英语专业考研 语言学复习题附答案

语言学试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" refers to:A. The smallest unit of sound in a languageB. The smallest unit of meaning in a languageC. The smallest unit of grammar in a languageD. The smallest unit of writing in a language答案：A2. Which of the following is a characteristic of the English language?A. It is a tonal languageB. It has a fixed word orderC. It has no grammatical genderD. It uses ideograms答案：B3. In linguistics, "morpheme" is defined as:A. A unit of soundB. A unit of meaningC. A unit of grammarD. A unit of writing答案：B4. The study of language change over time is known as:A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SyntaxD. Historical Linguistics答案：D5. The branch of linguistics that deals with the meaning of words is called:A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案：A二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. The study of the physical properties of speech sounds is known as ____________.答案：Phonetics2. The process of changing one language into another is known as ____________.答案：Translation3. The smallest unit of meaning in a language is called a____________.答案：Lexeme4. The study of how language is used in social contexts is known as ____________.答案：Sociolinguistics5. The study of language acquisition in children is known as ____________.答案：Child Language Acquisition三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. Explain the difference between a phoneme and an allophone. 答案：A phoneme is a linguistic unit that distinguishes meaning in a language, whereas an allophone is a variant of a phoneme that does not change the meaning of a word.2. What is the role of syntax in language?答案：Syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a language, determining how words combine to form phrases, clauses, and complex sentences.3. Describe the function of morphology in language.答案：Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words and how they are formed by combining morphemes, which are the smallest meaningful units of language.4. How does sociolinguistics contribute to our understanding of language?答案：Sociolinguistics contributes to our understanding of language by examining how social factors such as class, gender, age, and ethnicity influence language variation and use in different social contexts.四、论述题（共20分）1. Discuss the importance of pragmatics in language communication.答案：Pragmatics is crucial in language communication as it deals with the study of how context influences the meaning of linguistic expressions. It helps us understand how speakersconvey intended meanings beyond the literal interpretation of words and sentences, taking into account factors such as tone, body language, and shared knowledge between speakers.2. Explain the significance of historical linguistics in understanding language evolution.答案：Historical linguistics is significant in understanding language evolution as it traces the development of languages over time, revealing how languages change, diverge, and sometimes converge. It provides insights into therelationships between languages, the migration of people, and the cultural history of language communities.。

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编15(总分：52.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、简答题(总题数：26，分数：52.00)1.Do you think B is cooperative in the following dialogue? Support your argument with Cooperative Principle.（南开大学2004研)A: When is the bus coming?B: There has been an accident further up the road.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：On the face of it, B violated the maxim of relation since he did not provide a direct answer to A"s question. But A would assume that B is cooperative in the conversation, and would try to explore the link between the seemingly irrelevant response to something relevant. Thus, A would interpret B"s utterance in such a way that because there had been as accident further up the road, it was quite possible that the road was blocked; in a consequence, the bus would not be able to come.)解析：2.Analyze the following dialogue with reference to Grice"s Cooperative Principle.(北二外2005研)A: Oh I like this popular song so much How about you?B: I often hear classical music, especially, the symphonies composed by Beethoven His Symphony No. 9 is my favorite.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：B has obviously violated Maxim of Relation; A was asking B"s opinion about a particular popular song, but B"s response was actually about classical music. By such a violation, B probably wanted to imply that he did not like that popular song.)解析：3.In what ways do people cooperate in their conversations?(人大2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：In daily conversations people do not usually say things directly but tend to imply them, and according to Grice, they seem to observe willingly or unwillingly certain principle, which is called "cooperative principle" : "Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged". Under this principle, there are four maxims, namely, Quantity, Quality, Relation, and Manner.)解析：4.What is sociolinguistics?（北航2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Sociolinguistics is an umbrella term which covers a variety of different interests in language and society, including the social functions of language and the social characteristics of its users. It studies the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and the characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact and change within a speech community.)解析：解析：（本题考查社会语言学的定义。

语言学复习试题与参考答案I. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement (20 x1)1. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness2. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language3. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar4. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of twoor more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur abovethe level of the segments are called _______.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features5. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n)______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme6. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic7. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional8. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite9. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviourism10. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above11. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context12. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought aboutby the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act13. Language change is ______________.A. universal, continuous and, to a large extent, regular and systematicB. continuous, regular, systematic, but not universalC. universal, continuous, but not regular and systematicD. always regular and systematic, but not universal and continuous14. In Old and Middle English, both /k/ and /n/ in the word “knight” were pronounced, but in modern English, /k/ in the sound /kn-/ clusters was not pronounced. This phenomenon is known as ________.A. sound additionB. sound lossC. sound shiftD. sound movement15. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its _____.A. use of wordsB. use of structuresC. accentD. morphemes16. _________ means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.A. Language interferenceB. Language changesC. Language planningD. Language transfer17. Human linguistic ability largely depends on the structure and dynamics of _________.A. human brainB. human vocal cordsC. human memoryD. human18. The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, called _________.A. the neuronsB. nerve pathwaysC. cerebral cortexD. sensory organs19. The development of linguistic skills involves the acquisition of ____ rules rather than the mere memorization of words and sentences.A. culturalB. grammaticalC. behaviorD. pragmatic20. According to the _______, the acquisition of a second language involves, and is dependent on, the acquisition of the culture of the target language community.A. acculturation viewB. mentalist viewC. behaviourist viewD. conceptualist view得分II. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False (10 x1)21. People can utter a sentence he has never heard or used before. In this sense, human language is creative.22. In English both aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops occur. The voiceless aspirated stops and the voiceless unaspirated stops occur in the same phonemic context or environment.23. Parameters are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among languages. 24. Syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, therefore, the deep structure and surface structure of every sentence look different at its two levels of representation.25. The Anglo-Saxons were migrants from the northern parts of Europe, so the words that they originally used and the words that the English vocabulary has later taken in from other languages are regarded as loan words.26. Paul Grice made a distinction between what he called “constatives” and“performatives”.27. Most of the languages of Europe, Persia (Iran), and the northern part of India belong to the same Indo-European language family. The language, which no longer exists, is called Proto-Indo-European, a term reflecting the earlier linguistic distribution of the speakers of this language family from India to Europe.28. In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, as in :He don’t know nothing.He don’t lik e nobody.He ain’t got none.29. The cerebral cortex is the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all the sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions.30.During the two-word stage of language acquisition, two-word expressions are absent of syntactic or morphological markers.necessary (6 x 5).31. allomorph32. bound morpheme33. semantics34. reference35. synonymy,36. predication analysis,37. critical period hypothesis38. linguistic competence39. bilingualism40.psycholinguisticsfollowing questions as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary ( 4x10 ):1. How do you understand that language is arbitrary?2. How are semantics and pragmatics different from each other?3. Draw a tree diagram for the following statements:1 ) The people live a peaceful life in the countryside.2) He knows that I will come the day after tomorrow.4. According to the ways synonyms differ, how many groups can we classify synonyms into? Illustrate them with examples.参考答案与评分标准I. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement (20 x1) 每题一分1.D2.C3.D4.C5.D6. C7. A8. C9. B 10.C11D 12.C 13.A 14.B 15. C 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.B 20.AII. True or False (10x1) 每题一分21.T 22.F 23.T 24.F 25.F 26.F 27.T 28.T 29.T 30.TIII. Define the following terms, illustrate them if necessary (5x6). 每题五分，能够举例不举例说明的扣二分。

