅行中见到或听说过的人和事。
6.关系词只用which而不用that的情况:(一句话口诀:介词后、逗号后不可用that)(1)引导非限制性定语从句时。
(2015·福建卷)China Today attracts a worldwide readership,which shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.《今日中国》吸引了世界各地的读者,这表明世界上越来越多的人想了解中国。
(2)当从句中的介词提前,构成“介词+关系代词”结构时。
We live in an age in which more information is available with greater ease than ever before.我们生活在一个信息比以前更容易获得的时代。
考点二关系副词引导的定语从句1.where表地点,在定语从句中作地点状语,相当于“介词in/at/on...+which”。
A bank is the place where they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.银行是在天晴之时借伞给你,到了下雨时就催你还回去的地方。
2.当先行词为situation,case,stage,point,atmosphere等抽象名词,且引导词在定语从句中表示事情发生的情况、阶段等时,常用关系副词where引导。
(2015·浙江卷)Creating an atmosphere where employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.创造出让员工感觉到自己就是团队一员的一种氛围是极大的挑战。
3.why表原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,相当于“介词for +which”结构。
Do you know the reason why/for which he didn’t attend the meeting?你知道他没参加会议的原因吗?非限制性定语从句中,常用for which表原因而不用why。
I had told them the reason,for whi ch I didn’t attend the meeting.我把理由告诉了他们,为此我没有去开会。
4.when表时间,在定语从句中作时间状语,相当于“介词in/at/on/during...+which”结构。
(2014·湖南卷)I am looking forward to the day when my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.我期待着那一天的到来,那时我女儿可以读这本书并且了解我对她的感情。
[巧学巧练] 单句语法填空/单句改错1.(2015·陕西卷改编)As the smallest child of his family,Alex is always longing for the time________he should be able to be independent.解析:句意为:作为家里最小的孩子,亚历克斯总是渴望他能够有独立的时间。
设空处引导定语从句,先行词是the time,且从句中缺少时间状语,故用关系副词when引导。
答案:when2.(2016·安徽安庆一中模拟改编)I will never forget such a beauTIFul village________I spent my childhood with my grandparents.解析:句意为:我永远不会忘记那个如此美丽的村庄,在那里我和祖父母一起度过我的童年。
设空处引导定语从句,先行词是village,且在从句中作地点状语,因此用where引导,相当于in which。
答案:where3.(2014·陕西卷改编)Please send us all the information ________you have about the candidate for the position.解析:句意为:请把你拥有的关于竞聘这个职位的那个候选人的所有信息发给我们。
在本句中,先行词the information 被all 修饰,所以只能填关系代词that,而不填which。
答案:that4.(2016·四川卷改错)The dishes what I cooked were Mom’s favorite.解析:根据句子结构可知,此处为定语从句,先行词为The dishes,关系词在从句中作动词cooked 的宾语,所以用关系代词that/which引导,关系代词在从句中作宾语时也可以省略。
答案:what→that/which5.(2015·全国卷Ⅱ改错)After looking at the toy for some time,he turned around and found where his parents were missing.解析:此处表示他转过身发现他的父母不见了。
分析句子结构可知此处为宾语从句,从句中不缺少成分且意思完整,故用that引导,此处也可以省略that。
答案:where→that或去掉where考点二限制、非限制性定语从句定语从句分为限制性和非限制性两种,如果在先行词的后面出现逗号的,即为非限制性定语从句。
1.that不能引导非限制性定语从句。
2.which引导非限制性定语从句,可以代表主句的全部或者部分内容。
Tom failed again in the match,which was a great pity.汤姆在比赛中又一次失利了,这是一个非常大的遗憾。
3.as/which引导非限制性定语从句的区别:as和which都可引导非限制性定语从句,代表主句的内容。
as在句中的位置比较灵活,意为“正如,正像”;which只能用在句中,意为“这,这一点”。
The mother tried to persuade her son to give up smoking,which didn’t help.母亲竭力说服儿子放弃吸烟,但没有效果。
“You can’t judge a book by its cover,” as the old saying goes.正如老话所说的那样:“人不可貌相。
”4.在限制性定语从句中,充当宾语的that/whom/which不与介词直接连用时可省略,但在非限制性定语从句中,充当宾语的关系代词不能省略。
At the requests of some English learners,he has published a lot of books,one of which is about English idioms.在英语学习者的要求下,他出版了一些书,其中一本是关于英语习语的。
[巧学巧练] 单句语法填空/单句改错1.(2016·吉林省实验中学第二次模拟)There they met people from other parts of the country,________had also volunteered to help.解析:句意为:在那里他们遇到了从这个国家其他地方来的人,他们也是自愿来帮忙的。