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编3(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.Classification of English speech sounds in terms of manner of articulation involves the following EXCEPT（分数：2.00）A.fricativesteralC.affricatesD.bilabial √解析：解析：（bilabial是根据发音部位划分的。

)2.The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in ______and vocabulary.（分数：2.00）ageB.grammarC.pronunciation √D.structure解析：解析：（英音和美音最大的区别就是发音和词汇，比如发音方面，美音有儿化音。

)3.Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?（分数：2.00）A.[n] √B.[m]C.[b]D.[p]解析：解析：（[m]，[b]，[p]都是双唇音，[n]是齿龈音。

)4.Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?（分数：2.00）A.Acoustic phonetics.B.Articulatory phonetics. √C.Auditory phonetics.D.Neither of them.解析：解析：（发音语言学研究语音的发生。

)5.______other than compounds may be divided into roots and affixes.(大连外国语学院2008研) （分数：2.00）A.Polymorphemic words √B.Bound morphemesC.Free morphemes解析：解析：（多语素词可被分为词根和词缀，：而合成词是不可以被这样分的。

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编7(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、简答题(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.The following four sentences present four different usages of the word不过. Please discuss the distinctions and connections among the four usages, illustrating your points with your own examples where necessary.1)不过二年，君必无患。

2)他十七岁就结婚，一年后当了爸爸不过十八岁。

3)这是个乖巧不过的孩子。

4)我也没有长策，不过这种事情，其事已迫，不能计出万全的。

（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：In any language there are words which have the same linguistic form but are different in meanings. These words are called homonyms. There are also lots of homonyms in Chinese, for instance, the Chinese word "不过" embodies different meanings in actual usage. Take the examples provided above for example. In(1), the word "不过" expresses the meaning of "no more than". Hence, this sentence can be rewritten as "you will have nothing to be worried about after no more than two years. " In(2), the meaning is a little bit different and it means "only, just". The example can be interpreted as "one year later he became a father who was only 18 years old. " In(3), it has used another meaning of this word, namely "very, extremely". Therefore, this sentence can be interpreted like this; this is a very cute kid. However, the most commonly-used meaning of "不过" can be identified in the last example(4). In Chinese, more often than not, we use this word to indicate the change or transition of meaning. It has the same meaning with the English conjunctions "however" , "but" , "nevertheless" , etc. Therefore, the sentence in the example can be paraphrased as "I have no good suggestions, either. However, this is very urgent; there is no way that we can make sure it is perfect". Through these four examples we can observe that the meaning of the specific words is context-dependent. The meanings may vary due to the change of the context. "不过" in most cases is used as an adverb, indicating the degree, such as the example(1)—(3). It is used as a conjunction in(4)indicating transition or change of ideas.) 解析：解析：（本题考查汉语中一词多义的现象，通过分析例句指出同一词语不同意义之间的联系与区别，具有较强的灵活性。

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编12(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.Sentence meaning is the combination of the meanings of the component words and 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：the meaning of its structure）解析：解析：（句子的意义是由词汇意义与句子结构两者决定的。

)2.The hyponyms under the same superordinate are called 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：co一hyponyms）解析：解析：（同类中的成员叫做同下义词。

)3.A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the 1 of, or the 2the utterance.（人大2004研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：consequence; change brought about by）解析：4.When a teacher says "The exam this year is going to be really difficult" , the sentence would have an 1force.（清华2001研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：illocutionary）解析：解析：（行事行为是表达说话人意图的行为，老师所说的话表明了让学生努力学习的意图。

有答案的第一部分选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2)He saw young men and women present.(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英语语言学试题（3）Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题（5）五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius?Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i’ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题（6）41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way ponential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.英语语言学试题（7）五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）1. ment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:A: Where’ve you been?B: Out.2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness(每个语素0. 5分)英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.42.Describe the process of language perception, prehension and production英语语言学试题（9）语言学试题及参考答案41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C 3、D 4、D 5、D6、B 7、B 8、C 9、A10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、plete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some pound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of theirponents, such as the pound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strongversion of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of binations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible binations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、ponential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning ponents, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as prising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kindsof knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic munication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(MiddleEnglish)→/faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the wordleisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis, e.g.spinle--spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less mon, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。

英语专业的考研试题及答案英语专业考研试题及答案一、阅读理解部分Passage 1The passage discusses the impact of globalization on language and culture. It highlights how English has become a global lingua franca and its influence on local languages and cultures around the world. The passage also mentions the importance of preserving linguistic diversity.Questions:1. What is the main topic of the passage?2. How has English impacted local languages according to the passage?3. What is the significance of linguistic diversity mentioned in the passage?Answers:1. The main topic of the passage is the influence of globalization on language and culture.2. English has become a global lingua franca and has influenced local languages by causing some to borrow words and phrases from English, and in some cases, by threatening the survival of minority languages.3. The significance of linguistic diversity is that it enriches human culture and provides a variety of ways toexpress ideas and emotions.Passage 2The second passage explores the role of technology in education. It argues that while technology has made learning more accessible, it has also led to a decrease in face-to-face interaction and a potential loss of interpersonal skills.Questions:1. What is the main argument of the passage?2. What are the positive aspects of technology in education mentioned?3. What concerns does the passage raise about the use of technology in education?Answers:1. The main argument of the passage is that technology hasboth advantages and disadvantages in education.2. The positive aspects include increased accessibility to educational resources and the ability to learn at one's own pace.3. The concerns raised include a decrease in face-to-face interaction and the potential loss of interpersonal skillsdue to over-reliance on technology.二、完形填空部分Text:In recent years, the trend of eco-tourism has been gaining popularity. People are becoming more aware of the importanceof protecting the environment. However, it is crucial toensure that eco-tourism is sustainable and does not lead to the destruction of the very ecosystems it aims to protect.Questions:1. What is the main idea of the text?2. Why is sustainability important in eco-tourism?3. What could be the potential negative impact of eco-tourism if not managed properly?Answers:1. The main idea of the text is the growing popularity ofeco-tourism and the need for it to be sustainable.2. Sustainability is important in eco-tourism to ensure that the environment is not harmed by tourism activities and that the benefits are long-lasting.3. The potential negative impact of eco-tourism, if not managed properly, could be the destruction of ecosystems and the loss of biodiversity.三、翻译部分English to Chinese:The advancement of technology has brought about significant changes in the way we live and work.Chinese to English:随着科技的发展，我们的生活和工作方式发生了巨大变化。

英语语言学测试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" refers to:A. A single soundB. A unit of soundC. A letter of the alphabetD. A combination of sounds答案：B2. The study of language change over time is known as:A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. Historical LinguisticsD. Syntax答案：C3. Which of the following is a branch of linguistics that deals with the meaning of words?A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. MorphologyD. Syntax答案：A4. The smallest unit of meaning in a language is called:A. A wordB. A morphemeC. A syllableD. A phoneme答案：B5. The process of forming words by combining smaller units is known as:A. SyntaxB. MorphologyC. SemanticsD. Phonology答案：B6. The study of the rules governing the structure of sentences is called:A. SyntaxB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Morphology答案：A7. The branch of linguistics that deals with the social context in which language is used is:A. SociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. NeurolinguisticsD. Computational Linguistics答案：A8. The study of how language is processed in the brain is known as:A. PsycholinguisticsB. NeurolinguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Computational Linguistics答案：B9. The process of acquiring a first language is called:A. Second language acquisitionB. Foreign language learningC. Language learningD. First language acquisition答案：D10. The concept that language is arbitrary means that:A. It is randomB. It is meaninglessC. There is no necessary connection between the form of a word and its meaningD. It is always logical答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The study of speech sounds is called ____________.答案：Phonetics2. The branch of linguistics that examines how language is used in social contexts is ____________.答案：Sociolinguistics3. The smallest meaningful unit of language is known as the ____________.答案：Morpheme4. The process of combining morphemes to form words is known as ____________.答案：Morphology5. The study of the way language is structured and organized is called ____________.答案：Linguistics6. The branch of linguistics that deals with the rules governing the formation of words is ____________.答案：Morphology7. The study of the way meaning is conveyed in language is known as ____________.答案：Semantics8. The branch of linguistics that deals with the rules governing the formation of sentences is ____________.答案：Syntax9. The study of the way language is used in everyday life is called ____________.答案：Pragmatics10. The study of the way language is processed in the brain is known as ____________.答案：Neurolinguistics三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1. Explain the difference between phonetics and phonology.答案：Phonetics is the study of speech sounds and theirproduction, while phonology is the study of the sound system of a language, including the rules governing the use of these sounds.2. What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?答案：The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that the language a person speaks influences the way they perceive the world and think.3. Describe the role of sociolinguistics in understanding language.答案：Sociolinguistics helps us understand how language varies with different social contexts, such as class, gender, ethnicity, and age, and how these variations influence language use.4. How does first language acquisition differ from second language acquisition?答案：First language acquisition is the process of learning a native language during early childhood, while second language acquisition is the process of learning a new language after the age of language development. The process of second language acquisition is influenced by the learner's first language and cognitive abilities.。

语言学考研真题及答案一、语音学部分以下是2019年语言学考研真题及答案的整理：题目一：下列哪个选项中的音素是塞音？A. [h]B. [p]C. [r]D. [m]答案：B. [p]题目二：下列哪个选项中的音素是元音？A. [s]B. [l]C. [i]D. [t]答案：C. [i]题目三：下列哪个选项中的音素是鼻音？A. [k]B. [n]C. [g]D. [w]答案：B. [n]二、语法学部分以下是2020年语言学考研真题及答案的整理：题目一：下列短语中，哪个可以作为主语？A. "在公园里跑步"B. "喜欢读书的人"C. "听音乐"D. "为他做饭"答案：B. "喜欢读书的人"题目二：下列短语中，哪个可以作为宾语？A. "开心地唱歌"B. "漂亮的花园"C. "给他礼物"D. "在海边散步"答案：C. "给他礼物"题目三：下列短语中，哪个可以作为定语？A. "跳舞的小孩"B. "在教室里学习"C. "大声地喊"D. "看电影"答案：A. "跳舞的小孩"三、语义学部分以下是2018年语言学考研真题及答案的整理：题目一：下列哪个词汇与“快乐”具有相似的意义？A. "悲伤"B. "生气"C. "开心"D. "愤怒"答案：C. "开心"题目二：下列哪个词汇与“大”具有相反的意义？A. "小"B. "长"C. "高"D. "短"答案：A. "小"题目三：下列哪个词汇与“美丽”具有近义词的关系？A. "丑陋"B. "普通"C. "漂亮"D. "丰富"答案：C. "漂亮"综上所述，以上是语言学考研真题及答案的简要整理。

语言学试题及答案英文1. 语言学是一门研究什么领域的学科？A. 人类语言B. 人类行为C. 人类文化D. 人类心理答案：A2. 请列举至少三种语言的类型。

答案：分析语言、综合语言、多词根语言。

3. 什么是音位学？A. 研究语言中意义的学科B. 研究语言中语法结构的学科C. 研究语言中声音系统的学科D. 研究语言中词汇的学科答案：C4. 下列哪项是语言学研究的主要分支？A. 社会语言学B. 物理化学C. 植物学D. 经济学答案：A5. 请解释“语言变异”的含义。

答案：语言变异指的是在不同地区、社会群体或个人之间，语言的发音、词汇、语法等方面存在的差异。

6. 什么是语用学？A. 研究语言如何被使用的学科B. 研究语言如何被创造的学科C. 研究语言如何被理解的学科D. 研究语言如何被翻译的学科答案：A7. 请列举两种语言的书写系统。

答案：表音文字（如英文）、表意文字（如汉字）。

8. 什么是语言的同化？A. 一种语言逐渐被另一种语言所替代B. 一种语言的词汇被另一种语言的词汇所替代C. 一种语言的语法结构被另一种语言的语法结构所替代D. 一种语言的发音系统被另一种语言的发音系统所替代答案：A9. 语言学中的“语料库”是什么？A. 语言学家收集的大量语言数据B. 语言学家进行实验的实验室C. 语言学家进行教学的教室D. 语言学家进行研究的图书馆答案：A10. 下列哪个术语与语言的演变无关？A. 语言演化B. 语言变迁C. 语言接触D. 语言创造答案：D。

英语语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" in linguistics refers to:A. A single speech soundB. A combination of two speech soundsC. A set of speech sounds that can be exchanged without changing the meaning of a wordD. The pronunciation of a word in a particular dialect答案：C2. Which of the following is an example of "synchronic" analysis?A. Studying how a language has changed over timeB. Studying a language at a single point in timeC. Comparing two languages from different language familiesD. Analyzing the grammar of a dead language答案：B3. The "active voice" in English is characterized by:A. The subject of the sentence performs the actionB. The subject of the sentence receives the actionC. The use of passive constructionsD. The absence of a subject in the sentence答案：A4. Which of the following sentence structures is considered "inverse"?A. Subject-Verb-ObjectB. Object-Subject-VerbC. Verb-Object-SubjectD. Subject-Object-Verb答案：B5. The process of "creolization" results in the formation of:A. A pidginB. A dialectC. A creoleD. A standard language答案：C6. In English, the word "run" can function as:a. A nounb. A verbc. An adjectived. All of the above答案：D7. The term "register" refers to:A. The highest pitch a voice can reachB. A dialect used by a particular social groupC. The level of formality in language useD. A type of linguistic accent答案：C8. The "universal grammar" hypothesis was proposed by:A. Noam ChomskyB. B.F. SkinnerC. Ferdinand de SaussureD. Edward Sapir答案：A9. The "allophone" of the English phoneme /p/ in the word "spin" is:A. Aspirated [pʰ]B. Unaspirated [p]C. Voiced [b]D. Voiceless [p]答案：A10. The linguistic concept of "polysemy" refers to:A. The use of a single word to express multiple meaningsB. The use of multiple words to express a single meaningC. The change in meaning of a word over timeD. The complete replacement of one word by another答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The study of language in relation to the brain and the nervous system is known as __________.答案：neurolinguistics2. A(n) __________ is a word that has a meaning and stands alone, typically consisting of a single morpheme.3. The __________ of a word is the set of words that are used together with it and influence its meaning.4. In linguistics, __________ refers to the smallest unit of meaning in a language.5. The __________ is the standard form of a verb that is typically used when conjugating the verb in the present tense.6. A(n) __________ is a word that is formed from a root word and one or more affixes.7. The __________ is the study of the historical developmentof languages.8. The __________ is the systematic study of the structureand function of words.9. The __________ is the study of the way in which languages change over time due to contact with other languages.10. The __________ is the branch of linguistics that studies the sounds of a language and how they function in a system ofcommunication.三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 描述语音学中的“最小对立对”概念，并给出一个英语例子。

1.3考研真题与典型题详解I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be called ______ features. (北二外2006研)2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研)3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication.4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences ba sed on limited rules. This feature is usually termed______5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______.6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rul es for people to observe.7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing.8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研)9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______. (北二外2004研)10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研)11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研)12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a lang uage, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研)13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relations hip between language and society.14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _______. (北二外2008研)15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utteran ces) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguisticlinguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研)16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study.17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Cho msky’s______.18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”, whi ch is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking，listening，writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors.19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研)20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研)II. Multiple Choice1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院2008研)A. ArbitrarinessB. ConventionC. Duality2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研)A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as______.A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. naturalD. abnormal4. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, d ue to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability.B. Duality.C. Displacement.D. Arbitrariness:5. The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely connected with______. (大连外国语学院2008研)A. articulatory phoneticsB. acoustic phoneticsC. auditory phonetics6. Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson’s framework of language functions?A. The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake.B. The emotive function is to convey message and inf ormation.C. The conative function is to clear up intentions, words and meanings.D. The phatic function is to establish communion w ith others.7.Which of the following is a main branch of linguistics? (大连外国语学院2008研)A. MacrolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. Sociolinguistics8. ______ refers to the system of a language, i. e. the arrangement of sounds and words which speakers of a language have a shared knowledge of. (西安外国语学院2006研)A. LangueB. CompetenceC. Communicative competenceD. Linguistic potential9.The study of language at one point in time is a _______ study. (北二外2010研)A. historicalB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. diachronic10. “An refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2,000 years ago. ” This shows that language has the design feature of _ ____.A. arbitrarinessB. creativityC. dualityD. displacement11. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degree Centigrade” is .A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative 12.Saussure is closely connected with______. (大连外国语学院2008研) A. Langue B. Competence C. EticIII. True or False1. Onomatopoeic words can show the arbitrary nature of language. (清华2000研)2. Competence and performance refer respectively to a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete situations.3. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language4. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreign language learner, the latter is mere important for us.5. The features that define our human languages can be called DESIGN FEATURES. (大连外国语学院2008研)6. By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language.7. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.8. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.9. In language classrooms nowadays the grammar taught to students is basically descriptive, and more attention is paid to the developing learners’ communicative skills.10. Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a given culture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate or interact.11. Saussure’s exposition of synchronic analysis led to the school of historical linguistics.12. Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.13. Wherever humans exist, language exists. (对外经贸2006研)14. Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study.15. Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.16. Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguistics, because it can tell us how to speak correct language. IV. Explain the following terms.1.Duality (北二外2010研；南开大学2010研)2.Design featurespetence4.Displacement (南开大学2010研；清华2001研)5.Diachronic linguistics6. Descriptive linguistics7.Arbitrariness(四川大学2006研)V. Short answer questions1. Briefly explain what phonetics and phonology are concerned with and what kind of relationships hold between the two. (北外2002研)参考答案及解析I.Fill in the blanks.1.Design (人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点是语言的区别特征，是人类语言特有的特征。

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编18(总分：162.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：33，分数：66.00)1.Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and 1 of language makes learning a language laborious. For learners of a foreign language, it is this feature of language that is more worth noticing than its arbitrariness. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Conventionality）解析：解析：语言学习过程中学习者必须识记一些固定搭配或约定俗成的习语谚语等，因此使得语言学习比较费力。

2.In Saussure's view, the relationship between signifier(sound image) and signified (concept) is 1(北二外2005研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Arbitrary）解析：解析：索绪尔认为符号的形式或声音与其意义之间没有逻辑联系，所以两者之间的关系是任意的。

3.Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the 1it is associated with. (人大2007研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Meaning）解析：解析：索绪尔认为符号的形式或声音与其意义之间没有逻辑联系，所以两者之间的关系是任意的。

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编5英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编5(总分：44.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、简答题(总题数：16，分数：44.00)Please disambiguate the following 5 sentences, using the tree-diagram, or any other means that you think is appropriate.（北京交通大学2007研)（分数：10.00）(1).Jane showed her baby pictures.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：()解析：(2).The old man is drinking in the air.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：a.(VP drinking in)(NP the air)b.(VP drinking(PP in the air)))解析：(3).We need more realistic officials to handle the economy.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：()解析：(4).We are sweeping the ground cigarettes on the street.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：a.(VP sweeping(NP the ground cigarettes(PP on the street)))b.(vp sweeping(NP the ground cigarettes)(pp on the street)))(5).Tom exchanged the money and fell around the corner.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：a.(Vp exchanged the money)and(Vp fell around the corner)b.(VP exchanged the money and fell)(PP around the corner))解析：1.What is Halliday"s idea on the relationship between the functions performed by language and its structures?（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：In Halliday"s point of view, there are three general functions of language: ideational(which is subdivided into experiential and logical), interpersonal and textual. And they are related to the three grammatical systems; transitivity, mood and theme. Specifically, the ideational function is realized as the transitivity system in the clause as a representation of experience, in which there are six processes; material, mental, relational, behavioral, verbal and existential. Actor, the so-called logical subject, is an important participant in the material process. The interpersonal function is realized as the mood system in the clause as an exchange, which is divided into the two major parts of Mood and Reside. And Subject is one of the two parts of Mood, the other part being the finite verbal operator. The textual function is realized as the thematic structure of the clause as a message. The two main constituents here are theme and rheme, the former being the point of departure of the message, or the concern of the clause, while the latter is the part in which the theme is developed.)2.What are deep and surface structures?（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Deep structure is a central theoretical term in generative grammar opposed to surface structure. It is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence—an underlying level of structural organization which specific all the factors governing the way the sentence should be interpreted. Surface structure is a central theoretical term in generative grammar, opposed to deep structure. It is the final stage in the syntactic representation of a sentence, which provides the input to the phonological component of the grammar, and which thus most closely corresponds to the structure we articulate and hear.)解析：3.In the following three sentences, the particle "up" stays in different positions, i. e. immediately after the verb; in between the noun phrase and the relative clause; and at the end of the sentence. Can you formulate a syntactic rule to explain the position changes of the particle?(1)She stood up the man who offered her a diamond.(2)She stood the man up who offered her a diamond.(3)She stood the man who offered her a diamond up.（南开大学2010研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：According to chomsky"s Generative and Functional Grammar, there is an underlying representation for any sentence. Then the underlying form is transformed into the surface form through sometransformational rules. The same underlyilyng form may result in different surface representation by undertaking different operation. Sometimes, the same surface form is likely to be transformed from different deep structure because of various movement. "Stand sb. up" means that sb. fails to show up in a date though he has promised to appear, and let the other wait for him in vain. The underlying form of the above three sentences have the same underlying form, that is " She stood the man up who offered her a diamond". The reason why they finally have the different form is that they have undertaken different operation. Because "up" is an adjunct in the three sentences, it is more convenient to put it since it will not change the property of the sentence. Therefore, finally we get the three kinds of surface forms. Sentence one, "up" is moved upward to the front of the man for the purpose of banlancing the sentence. Sentence two, "up" is moved upwards to the front of the attrubutive clause to the front of the attributive clause in order to achieve coherence. And the last sentence is the underlying form. Consequently, we can say that it is very flexible to position the adjunct in a sentence for various purposes.)解析：4.What is conceptual meaning? Try to distinguish it from any other types of meaning classified by Leech?（北二外2008研) （分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：According to Leech, conceptual meaning refers to the logical, cognitive or denotive content of the meaning of a word. It is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to. Conceptual meaning overlaps to a large extent with the notionof reference. But the term "connotative" is used in daily conversation, refers to some additional, especially emotive, meaning. This type of meaning and the following four types, namely, social meaning, affective meaning , reflected meaning and collocative meaning, are collectively known as associative meaning in the sense that an elementary associationist theory of mental connections is enough to explain their use. The last type, thematic meaning, is more peripheral since it is only determined by the order of the words in a sentence and the different prominence they each receive.)5.Explain the notion of hyponym.（北二外2008研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：A term which is subordinate to another in that its extension is contained in the extension of another, e. g. "lion" or "tiger" is a hyponym of "animal".)解析：6.How would you describe the oddness of the following sentences, using semantic features?（浙江大学2004研)(a)The television drank my water.(b)His dog writes poetry.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：(a)The verb drink represents a behavior of the animate beings, therefore, it is required that the subject of this verb should have a semantic feature as(+ ANIMATE), however, the word television, which is in position of subject, has an opposite feature:(- ANIMATE). That"s why such a collocation results in oddness. (b)The action of writing poetry is normally one which only human beings could do,therefore, the subject is required to have a semantic feature as(+ HUMAN); however, the word dog in the subject position is featured as(-HUMAN). Therefore, the sentence is odd.) 解析：What is one obvious presupposition of the speaker who says:（分数：4.00）(1).Where did he buy the beer?（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：One obvious presupposition of the sentence "Where did he buy the beer" should be " He has some beer".)解析：(2).Your watch is broken.（上海交大2006研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：One obvious presupposition of the sentence "Your watch is broken" should be "You have a watch".)解析：Tell the sense relation between a and b in each pair:（北二外2007研)（分数：4.00）(1).a. He no longer likes coffee. b. He liked coffee.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：a entails b) 解析：(2).a. Mary is working in China. b. Mary is working in Beijing.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：b presupposes a) 解析：7.In what way is componential analysis similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features?（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：In the light of componential analysis, the meaning of a word consists of a number of distinctive meaning features; the analysis breaks down the meaning of the word into these features, and it is these different features that distinguish word meaning similarly. A phoneme is considered a collection of distinctive sound features;a phoneme can be broken down into these distinctive sound features and it is these sound features that distinguish different sounds.)8.Are utterances, sentences, and propositions the same?（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：No. These three terms are used to describe different levels of language. The most concrete is utterance which is created by speaking(or writing)a piece of language. Sentences, on the other hand, are abstract grammatical elements obtained from utterances. For example, an utterance has a tone, or perhaps some accent due to regional or social variation, and phonetic details which identify individual speakers, etc. But at the level of sentence, these kinds of information are ignored. Propositions are the result of a further abstraction of sentences, which are descriptions of states of affairs and which some writers see as a basic element of sentence meaning. For example , the two sentences " Caesar invaded Gaul" and " Gaul was invaded by Caesar" hold the same preposition.)解析：9.Do you think there are true synonyms in English? Why?（厦门大学2010研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Synonymy is the technical name for the sameness relation. It is used to mean sameness or close similarity of meaning. Total synonymy is rare. The so-called synonyms are all context dependent. They all differ in one way or another. When you consider the meaning of a word, you need to consider both its denotation and its connotation. The denotation is the primary, literal meaning of a word. The connotation is the suggested or implied meaning of a word. Connotations usually come from experience or associations. Seeing a word used repeatedly in certain contexts gives the word a different color than it gets in the dictionary. There are no real synonyms, because two or more words named synonyms are expected without exception to differ from one another in one of the following aspects: (1)in shade of meaning(finish, complete, close, conclude); (2)in stylistic meaning(father, dad); (3)in emotive(or affective)meaning(smart, crafty); (4)in range of use or collocative meaning(accuse, charge);(5)in British and American English usages(autumn, fall). For example, they may differ in style. In the context "Little T om______a toy bear" , here buy is more appropriate than purchase. Because purchase is more formal than buy.)解析：10.What are the major concerns of pragmatics?（人大2006研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Pragmatics is the study of the language in use. It is mainly about how speakers use language appropriately and effectively in accordance with a given context. It is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker(or writer)and interpreted by a listener(or reader). It has more to do with participants of communication and context in which communication takes place. Hence the study of speaker meaning, that of contextual meaning, of what is unsaid but communicated.)解析：11.How would you describe this short exchange in terms of the ardors performed by the speakers?(浙江大学2005研)Motorist: My car needs new exhaust system. Mechanic: I"ll be busy with this other car all day.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：In the motorist"s utterance, there are two types of speech acts performed, namely representative and directive, and as to the latter one, it is recognized as an indirect speech act, which is performed through the performance of the former one. Thus, by stating that his car needs new exhaust system, the motorist has in fact asked the mechanic to equip a new exhaust system for him. Similarly, in the mechanic"s utterance, there are two types of speech acts performed; one is representative, the other commissive. The commissive speech act in fact is an indirect one since it is recognized through theperformance of representative action. That is to say, by stating that he will be busy with another car all day, the mechanic has in fact told the motorist that he could not repair his car right away.) 解析：12.Conversational implicature is comparable to illocutionary force in speech act theory in that they are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning, or " 言外之意" in Chinese.（中山大学2005研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：We may summarize conversational implicature as a type of implied meaning. It could be inferred only by the dependence on the context of the utterance and shared knowledge between the speaker and listener. Illocutionary force, on other hand, refers to speaker"s meaning, contextual meaning , or extra meaning, that is, the meaning the speaker wants to convey in a specific context. By an illocutionary force, we can say "What does he mean by saying that?" In this sense, implica-ture is comparable to illocutionary force in speech act theory in that they are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning, or "言外之意" in Chinese.)解析：13.Decide which maxim of the cooperative principle has been flouted in the following utterances and what implicature can be drawn.（厦门大学2006研)(1)A: Can you tell me the secret? B: But John is there.(2)A: Let"s go to the movies. B: I"ll bring the Kleenex.(3)A: Would you drive a Mercedes? B: I wouldn"t drive ANY expensive car.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：In the exchanges, the maxim of relation has been flouted. As to instance(1), A will assume that if B is cooperative, his reply must be relevant in a different sense: I will not talk about my secret now because I do not want to let John know. In(2), the answer of B seems irrelevant to A"s utterance. By doing so, A will likely derive the implicature that B has accepted his suggestion , and is going to get prepared. In(3), by violating the maxim of relation, B intends to implicate that Mercedes is an expensive car and he would not drive a Mercedes.)解析：。

有答案的第一部分选择题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decidewhich one of the four choices best completes the statement and put theletter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior,it is said to be ___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word thatintroduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator主从连词5、"Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."A、is synonymous withB、is inconsistent withC、entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization泛化.A、elaborationB、simplification精简C、external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、Lingua franca通用语B、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language标准语言9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus 角回B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisition第二部分非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change theletter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user'sk of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b .13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under allcircumstances are called c synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker tosomething's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c .18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, i is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true orfalse. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of eachstatement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why youthink so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)()21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.()22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in bothChinese and English.()23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. Thisindicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meaningsof its components.()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in differentregional dialectssuch as British English and American English but cannot be found withinthe variety itself, for example, within British English or AmericanEnglish.()26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violatedand the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversationalimplicatures arise.()27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spokentoday also includes languages that are not Indo-European.()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speechsituations known as domains.()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.()30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their firstlanguage.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples forillustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。

语言学复习题及答案I. Choose the best answer.1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human__________A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?—A nice day, isn’t it?— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal3. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole4. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics5. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. PsycholinguisticsB.Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics6. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice7. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme8. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones9. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as__________.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula10. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as __________ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering11. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones12. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above13. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]14. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]15. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. V oicelessB. V oicedC. Glottal stopD. Consonant16. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words17. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational18. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six19. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems20. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation21. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition22. The word TB is formed in the way of __________.A. acronymyB. clippingC. initialismD. blending23. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________.A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD. acronymy24. The stem of disagreements is __________.A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement25. All of them are meaningful except for __________.A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. allomorph26. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical27. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite28. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational29. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical30. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator31. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional32. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. all of the above.33. The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is __________.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome34. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to __________ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate35. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.” is a __________ sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complex36. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth37. “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes38. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis39. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above40. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense41. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy42. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemiesC. hyponymsD. synonyms43. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context44. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual45. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a (n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive46. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.A. in the late 50’s of the 20the centuryB. in the early 1950’sC. in the late 1960’sD. in the early 21st century47. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from sayingsomething; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act48._____ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.49.A. Syntax B. Grammar C. Morphology D. Morpheme50. _____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units oflanguage by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences51.“-s” in the word “books” is _______.52.A. a derivative affix B. a stem C. an inflectional affix D. a root53. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: ___ affix ____ and __bound root________.54. The theory of __________ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.55. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy56. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic features57. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context58. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual59. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a (n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive60. Which of the following is true?A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.65. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.A. in the late 50’s of the 20the centuryB. in the early 1950’sC. in the late 1960’sD. in the early 21st century66. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act67. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.A. to get the hearer to do somethingB. to commit the speaker to something’s bei ng the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs68. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ __________.A. in their illocutionary actsB. in their intentions expressedC. in their strength or forceD. in their effect brought about69. __________ is advanced by Paul GriceA. Cooperative PrincipleB. Politeness PrincipleC. The General Principle of Universal GrammarD. Adjacency Principle70. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicatures71. Th e person who is often described as “father of modern linguistics” is __________..A. FirthB. SaussureC. HallidayD. Chomsky72. The most important contribution of the Prague School to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of __________.A. functionB. meaningC. signsD. system73. The principal representative of American descriptive linguistics is __________.A. BoasB. SapirC. BloomfieldD. Harris74. Generally speaking, the __________ specifies whether a certain tagmeme is in the position of the Nucleus or of the Margin in the structure.A. SlotB. ClassC. RoleD. Cohesion75. __________ Grammar is the most widespread and the best understood method of discussing Indo-European languages.A. TraditionalB. StructuralC. FunctionalD. Generative76. __________ Grammar started from the American linguist Sydney M. Lamb in the late 1950s and the early 1960s.A. StratificationalB. CaseC. RelationalD. Montague77. In Halliday’s view, the __________ function is the function that the child uses to know about his surroundings.A. personalB. heuristicC. imaginativeD. informative78. The rheme in the sentence “On it stood Jane” is __________.A. On itB. stoodC. On it stoodD. Jane79. Chomsky follows __________ in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.A. empiricismB. behaviorismC. relationalismD. mentalism80. TG grammar has seen __________ stages of development.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. sixII. Explain the following terms, using examples.1. linguistics2. competenceCompetence: It is an essential part of performance. It is the speaker’s knowledge of his or her language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, in a way, an encyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generallyunconscious. A transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence.3. Synchronic linguisticsSynchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. The time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time.4. Sound assimilationSound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds. This process is called soundassimilation.5. AllomorphAllomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.6. phonology7. SyntaxSyntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.8. referential theory9. PerformativePerformative: In speech act theory an utterance which performs an act, such as Watch out (= a warning).10. Locutionary actLocutionary act: A locutionary act is the saying of something which is meaningful and can be understood.11. phonetics12. Complementary distributionComplementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.13. displacement14. sociolinguisticssociolinguistics: Defined in its broadest way, sociolinguistics, a subdiscipline of linguistics, is the study of language in relation to society. It is concerned with language variation, language use, the impact of extra-linguistic factors on language use, etc.15 Phoneme20 assimilation21 synonymy22 semanticsIII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound. T2. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation. T3. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop. F4. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes. F5. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations. F6. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations. F7. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase. F8. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb. T9. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge. F 10. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional. T11. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components. F12. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality. T13. “It is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument. T14. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. T15. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent. F16. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent. F17. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences F18. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle. F19.Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative. T20. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language.F21. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history. F22. All the languages in the world today have both spoken andwritten forms. F23. Only human beings are able to communicate. F24. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist. F IV. Fill in the blanks.1. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of __verbal _communication.2. Saussure put forward two important concepts. ___ _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members ofa speech community.3. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is metalingual function.4. The description of a language as it changes through time is a _ diachronic linguistic__. ___ study.5. Consonant sounds can be either ___voiced. ______ or __voiceless _ ___, while all vowel sounds are voiced.6. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing __ friction ___.7. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the __tongue ________ and the lips.8.In English there are a number of _diphthongs___, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another throughintervening positions.9. Phonemes is the smallest linguistic unit.10. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the __ air stream __ coming from the lungs.11. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with _ vocabulary .12. All words may be said to contain a root ___morpheme_.13. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the _ morpheme level.14. A word formed by derivation is called a _derivative _ __, and a word formed by compounding is called a ___compound _ .15. A ___simple __ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence. 16.A __ subject __ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence thatusually precedes the predicate.17. A __complex _ __ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.18. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an _ embedded _ clause.19. Major lexical categories are __open _ __ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.20. The theory of _ _Case ____ condition explains the fact that nounphrases appear only in subject and object positions.21. __Semantics ___ can be defined as the study of meaning.22. The conceptualist view holds that there is no __direct ____ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.23. Reference ___ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.24. Words that are close in meaning are called __ synonyms__.25. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called homophones .26. The Prague School practiced a special style of __synchronic ________ Linguistics.27. The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between __phonetics ________ and phonology.28. The man who turned linguistics proper into a recognized distinct academic subject in Britain was ___J. R. Firth _______.29. Halliday’s Systemic Grammar contains a f unctional component, and the theory behind his Functional Grammar is __systemic ________. 30. Systemic-Functional Grammar is a(n) __sociologically________ oriented functional linguistic approach.31. Structuralism is based on the assumption that grammatical。

英语语言学试题3及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 在语言学中，研究语言结构的学科被称为：A. 社会语言学B. 心理语言学C. 结构语言学D. 应用语言学答案：C2. 语言中最小的意义单位是：A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案：C3. 下列哪项是语言的任意性特征？A. 语言的规则性B. 语言的创造性C. 语言的任意性D. 语言的稳定性答案：C4. 英语中，单词“cat”的词根是：A. catB. -catC. -cattD. ca-答案：A5. 语言的“经济性原则”指的是：A. 用最少的音位表达最多的意义B. 用最少的词汇表达最多的意义C. 用最少的句型表达最多的意义D. 用最少的语法规则表达最多的意义答案：A6. “Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for communication.” 这句话中，“arbitrary”一词的意思是：A. 任意的B. 必然的C. 相关的D. 必要的答案：A7. 语言学家乔姆斯基认为，人类天生具有：A. 语言能力B. 语言知识C. 语言习惯D. 语言技巧答案：A8. 语言的“双重艺术性”指的是：A. 语言的创造性和规范性B. 语言的任意性和规约性C. 语言的表达性和接收性D. 语言的描述性和规定性答案：B9. 下列哪个选项不是语言的功能？A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 社会控制D. 艺术创作答案：D10. 在英语中，单词“university”的词缀“uni-”表示：A. 一B. 多C. 不D. 再答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的三个主要分支是语音学、__________和句法学。

答案：语法学2. 根据语言的起源，语言学可以分为历史语言学和__________语言学。

答案：比较3. 语言的“规约性”指的是语言符号的__________。

答案：约定性4. 在语言学中，研究语言在社会中的功能和影响的学科被称为__________语言学。

语⾔学考研真题语⾔学考研真题和答案第⼀章语⾔学Fill in the blanks1. Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the _______it is associated with. （⼈⼤2007研）meaning 语⾔有任意性，其所指与形式没有逻辑或内在联系2. Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as _______. （北⼆外2003研）displacement 移位性指⼈类语⾔可以让使⽤者在交际时⽤语⾔符号代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、事件和观点3. By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the _______ level are composed of elements of the __________ level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. （北⼆外2006研）primary, secondary 双重性指拥有两层结构的这种属性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有⾃⾝的组合规则4. The features that define our human languages can be called _______ features. （北⼆外2006）design⼈类语⾔区别于其他动物交流系统的特点是语⾔的区别特征，是⼈类语⾔特有的特征。